Quick Reads

This sūtra is a story in which the spiritual realization of the child Inconceivable Radiance is revealed through a dialogue with the Buddha Śākyamuni. The Buddha furthermore recounts events from the child’s past lives to illustrate how actions committed in one life will determine one’s future circumstances. The teaching concludes with the Buddha prophesying how the child Inconceivable Radiance will eventually fully awaken in the future.

一時，佛在摩揭陀國與無量菩薩俱。爾時，不思議光王菩薩為眾演說不同佛剎之間時間的相對性。他提到十一個佛剎，其中此娑婆世界一劫，為西方極樂世界無量壽佛剎一日一夜，而西方極樂世界一劫，為妙喜世界阿閦佛剎一日一夜。如是次第，乃至過百萬阿僧祇世界，最後世界一劫，為蓮花吉祥世界賢吉祥佛剎一日一夜。

這是一部描述大乘法道不同面向的精要佛經。經名得自於開示發生的地點，即菩提伽耶附近的迦耶山。經中依次記敘了佛陀的內觀，佛陀與文殊師利菩薩的對話，以及文殊師利與三位提問者——兩位天人和一位菩薩——之間的對答，由此簡要而持續地解說了證悟的漸進過程、四種發菩提心的階段、菩薩道的方便與智慧兩大原則，以及菩薩行的種種分類。《迦耶山頭經》有多種譯本、釋論，其中的段落被大量引用，可見其對於印度和漢藏兩地大乘佛教界的廣泛影響。

The events recounted in The King of the Array of All Dharma Qualities take place outside Rājagṛha, where the Buddha is residing in the Bamboo Grove together with a great assembly of monks, bodhisattvas, and other human and non-human beings. At the request of the bodhisattvas Vajrapāṇi and Avalokiteśvara, the Buddha teaches his audience on a selection of brief but disparate topics belonging to the general Mahāyāna tradition: how to search for a spiritual friend and live in solitude, the benefits of venerating Avalokiteśvara’s name, the obstacles that Māra may create for practitioners, and warnings on how easy it is to lose one’s determination to be free from saṃsāra.

In the Jeta Grove of Śrāvastī, the Buddha Śākyamuni, surrounded by a large audience, presents to his disciple Śāriputra a detailed description of the realm of Sukhāvatī, a delightful, enlightened abode, free of suffering. Its inhabitants are described as mature beings in an environment where everything enhances their spiritual inclinations. The principal buddha of Sukhāvatī is addressed as Amitāyus (Limitless Life) as well as Amitābha (Limitless Light).

一時，世尊在靈鷲山中，與眾多大比丘俱。文殊師利菩薩來詣佛所。世尊與文殊師利及長老舍利弗之間展開一場對話，闡明不可別異、無二、周遍一切的法界甚深實相。

While the Buddha is residing in the Akaniṣṭha realm, the bodhisattva mahāsattva Ākāśagarbha asks him how a bodhisattva should view the mind at the point of dying. The Buddha replies that when death comes a bodhisattva should develop the wisdom at the hour of death. He explains that a bodhisattva should cultivate a clear understanding of the nonexistence of entities, great compassion, nonapprehension, nonattachment, and a clear understanding that, since wisdom is the realization of one’s own mind, the Buddha should not be sought elsewhere.

在此短篇經文中，阿難尊者請佛陀講解菩提心之本質。世尊告阿難，菩提心的本質如黃金般純淨。如同金匠能將黃金塑造成各種形狀卻不改變黃金的本質，菩提心即使以不同方式呈現也始終本質不變。

This sūtra presents a short dialogue between Ānanda and the Buddha on the theme of limitlessness. In response to Ānanda’s persistent inquiries, the Buddha uses analogies to illustrate both the limitlessness of the miraculous abilities acquired by realized beings, and the limitless multiplicity of the world systems in which bodhisattvas and buddhas are to be found. The Buddha then concludes his teaching with a further analogy—referenced in the sūtra’s title—to illustrate that although buddhas and bodhisattvas are innumerable, it is nevertheless extremely rare and precious to find a buddha within any given world system, or to find bodhisattvas who engage sincerely in bodhisattva conduct. To encounter such beings, he says, is as rare as finding a single grain of gold dust among all the sands of the ocean, or all the sands of the mighty river Gaṅgā.

在本經中，大智文殊師利菩薩祈請世尊說最上乘智慧之法，對於佛法中的基本概念與分類，不否認其「世俗有」而揭示其「勝義空」。佛陀遂以一種看似悖謬的方式進行教導。首先宣說：無正覺，亦無佛之功德，然而菩薩欲得佛果。繼而以類似方式，連續舉出佛法與凡夫法的諸多差別，卻又同時指出兩者本性相同。由此點出本經之一大要旨：凡夫法不離諸佛法，亦不在諸佛法。何以故？金剛場陀羅尼中，無有分別，法爾如是。自貪嗔癡至證悟佛果，一切諸法悉皆平等，空無自性，本來清凈，無縛無解。

一時，佛在凈居天上依空而住，與無數菩薩眾俱。世尊告諸菩薩：汝當受持六門陀羅尼法。隨即演說六門，即摧滅輪回之因的六種發願，繼而宣說六門陀羅尼，教喻信眾於日夜六時讀誦，並開示如是修持之利益。大眾聞佛所說歡喜贊嘆。經文最後以簡迴向結尾。

The Dhāraṇī “Entering into Nonconceptuality” is a short Mahāyāna sūtra that came to be particularly influential in Yogācāra circles. The central theme of the sūtra is the attainment of the nonconceptual realm, reached through the practice of relinquishing all conceptual signs by not directing the mind toward them. The sūtra presents the progressive stages through which bodhisattvas can abandon increasingly subtle conceptual signs and eliminate the erroneous ideas that lead to the objectification of phenomena.

靈鷲山上，彌勒菩薩參見佛陀，請佛宣講說法之業果。佛陀答言，若有一人向諸佛作廣大無量的財物供養，而另一人僅講授一偈佛法，後者所獲福德遠遠勝於前者。

This brief sūtra is introduced with the Buddha residing on Vulture Peak Mountain in Rājagṛha, together with a great monastic assembly of 1,250 monks and a multitude of bodhisattva mahāsattvas. The Buddha is approached and asked by the bodhisattva mahāsattva Avalokiteśvara about the qualities that should be cultivated by a bodhisattva who has just generated the altruistic mind set on attaining awakening.

The subject matter of this sūtra is indicated by the alternative title suggested by the Buddha himself in its conclusion: The Teaching That Clarifies Karma. In the opening section, the merchant Pratibhānamati, concerned about the state of society and what will become of the saṅgha in times to come, requests the Buddha Śākyamuni for a teaching that offers moral guidance to future beings. With the Buddha’s encouragement, he asks what actions lead to rebirth in ten different human and non-human states. The Buddha answers with descriptions of the actions associated with each of these states and the effects they will bring. Pratibhānamati then invites the Buddha to his home in Śrāvastī. Two beggars arrive there, and on account of their opposing aspirations and conduct in the presence of the Buddha and retinue, one soon becomes a king while the other is killed in an accident. The sūtra concludes as the Buddha, invited to the newly anointed king’s land, explains the karmic reasons for his unexpected fortune.

The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara presents a discourse given by the Buddha Śākyamuni on the importance of considering the effects caused by actions. At the start of his teaching, the Buddha remarks how the variety of forms that exist, and in fact all phenomena, come about as the result of virtuous and nonvirtuous actions. By understanding this law of cause and effect and by taking great care to engage in virtue, one will avoid rebirth in the lower realms and enter the path to perfect awakening. In the rest of his discourse he explains in great detail the advantages of engaging in each of the ten virtues and the problems associated with not engaging in them.

In this very short sūtra, the Buddha explains to a nāga king and an assembly of monks that reciting the four aphorisms of the Dharma is equivalent to recitation of all of the 84,000 articles of the Dharma. He urges them to make diligent efforts to engage in understanding the four aphorisms (also called the four seals), which are the defining philosophical tenets of the Buddhist doctrine: (1) all compounded phenomena are impermanent; (2) all contaminated phenomena are suffering; (3) all phenomena are without self; (4) nirvāṇa is peace.

The Questions of Brahmadatta begins with the bodhisattva Amoghadarśin departing from the Jeta Grove of Śrāvastī, where the Buddha is residing. Together with more than five hundred bodhisattvas, he travels to the region of Pañcāla, where King Brahmadatta requests Amoghadarśin to impart teachings to him and his citizens. The bodhisattva discusses the attributes and correct practices of a king who is a protector of the Dharma. The king requests that the bodhisattva remain in his kingdom to observe the summer vows in retreat. Sixty wicked monks already residing there treat Amoghadarśin poorly, and after three months he leaves Pañcāla and returns to the Jeta Grove.King Brahmadatta later goes to see the Buddha, who explains to the king how the wicked monks behaved and the negative consequences of such actions. The Buddha then goes on to explain what a monk and others who wish to attain awakening should strive for, namely, to rid themselves of pride, anger, and jealousy. Upon hearing these instructions, King Brahmadatta expels the sixty wicked monks from his kingdom. Many beings then generate the mind of awakening, and King Brahmadatta is irreversibly set on the path of complete awakening. The Buddha smiles and radiates multicolored lights throughout the whole world. Finally, the king apologizes to Amoghadarśin and the bodhisattva forgives him.

年輕商人吉祥世向佛陀請問：初地菩薩應如何於日常中行菩薩道？佛陀聞其所問甚是歡喜，即为其宣講大乘菩薩道之利他發心與修持。世尊並進而解釋菩薩日常修持，應以皈依三寶、修行六度以及迴向功德與自他之證悟為主。

The Questions of Ratna­candra is a sūtra in which Ratna­candra, a prince from the country of Magadha, requests the Buddha Śākyamuni to reveal the names of the ten buddhas who dwell in the ten directions. Prince Ratna­candra has been told that hearing the names of these ten buddhas ensures that one will attain awakening at some point in the future. The Buddha confirms this and discloses their names, as well as details of their respective buddha realms, such as the names of these realms and their many unique qualities.

The Question of Kṣemaṅkara contains a teaching given by Buddha Śākyamuni to the Śākya youth Kṣemaṅkara, in response to a question he poses about the qualities of bodhisattvas and how to develop such qualities. The Buddha teaches him about bodhisattvas’ qualities, first in prose and later reiterated in verse, and then equates the teaching of this sūtra with the perfection of insight, stating that even if one practices the first five perfections for many eons, one will not make much progress without knowing what is taught in this sūtra.

為了和另一部篇幅較長的同名佛經（Toh62）有所區別，本經另名為《持國所問經（2）》。在這部簡短的大乘佛經中，佛陀應持國所問而為廣大僧眾解說哪一類的比丘將導致佛法衰微。

During an alms round in Vārāṇasī, the Buddha Śākyamuni encounters a brahmin woman by the name of Śrīmatī. Inspired by the Buddha’s majestic and graceful presence, Śrīmatī inquires about the teaching he gave at nearby Deer Park. In response, the Buddha reprises the teaching on how the twelve links of dependent origination lead to suffering and how their cessation leads to the end of suffering. Śrīmatī then asks about the nature of ignorance, the first of the twelve links. The Buddha offers a profound response and raises the distinction between ultimate truth and conventional teaching. At this, Śrīmatī makes the aspiration that she too may turn the many wheels of Dharma just as the Buddha has done. The Buddha then smiles and prophesies her eventual awakening. The sūtra concludes with the Buddha describing Śrīmatī’s virtuous deeds in past lives, in which she had venerated each of the six previous buddhas.

This sūtra contains teachings given by the Buddha to a 120-year-old woman in the city of Vaiśalī. Upon meeting the Buddha, she asks him questions concerning the four stages of life, the aggregates, the elements, and the faculties. In response, the Buddha gives her a profound teaching on emptiness, using beautifully crafted examples to illustrate his point. After hearing these teachings her doubts are dispelled and she is freed from clinging to the perception of a self.

文殊師利菩薩請教世尊，何等福德而能成就如來妙法螺音？世尊以類比倍增的方式說明此福德之廣大。假使四大洲一切眾生皆悉成就轉輪聖王之福德，三千大千世界一切眾生皆悉成就梵王之福德，盡虛空一切眾生皆悉成就菩薩之福德，後者之福聚無量倍於前者。更勝於此的是佛身八十種好與三十二大丈夫相之福德，然而如上所說所有福德之不可思議倍數，才等於如來法螺之福德。世尊繼而闡釋，如來螺音、身相與光明何以普聞、普照於無量無邊世界，現種種相以教化眾生。

此經為大乘行者與外道之間的對話，以「無我」為主要議題。大乘行者為外道詳盡闡釋諸多佛教理念，如無我、世俗諦與勝義諦、苦因、空性、諸法無相以及證悟之道。

佛陀在舍衛城為眾說法，爾時文殊師利菩薩持一寶蓋覆如來上。天人善勝在此會中，問文殊師利於此供養是否滿足。文殊師利答言，志求菩提者供養如來未曾厭足。善勝復問，應為何故供養如來，文殊答之以四事。

In response to a series of queries from Mañjuśrī, Buddha Śākyamuni first exposes the error that prevents sentient beings in general from transcending saṃsāra, and then focuses more particularly on errors that result from understanding the four truths of the noble ones based on conceptual notions of phenomena. He then goes on to explain how someone wishing to attain liberation should skillfully view the following five sets of qualities: (1) the four truths, (2) the four applications of mindfulness, (3) the eightfold path, (4) the five faculties, and (5) the seven branches of enlightenment.

佛陀於舍衛城竹林精舍為眾比丘宣說此精辟教法。經中，世尊列舉智者行布施的三十七種方法，並詳細解說如何正確行布施以及布施相對應的善果報。

This sūtra takes place in the city of Vaiśālī, where the Buddha Śākyamuni and his retinue of monks have gone to gather alms. When the Buddha enters Vaiśālī a number of miracles occur in the city, and these draw the attention of a three-year-old boy named Ratnadatta. As the child encounters the Buddha, a dialogue ensues with the monks Maudgalyā­yana and Śāriputra and the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī, in which the boy delivers a teaching on the practice of bodhisattvas and a critique of those who fail to take up such practices.

In this sūtra, the Buddha displays supernatural powers three times. First, he magically transports his entire audience and retinue to Vārāṇasī. Secondly, having incited Avalokiteśvara and Vajrapāṇi to use their own miraculous powers to gather there all the beings who must be led to awakening, he makes the whole world appear as a pure realm like Sukhāvatī. He explains that a tathāgata’s various powers are like a doctor’s skills, and teaches, with Mañjuśrī’s help in a series of dialogues with other protagonists, on how the tathāgatas manifest to beings, displaying his supernatural powers a third time by making many other buddhas appear all around him. The meaning of the Tathāgata’s miracles are gradually disclosed to the audience, as well as some other essential points including the merit to be gained by honoring the teachings.

The Prediction for Brahmaśrī features a brief encounter between the Buddha, out on his daily alms round, and a group of children playing on the outskirts of Śrāvastī. A boy named Brahmaśrī offers the Buddha the pavilion he has made of sand or dirt. The Blessed One accepts it and transforms it into one made of precious metals and jewels. Seeing this wonder, Brahmaśrī makes a vow to become a buddha himself in the future. This prompts the Buddha to smile and predict Brahmaśrī’s future awakening.

世尊与弥勒菩萨于晨间托钵时，遇见王后有乐夫人，身着华贵珠宝端严殊妙。世尊将此珍宝严饰喻为果实，问有乐夫人言：彼名何树，汝今身着如是之果？有乐夫人答言：“彼树名福德，我于往世种，此果是彼果，我今如是食。”经文继而讲述福德终能导向佛果，并授记有乐夫人将于未来成佛。

The sūtra is introduced with the Buddha residing in Anāthapiṇḍada’s grove in Jeta Wood in Śrāvastī together with a great assembly of monks and a great multitude of bodhisatvas. The Buddha then addresses the bodhisatva Jayamati, instructs him on nineteen moral prescriptions, and indicates the corresponding effects of practicing these prescriptions when they are cultivated.

The Dwelling Place of Mañjuśrī first presents a dialogue between Mañjuśrī and Śāriputra regarding the activity of “dwelling” (vihāra) during meditation, the nature of dharmas, and the “true nature” (tathatā). This opens into a conversation between Mañjuśrī and a large gathering of monks whereby Mañjuśrī corrects the monks’ misinterpretations. Mañjuśrī then instructs Śāriputra on the enduring and indestructible nature of the realm of sentient beings and the realm of reality. Finally, the power of Mañjuśrī’s teaching is explained and reiterated by the Buddha.

In this sūtra, in answer to a question put by Maitreya, the Buddha Śākyamuni teaches five qualities that bodhisattvas should have in order to live a long life free of obstacles and attain awakening quickly: (1) giving the Dharma; (2) giving freedom from fear; (3) practicing great loving kindness, great compassion, great joy, and great equanimity; (4) repairing dilapidated stūpas; and (5) causing all beings to aspire to the mind of awakening. Maitreya praises the benefits of this teaching and vows to teach it himself in future degenerate times. Both Maitreya and the Buddha emphasize the positive effects on beings and the environment that upholding, preserving, and teaching The Nectar of Speech will bring about.

本經記敘了舍衛國初夜時分世尊與眷屬眾的一段對話，當時名為阿逸多的彌勒菩薩與優波離俱在會中。優波離問佛言：阿逸多命終生何國土，佛記其人成佛無疑。佛告優波離，阿逸多命終後必得往生兜率陀天，進而講述兜率陀天諸多極妙樂事，以及往生彼天之因。說是語時，與會諸眾皆大歡喜，皆同發願往生兜率天宮。

在這部簡短的經文中，世尊基於大乘的見地開示出家的本質，解說為何出離在家人的生活具有神聖、超越凡俗之功德。如是宣說之後，長老舍利弗與須菩提兩位亦就此略作討論。

一时，佛在竹林精舍与眷属众俱。目犍连尊者于托钵途中见到一些奇特的众生，前来问佛。佛告目犍连，此诸众生乃是饿鬼，过去为人时犯下与食物相关之恶行，以致今生堕于饿鬼道中。世尊详述了与食物相关之恶行，反映出当时对于出家众的饮食禁戒，例如违反「日中一食」、饮食不当、擅取馀食，以及其它滥用食物供养等行为。在家众亦有与食物相关之戒律，主要是关于为僧团准备食物时的卫生要求。

This sūtra contains a Dharma discourse on the profound insight into the emptiness of all phenomena, also known as transcendent insight. Following a short teaching in verse by Śāriputra, the Buddha delivers the primary discourse at the behest of Ānanda and Mañjuśrī amid a vast assembly of monks, bodhisattvas, and lay devotees. He specifically addresses hearers and so-called “outcast bodhisattvas” who have not realized transcendent insight and who thus remain attached to phenomenal appearances. Responding to a series of questions posed by Mañjuśrī and Śāriputra, the Buddha explains that all phenomena are as empty as space, with nothing to be either affirmed or rejected. Yet that very emptiness is what makes everything possible, including the bodhisattvas’ altruistic activities.

佛陀的弟子阿難尊者在舍衛城中托缽乞食，於途中見到一座潔凈無暇的宮殿。他思忖道，若將這樣一座宮殿供養給僧團，或以小佛塔供奉一顆佛舍利，何者所獲福德更多？他以此問佛。佛陀答言，後者之福德遠勝於其他一切供養，因為諸佛具有無量的功德。

In this sūtra, at the request of venerable Śāriputra, the bodhisattva mahāsattva Maitreya elucidates a very brief teaching on dependent arising that the Buddha had given earlier that day while gazing at a rice seedling. The text discusses outer and inner causation and its conditions, describes in detail the twelvefold cycle by which inner dependent arising gives rise to successive lives, and explains how understanding the very nature of that process can lead to freedom from it.

In the Jeta Grove outside Śrāvastī, monks have gathered to listen to the Buddha as he presents the foundational doctrine of dependent arising. The Buddha first gives the definition of dependent arising and then teaches the twelve factors that form the causal chain of existence in saṃsāra as well as the defining characteristics of these twelve factors.

While the Buddha is residing in the Realm of the Thirty-Three Gods with a retinue of deities, great hearers, and bodhisattvas, Avalokiteśvara asks the Buddha how beings can gain merit from building a stūpa.

Discerning that the time is right to train King Bimbisāra, the Buddha Śākyamuni goes to Magadha, along with his entourage. The king is hostile at first but when his attack on the Buddha is thwarted and a verse on impermanence is heard, he becomes respectful. In the discourse that ensues, the Buddha tells the king that it is good to be disillusioned with the world because saṃsāra is impermanence and suffering. He then elaborates with a teaching on impermanence followed by a teaching on suffering. When the king asks where, if saṃsāra is so full of suffering, well-being is to be found, the Buddha responds with a short exposition on nirvāṇa as the cessation of all suffering and the cause for supreme happiness. Moved by his words, the king decides that he will renounce worldly concerns and seek nirvāṇa. The Buddha praises the king and concludes the teaching with the potent refrain, “When one is attached, that is saṃsāra. When one is not attached, that is nirvāṇa.”

While giving teachings at Vārāṇasī, the Buddha Śākyamuni discerns that the time is right to train King Udayana of Vatsa. When he meets the king, who at the time is embarking on a military expedition, the king flies into a rage and tries to kill the Buddha with an arrow. However, the arrow circles in the sky, and a voice proclaims a verse on the dangers of anger and warfare. Hearing this verse, the king pays homage to the Buddha, who explains that an enemy far greater than worldly opponents is the affliction of perceiving a self, which binds one to saṃsāra. He uses a military analogy to explain how this great enemy can be controlled by the combined arsenal of the six perfections and slayed by the arrow of nonself. When the king asks what is meant by “nonself,” the Buddha replies in a series of verses that constitute a succinct teaching on all persons and all things being without a self.

The Buddha is residing at Āmrapālī’s Grove in Vaiśālī when Mañjuśrī brings before him the monk Stainless Light, who had been seduced by a prostitute and feels strong remorse for having violated his vows. After the monk confesses his wrongdoing, the Buddha explains the lack of inherent nature of all phenomena and the luminous nature of mind, and the monk Stainless Light gives rise to the mind of enlightenment. At Mañjuśrī’s request, the Buddha then explains how bodhisattvas purify obscurations by generating an altruistic mind and realizing the empty nature of all phenomena. He asks Mañjuśrī about his own attainment of patient forbearance in seeing all phenomena as nonarising, and recounts the tale of the monk Vīradatta, who, many eons in the past, had engaged in a sexual affair with a girl and even killed a jealous rival before feeling strong remorse. Despite these negative actions, once the empty, nonexistent nature of all phenomena had been explained to him by the bodhisattva Liberator from Fear, he was able to generate bodhicitta and attain patient forbearance in seeing all phenomena as nonarising. The Buddha explains that even a person who had enjoyed pleasures and murdered someone would be able to attain patient forbearance in seeing all phenomena as nonarising through practicing this sūtra, which he calls “the Dharma mirror of all phenomena.”

In Taking Refuge in the Three Jewels, the venerable Śāriputra wonders how much merit accrues to someone who takes refuge in the Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Saṅgha. He therefore seeks out the Buddha Śākyamuni and requests a teaching on this topic. The Buddha proceeds to describe how even vast offerings, performed in miraculous ways, would not constitute a fraction of the merit gained by someone who takes refuge in the Three Jewels.

摩揭陀國的影勝王前來問佛，為何有情先所造業，臨命終時皆悉現前。佛告影勝王，譬如男子於睡夢中見一美女，醒來後仍癡癡戀慕不捨。有如此例，眾生眼見於色、起貪嗔癡而造作諸業，作已滅壞，至命終時意識將滅，所作之業皆悉現前。世尊繼而演說，前識滅已、後識無間生起，依於成熟之業果，彼心相續流轉，並無一法能從此世轉至後世。經文最後，世尊以七句偈頌簡要開示空性，宣說二諦及諸法假名安立之理。

如經文末頁明確註記，這一簡短開示是《大雲經》的補充章節「降雨諸風品」。經文記敘釋迦牟尼佛到訪龍宮，無量龍眾向佛頂禮，獻上神力化現的廣大供養海雲。龍王請佛宣說如何能使龍族滅除諸苦，並以及時雨利益眾生。世尊先贊嘆了大慈行的利益，繼而傳授一陀羅尼咒，教喻龍族讀誦受持之同時持誦諸如來名號，即可遣除龍眾所有苦厄，並令莊稼生長。應龍王之請，佛陀復又傳授一長陀羅尼咒，能於乾旱時降下甘霖。佛陀於開示末尾還教授了施設佛壇以及祈雨之儀軌。

一時，佛在王舍城靈鷲山安住於名曰「三摩地輪」的禪定中。爾時，文殊師利應佛所問，演說究竟實相之本性。世尊聞之歡喜，贊嘆文殊師利善說甚深法義。

Proper Dharma Conduct takes place in the Jeta Grove at Śrāvastī. Knowing that many bodhisattvas are wondering about proper Dharma conduct, the Buddha Śākyamuni gives a teaching on this topic to a great number of bodhisattvas. The teaching follows a format in which the Buddha first makes a short cryptic statement that seems to go against the conventions of proper behavior for bodhisattvas. The bodhisattvas then inquire as to the meaning of this statement, and the Buddha proceeds to explain how to interpret the initial statement in order to decipher the underlying meaning. Because of his teaching, many gods and bodhisattvas are able to make great progress on the path.

In this sūtra some of Buddha Śākyamuni’s senior disciples request a teaching on the nature of “the sections of Dharma.” The Buddha responds by first delivering a teaching on the absence of birth with regard to phenomena, as an antidote to the poison of desire. On that basis, the Buddha then presents a longer explanation of the repulsiveness of the human body, and of the female body in particular.

此經中，佛為諸天菩薩眾演示廣大神通力，以大光明幻化出無量眾生。其時有一外道仙人名光明炬因毗濕奴與濕婆等諸天神亦具此神通力而不為所動。仙人光明炬遂向佛陀請示：一切眾生從何處生、末劫劫盡熾燃之因緣以及如何度量眾生微細身。世尊即為其演說無常、因果業力與空性等教法。

There are two main themes in Distinguishing Phenomena and What Is Meaningful. One is in the narrative structure: The Buddha Śākyamuni tells how, countless eons ago, in a world called Flower Origin, a buddha named Arisen from Flowers gave instructions to a royal family, and prophesied the awakening of the prince Ratnākara. Arisen from Flowers, the Buddha Śākyamuni then relates, has since become the buddha Amitābha, and the prince Ratnākara the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. The other theme is doctrinal, and lies in the content of the teaching given by Arisen from Flowers: it explains the four mistakes made by ordinary beings in the way they perceive the five aggregates, and how bodhisattvas teach them how to clear away these misconceptions, so that they may be free of the sufferings that result.

In The Accomplishment of the Sets of Four Qualities: The Bodhisattvas’ Prātimokṣa, Venerable Śāriputra requests the Buddha Śākyamuni to explain the conduct of bodhisattvas. The Buddha responds by describing how bodhisattvas train in many practices and in the cultivation of many qualities, here presented in sets of four, related to generosity and diligence in particular, and more broadly to their attitude, conduct, learning, insight, and teaching. In this way bodhisattvas swiftly progress along the path to buddhahood.

While Buddha Śākyamuni is residing in the Sudharmā assembly hall in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three, he explains to the great bodhisattva Maitreya four factors that make it possible to overcome the effects of any negative deeds one has committed. These four are: the action of repentance, which involves feeling remorse; antidotal action, which is to practice virtue as a remedy to non-virtue; the power of restraint, which involves vowing not to repeat a negative act; and the power of support, which means taking refuge in the Buddha, Dharma, and Saṅgha, and never forsaking the mind of awakening. The Buddha concludes by recommending that bodhisattvas regularly recite this sūtra and reflect on its meaning as an antidote to any further wrongdoing.

在這部簡短的經文中，佛陀宣說人終生不可執取的四種謬見：（1）於女人間可得快樂，（2）於王宮中可得快樂，（3）依靠健美身體可得快樂，（4）依靠財富資具可得快樂。

一時，佛在舍衛城祇園精舍，與眾比丘與菩薩俱。佛言，有四種法菩薩常應修行，縱遇命難，亦不得舍：一不舍菩提心，二不舍善知識，三不舍安忍調柔，四不舍阿蘭若。經文末尾，世尊復以二偈重宣此義，言說不舍此四法者必將證得無上菩提。

The Fourfold Accomplishment revolves around a dialogue between the god Śrībhadra and the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī that takes place in the Jeta Grove at Śrāvastī. At Śrībhadra’s request, Mañjuśrī recalls a teaching that he previously gave to Brahmā Śikhin on the practices of a bodhisattva. The teaching takes the form of a sequence of topics, each of which has four components.

本經開篇記敘佛陀與無量百千萬億大菩薩眾在王舍城靈鷲山，爾時，勝思惟菩薩問如來二字：何者一法是菩薩所除滅者，何者一法總攝修行之基、菩薩常當日夜護之，何者一法是如來所證覺者。世尊一一為之作答：首先列舉菩薩應滅之法，其次教喻菩薩「己所不欲勿勸他人」，繼而宣說「無有一法如來所覺」。如來所覺，即諸法不去不來，無因無緣，無生無滅，無取不取，無增無減。與會諸眾聞已，誓願流通此經，而世尊進而講說流通此經之利益。

Calling Witness with a Hundred Prostrations is widely known as the first sūtra to arrive in Tibet, long before Tibet became a Buddhist nation, during the reign of the Tibetan king Lha Thothori Nyentsen. Written to be recited for personal practice, it opens with one hundred and eight prostrations and praises to the many buddhas of the ten directions and three times, to the twelve categories of scripture contained in the Tripiṭaka, to the bodhisattvas of the ten directions, and to the arhat disciples of the Buddha. After making offerings to them, confessing and purifying nonvirtue, and making the aspiration to perform virtuous actions in every life, the text includes recitations of the vows of refuge in the Three Jewels, and of generating the thought of enlightenment. The text concludes with a passage rejoicing in the virtues of the holy ones, a request for the buddhas to bestow a prophecy to achieve enlightenment, and the aspiration to pass from this life in a state of pure Dharma.

一時，佛在摩揭陀國與無數菩薩眾俱。爾時，不可思議王菩薩為眾演說不同佛剎之間的時間相對性。他提到十一個佛剎，其中此娑婆世界釋迦牟尼佛剎的一劫，為西方極樂世界阿彌陀佛剎的一日一夜，而西方極樂世界的一劫，為袈裟幢世界金剛堅佛剎的一日一夜，如是次第，乃至過百萬阿僧祇世界，最後世界一劫，為蓮花吉祥世界賢吉祥佛剎的一日一夜。

一時，佛遊於迦毗羅衛國，與乘坐馬車出城的釋迦童子「面善悅」相遇。童子請求佛陀教導防護危害之法。佛告童子：十方各有一佛住於遙遠世界中，每當出城前往某一方向時，心中憶念此方之佛，則旅途無有恐懼危難，有所興作悉當如願。童子及與會大眾奉受此法後，皆能現見十方佛及其佛土。爾後，佛陀授記會上百千人終得成就正覺。佛言，奉此經典、讀誦書寫、為他人說，能護佑一切，無復恐懼。故而於行事之初或出遊之前，常常諷誦此經以遣除障礙，速成所願。

The Seven Buddhas opens with the Buddha Śākyamuni residing in an alpine forest on Mount Kailāsa with a saṅgha of monks and bodhisattvas. The Buddha notices that a monk in the forest has been possessed by a spirit, which prompts the bodhisattva Ākāśagarbha to request that the Buddha teach a spell to cure diseases and exorcise demonic spirits. The Buddha then emanates as the set of “seven successive buddhas,” each of whom transmits a dhāraṇī to Ākāśagarbha. Each of the seven buddhas then provides ritual instructions for using the dhāraṇī.

While the Buddha is dwelling together with a great saṅgha of monks in Śrāvastī, at the garden of Anāthapiṇḍada in the Jeta Grove, the whole universe suddenly begins to shake. The sounds of innumerable cymbals are heard without their being played, and flowers fall, covering the entire Jeta Grove. The world becomes filled with golden light and golden lotuses appear, each lotus supporting a lion throne upon which appears the shining form of a buddha. Venerable Śāriputra arises from his seat, pays homage, and asks the Buddha about the causes and conditions for these thus-gone ones to appear. The Buddha then proceeds to describe in detail these buddhas, as well as their various realms and how beings can take birth in them.

The Twelve Buddhas opens at Rājagṛha with a dialogue between the Buddha Śākyamuni and the bodhisattva Maitreya about the eastern buddhafield of a buddha whose abbreviated name is King of Jewels. This buddha prophesies that when he passes into complete nirvāṇa, the bodhisattva Incomparable will take his place as a buddha whose abbreviated name is Victory Banner King. Śākyamuni then provides the names of the remaining ten tathāgatas, locating them in the ten directions surrounding Victory Banner King’s buddhafield Full of Pearls. After listing the full set of names of these twelve buddhas and their directional relationship to Victory Banner King, the Buddha Śākyamuni provides an accompanying mantra-dhāraṇī and closes with a set of thirty-seven verses outlining the benefits of remembering the names of these buddhas.

釋迦牟尼佛和诸比丘和与菩薩眾住於靈鷲山時，其中有十位菩薩因精進修行七年卻尚未證得總持而感到氣餒。見此情況，無怯菩薩代之請求佛陀教導能夠開啟菩薩智慧之法。佛陀應其所問揭示菩薩未能證得總持之因——過去所造之惡業——並为众人开示尊敬佛法導師的重要性以及淨化業障的方法。

一時，佛在毗舍離奈女樹園，有一離車族青年名為「善作」，請佛宣說現今住世修行本願之諸佛名號，使持名禮敬者無有恐懼、無復眾難。世尊隨即演說八佛及其佛土之名，教喻善作應諦奉善思、係心毋忘，必能德行日進、所作皆成。善作告退之後，天帝釋白佛言，我已受此八佛之名，精进奉行。佛告天帝，天人與阿修羅戰鬥之前，念諸八佛名即可無畏，繼而講說傳布本經的種種功德。

In The Sūtra on the Threefold Training, Buddha Śākyamuni briefly introduces the three elements or stages of the path, widely known as “the three trainings,” one by one in a specific order: discipline, meditative concentration, and wisdom. He teaches that training progressively in them constitutes the gradual path to awakening.

As the title suggests, this sūtra describes the three bodies of the Buddha. While the Buddha is dwelling on Vulture Peak in Rājgṛha, the Bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha asks whether the Tathāgata has a body, to which the Buddha replies that the Tathāgata has three bodies: a dharmakāya, a saṃbhogakāya, and a nirmāṇakāya. The Buddha goes on to describe what constitutes these three bodies and their associated meaning. The Buddha explains that the dharmakāya is like space, the saṃbhogakāya is like clouds, and the nirmāṇakāya is like rain. At the end of the Buddha’s elucidation, Kṣitigarbha expresses jubilation, and the Buddha declares that whoever upholds this Dharma teaching will obtain immeasurable merit.

This recitable prayer of dedication reflects the "seven branches" liturgy common in Mahāyāna Buddhism. It comprises two sections: a detailed confession and a prayer of rejoicing, requesting the turning of the Dharma wheel, beseeching buddhas to remain, and dedicating merit extensively.

This prayer of dedication echoes later Tibetan mind training literature. It includes the traditional dedication of merit to all beings and highlights the faults and afflictions burdening sentient beings. The prayer concludes with the wish that the reciter takes on these negatives, liberating and purifying all beings.

在這部簡短的經文中，佛陀教導阿難：凡諸怖畏、困厄、過患之生起，皆由愚者起，非由賢者。世尊進而開示賢者與愚者之區別——概而言之，有界善巧、處善巧、緣起善巧、處非處善巧者，即為賢者。爾後，世尊逐一略說其中含義。巴利文佛典中亦有收錄此經。

While the Buddha is dwelling in the Bamboo Grove monastery near Rājagṛha, together with a thousand monks and a host of bodhisattvas, King Prasenajit arises from his seat, bows at the Buddha’s feet, and asks him how to uphold the Dharma in his kingdom during times of conflict. In reply the Buddha instructs the king about the gaṇḍī, a wooden ritual instrument, and tells him how the sound of this instrument, used for Dharma practice in a temple or monastery, quells conflict and strife for all who hear it. He describes how to make, consecrate, and sound the gaṇḍī. He explains that the gaṇḍī symbolizes the Perfection of Insight and describes in detail the many benefits it confers.

Just prior to his passing away, the Buddha Śākyamuni reminds his disciples of the importance of living with a qualified spiritual teacher. Ānanda, the Blessed One’s attendant, attempts to confirm his teacher’s statement, saying that a virtuous spiritual friend is indeed half of one’s spiritual life. Correcting his disciple’s understanding, the Buddha explains that a qualified guide is the whole of, rather than half of, the holy life, and that by relying upon a spiritual friend beings will be released from birth and attain liberation from all types of suffering.

本經記敘了佛陀與持戒第一的弟子優波離之間的問答。優波離請佛開示比丘之體性、種類與律儀，以及「比丘」一詞的含義。為利益在場的比丘和一般的比丘眾，世尊宣說比丘之體性為節制，其律儀為持戒，其種類分為持戒真實比丘和無戒無實比丘。世尊進而宣說持戒之利益，敦促比丘眾行護律儀，並警示了身披袈裟卻無視戒律的過患。

佛在舍衛城祇樹給孤獨園為僧眾開示「戒」之利益和護戒的重要。佛陀教導言，獲得人身、值遇佛法已是難事，更遑論是又能出家受戒並持守淨戒。人生必有一死，相較於失去一次生命，破戒之果更為嚴重，將於億萬來世中受報。世尊繼而以偈頌讚揚戒律，稱其為修持佛法、達至涅槃之必要基礎。經文最後，世尊以講述追逐短暫世間享樂之愚癡為此經文之總結。

一時，佛在王舍城竹林精舍結夏安居。爾時，佛告聲聞弟子眾：如來於一切眾生中最勝，遠離執著之法於一切法中最勝，僧伽於一切團體中最勝。對佛法僧具信心者，來世將生於人天受最勝身。

此經中，佛陀為眾比丘宣說諸惡趣乃至諸天界之眾生壽命。世尊通過較量色界天神以及八熱地獄眾生之壽命而講解惡趣眾生相對漫長的壽命。

Questions Regarding Death and Transmigration contains explanations of Buddhist views on the nature of life and death, and a number of philosophical arguments against non-Buddhist conceptions, notably some based broadly on the Vedas. The sūtra is set in the town of Kapilavastu at the time of the funeral of a young man of the Śākya clan. King Śuddhodana wonders about the validity of the ritual offerings being made for the deceased by the family and asks the Buddha seven questions about current beliefs on death and the afterlife.

In this brief sūtra, the Buddha reminds his followers of one of the principal characteristics of saṃsāric existence: the reality of impermanence. The four things cherished most in this world, the Buddha says—namely, good health, youth, prosperity, and life—are all impermanent. He closes his teaching with a verse, asking how beings, afflicted as they are by impermanence, can take delight in anything desirable, and indirectly urging his disciples to practice the path of liberation.

在本經中，世尊簡要開示了有為法的無常本性。一切眾生，無論其具何等種姓，不論是生為天人，甚或是已證得阿羅漢、辟支佛乃至如來果位，但凡有生，終將隕滅。經文末尾，世尊復以偈文勸誡大眾：諸行無常，寂滅為樂。

世尊在涅槃前留下了此《十一想說示經》，告諸比丘於命終時應作十一想：不貪此世想，慈諸有情想，棄諸懷恨想，懺諸破戒想，受諸正戒想，於諸大罪作清凈想，於諸小善根作大善想，不畏他世想，諸有為無常想，諸法無我想，涅槃寂滅想。

Invited to visit the city of Vaiśālī, which has been ravaged by a terrible epidemic, the Buddha instructs Ānanda to stand at the city’s gate and recite a proclamation, a long mantra, and some verses that powerfully evoke spiritual well-being. Ānanda does so, and the epidemic comes to an end.

善夜之中，天子旃檀來到王舍城一位比丘面前，問其是否知曉佛陀所教導之《善夜經》。比丘答言從未聽聞此經，天子告之世尊即在附近，今可詣彼請問。隨後，世尊應比丘之請，傳授恆時住於善觀之要訣：過去諸法不應追念，未來諸法亦不希求，現在諸法勿生染著，如是行者名真解脫。爾時世尊為欲利益一切眾生，更說數種陀羅尼咒句，並開示此經辟除災厄、救脫苦難之種種利益。

本經講述婆了羅門長老善見的故事。他於聽聞佛陀説法之後皈信佛教，進而在「闇林」建立了佛教僧團。經文記敘了善見的出生、出家爲僧及以神力在闇苑建立僧團的殊勝因緣。隨後，世尊講述了善見前世的行誼與發願，以是善妙因緣而於今生獲得如是之果報。

經中，佛陀於舍衛城以諸譬喻為比丘眾解釋孝順父母之重要性。世尊告大眾，孝順父母者為賢者，此生將不受毀謗，來世亦可投胎於善趣。

本經中，釋迦牟尼佛為諸比丘解說，若有施主造佛影像，可獲何等功德利益。世尊宣說此善行所具之五種利益。

The Verses of Nāga King Drum contains the Buddha’s narration of a tale from one of his past lives as the nāga king Drum. While traveling with his younger brother Tambour, they come under verbal attack by another nāga named Drumbeat. Tambour’s anger at their mistreatment and desire for retaliation prompts Drum to counsel Tambour on the virtues of patience and nonviolence in the face of aggression and abusiveness. Through a series of didactic aphorisms, he advises his brother to meet disrespect and persecution with serenity, patience, compassion, and insight, in order to accomplish what is best for oneself and others. The Buddha now recounts King Drum’s wise counsel as a helpful instruction for his own followers.

一時，釋迦牟尼佛住於迦毗羅衛附近的尼拘律樹園。一日，世尊與侍者阿難一同來到難陀的家中。世尊向難陀開示了出家為僧的意義及諸多利益，然而難陀卻對於出家猶豫不決。於是世尊又用譬喻的方式解說了獲得善妙人身、值遇佛陀並有機會出家為僧是何等幸運之事。難陀聞佛所言，深受震撼，遂決定舍俗出家。

A radiant divine being appears before the Buddha shortly before dawn and asks a series of questions, in the form of riddles, about how best to live a good life. The Buddha’s responses constitute a concise and direct teaching on some of the core orientations and values of Buddhism, touching on the three poisons, the virtues of body, speech, and mind, and providing wisdom for daily life.

While staying in Śrāvastī, the Buddha is approached by an unnamed “divine being,” who inquires as to what behavior merits rebirth in the higher realms. In response, the Buddha explains, in a series of concise and powerful verses, that abandoning each of the ten nonvirtues—killing, taking what is not given, sexual misconduct, telling lies, slander, harsh words, idle talk, covetousness, ill will, and wrong views—and embracing their opposites, the ten virtues, will lead to rebirth in the higher realms.

這部簡短的經文描述了佛教觀點中的月蝕。一時，佛住瞻波城，阿修羅王羅睺羅手障於月，導致月蝕。月天請求皈依佛陀，爾後佛令羅睺羅速放彼月。另一阿修羅王跋羅見此而詢問其故，羅睺羅解釋道：「我聞佛說偈，若不放月者，頭當破七分。」 爾時跋羅說偈贊嘆諸佛出現於世。本經收錄於《甘珠爾》大藏經、漢傳《阿含經》、巴利文《尼柯耶》，亦是守護經之一。

一时，佛在迦毗罗卫国的尼拘陀园，遇见长髮且瘦骨嶙峋的婆罗门婆私吒。世尊问为何形貌如此，婆私吒答言正在进行一个月的断食。世尊又问，是否持守圣者之八关斋戒，自此二人就何为八关斋戒、守戒有何等功德等展开了一场对话。在简述八关斋戒之后，佛告婆私吒，若能持守戒律哪怕只一次，其功德亦远胜于供养之功德。经文末尾，婆私吒皈依了佛、法、僧，并誓言持守八关斋戒，同时修持布施。

In this short sūtra, the Buddha first instructs the monks to carry the ringing staff and then provides a brief introduction to its significance. In response to Venerable Mahākāśyapa’s queries, the Buddha gives a more detailed explanation of the attributes of the staff and the benefits that can be derived from holding it. In the course of his exposition, he also elucidates the rich symbolism of its parts, such as the four prongs and the twelve rings. Finally, the Buddha explains that while the ringing staff is carried by all buddhas of the past, present, and future, the number of prongs on the staff might vary.

The Rite for the Protocols Associated with Carrying the Ringing Staff is a short text that deals with the practical matters relating to the use of the mendicant’s staff known in Sanskrit as a khakkhara, or “rattling staff.” It begins with a simple ritual during which a Buddhist monk ceremoniously takes up the ringing staff in front of his monastic teacher. The text then provides a list of twenty-five rules governing the proper use of the staff. The rules stipulate how a Buddhist monk should or should not handle it in his daily life, especially when he goes on alms rounds and when he travels.

The Sūtra of the Wheel of Dharma contains the Buddha’s teaching to his five former spiritual companions on the four truths that he had discovered as part of his awakening: (1) suffering, (2) the origin of suffering, (3) the cessation of suffering, and (4) the path leading to the cessation of suffering. According to all the Buddhist traditions, this is the first teaching the Buddha gave to explain his awakened insight to others.

In Transformation of Karma the Buddha is staying in Prince Jeta’s Grove in Śrāvastī, where he is visited by the brahmin youth Śuka, who asks the Blessed One to explain the reason why living beings appear so diversely. The Buddha answers Śuka’s question with a discourse on various categories of actions as well as rebirth and the actions leading to it. The discourse presents fifty-one categories of actions, followed by explanations of the negative consequences of transgressing the five precepts observed by all Buddhists, the advantages gained through caitya worship, and the meritorious results of specific acts of generosity.

佛陀在靈鷲山為四眾說法，爾時有一婆羅門梵誌長爪來詣佛所，問佛所宣說的業因果無謬之理，繼以十問，欲知佛先作何業，而今獲得金剛身乃至頂上肉髻等種種相。佛陀一一作答，告知每一種相的業因，大致歸納為八關齋戒，並自述於前生如何持戒。梵誌長爪投杖於地，向佛頂禮，誓願皈依三寶並受持八關齋戒。