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སྨན་གྱི་གཞི།

The Chapter on Medicines
Chapter Seven

Bhaiṣajya­vastu
འདུལ་བ་གཞི་ལས། སྨན་གྱི་གཞི།
’dul ba gzhi las/ sman gyi gzhi
“The Chapter on Medicines” from The Chapters on Monastic Discipline
Vinaya­vastuni Bhaiṣajya­vastu

Toh 1-6

Degé Kangyur vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 277.b–311.a; vol. 2 (’dul ba, kha), folios 1.a–317.a; and vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 1.a–50.a

ᴛʀᴀɴsʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴛɪʙᴇᴛᴀɴ ʙʏ
  • Palgyi Lhünpo
  • Sarvajñādeva
  • Vidyākaraprabha
  • Dharmākara
  • Paltsek

Imprint

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Translated by the Bhaiṣajyavastu Translation Team
under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha

First published 2021

Current version v 1.1.5 (2025)

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co.

Table of Contents

ti. Title
im. Imprint
co. Contents
s. Summary
ac. Acknowledgements
i. Introduction
tr. The Translation
+ 11 chapters- 11 chapters
p. General Summary of the Contents of the Chapter on Medicines
1. Chapter One
+ 8 sections- 8 sections
· I. The Authorization of Medicines
· II. Fat
· III. Scabies
· IV. Collyrium
· V. A Man Gone Mad
· VI. Pilinda
· VII. Revata
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. Rice Flour and Guḍa
· B. Barley Flour and Guḍa
· VIII. Sauvīraka
2. Chapter Two
+ 6 sections- 6 sections
· I. Mahāsenā
· II. Flesh
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. Elephant Flesh
· B. Nāga Flesh
· III. Hemorrhoids
· IV. One Who Has a Wind Illness
· V. Pūrṇa
· VI. Agnidatta
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. The Story of the Two Nāga Kings and King Bimbisāra
· B. The Quarrel between the Brahmin Agnidatta and the Citizens of Rājagṛha
3. Chapter Three
+ 7 sections- 7 sections
· I. Rājagṛha
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. The Disaster of Rājagṛha and Its End
· B. The Epidemic in Vaiśālī
· II. Nālandā
· III. Veṇuyaṣṭikā
· IV. Pāṭali Village
+ 4 sections- 4 sections
· A. The Sermon at Pāṭali Village
· B. The Donation by the Brahmin Varśākāra
· C. The Donation of Parasols
· D. A Story of a Former Life of the Buddha: King Mahāsudarśana
· V. The Ganges
· VI. Mahāpraṇāda
+ 7 sections- 7 sections
· A. The Appearance of King Mahāpraṇāda’s Pillar
· B. The Former Life of the Monk Bhaddālin
· C. The Prediction of the Appearance of the Buddha Maitreya and the Wheel-Turning King Śaṅkha
· D. The Former Lives of the Buddha Maitreya and the Wheel-Turning King Śaṅkha
· E. The Sermon in Kuṭi Village
· F. The Sermon in Nādikā
· G. The Invitation by Āmrapālī
· VII. Vaiśālī
+ 5 sections- 5 sections
· A. The Visit of Āmrapālī
· B. The Visit of the Licchavis
· C. The Sermon to Āmrapālī
· D. The Former Lives of the Licchavis
· E. The End of the Epidemic in Vaiśālī
4. Chapter Four
+ 13 sections- 13 sections
· I. Veṇu
· II. Middle Village
· III. Mithilā
· IV. Videha
· V. Sālā
· VI. The Well
· VII. Bhārgava
· VIII. Kāṣāya
· IX. Crown of the Head
· X. Kanthaka
· XI. Gośālaka
· XII. Pāpā
· XIII. Kuśinagarī
5. Chapter Five
+ 10 sections- 10 sections
· I. The Axe
· II. Devadṛśa
· III. Lumbinī
· IV. Kapila
· V. Where There Is Cotton
· VI. Kanakamuni
· VII. Kārṣaka
· VIII. A Robe
· IX. Bath
· X. Sikatin
6. Chapter Six
+ 12 sections- 12 sections
· I. Icchānaṅgalā
· II. Utkaṭā
· III. Saptaparṇa
· IV. Sunrise
· V. Śrāvastī
· VI. Valaya
· VII. Where There Is Ground
· VIII. Lion Village
· IX. New Village
· X. City
· XI. Pīṭha
· XII. Nyagrodhikā
7. Chapter Seven
+ 12 sections- 12 sections
· I. Kimpilā
· II. Ahicchattra
· III. Mathurā
· IV. Rāṣṭrapāla
· V. Hastināpura
· VI. The Great City
· VII. Śrughnā
· VIII. Brahmin Village
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. A Fire Caused by an Old Man from the Śākya Clan
· B. The Former Life of the Old Man
· IX. The City of Kāla
· X. Rohitaka
+ 12 sections- 12 sections
· A. Offerings of the Yakṣa Elephant Power
· B. Departure to the Northern Region
· C. Awakened Power in Heaped Up
· D. Dharma Power in Retuka
· E. Great Cup in the Indus, Feet
· F. Having a Shaved Head and Water Jar
· G. Apalāla
· H. The Nāga Huluḍa
· I. Bhraṣṭolā, Ṛṣi, Āpannaka
· J. Kanthā
· K. In Dhānyapura, Converting the Mother of Best Army
· L. The Potter in Naitarī
· XI. Śādvalā
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. The Great Yakṣa of Śādvalā
· B. Pālitakūṭa
· XII. Nandivardhana
+ 5 sections- 5 sections
· A. Bhavadeva’s, Caṇḍālī’s Seven Sons’, and the Yakṣa Earth-Protector’s Conversion in Nandivardhana
· B. Giving an Image to Nāgas, Aśvaka, and Punarvasuka
· C. Converting Nāḍikā and Naḍadaryā
· D. In the City of Kuntī, the Yakṣiṇī Named Kuntī
· E. Kharjūrikā and the Stūpa Made of Dirt
8. Chapter Eight
+ 9 sections- 9 sections
· I. Ādirājya
· II. Bhadrāśva
· III. Mathurā
+ 5 sections- 5 sections
· A. The Prediction about Upagupta
· B. The Former Life of Upagupta
· C. The Brahmin Nīlabhūti
· D. The Obstruction of the Buddha’s Way by a Goddess
· E. The Yakṣa Gardabha
· IV. Otalā Park
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. The Visit of the Brahmin Otalāyana
· B. Kacaṅgalā
· V. Vairambhya
+ 4 sections- 4 sections
· A. The Brahmin in a Park
· B. King Agnidatta’s Offer
· C. Breaking a Hut
· D. A Brahmin Who Abused the Buddha Vipaśyin
· VI. Ayodhyā
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. The Simile of a Log and the Going Forth of Nanda, the Herdsman
· B. The Former Lives of Nanda and the Frog
· VII. The Ganges
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. Haṃsas, Fish, and Turtles
· B. The Former Lives of the Haṃsas, Fish, and Turtles
· VIII. Hungry Ghosts
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. The Conversation with the Five Hundred Hungry Ghosts
· B. The Previous Lives of the Five Hundred Hungry Ghosts
· IX. Velāma
9. Chapter Nine
+ 13 sections- 13 sections
· I. Kumāravardhana
· II. Krauñcāna
· III. Aṅgadikā
· IV. Maṇivatī
· V. Sālabalā
· VI. Sālibalā
· VII. Suvarṇaprastha
· VIII. Sāketā
· IX. Rice Soup
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· A. The Peasants’ Going Forth and the Oxen’s Rebirth in Heaven
· B. The Former Lives of the Peasants and Oxen
· C. Toyikā
· X. Śrāvastī
+ 13 sections- 13 sections
· A. A Leprous Beggar Woman’s Offering of Water Used for Boiling Rice
· B. The Offerings by King Prasenajit
· C. The Former Life of King Prasenajit
· D. The Offering of a Lamp by a Beggar Woman
· E. The Question of King Prasenajit: The Offerings Made by the Buddha in His Former Lives
· F. Former Life Stories I
+ 11 sections- 11 sections
· 1. Māndhātṛ
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· a. The Story of King Māndhātṛ
· b. A Former Life of King Māndhātṛ: The Son of the Head of a Guild
· c. A Former Life of King Māndhātṛ: A Grain Merchant
· 2. Mahāsudarśana
· 3. Velāma
· 4. Kuśa
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· a. The Story of Prince Kuśa
· b. The Former Life of Prince Kuśa
· 5. Triśaṅku
· 6. Mahādeva
· 7. King Nimi
· 8. Ādarśamukha
· 9. Sudhana
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· a. The Story of King Sudhana
· b. The Story of Prince Sudhana
· 10. Viśvantara
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· a. Viśvantara’s Story I
· b. Viśvantara’s Story II
· 11. Saṃdhāna
· G. Former Life Stories II
+ 10 sections- 10 sections
· 1. Bālāha
· 2. A King
· 3. The Snake
· 4. Two Heads
· 5. The Lapwing
· 6. The Parrot
· 7. The Banquet
· 8. The Turtle
· 9. Susena
· 10. Merchants
· H. Former Life Stories III
+ 8 sections- 8 sections
· 1. Six Tusks
· 2. The Rabbit
· 3. Parents
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· a. The Story of Śyāma
· b. Breaking Wrong Laws
· 4. Water Born
· 5. Words of the Forest
· 6. The Elephant
· 7. The Nāga
· 8. Dhṛtarāṣṭra
· I. The Bodhisattva as Four Teachers
+ 4 sections- 4 sections
· 1. The Story of the Teacher Sunetra
· 2. The Story of the Teacher Mūkapaṅgu
· 3. The Story of the Teacher Araṇemi
· 4. The Story of the Teacher Govinda
· J. The First Resolution and the First Veneration of a Buddha
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· 5. The Story of King Prabhāsa
· 6. The Story of the Potter Bṛhaddyuti
· K. The Question of King Prasenajit: The Veneration of Past Buddhas
· L. The Question of Ānanda or Section of Many Buddhas
· M. The Insult by the Brahmin Girl Cañcā
· XI. Anavatapta
+ 7 sections- 7 sections
· A. The Buddha’s Visit to Lake Anavatapta
· B. The Contest of Magical Power between Śāriputra and Mahā­maudgalyāyana
+ 6 sections- 6 sections
· 1. A Story of the Present
· 2. A Story of the Past: The Painter and the Mechanic
· 3. A Story of the Past: The Two Painters
· 4. A Story of the Past: The Ṛṣis Śaṅkha and Likhita (1)
· 5. A Story of the Past: The Ṛṣis Śaṅkha and Likhita (2)
· 6. A Story of the Past: The Ivory Carver and the Painter
· C. Verses of the Elders I
+ 10 sections- 10 sections
· 1. Kāśyapa
· 2. Śāriputra
· 3. Maudgalyāyana
· 4. Śobhita
· 5. Sumanas
· 6. Koṭīviṃśa
· 7. Vāgīśa
· 8. Piṇḍola
· 9. Svāgata
· 10. Nandika
· D. Verses of the Elders II
+ 10 sections- 10 sections
· 1. Yaśas (1)
· 2. Śaivala
· 3. Bakkula
· 4. Sthavira
· 5. The Three
· 6. Yaśas (2)
· 7. Jyotiṣka
· 8. Rāṣṭrapāla
· 9. Svāti
· 10. Jaṅghākāśyapa
· E. Verses of the Elders III
+ 10 sections- 10 sections
· 1. Panthaka
· 2. Sarpadāsa
· 3. Aniruddha
· 4. Kāla
· 5. Rāhula
· 6. Nanda
· 7. Dravya
· 8. Upasena
· 9. Bhadrika
· 10. Lavaṇabhadrika
· F. Verses of the Elders IV
+ 8 sections- 8 sections
· 1. Madhuvāsiṣṭha
· 2. Hetu
· 3. Kauṇḍinya
· 4. Upālin
· 5. Prabhākara
· 6. Revata
· 7. The Sugata (prose)
+ 10 sections- 10 sections
· a. The Son of a Householder
· b. A Caravan Leader
· c. A Young Brahmin
· d. Bharadvāja
· e. The Cause of the False Slander by Cañcā
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· I) A Brahmin
· II) Mṛṇāla
· f. A Brahmin Who Falsely Accused a Buddha
· g. Uttara
· h. A Physician
· i. The Son of a Fisherman
· j. A Wrestler
· 8. The Sugata (verse)
+ 12 sections- 12 sections
· a. Introduction
· b. Mṛṇāla
· c. A Brahmin
· d. Bharadvāja
· e. The Son of a Householder
· f. A Caravan Leader
· g. The Son of a Fisherman
· h. A Brahmin Who Falsely Accused a Buddha
· i. A Physician
· j. A Wrestler
· k. Uttara
· l. Conclusion
· G. The Invitation by Viśākhā
· XII. Nagarabindu
· XIII. Vaiśālī
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· A. The Invitation by Dhanika and His Family
· B. The Former Lives of Dhanika and His Family
· C. The Rules on Food
10. Chapter Ten
+ 8 sections- 8 sections
· I. The Sick
· II. Foods
· III. Breakfast
· IV. Leftovers
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· A. Alms-Food Obtained Previously
· B. Leftovers Taken by Monks to the Monastery
· C. Leftovers Brought by Laymen
· V. Fruits Growing in the Forest
· VI. Lotus
· VII. Lotus Roots
· VIII. Miṇḍhaka
+ 5 sections- 5 sections
· A. The Conversion of Miṇḍhaka
· B. Invitation after Mealtime
· C. The Acceptance of Money
· D. The Acceptance of Guḍa
· E. The Former Lives of the Miṇḍhaka Family
11. Chapter Eleven
+ 5 sections- 5 sections
· I. The Drink Offered by Kaineya Was Received
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. The Conversion of Kaineya and Śaila (Prose)
+ 6 sections- 6 sections
· 1. The Sermon to the Four Great Kings
· 2. The Former Lives of the Four Great Kings
· 3. Kaineya Offers Drinks to the Blessed One
· 4. Śaila and Kaineya Go Forth
· 5. The Instruction by Three Disciples of the Buddha
· 6. The Former Lives of the Three Disciples
· B. The Conversion of Kaineya and Śaila (Verse)
· II. The Town of Kāśi, Barley Porridge
· III. Khādyaka in Pāpā
· IV. Doubts
· V. Foul Foods
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. A Story of the Present about the Great Peacock Charm
· B. Stories of the Buddha’s Former Lives Related to the Great Peacock Charm
ab. Abbreviations
n. Notes
b. Bibliography
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· 1. A Work Referred to in the Bhaiṣajyavastu
· 2. Works Related to the Bhaiṣajyavastu
· 3. Works Referred to in the Introduction, Notes, etc.
g. Glossary

s.

Summary

s.­1

The Bhaiṣajyavastu, “The Chapter on Medicines,” is a part of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, the corpus of monastic law of one of the most influential Buddhist schools in India. This chapter deals with monastic regulations about medicines. At the same time, it also includes various elements not restricted to such rules: stories of the Buddha and his disciples, a lengthy story of the Buddha’s journey for the purpose of quelling an epidemic and converting a nāga, a number of stories of the Buddha’s former lives narrated by the Buddha himself, and a series of verses recited by the Buddha and his disciples about their former lives. Thus, this chapter preserves not only interesting information about medical knowledge shared by ancient Indian Buddhist monastics but also an abundance of Buddhist narrative literature.


ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

This text was translated by the Bhaiṣajyavastu Translation Team. Fumi Yao translated the Tibetan text into English and prepared the ancillary materials. Shayne Clarke proofread the translation and ancillary materials.

The translation has been completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.


ac.­2

We gratefully acknowledge the generous sponsorship of Leo Tong Chen and his family; Zhang Wei, Li Mo, Zhang Mo Tong and Zhang Mo Lin; (Chi Xian Ren) Mao Gui Rong and Chi Mei; and Joseph Tse 謝偉傑, Patricia Tse 鄒碧玲 and family, in dedication to all eczema sufferers. Their support has helped make the work on this translation possible.


i.

Introduction

i.­1

The Bhaiṣajyavastu, “The Chapter on Medicines,” is the sixth chapter of the Vinayavastu, “The Chapters on Monastic Discipline,” of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya. The Mūlasarvāstivāda was one of the most influential Buddhist schools in India, and its Vinaya, the corpus of monastic law, is reported to have circulated not only in various parts of the Indian subcontinent but also in Southeast Asia, at least in the late seventh century. When this Vinaya was composed is an unresolved question, and we are presently unable to say more than that the corpus seems to have taken its present shape in the first few centuries of the common era.1


Text Body

The Translation
From The Chapters on Monastic Discipline
The Chapter on Medicines

p.

General Summary of the Contents of the Chapter on Medicines

[V1] [F.277.b]


p.­1
Medicines, Mahāsenā,
Rājagṛha, Veṇu,
Carpenter, Icchānaṅgalā,
Kimpilā, Ādirājya,
Kumāravardhana, Sick People, and Kaineya.
p.­2

The entire chapter is thus summarized.


1.

Chapter One

1.­1

Summary of Contents:

The Authorization of Medicines,
Fat, Scabies, Collyrium,
A Man Gone Mad, Pilinda,
Revata, and Sauvīraka.

I. The Authorization of Medicines

1.­2

The Buddha, the Blessed One, was staying in the Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park. On that occasion some monks [F.278.a] caught an autumn disease. Because they had caught an autumn disease, they turned pale, became emaciated, lost their strength, and were weakened.

II. Fat

III. Scabies

IV. Collyrium

V. A Man Gone Mad32

VI. Pilinda33

VII. Revata

A. Rice Flour and Guḍa

B. Barley Flour and Guḍa

VIII. Sauvīraka


2.

Chapter Two

2.­1

Summary of Contents:

Mahāsenā, Flesh, Hemorrhoids,
One Who Has a Wind Illness, Pūrṇa,
Agnidatta, be’i ra to,
One Who Has Clouds, and Crows.38

I. Mahāsenā

2.­2

The Buddha, the Blessed One, was once traveling through the country of Kāśi and arrived in Vārāṇasī. He stayed in the Deer Park at Ṛṣivadana near Vārāṇasī.


2.­3

A householder named Mahāsena was living in Vārāṇasī. He was rich and had great wealth and many possessions. His wife’s name was Mahāsenā. Both he and his wife were pious and good and had virtuous dispositions. Mahāsena heard that the Buddha, the Blessed One, had arrived in Vārāṇasī, having traveled through the country of Kāśi, and that he was staying in the Deer Park at Ṛṣivadana near Vārāṇasī. When Mahāsena heard that, he thought, “Although the Blessed One has been invited to my house many times and has had meals, he has never been offered all the requisites. Now I will offer the Blessed One all the requisites for three months.” [F.284.b]

II. Flesh41

A. Elephant Flesh

B. Nāga Flesh

III. Hemorrhoids

IV. One Who Has a Wind Illness

V. Pūrṇa60

VI. Agnidatta

A. The Story of the Two Nāga Kings and King Bimbisāra108

B. The Quarrel between the Brahmin Agnidatta and the Citizens of Rājagṛha114


3.

Chapter Three

3.­1

Summary of Contents:119

Rājagṛha, Nālandā,
Veṇuyaṣṭikā, Pāṭali Village,120
The Ganges, Massed Cloud,121
Mahāpraṇāda, and Vaiśālī, which is the last.

I. Rājagṛha

A. The Disaster of Rājagṛha and Its End

3.­2

The Buddha, the Blessed One, was once staying in Kalandaka­nivāpa Bamboo Grove near Rājagṛha.


3.­3

When Prince Ajātaśatru was enticed by Devadatta to kill his own father, who was a righteous Dharma king, and crown himself king, he began to perform a number of disrespectful acts toward the Blessed One [F.13.b] and set the elephant Dhanapālaka122 and a fierce dog on the Blessed One in order to kill him.

B. The Epidemic in Vaiśālī126

II. Nālandā131

III. Veṇuyaṣṭikā135

IV. Pāṭali Village

A. The Sermon at Pāṭali Village

B. The Donation by the Brahmin Varśākāra

C. The Donation of Parasols

D. A Story of a Former Life of the Buddha: King Mahāsudarśana144

V. The Ganges145

VI. Mahāpraṇāda149

A. The Appearance of King Mahāpraṇāda’s Pillar150

B. The Former Life of the Monk Bhaddālin151

C. The Prediction of the Appearance of the Buddha Maitreya and the Wheel-Turning King Śaṅkha152

D. The Former Lives of the Buddha Maitreya and the Wheel-Turning King Śaṅkha156

E. The Sermon in Kuṭi Village159

F. The Sermon in Nādikā160

G. The Invitation by Āmrapālī165

VII. Vaiśālī

A. The Visit of Āmrapālī169

B. The Visit of the Licchavis172

C. The Sermon to Āmrapālī

D. The Former Lives of the Licchavis

E. The End of the Epidemic in Vaiśālī178


4.

Chapter Four

4.­1

Summary of Contents:185

Veṇu, Middle Village,
Mithilā, Videha,
Sālā, The Well, Bhārgava,
Kāṣāya, Crown of the Head, Kanthaka,
Gośālaka, Pāpā,
And Kuśinagarī, which is the last.

I. Veṇu

4.­2

Thereupon the Blessed One said to the venerable Ānanda, “Ānanda, let us go to Veṇu Village.”

“Certainly, O Honored One,” replied the venerable Ānanda to the Blessed One.

4.­3

Thereupon the Blessed One, traveling through the country of Vṛji, arrived in Veṇu Village, and he stayed in a śiṃśapā forest to the north of Veṇu Village. At that time a famine broke out, a calamity in which it became difficult for a beggar to find food. The Blessed One said to the monks, “Monks, now here a famine has broken out, a calamity in which it has become difficult for a beggar to find food.186 Therefore, monks, those of you who have any acquaintances, who have any allies, who have any friends in the villages of Vṛji near Vaiśālī, should enter the rainy-season retreat there. [F.49.b] I will enter the rainy-season retreat, too, in this Veṇu Village with my attendant monk, Ānanda. None of you should want for almsfood.”

II. Middle Village

III. Mithilā194

IV. Videha205

V. Sālā208

VI. The Well210

VII. Bhārgava213

VIII. Kāṣāya214

IX. Crown of the Head215

X. Kanthaka216

XI. Gośālaka218

XII. Pāpā219

XIII. Kuśinagarī


5.

Chapter Five

5.­1

Summary of Contents:227

The Axe, Devadṛśa, Lumbinī,
Kapila, Where There Is Cotton,
Kanakamuni, Kārṣaka, A Robe,
Bath, Sikatin.228 These are the group of ten.

I. The Axe229

5.­2

The Blessed One stayed in Kalmāṣadamya, a village of the people of Kuru. At that time the Blessed One said to the monks, “Monks, having known and seen that defilements had been exhausted, I said . . . .” (Here the Sūtra of the Parable of the Axe in the section on the aggregates in the Saṃyuktāgama is to be recited in detail).230

II. Devadṛśa231

III. Lumbinī233

IV. Kapila234

V. Where There Is Cotton

VI. Kanakamuni

VII. Kārṣaka

VIII. A Robe

IX. Bath

X. Sikatin


6.

Chapter Six

6.­1

Summary of Contents:237

Icchānaṅgalā, Utkaṭā,
Saptaparṇa, Sunrise, [F.62.b]
Śrāvastī, Valaya, Where There Is Ground,
Lion Village, New Village,
City, Pīṭha,
And Nyagrodhikā, which is the last.
These twelve cities are explained.

I. Icchānaṅgalā238

6.­2

In Icchānaṅgalā, the Blessed One stayed in the Icchānaṅgalā Forest. At one point the Blessed One said to the monks, “Monks, I will go into seclusion here for three months.239 No monks should come to me except when someone brings me almsfood or when it is the day of poṣadha, which is held every fifteen days.”

II. Utkaṭā242

III. Saptaparṇa

IV. Sunrise316

V. Śrāvastī331

VI. Valaya

VII. Where There Is Ground

VIII. Lion Village

IX. New Village

X. City340

XI. Pīṭha342

XII. Nyagrodhikā349


7.

Chapter Seven

7.­1

Summary of Contents:353

Kimpilā, Ahicchattra,
Mathurā, Rāṣṭrapāla,
Hastināpura, The Great City,
Śrughnā, Brahmin Village,
The City of Kāla, Rohitaka,
Śādvalā, and
Nandivardhana.
These are correctly explained.

I. Kimpilā354

7.­2

The Blessed One arrived in Kimpilā and stayed in Kimpilā Forest.355


7.­3

Thereupon the Blessed One said to the venerable Kimpila, “O Kimpila, I will teach you to meditate on the four applications of mindfulness. Listen to it well and keep it in mind; I shall teach it.”

7.­4

When the Blessed One had said this, the venerable Kimpila remained silent. He remained so when the Blessed One said it a second time and a third time. Then the venerable Ānanda said to the venerable Kimpila, “Venerable [F.97.b] Kimpila, the Teacher is speaking to you.”

“I know, O Venerable Ānanda. I know well, O Venerable Ānanda.”

7.­5

Then the venerable Ānanda said to the Blessed One, “O Blessed One, it is the right time. O Sugata, it is the right time. If the Blessed One teaches the monks to meditate on the four applications of mindfulness, the monks will listen to it and grasp it.”

7.­6

“Ānanda, then listen to it well and keep it in mind; I shall teach it.

“Here a monk, in a village or town…356 when he has mindfully breathed in, he knows that he has breathed in . . . .357 He knows that he has breathed out, observing cessation.

7.­7

“When a noble disciple, having mindfully breathed in, knows that he has mindfully breathed in … he knows that he has, with his bodily formations made supple, breathed out, observing the body in the body, the noble disciple dwells, observing the body in the body. When he thus dwells, the noble disciple knows that his mind is concentrated inwardly.

7.­8

“Ānanda, suppose, for instance, a stūpa is built out of dirt at the crossroads of main streets and then someone roaming by vehicle, palanquin, or chariot comes there from the east. What do you think, Ānanda? Will the dirt stūpa disintegrate?”

“Yes, it will, O Honored One.”358

7.­9

“In the same way, when a noble disciple learns that he has mindfully breathed in … he knows that his mind is concentrated inwardly.

7.­10

“When a noble disciple, experiencing pleasure … knows that he has, with his mental formations [F.98.a] made supple, breathed out, observing perception in perception, the noble disciple dwells, observing perception in perception. When he thus dwells, the noble disciple knows that his mind is concentrated inwardly.

7.­11

“Ānanda, suppose, for instance, a stūpa is built out of dirt at the crossroads of main streets and then someone roaming by vehicle, palanquin, or chariot comes there from the south … observing perception in perception. When he thus dwells, the noble disciple knows that his mind is concentrated inwardly.

7.­12

“When a noble disciple has experienced his mind and breathed in, with his mind pleased, concentrated, and liberated, he knows that he has breathed in with his mind liberated; and, having breathed out with his mind liberated, he knows that he has breathed out with his mind liberated, and he dwells, observing his mind in his mind. When he thus dwells, the noble disciple knows that his mind is concentrated inwardly.”

7.­13

(The parable of the stūpa and a vehicle, and so forth, from the west should be narrated here.)

7.­14

“Because both his longing and despair have disappeared in his body, perception, and mind, he dwells in equanimity, observing mental objects in mental objects. When he thus dwells, the noble disciple knows that his mind is concentrated inwardly.

7.­15

“Suppose, for instance, a stūpa is built out of dirt at the crossroads of main streets and then someone roaming by vehicle, palanquin, or chariot comes there from the north. Ānanda, what do you think? Will the dirt stūpa disintegrate?”

“Yes, it will, O Honored One.”

7.­16

“In the same way … observing mental objects in mental objects. When he thus dwells, the noble disciple knows that his mind is concentrated inwardly. [F.98.b]

7.­17

“Ānanda, if he is thus, he is said to have meditated on the four applications of mindfulness.”

II. Ahicchattra

7.­18

Then the Blessed One arrived at a hamlet, wherein was the venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana’s uncle, who had gone forth among ṛṣis. Since the Blessed One thought that the venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana ought to convert this ṛṣi, he instructed the venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana, “Maudgalyāyana, think about your uncle.”

7.­19

“Certainly, O Honored One,” replied the venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana to the Blessed One. He knew the time to convert his uncle had come and tried to enter the hermitage of the ṛṣis.

7.­20

Then the ṛṣi said, “O śramaṇa, stop. You should not enter this hermitage of brahmins.”

“I am a brahmin, too,” replied the venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana.


7.­21

The ṛṣi then spoke a verse:

“O brahmin, you have neither the sacred grass
Nor a ladle for burnt offerings.
You are bald and you do not perform fire offerings.
Why do you say that you are a brahmin?”
7.­22

The venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana spoke some verses in reply:

“O brahmin, it is my sacred grass
To know shame; my ladle is my knowledge;
My faith, which is like constantly flowing water,
Is my water jar;
7.­23
“The truth is my fire offering,
I who am well concentrated within.
Correctly restrained and self-controlled,
I burn offerings by day and by night.”
7.­24

“Even if that is so,” said the ṛṣi, “a shaven-headed śramaṇa is not permitted here.”


7.­25

Then the venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana caused a storm. He went near a lake, approached a tree, and sat under it. There lived an attendant of the nāga kings Nanda and Upananda. The nāga thought, “This is the noble one Mahā­maudgalyāyana, whom the nāga kings Nanda and Upananda respect. Now I will make an effort to venerate him.” The nāga left his residence [F.99.a] and sat, encircling the venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana’s body seven times and raising his hood over the venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana’s head.

7.­26

It is commonplace among ṛṣis that if one is not concerned about another’s pain, one ceases being a ṛṣi. Therefore, the ṛṣi thought, “If that mendicant dies in the storm and I cease being a ṛṣi, that would not be appropriate.” He then left the hermitage and tried to find him. He saw the venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana and said, “O mendicant, enter our hermitage.”

“O great ṛṣi, did you cease being a ṛṣi?” asked the venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana.

7.­27

The ṛṣi recognized his voice and asked in return, “Are you the noble one Mahā­maudgalyāyana?”

“O ṛṣi, people know me thus.”

7.­28

“O noble one, for what purpose did you come here?”

“I came for the very purpose of your conversion. Now let us go to the Blessed One.”

7.­29

The venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana then took his uncle to the Blessed One. When he had arrived, he bowed low until his forehead touched the Blessed One’s feet, and then he sat down to one side. The venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana said to the Blessed One, “This is my uncle, who has gone forth among ṛṣis. The Blessed One should preach the Dharma for him.”

7.­30

The Blessed One knew the ṛṣi’s thinking, proclivity, disposition, and nature and preached the Dharma that was appropriate for him. Having heard the Dharma, the ṛṣi actualized the fruit of a never-returner. He rose from his seat, draped his upper robe over one shoulder, made the gesture of supplication to the Blessed One, and said to him, “O Honored One, I wish to go forth and be ordained a monk in the well-taught Dharma and Vinaya. [F.99.b] I will lead the pure life in the presence of the Blessed One.”


7.­31

The Blessed One ordained him by saying “Come, monk,” . . . .

Because the Tathāgata said “Come,”
His hair fell out and he was clad in his outer robe,
His faculties at once calmed,
And his body swathed in the Buddha’s mind.359
7.­32

When the venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana had left, the nāga felt lonely and unhappy. He caused various epidemics in the hamlet and, dressed as a ṛṣi, went to the hermitage and dwelled there. Then the people of the hamlet came to the hermitage and said, “O great ṛṣi, such epidemics have befallen us. What should we do?”

“Come and stay in this place,” replied the ṛṣi, “and the epidemics will be quelled.”

7.­33

The people of the hamlet then went to that place and dwelled there. Because the serpent (ahi) had served as an umbrella (chattra) there, the place became famous as Ahicchattra, and devout people built a monastery and provided it with all the requisites.

III. Mathurā360

7.­34

The Buddha, the Blessed One, arrived in Mathurā361 and stayed in the mango forest of practitioners undergoing training on the bank of the river Prabhadrikā.362


7.­35

Then the Blessed One said to the monks, “Monks, you should rely on the island that is yourself, the refuge that is yourself, the island that is the Dharma, the refuge that is the Dharma, and not on other islands or other refuges. Monks, you should correctly learn that you should rely on the island that is yourself, the refuge that is yourself, the island that is the Dharma, the refuge that is the Dharma, and not on other islands or other refuges.363

7.­36

“What are sorrow, lamentation, [F.100.a] pain, despair, and distress like? Being attached to something, people observe it as self, and hence, on account of it, sorrow, lamentation, pain, despair, and distress that have not yet arisen will arise for these people, and such things that have already arisen will increase and grow. Why is this?”

7.­37

“O Honored One, since the Blessed One is the root of the Dharma, the Blessed One is the Leader, and the Blessed One is the Teacher, may the Blessed One teach the meaning of this to the monks. The monks will listen to it from the Blessed One and grasp it.”

7.­38

“O monks, then listen to it well and keep it in mind; I shall teach it.

“O monks, when there are visual objects and people are attached to visual objects and observe visual objects as self, sorrow, lamentation, pain, despair, and distress that have not yet arisen will arise for these people, and such things that have already arisen will increase and grow.

7.­39

“O monks, when there are feeling, perception, formations, and consciousness, and people are attached to consciousness and observe consciousness as self, sorrow, lamentation, pain, despair, and distress that have not yet arisen will arise for these people, and such things that have already arisen will increase and grow.364

7.­40

“O monks, look . . . . When … he knows that he has breathed in, observing perception in perception, the noble disciple dwells, observing perception in perception. When he thus dwells, the noble disciple knows that his mind is concentrated inwardly. [F.100.b]

7.­41

“Suppose, for instance, Ānanda,365 a stūpa is built out of dirt at the crossroads of main streets and then someone roaming by vehicle, palanquin, or chariot comes there from the south … observing perception in perception. When he thus dwells, the noble disciple knows that his mind is concentrated inwardly.

7.­42

“When a noble disciple knows that he has experienced his mind and breathed in, with his mind pleased, concentrated, and liberated, and, having breathed out with his mind liberated, knows that he has breathed out with his mind liberated and observes his mind in his mind, the noble disciple dwells, observing his mind in his mind. When he thus dwells, the noble disciple knows that his mind is concentrated inwardly.”

7.­43

(The parable of the stūpa and a vehicle, and so forth, from the west should be narrated here.)

7.­44

“Because both his longing and despair have disappeared in the body, perception, and mind, he dwells in equanimity, observing mental objects in mental objects. When he thus dwells, the noble disciple knows that his mind is concentrated inwardly.

7.­45

“Ānanda, what do you think? Suppose, for instance, a stūpa is built out of dirt at the crossroads of main streets and then someone roaming by vehicle, palanquin, or chariot comes there from the north, will the dirt stūpa disintegrate?

“Yes, it will, O Honored One.”

7.­46

“In the same way … observing mental objects in mental objects. When he thus dwells, the noble disciple knows that the inner concentration of mind exists.

7.­47

“Ānanda, if he is thus, he is said to have meditated on the four applications of mindfulness.”

IV. Rāṣṭrapāla366

7.­48

The Blessed One, traveling through the country of Kuru,367 arrived in Sthūlakoṣṭhaka, [F.101.a] and stayed in Sthūlakoṣṭhaka Forest near Sthūlakoṣṭhaka.


7.­49

When the brahmins and householders in Sthūlakoṣṭhaka heard that the Blessed One, traveling through the country of Kuru, had arrived in Sthūlakoṣṭhaka and was staying in Sthūlakoṣṭhaka Forest near Sthūlakoṣṭhaka, they met together, flocked together, left Sthūlakoṣṭhaka, and went to the Blessed One. Upon their arrival, they bowed low until their foreheads touched the Blessed One’s feet, and then they sat down to one side. When they had sat down to one side, the Blessed One, through talk consistent with the Dharma, instructed, inspired, encouraged, and delighted the brahmins and householders in Sthūlakoṣṭhaka. [B34]

7.­50

At that time, a householder’s son named Rāṣṭrapāla was sitting in the assembly. Rāṣṭrapāla, the son of a householder, thought, “If I correctly understand the meaning of what the Blessed One has said, it is difficult for laymen, who live at home, to lead the pure life, which is totally pure, unmixed, complete, completely pure, and clean, throughout their lives. Now I will go forth from my home into homelessness with true faith, having shaved off my hair and beard and donned saffron robes.”

7.­51

After the Blessed One had instructed, inspired, encouraged, and delighted the brahmins and householders in Sthūlakoṣṭhaka in a variety of ways through talk consistent with the Dharma, he remained silent. [F.101.b] The brahmins and householders in Sthūlakoṣṭhaka then rejoiced in and praised the words of the Blessed One. They bowed low until their foreheads touched the Blessed One’s feet, and then departed from the Blessed One’s presence.

7.­52

As soon as the brahmins and householders in Sthūlakoṣṭhaka had departed, Rāṣṭrapāla, the son of a householder, rose from his seat, draped his upper robe over one shoulder, made the gesture of supplication to the Blessed One, and said to him, “O Honored One, I wish to go forth and be ordained a monk in the well-taught Dharma and Vinaya. I will lead the pure life in the presence of the Blessed One.”

7.­53

“O son of a householder, have your parents permitted it?”

“No, they have not, O Honored One.”

7.­54

“O son of a householder, the Tathāgata and the disciples of the Tathāgata neither let anyone go forth nor ordain him while he does not have his parents’ permission.”

“In that case, O Honored One, I will try to gain permission from my parents.”

7.­55

Then Rāṣṭrapāla, the son of a householder, praised and was delighted at the words of the Blessed One and went home. When he had arrived, he said to his parents, “Father, Mother, please be informed that I will go forth from my home into homelessness with true faith.”

7.­56

“Our son Rāṣṭrapāla, understand this: You are our only, dear, sweet, darling son, who has never disobeyed us. If you die, we will have to part from you unwillingly. But where would we let you go while you are still alive?”

“Father, Mother, if you permit this right now, that’s fine. But if you do not permit this, I will neither have a meal nor pay obeisance to you from today onward.”

7.­57

Then Rāṣṭrapāla, the son of a householder, [F.102.a] fasted for a day. After that, he fasted for two days, for three days‍—all the way to seven days. Then the parents of Rāṣṭrapāla said to him, “Our son Rāṣṭrapāla, understand this: You are delicate,368 you desire comfort, and you have not known pain. It is difficult to lead the pure life, it is difficult to practice in complete seclusion, it is difficult to rejoice in solitude, and it is unbearable to live in a dwelling in the wilderness, in a forest, or on the outskirts of a town. Stay here, our son Rāṣṭrapāla, and enjoy the objects of desire, give donations, and make merit.”

7.­58

Even when told this, Rāṣṭrapāla, the son of a householder, remained silent. The parents of Rāṣṭrapāla then asked their relatives for help: “O relatives, make our son Rāṣṭrapāla come to his senses at once.”

7.­59

Then the relatives of Rāṣṭrapāla, the son of a householder, went to Rāṣṭrapāla. When they had arrived, they said to him, “Son Rāṣṭrapāla, understand this: You are delicate; you desire comfort…, and make merit.”

7.­60

Even when told this, Rāṣṭrapāla, the son of a householder, remained silent. Then the parents of Rāṣṭrapāla asked Rāṣṭrapāla’s friends for help: “O sons, make our son Rāṣṭrapāla come to his senses at once.”

7.­61

Then the friends of Rāṣṭrapāla, the son of a householder, said to Rāṣṭrapāla, “Good son Rāṣṭrapāla, understand this: You are delicate; you desire comfort…, and make merit.”

7.­62

Even when told this, Rāṣṭrapāla, the son of a householder, remained silent. Then [F.102.b] the friends said to the parents of Rāṣṭrapāla, “Father and mother, what use is there in letting this son Rāṣṭrapāla die? Permit him to go forth. Then, if he rejoices in the pure life, you will be able to see him alive; if he does not rejoice in it, to whom will the son go but to his parents?”

“Sons, if he lets us see him after he has gone forth, we will permit this.”

7.­63

Then the friends said to Rāṣṭrapāla, the son of a householder, “Good son Rāṣṭrapāla, be informed that your parents permit this. They say, ‘If our son lets us see him after he has gone forth.’ ”

“Sirs, I will let them see me.”

7.­64

Thereafter Rāṣṭrapāla, the son of a householder, having gradually recovered his bodily strength and power, went to the Blessed One. When he had arrived, he bowed low until his forehead touched the Blessed One’s feet, and then he sat down to one side. When he had sat down to one side, Rāṣṭrapāla, the son of a householder, said to the Blessed One, “O Honored One, I was given permission by my parents. Therefore, O Honored One, I wish to go forth and be ordained a monk in the well-taught Dharma and Vinaya. I will lead the pure life in the presence of the Blessed One.”

7.­65

Rāṣṭrapāla, the son of a householder, went forth and was ordained a monk in the well-taught Dharma and Vinaya. Then the Blessed One, having let Rāṣṭrapāla, the son of a householder, go forth and ordained him, and having stayed in Sthūlakoṣṭhaka as long as he wished, traveled to Śrāvastī. In due course he arrived at Śrāvastī and stayed in Śrāvastī, in the Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park. [F.103.a]

7.­66

Ten years after his ordination, the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla attained the state of an arhat. Having savored the joy and happiness of liberation, he thought, “Once when I was a layman, I promised my parents to see them after I had gone forth. Now I will carry out my promise.”

7.­67

The venerable Rāṣṭrapāla then went to the Blessed One. Upon his arrival, he bowed low until his forehead touched the Blessed One’s feet, and then he sat down to one side. When he had sat down to one side, the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla said to the Blessed One, “O Honored One, once when I was a layman, I promised my parents I would see them. Now I will go to carry out my promise.”

7.­68

Then the Blessed One made his mind penetrate the mind of the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla. When it had penetrated it, he concentrated his mind on the mind of the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla, and then he thought, “It is impossible that Rāṣṭrapāla, the son of a noble family, will dwell at home again or enjoy the objects of desire by hoarding,” and so he said to the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla, “Rāṣṭrapāla, go and liberate beings who have not been liberated. Release those who have not been released. Relieve those who have not been relieved. Emancipate those who have not been emancipated.”

7.­69

The venerable Rāṣṭrapāla then praised and delighted in the words of the Blessed One. The venerable Rāṣṭrapāla bowed low until his forehead touched the Blessed One’s feet, and he then departed from the Blessed One’s presence.

7.­70

After that night had passed, the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla dressed early in the morning, took his bowl and his robe, and entered Śrāvastī for alms. [F.103.b] He took a meal of alms in Śrāvastī and returned after the meal. He put in order the bedding and the seat he had used and set out for Sthūlakoṣṭhaka. As he traveled, in due course he arrived at Sthūlakoṣṭhaka and stayed in Sthūlakoṣṭhaka Forest near Sthūlakoṣṭhaka.

7.­71

Thereupon the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla, after that next night had passed, dressed early in the morning, took his bowl and his robe, and entered Sthūlakoṣṭhaka for alms. Going for alms in Sthūlakoṣṭhaka, in due course he went to his own home. At that time, a barber was arranging the hair and beard of the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla’s father in the courtyard, and his father saw the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla standing before the gate. When he saw him, the father scolded him: “You shaven-headed śramaṇa, you have destroyed my family line. You made Rāṣṭrapāla, my only, dear, sweet, darling son, who had never disobeyed me, go forth and then ordained him. You shaven-headed śramaṇa, who is going to give you almsfood?”

7.­72

Then the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla, having gotten no offering but abuse, left his own home before he was chased away. At that time an old woman, who had once been a slave of the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla, came out the door, carrying spoiled, day-old kulmāṣa in order to throw it away. When the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla saw the old woman, his former slave, he said to her, “Sister, if you are throwing away that spoiled, day-old kulmāṣa, I will eat it. Please put it in this bowl.”

“O noble one, please have it.”

7.­73

Putting the spoiled, day-old kulmāṣa in the bowl, the old woman, his former slave, [F.104.a] then recognized the characteristics of the hands, feet, face, nose, and way of speaking of the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla. She asked, “Sir, are you Rāṣṭrapāla?”369

“Yes, sister. People know me thus.”

7.­74

Then the old woman, his former slave, hurried to the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla’s father. When she arrived, she said to him, “Sir, please be informed that your son Rāṣṭrapāla arrived in Sthūlakoṣṭhaka long before, but he would not enter his own home.”

7.­75

Then the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla’s father, holding his hair with his left hand and wearing nothing but his loincloth, rushed to the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla. At that time the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla was sitting by the wall and eating the spoiled, day-old kulmāṣa. Then the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla’s father asked him, “Rāṣṭrapāla, why do you not enter your own home despite having arrived in Sthūlakoṣṭhaka long before? Why are you eating that spoiled, day-old kulmāṣa?”

7.­76

“O householder, when I came to your house, I got no offering but abuse, and had to leave before I was chased away.”

7.­77

“I did not know it was my son Rāṣṭrapāla. If I had known, I would not have said such a thing. My son Rāṣṭrapāla, forgive me.”

“I forgive you, O householder.”

7.­78

Then the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla’s father firmly embraced him and had him sit on a seat prepared in his own home. The father then said to Rāṣṭrapāla’s mother, “Our son Rāṣṭrapāla has come back [F.104.b] home after a long time. Oh, cook and prepare a meal immediately. Our son Rāṣṭrapāla will eat it.”

7.­79

The venerable Rāṣṭrapāla’s mother then cooked and prepared a meal herself. Then a man piled pieces of gold in such a large heap that someone standing behind it could not see another standing before it, and someone standing before it could not see another standing behind it. The venerable Rāṣṭrapāla’s mother said to him, “My son Rāṣṭrapāla, your mother has this amount of what is called dowry, dower, or marriage portion. Your father has also accumulated gold‍—and hundreds, thousands, hundreds of thousands of fine grains of gold‍—not to mention other things. My son Rāṣṭrapāla, now stay here and enjoy the objects of desire, give donations, and make merit.”

7.­80

“O householder’s wife, if you will listen to my words with faith, I will instruct and teach you.”

“My son Rāṣṭrapāla, instruct me. My son Rāṣṭrapāla, teach me. I will listen to your words with faith.”

7.­81

“O householder’s wife, now make new bags with linen, put the gold and fine grains of gold into them, load them on to a carriage, and throw them in a deep, rapid stream in the Ganges. Your sorrow, lamentation, pain, despair, and distress have arisen from those roots.”

7.­82

Then the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla’s mother thought, “I am not able to turn back my son Rāṣṭrapāla in this way.” [F.105.a] The venerable Rāṣṭrapāla's mother then urged her daughter-in-law to help: “O my daughter, anoint your body with incense, bathe, wear various scents, dress yourself, adorn yourself with adornments, burn various kinds of incense, and scatter incense powder immediately, just as you once pleased and comforted my son Rāṣṭrapāla in that way when he was a layman. Then throw yourself at my son Rāṣṭrapāla’s feet and say, ‘What are the celestial nymphs like, for the sake of whom you have led the pure life in the presence of the Blessed One?’ ”

7.­83

Then the former wife of the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla did anoint her body with incense, bathed, wore various scents, dressed herself, adorned herself with adornments, burned various kinds of incense, and scattered incense powder just as she had once pleased and comforted the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla in that way when he was a layman. She then threw herself at the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla’s feet and said, “What are the celestial nymphs like, for the sake of whom you have led the pure life in the presence of the Blessed One?”

7.­84

“O sister, it is not for the sake of celestial nymphs that I have led the pure life in the presence of the Blessed One.”

7.­85

Then, because the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla [F.105.b] addressed his former wife as sister, she fainted and fell to the ground.370 The venerable Rāṣṭrapāla then said to his parents, “Father, Mother, why do you not give me food if you were going to give it? Why leave it and torment me?”

“Our son Rāṣṭrapāla, have it.”

7.­86

Then the parents with their own hands served and satisfied the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla with a pure and fine meal. When, with their own hands, they had served and satisfied him in a variety of ways with a pure and fine meal, knowing the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla had finished his meal and washed his hands and his bowl, they took low seats, and sat before the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla in order to hear the Dharma. The venerable Rāṣṭrapāla then spoke some verses:371

7.­87
“Look, even though a body is decorated
With jewels and earrings,
It has illness along with its seductive nature
And never remains stable.
7.­88
“Eight braids of hair
And eyes lined with collyrium
May delude ignorant people,
But they cannot delude those who seek what is beyond.
7.­89
“A body anointed with perfumes
And feet smeared with red chalk
May delude ignorant people,
But they cannot delude those who seek what is beyond.
7.­90
“Eyes painted with fresh372 collyrium
And a decorated rotten373 body
May delude ignorant people,
But they cannot delude those who seek what is beyond.
7.­91
“A hunter cannot catch a deer that has escaped
In spite of a snare laid; in just the same way,
Leaving the hunter wailing, you should
Eat and leave for your dwelling place.”
7.­92

Then the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla, through talk consistent with the Dharma, instructed, inspired, encouraged, and delighted his parents. Thereupon he flew away across the sky, and the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla [F.106.a] went to Sthūlakoṣṭhaka Forest.374 When he had arrived, he sat under a vibhītaka tree, in order to pass the day there.

7.­93

At that time, King Kauravya had often been talking about the fame of the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla and said, “I will meet the honorable Rāṣṭrapāla personally sometime. I will ask him a question sometime, if he would deign to answer.” Then King Kauravya ordered a forest custodian, “My man, go and very quickly clean Sthūlakoṣṭhaka Forest. I will take a stroll there tomorrow.”

7.­94

“Certainly, Your Majesty,” replied the man to King Kauravya, and he cleaned all of Sthūlakoṣṭhaka Forest. When the man saw the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla sitting under the vibhītaka tree, passing the day, he thought, “Here is the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla, whose fame King Kauravya has repeatedly talked about and about whom he has said, ‘I will meet the honorable Rāṣṭrapāla personally sometime. I will ask him a question sometime, if he would deign to answer.’ He has arrived at such-and-such a place near Sthūlakoṣṭhaka. I will now inform King Kauravya.”

7.­95

Then the man went to King Kauravya. When he had arrived, he said to the king, “The venerable Rāṣṭrapāla is here, the one whose fame Your Majesty has repeatedly talked about and about whom you have said, ‘I will meet the honorable Rāṣṭrapāla personally sometime. I will ask him a question sometime, if he would deign to answer.’ He has arrived at such-and-such a place near Sthūlakoṣṭhaka. May Your Majesty know it is the right time.”

7.­96

King Kauravya then ordered another man, “My man, [F.106.b] now quickly prepare a beautiful vehicle. I will ride in it and go to see the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla today.”

7.­97

“Certainly, Your Majesty,” replied the man to King Kauravya. Then, having quickly prepared the beautiful vehicle, he returned to King Kauravya. When he had arrived, he said to King Kauravya, “Your Majesty, the vehicle is ready. May Your Majesty know it is the right time.”

7.­98

King Kauravya then rode in the beautiful vehicle, left Sthūlakoṣṭhaka, and went to see and serve the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla. Having gone as far as he could go by vehicle, he alighted from the vehicle and entered the park on foot. When the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla saw King Kauravya coming from a distance, he said, “Welcome, Great King. Now, Great King, since this is your country, please invite me to a seat if you so like.”

7.­99

“O Rāṣṭrapāla, my country it is, but I ask you, Rāṣṭrapāla, to invite me to a seat.”

“Then, Great King, here is a seat for you. Please sit down, if you so like.”

7.­100

Face to face with the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla, King Kauravya then made plenty of pleasant and joyful conversation, and sat down to one side. When he had sat down to one side, King Kauravya said to the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla, “O honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, if one belongs to a lowly family, has run through his entire possessions, or has become old, he might go forth from his home into homelessness with true faith, having shaved off his hair and beard and donned saffron robes. Since we belong to the Kauravya family and our possessions are abundant, I have thus allotted [F.107.a] a portion of our possessions to the honorable Rāṣṭrapāla. O honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, stay here now, enjoy the objects of desire, give donations, and make merit.”

7.­101

“The Great King has invited me in an inappropriate way, not in an appropriate way. One like you must not invite a learned man like me in such a way.”

7.­102

“How should I invite you, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, if in an appropriate way?”

“Great King, if you were now to say, ‘O Rāṣṭrapāla, my country is rich and free from harm, calamity, and danger, and there it is easy to obtain almsfood; O honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, stay in this Sthūlakoṣṭhaka, and I will protect, shelter, and guard you in accordance with the Dharma,’ O Great King, that I would wish. Such is said only by one with a faithful mind.”

7.­103

“If you would deign to answer my questions, I would ask some questions of the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla.”

“O Great King, ask. I will explain after listening.”

7.­104

“O Rāṣṭrapāla, there are four kinds of decay; because they have decayed through these, sons of noble families will go forth from their homes into homelessness with true faith, having shaved off their hair and beards and donned saffron robes. What are the four? Decay through old age, decay through illness, decay in terms of relatives, and decay in terms of possessions.

7.­105

“O Rāṣṭrapāla, what is decay through old age? Here a son of a noble family, having become old and decrepit, thinks, ‘Now, since I am old and decrepit, I cannot easily enjoy even the objects of desire that I possess right now, [F.107.b] let alone what I do not possess. Now I will go forth from my home into homelessness with true faith, having shaved off my hair and beard and donned saffron robes.’ Because he has decayed through old age, he will go forth from his home into homelessness with true faith, having shaved off his hair and beard and donned saffron robes. This is said to be decay through old age.

7.­106

“Though you, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, had not decayed through old age, you went forth from your home into homelessness with true faith, having shaved off your hair and beard and donned saffron robes. Why? You, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, are young, junior, youthful, with black hair, in the prime of youth. While you should be involved in play, pleasure, fun, adornment, and decoration, you instead went forth from your home into homelessness with true faith, having shaved off your hair and beard and donned saffron robes, though your relatives were choked with tears, crying, and not happy. What did you, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, know, see, hear, and understand so that you went forth in that way? I am not pleased with this; I cannot bear this.

7.­107

“O honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, what is decay through illness? Here a son of a noble family has become seriously ill, afflicted with a painful illness, and thinks, ‘Since I am seriously ill, afflicted with a painful illness, I cannot easily enjoy even the objects of desire that I possess right now, let alone what I do not possess. Now I will go forth…, having shaved off my hair and beard and donned saffron robes.’ Because he has decayed through illness, he will go forth…, having shaved off his hair and beard and donned saffron robes. This is [F.108.a] said to be decay through illness.

7.­108

“Though you, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, had not decayed through illness, you went forth … with true faith, having shaved off your hair and beard and donned saffron robes. Why? You, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, are free from harm, free from illness, and your temperature is in a good state, neither too cold nor too hot but healthy and free from harm. You will safely digest foods, drink‍—whatever you eat, and whatever you taste. What did you, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, know, see … so that you went forth…? I am not pleased with this; I cannot bear this.

7.­109

“O Rāṣṭrapāla, what is decay in terms of relatives? Here a son of a noble family, after his relatives have died and gone, thinks, ‘Since my relatives have died and gone, now I will go forth…, having shaved off my hair and beard . . . .’ Because he has decayed in terms of relatives, he will go forth…, having shaved off his hair and beard . . . . This is said to be decay through relatives.

7.­110

“Though you, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, had not decayed in terms of relatives, you went forth … with true faith, having shaved off your hair and beard and donned saffron robes. Why? Rāṣṭrapāla, your relatives originate from the Kauravya family, and they are prospering in this Sthūlakoṣṭhaka. What did you, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, know, see … so that you went forth…? I am not pleased with this; I cannot bear this.

7.­111

“O Rāṣṭrapāla, what is decay in terms of possessions? [F.108.b] Here a son of a noble family, after his possessions have become few and exhausted and have run out, thinks, ‘Since my possessions are few and exhausted and have run out, now I will go forth…, having shaved off my hair and beard . . . .’ Because he has decayed in terms of possessions, he will go forth…, having shaved off his hair and beard . . . . This is said to be decay in terms of possessions.

7.­112

“Though you, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, had not decayed in terms of possessions, you went forth . . . . Since you, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, belong to the best and most excellent family in this Sthūlakoṣṭhaka, you have many possessions. What did you, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, know, see, hear, and understand so that you went forth from your home into homelessness with true faith, having shaved off your hair and beard and donned saffron robes? I am not pleased with this; I cannot bear this.”

7.­113

“O Great King, that Blessed One, Tathāgata, Arhat, Perfectly Awakened One, the one who knows and sees, said that these four are paths for aversion to the world. By these aversions to the world, sons of noble families will go forth from their homes into homelessness with true faith, having shaved off their hair and beards and donned saffron robes. Great King, all beings of this world are led by old age; beings of this world have no refuge because they have no one to follow them; beings of this world have no possessions because they must leave everyone; and beings of this world are never satisfied because they do not know contentment and are slaves to desire. Thus I knew, saw, heard, and understood, and then I went forth in that way.” [F.109.a]

7.­114

“I do not fully understand the meaning of what you have briefly said but have not elucidated sufficiently. May the honorable Rāṣṭrapāla explain in detail the meaning of what he has briefly said but has not elucidated sufficiently so that I may fully understand it. The honorable Rāṣṭrapāla said that all beings of this world are led by old age. Thinking of what, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, did you say this?”

7.­115

“Great King, I will ask you something in return. Please answer as best you can. O Great King, what do you think? Do you see the age, figure, power, strength, height, and waist measurement of your present body as being equal to those of your body at the age of twenty or twenty-five years, when you were young, junior, youthful, with black hair, in the prime of youth?”

7.­116

“O Rāṣṭrapāla, I do not see the age, figure, power, strength, height, and waist measurement of my present body as being equal to those of my body at the age of twenty or twenty-five years, when I was young, junior, youthful, with black hair, in the prime of youth. Now I am eighty years old and have become decrepit. Sometimes I need help from others even with sitting and standing.”

7.­117

“O Great King, having thought on this, the Blessed One, Tathāgata, Arhat, Perfectly Awakened One, the one who knows and sees, said that all beings of this world are led by old age. Having known, seen, heard, and understood this, I went forth from my home into homelessness with true faith, having shaved off my hair and beard and donned saffron robes. I am pleased with this and I bear it.” [F.109.b]

“I too am pleased with and bear what you, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, are pleased with and bear.

7.­118

“The honorable Rāṣṭrapāla also said that beings of this world have no refuge because they have no one to follow them. I have sons, wives, slaves, workmen, jesters, barbers,375 bath attendants, horse trainers, elephant drivers, horsemen, charioteers, swordsmen, archers, servants, attendants, dancers, and brave, bold princes like praskandins and great nagnas, who conquer my enemies, adversaries, and foes. However, the honorable Rāṣṭrapāla said that beings of this world have no refuge because they have no one to follow them. Thinking of what, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, did you say this?”

7.­119

“Great King, I will ask you something in return. Please answer as best you can. O Great King, do you have any trouble in your body now?”

“Yes, O Rāṣṭrapāla, I do. An illness of the wind afflicts my back now.”

7.­120

“O Great King, when an illness of the wind afflicts your back, if you say, ‘O my sons, wives, slaves, workmen, jesters, barbers, bath attendants, horse trainers, elephant drivers, horsemen, charioteers, swordsmen, archers, servants, attendants, dancers, and brave, bold princes like praskandins and great nagnas, now end the violent, acute, hot, intolerable, and unpleasant pain that has befallen me,’ can they do so?”

7.­121

“No, O Rāṣṭrapāla, they cannot. When an illness of wind afflicts my back, if I say, ‘O my sons, wives, slaves, workmen, jesters, barbers, bath attendants, horse trainers, elephant drivers, horsemen, charioteers, swordsmen, archers, servants, attendants, dancers, and brave, bold princes like praskandins and great nagnas, now end the violent, acute, hot, intolerable, and unpleasant pain that has befallen me,’ [F.110.a] they cannot do so. At that time, I will experience the violent, acute, hot, intolerable, and unpleasant pain by myself.”

7.­122

“O Great King, having thought on this, the Tathāgata, Arhat, Perfectly Awakened One, the one who knows and sees, said that beings of this world have no refuge because they have no one to follow them. Having known, seen, heard, and understood this, I went forth in that way. I am pleased with this and I bear it.”

“I too am pleased with and bear what you, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, are pleased with and bear.

7.­123

“The honorable Rāṣṭrapāla also said that beings of this world have no possessions because they must leave everyone. O Rāṣṭrapāla, I have sons, wives, slaves, workmen … and princes, who follow me when I go, stay when I stay, and guard me when I am sleeping. However, the honorable Rāṣṭrapāla said that beings of this world have no possessions because they must leave everyone. Thinking of what, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, did you say this?”

7.­124

“Great King, I will ask you something in return. Please answer as best you can.

“O Great King, what do you think? When death, which is displeasing for many people, wanted by few people, [F.110.b] pleasing for few people, unpleasant for many people, and common to all beings in the world, has come to you, if you say, ‘O my sons, wives, slaves, workmen … princes, now follow me going from this world to another world,’ can they do so?”

7.­125

“No, O Rāṣṭrapāla, they cannot. When death, which is displeasing for many people, wanted by few people, pleasing for few people, unpleasant for many people, and common to all beings in the world, has come to me, if I say, ‘O my sons, wives, slaves, workmen … princes, now follow me going from this world to another world,’ they cannot do so. I will go from this world to another world by myself.”

7.­126

“O Great King, having thought on this, the Blessed One, Tathāgata, Arhat, Perfectly Awakened One, the one who knows and sees, said that beings of this world have no possessions because they must leave everyone. Having known, seen, heard, and understood this, I went forth in that way. I am pleased with this and I bear it.”

“I too am pleased with and bear what you, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, are pleased with and bear.

7.­127

“The honorable Rāṣṭrapāla also said that beings of this world are never satisfied because they do not know contentment and are slaves to desire. O Rāṣṭrapāla, I am fully enjoying this whole country of Kuru, and I am fully enjoying many consorts, storehouses, and treasuries. However, the honorable Rāṣṭrapāla said that [F.111.a] beings of this world are never satisfied because they do not know contentment and are slaves to desire. Thinking of what, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, did you say this?”

7.­128

“Great King, I will ask you something in return. Please answer as best you can.

“O Great King, what do you think? You are enjoying this whole country of Kuru fully, and you are enjoying many consorts, storehouses, and treasuries fully. If a trustworthy, honest, steadfast man who does not deceive others comes from the east and says, ‘Your Majesty, I came here from the east; there I saw countries that were rich, prosperous, peaceful, abundant in food, and full of many people. Your Majesty, it is appropriate for you to conquer, win, and subjugate these countries, leading such armies, such treasures, and such vehicles,’ would you conquer, win, and subjugate those countries, leading your armies? O Great King, what do you think? Would you desire those countries?”

7.­129

“O Rāṣṭrapāla, if I knew that it was appropriate for me to conquer, win, and subjugate those countries, leading such armies, such treasures, and such vehicles, I would conquer and subjugate them, leading my armies. I would desire those countries.” [B35]

7.­130

“O Great King, having thought on this, the Blessed One, Tathāgata, Arhat, Perfectly Awakened One, the one who knows and sees, said that beings of this world are never satisfied because they do not know contentment and are slaves to desire. Having known, seen, heard, and understood this, I went forth in that way. [F.111.b] I am pleased with this and I bear it.”

“I too am pleased with and bear what you, honorable Rāṣṭrapāla, are pleased with and bear.”

7.­131

When the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla had had the aforementioned conversation, he, the arhat, the elder, also said:376

7.­132
“I see that, in many worlds, people possessing wealth
Have accumulated their wealth because of their attachment.
Having obtained wealth, they do not give it to others
But seek more objects of desire.
7.­133
“Masters of people, having conquered and subdued
The earth as far as the seashore,
Are not content with this side of the sea
But are eager to seek another shore.
7.­134
“Masters of people and many other people
Are not satisfied with what they have obtained.
Not knowing contentment,
They will die unliberated from desires.
7.­135
“Life is not permanent. One’s lifespan is short.
Those oppressed by old age have no refuge.377
Wealth does not follow a dying man,
Nor do his relatives, friends, or sons.
7.­136
“His kinsmen, sisters, all his companions,
And those beloved to him come together.
Saying, ‘Alas, he has become a god,’
They cry with tears on their faces, tearing at their hair.
7.­137
“They cover his body, carry it,
Make a fire, and cremate it.
His own actions lead this being.
His wealth is divided and obtained by others.
7.­138
“He is born by himself at birth;
He dies by himself at death;
He experiences pains by himself while in this world.
People have no companions in their transmigration.
7.­139
“The rich, the poor, the steadfast,
And infants are equally touched by birth and death.
The steadfast do not tremble.
Infants always tremble because they are infants.
7.­140
“Foolish, ignorant ones, even having learned,
Create three kinds of actions
And go to other wombs, other worlds.
They are not liberated from anger and continual suffering.
7.­141
“Knowledge is said to be the best of all kinds of wealth; [F.112.a]
One who knows himself understands himself with knowledge.
Foolish ones create evil actions
Because of not knowing existence, nonexistence, and themselves.
7.­142
“One who robs others of minor things
By some means‍—unlawfully, or by force‍—
Will, having created such evil actions, be dependent on transmigration,
And the actions will surely continue; he will not be liberated.
7.­143
“Just as a thief, having stolen from a house and been caught,
Is defeated by his own actions as one who has done evil actions,
People, having committed evil deeds,
Are defeated by their actions in this world and the next.
7.­144
“Just as fruits fall from trees,
Young, middle-aged, and elderly people will fall.
Various objects of desire are desirable and pleasant;
They control the mind with such qualities.
7.­145
“Objects of desire bind and fasten people to this world.
If there are objects of desire, there will arise anger and fear.
When I saw this, O King, I went forth from this world.
The state of the śramaṇa is indestructible; it is supreme.”
7.­146

King Kauravya rejoiced in and praised the words of the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla. He bowed low until his forehead touched the feet of the venerable Rāṣṭrapāla, rose from his seat, and departed.

V. Hastināpura378

7.­147

The Blessed One then arrived in Hastināpura. When from a distance a brahmin saw the Blessed One, who was fully ornamented with the thirty-two marks of a great man, illuminated by the eighty minor marks, ornamented with a fathom-wide halo, and beautiful like a moving mountain of jewels with light surpassing a thousand suns, the brahmin went to the Blessed One and praised him in verse:

7.­148
“Golden and pleasing to the eyes,
You are the source of pleasure possessed of all good qualities,
Tamer of people to be tamed, god of gods,
And one who has arrived at the far shore of the ocean of existence.”
7.­149

Then the Blessed One smiled. It naturally occurs that whenever the buddhas, the blessed ones, smile, . . . . The rays disappeared into the circle of hair between his eyebrows. [F.112.b] Then the venerable Ānanda made the gesture of supplication to the Blessed One and said:

“A mass made brilliant by thousands of colors
. . . .”379
7.­150

The Blessed One said, “Good, good, Ānanda! Ānanda, tathāgatas, arhats, perfectly awakened ones do not smile without cause, without condition. Ānanda, did you see the brahmin speak the verse and praise the Tathāgata?”

“Yes, I did, O Blessed One.”

7.­151

“By this root of merit he will never fall into the inferior modes of existence, but will be reborn among gods and humans for twenty eons, and he will become a self-awakened one named Stavārha in his last life, last birth, last body, last taking up of an identity.”

7.­152

The monks, feeling doubtful, inquired of the Buddha, the Blessed One, the one who severs all doubts, “How is it, O Honored One, that when this brahmin spoke a single verse and praised the Blessed One, the Blessed One predicted his awakening as a self-awakened one?”

7.­153

“Listen, monks,” replied the Blessed One, “and inscribe it in your minds how, not only in the present but also in the past, he spoke a single verse and praised me, and how I gave him five excellent villages. I will tell you about it.

7.­154

“A time long ago,380 monks, there was a king named Brahmadatta in the city of Vārāṇasī. He ruled over the country, which was rich, prosperous, peaceful, abundant in food, and full of many people. He was extremely fond of poets.

7.­155

“There was a certain brahmin poet in Vārāṇasī whose wife once said to him, ‘O brahmin, since the cold season has come, go to the king and make some agreeable speech so that you can obtain a little defense against the cold.’ [F.113.a]

7.­156

“So, he departed. At that time, the king was setting off on an elephant. The brahmin asked himself, ‘Should I praise the king or the excellent elephant?’ He thought, ‘Since this excellent elephant is desirable and pleasing for everyone in the world and especially so for the king, I will praise the excellent elephant for now.’ He then spoke a verse:

7.­157
“ ‘Perfect in its form, with excellent features,
Just like the body of Airāvaṇa;
With its bodily form, fair in color and great in size,
This great king of elephants is commended for auspiciousness.’
7.­158

“The king was pleased and spoke a verse in return:

“ ‘My great elephant is desirable and pleasing;
It holds people’s gaze and generates pleasure.
Since you have spoken a eulogy to it,
I will give you five excellent villages.’
7.­159

“Monks, I myself was at that time, on that occasion, the excellent elephant; this brahmin was at that time, on that occasion, the brahmin. I then gave him five excellent villages because he had spoken a single verse and praised me.381 Now, too, I have predicted his awakening as a self-awakened one because he spoke a single verse and praised me.​​

VI. The Great City

7.­160

Having arrived at a great city, … (the phrase about the seat of four buddhas should be recited in detail) . . . .382

VII. Śrughnā383

7.­161

The Blessed One arrived in the country of Śrughnā, where there was a brahmin named Indra who was conceited about his good looks, youth, and learning, and boasted that there was no one equal to him.

7.­162

In a certain place the Blessed One preached the Dharma, sitting on the seat prepared for him in front of the community of monks. The brahmin Indra, having heard that the śramaṇa Gautama had arrived in the country of Śrughnā, thought, “I have heard that the śramaṇa Gautama is well proportioned, attractive, and pleasant to behold. [F.113.b] I will go to see whether he is more handsome than me or not.”

7.­163

He departed and when he saw the Blessed One, who was fully ornamented with the thirty-two marks of a great man, illuminated by the eighty minor marks, ornamented with a fathom-wide halo, and beautiful like a moving mountain of jewels with light surpassing a thousand suns, the brahmin thought, “Although the śramaṇa Gautama is more handsome than me, he is not taller than me.” He tried to see the crown of the Blessed One’s head. Unable to see it, he climbed up to a very high place, but it was in vain.

7.­164

Then the Blessed One said to the brahmin Indra, “Brahmin, you are making vain efforts. Even if you were to climb up to the summit of Mount Sumeru and try to see the crown of the Tathāgata’s head, these further efforts would be in vain, and you would still be unable to see it. Have you never heard that beings, including gods and asuras, do not see the crown of the head of the buddhas, the blessed ones?384 However, if you want to see the height of the Tathāgata’s body, there is a pillar made of gośīrṣacandana underneath the fire pit for oblations to the god of fire in your house; take it out and measure it. The height of the Tathāgata’s body that is generated from a father and a mother is the same as that.”

7.­165

The brahmin Indra thought, “This is a wonder. I have never heard of that. I will go and see.”

7.­166

He hurried home and dug under the fire pit for oblations to the god of fire. Everything was just as the Blessed One had explained. Filled with faith, he thought, “Since the śramaṇa Gautama is undoubtedly omniscient, I will go and serve him.” With faith, he went to the Blessed One. When he arrived, face to face with the Blessed One, he made plenty of pleasant and joyful conversation, [F.114.a] and then sat down to one side. The Blessed One knew the brahmin’s thinking, proclivity, disposition, and nature . . . . With the vajra of knowledge the brahmin leveled the twenty high peaks of the mountain chain of the false view of individuality that had been accumulated since beginningless time, and actualized the fruit of stream-entry. After having seen the truths, he said, “O Blessed One, I have been exalted, truly exalted. Since I seek refuge in the Blessed One, the Dharma, and the community of monks, please accept me as a lay brother. From today onward, I embrace my faith as one who seeks refuge throughout my life.”

7.­167

Thereupon the brahmin Indra rose from his seat, draped his upper robe over one shoulder, made the gesture of supplication to the Blessed One, and said to the Blessed One, “If the Blessed One allows it, I will prepare a festival of the pillar made of gośīrṣacandana.”

“Brahmin, I allow it,” said the Blessed One. “Go and prepare the festival.”

7.­168

Thereupon he set up the pillar in a certain solitary place with great reverence and prepared the great festival. Other brahmins and householders tied kuśa grass, thinking, “May this festival become a basis for happiness (kuśala).” Since the brahmin Indra had prepared the festival, it was named “Indra’s Festival.”385

VIII. Brahmin Village386

A. A Fire Caused by an Old Man from the Śākya Clan387

7.­169

Once, when the Blessed One had displayed a great miracle in Śrāvastī and388 the non-Buddhist ascetics were frightened, the gods and humans were pleased, and good people were delighted. The non-Buddhist ascetics then ran away and settled in the borderlands, some of them settling in a place named Brahmin Village.

7.­170

There the Blessed One, traveling through the country of Kosala, arrived in Brahmin Village. [F.114.b] When the non-Buddhist ascetics heard that the śramaṇa Gautama had come, they hurried to the houses of the brahmins and householders and said, “May the Dharma be attained! May the Dharma be attained!”389

7.­171

The brahmins and householders asked, “O noble ones, what’s wrong?”390

“Since we have witnessed your prosperity, we will leave before we witness your decline.”

7.­172

“O noble ones, what will be our decline?” they asked.

“Sirs, the śramaṇa Gautama is coming with twelve hundred and fifty attendants and causing hail like razors. He will make those who have sons sonless.”

7.­173

“O noble ones,” they replied, “it would not be good if you left at the very moment when you should stay and help us; this is unreasonable to us in every way!”

7.­174

“We will stay if you promise to kill the śramaṇa Gautama,” they said.

“Please stay. We will kill him.”

7.­175

They departed armed, holding sticks and bows in their hands and clenching their fists. Along the way, there was an old man from the Śākya clan. He saw them and asked, “Sirs, where are you going?”

They answered, “We are going to kill an enemy.”

7.­176

“Who is your enemy?”

“It is the śramaṇa Gautama.”

7.­177

“Sirs, if the Blessed One were your enemy, who else could be your friend? Sirs, go back.”

They would not go back, so he thought, “Since it is pointless to reason with these people, I should by all means drive them back.”

7.­178

He entered a hamlet and set fire to it, burning it down entirely. Great cries and a clamor rose up. The brahmins and householders became frightened when they heard all that and said, “Sirs, the śramaṇa Gautama is quite far away from us; there is another great disaster right here in this hamlet. Since the hamlet is burning, let us turn back to extinguish the fire.”

7.­179

They tried to extinguish the fire, [F.115.a] but in vain. The Blessed One arrived and asked, “Vāsiṣṭhas, what are you doing?”

“O Blessed One, the hamlets are being burned down by fire.391 We are not able to extinguish it.”

7.­180

“Shall I extinguish it?”

“O Blessed One, please extinguish it.”

7.­181

As soon as the Blessed One uttered a word, the fire died by the awakened power of the buddhas and the divine power of the gods. Filled with faith, the people asked, “O Blessed One, for what purpose have you come?”

“For the purpose of accepting none other than you as followers.”

7.­182

At once the Blessed One knew their thinking, proclivity, disposition, and nature, and preached the Dharma that was appropriate for them and that caused them to penetrate the four truths of the noble ones. . . . . With the vajra of knowledge they leveled the twenty high peaks of the mountain chain of the false view of individuality that had been accumulated since beginningless time, and actualized the fruit of stream-entry.

B. The Former Life of the Old Man392

7.­183

The monks, feeling doubtful, inquired of the Buddha, the Blessed One, the one who severs all doubts, “How is it, O Honored One, that this old man from the Śākya clan accumulated many nonmeritorious acts out of attachment to his relatives and burned down the hamlet?”

7.­184

“Listen, monks,” replied the Blessed One, “and inscribe it in your minds how, not only in the present but also in the past, he accumulated many nonmeritorious acts out of attachment to his relatives and burned down a hamlet. I will tell you about it.

7.­185

“In a time long ago, monks, there lived a troop of five hundred monkeys in a certain hamlet. They used to spoil the crops when they ripened. The people dwelling in the hamlet gathered and said to each other, ‘Sirs, the monkeys are damaging the crops. How should we deal with this?’

7.­186

“Some people said, ‘The monkeys [F.115.b] should be killed.’

“ ‘How should we kill them?’

7.­187

“ ‘Let’s cut down all the trees around the hamlet, leaving only one persimmon tree, and surround it with thorns. When the monkeys have climbed it to eat the fruit, there we should kill them.’

7.­188

“Thereupon they cut down all the trees around the hamlet, leaving only one persimmon tree, and surrounded it with thorns. They set a lookout and instructed him, ‘You should let us know when the monkeys have gathered.’

7.­189

“Sometime after that, the persimmon tree bloomed and its fruit became ripe. The monkeys said to their leader, ‘O Leader, the persimmons are ripe; let’s go eat them.’

7.­190

“Thereupon the leader, with five hundred attendants, climbed the persimmon tree and started to eat the persimmons. Then the lookout said to the people dwelling in the hamlet, ‘Sirs, all the monkeys have climbed the persimmon tree and are eating. Get on with your business; do what should be done.’

7.­191

“Thereupon the people dwelling in the hamlet hurried there, holding sticks and bows in their hands and clenching their fists, and started to cut down the persimmon tree. Being scared, the monkeys jumped to and fro on the branches, but the leader kept eating, unconcerned. The monkeys asked him, ‘O Leader, while we are experiencing intolerable pain and fear and are jumping to and fro, why are you unconcerned?’


7.­192

“He spoke a verse:

“ ‘For those who have many things to do, there are also many things not to do.
Since there remains much of the tree,
Leave your worries behind and eat.’
7.­193

“Meanwhile a son of the leader had been kept tied up in the hamlet. He was plunged into grief, resting his cheek on his hand. Then a good monkey came and [F.116.a] saw him plunged into grief and asked, ‘O my friend, why are you plunged into grief, resting your cheek on your hand?’

7.­194

“He answered, ‘Now all the people have gone to kill my family. How can I help being plunged into grief?’

7.­195

“ ‘Why do you not drive them back?’

“ ‘How could I do that, tied up as I am?’

“ ‘I will release you.’

7.­196

“The good monkey then did release him. Thereupon he set fire to the hamlet, burning it down entirely. Great cries and a clamor rose up. The people became frightened when they heard all that and said, ‘Sirs, the monkeys are quite far away from us; there is another great disaster right here. Since the hamlet is burning, let’s turn back to extinguish the fire.’

7.­197

“They ran to extinguish the fire, and the monkeys climbed down the persimmon tree and ran away.

7.­198

“What do you think, monks? That one who was the monkey’s son is this old man from the Śākya clan. He then burned the hamlet out of attachment to his relatives. Now, too, he has burned a hamlet out of attachment to his relatives.”

IX. The City of Kāla

7.­199

The Blessed One arrived at the city of Kāla. In the city of Kāla, … (the phrase about the seat of four buddhas should be recited in detail) . . . .393

X. Rohitaka

A. Offerings of the Yakṣa Elephant Power394

7.­200

The Blessed One arrived in Rohitaka and stayed near the residence of the yakṣa Elephant Power.395 At that time the yakṣa Elephant Power was away at a meeting of yakṣas. When the yakṣa Elephant Power heard that the Blessed One had arrived and was staying near his very residence in Rohitaka, he went to the Blessed One. Upon his arrival, he bowed low until his forehead touched the Blessed One’s feet, and then he sat down to one side. When he had sat down to one side, the Blessed One, through talk consistent with the Dharma, instructed, inspired, . . . . When he had … delighted him…, the Blessed One remained silent. Thereupon [F.116.b] the yakṣa Elephant Power rose from his seat, draped his upper robe over one shoulder, made the gesture of supplication to the Blessed One, and said to the Blessed One, “May the Blessed One assent to stay in my residence today.”

7.­201

The Blessed One assented to the yakṣa Elephant Power by remaining silent. Thereupon the yakṣa Elephant Power magically created five hundred monasteries and prepared five hundred cushions, pillows, and square blankets, along with five hundred hearths. He then said to the Blessed One, “May the Blessed One together with the community of monks assent to my offer of a meal at my house tomorrow.”

7.­202

The Blessed One assented to the yakṣa Elephant Power by remaining silent. The yakṣa Elephant Power, knowing that the Blessed One had assented by remaining silent, rose from his seat and departed. He then made a request of a friend of his named Guṃjika,396 a yakṣa of the country of Kaśmīra: “Since I have invited the community of monks headed by the Buddha to a meal, please send me fruits of the northern region.” After sending a messenger to Guṃjika, he prepared a pure and fine meal during the night. After he rose at dawn, he sprinkled and swept the inside of the monastery, prepared seats, and set up a jeweled pitcher. When the monastery keeper397 struck the gong, the yakṣa Guṃjika filled baskets with grapes and had yakṣas bring them.398 They piled the grapes up in the middle of the monastery. The monks knew neither what these fruits were nor how to make them suitable to consume. They asked the Blessed One, and the Blessed One said, “Monks, these are fruits from forests in the northern region that are called grapes. [F.117.a] Make them suitable to consume through fire and distribute them.”399

7.­203

When the monks started to do so with each grape, it took them an extremely long time. The Blessed One instructed them, “Make them into two or three groups and have the groups touched by fire.”

7.­204

The yakṣa Elephant Power then knew that the community of monks headed by the Buddha had sat down in comfort, and with his own hands he served and satisfied them with a pure and fine meal . . . . He took a low seat and sat before the Blessed One in order to hear the Dharma. The Blessed One, through talk consistent with the Dharma, instructed, inspired, encouraged, and delighted the yakṣa Elephant Power, and then rose from his seat.

7.­205

Many grapes were left. The Blessed One said, “You should squeeze the grapes and distribute the juice.”

7.­206

Some juice was still left. The Blessed One said, “Heat it and keep it. It will be the community’s drink to be consumed at night.”400

B. Departure to the Northern Region401

7.­207

After that, the Blessed One washed his feet outside the monastery and entered the monastery to go into seclusion. Then the Blessed One thought, “Since I was born in an age of short lifespans, I have come close to the time for nirvāṇa.402 But there are many things to do for the benefit of people to be trained. If I go to the northern region with the monk Ānanda, it will be difficult to benefit people to be trained. Now I will go with the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi.”

7.­208

And so, outside the monastery, the Blessed One summoned the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi with two verses.

7.­209
“May you be excellent, mindful ones.403
Mindful ones are always excellent.
With the heart that has attained tranquility
Mindful ones lie in comfort. [F.117.b]
7.­210
“May you be excellent, mindful ones.
Mindful ones are always excellent.
Having abandoned both winning and being won by others,
Mindful ones lie in comfort.”
7.­211

A Section Index:404

Awakened Power in Heaped Up,
Dharma Power in Retuka,
Great Cup in the Indus, Feet,
Having a Shaved Head and Water Jar, Apalāla,
The Nāga Huluḍa, and Forest,405
Bhraṣṭolā, Ṛṣi, Āpannaka,
Kanthā, in Dhānyapura
Converting the Mother of Best Army,406 The Potter in Naitarī,
The Great Yakṣa of Śādvalā,
And Pālitakūṭa, Nandivardhana,
Bhavadeva, Caṇḍālī’s
Seven Sons’ Conversion,
The Yakṣa Earth-Protector,407 Giving an Image to
Nāgas, Aśvaka and Punarvasuka,
Converting Nāḍikā and Naḍadaryā,
In the City of Kuntī
the Yakṣiṇī Named Kuntī,
Kharjūrikā and the Stūpa Made of Dirt.
7.­212

The story of Apalāla is summarized.


7.­213

The Blessed One then said to the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi, “Vajrapāṇi, let us go to the northern region to convert the nāga Apalāla.”

“Certainly, O Honored One,” replied the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi to the Blessed One.

7.­214

Thereupon, the Blessed One, along with the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi, flew from there across the sky by means of his magical powers. When the Blessed One saw a green forest rising in the distance, he asked the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi, “Vajrapāṇi, do you see that green forest rising?”

“Yes, I do, O Honored One.”

7.­215

“That is Mount Uśīra.408 When a hundred years have passed after I am completely emancipated, it will be called Tamasā Forest, the best of the dwelling places that are suited to tranquility.”

C. Awakened Power in Heaped Up409

7.­216

Thereupon the Blessed One went to Heaped Up. There was then a yakṣa of evil disposition named Awakened Power410 in Heaped Up. [F.118.a] Even though people living in Heaped Up pleased him, he occasionally harmed them. When the people living in Heaped Up heard that the Blessed One had arrived at Heaped Up and was staying in such-and-such a place, they went to the Blessed One. Upon their arrival, they bowed low until their foreheads touched the Blessed One’s feet, and they then sat down to one side. When they had sat down to one side, the Blessed One, through talk consistent with the Dharma, instructed, inspired, encouraged, … and delighted the people living in Heaped Up … the Blessed One remained silent. Thereupon the people living in Heaped Up rose from their seats, draped their upper robes over one shoulder, made the gesture of supplication to the Blessed One, and said to the Blessed One, “O Honored One, this yakṣa Awakened Power has for a long time been hostile toward us who are not hostile, adversarial toward us who are not adversarial, and injurious to us who have not been injurious. Alas may the Blessed One have compassion and convert the yakṣa Awakened Power.”

7.­217

At that time the yakṣa Awakened Power himself was sitting in the assembly. The Blessed One then asked the yakṣa Awakened Power, “Awakened Power, did you hear this?”

“O Blessed One, I did.”

7.­218

“Awakened Power, did you hear this?”

“O Sugata, I did.”

7.­219

“Quit this inferior, evil conduct.”

“O Blessed One, I will.”

7.­220

Then the Blessed One let the yakṣa Awakened Power seek refuge in him and adopt the rules of training. [F.118.b] The yakṣa then built a sitting place named Heaped Up. Devout brahmins and householders built a monastery provided with all the requisites, too.411 When the Blessed One departed, the yakṣa Awakened Power followed to serve him. The Blessed One stopped him and said, “Protect these people. I, too, will make my eyes rise up into the air and descend here by means of my magical power after I am completely emancipated.”412

7.­221

Other people built a stūpa in this place, too, and named it Heaped Up Stūpa.

D. Dharma Power in Retuka413

7.­222

The Blessed One, having arrived in Retuka,414 converted a yakṣa named Dharma Power there. He also built a dwelling place named Retuka.

E. Great Cup in the Indus, Feet415

7.­223

The Blessed One went to the Indus. On the Indus there was a ferryman. He gained faith through a miracle performed by the Blessed One’s magical power. Then, faith having arisen in him, he was established in the truths. Because the Blessed One, having converted the yakṣa Great Cup, trod on him with his feet, the place was named Great Cup Stepped On with the Feet.

F. Having a Shaved Head and Water Jar416

7.­224

Thereupon the Blessed One, having gone to the hermitage of ṛṣis, there converted Having a Shaved Head and Water Jar, a ṛṣi.417 Devout brahmins and householders also built a sitting place named Water Jar.

G. Apalāla418

7.­225

The Blessed One then said to the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi, “Vajrapāṇi, let us go to the residence of the nāga king Apalāla.”

“Certainly, O Honored One,” replied the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi to the Blessed One.

7.­226

Thereupon he and the Blessed One went to the residence of the nāga king Apalāla. When the nāga king Apalāla heard that the Blessed One had come to his residence he became so enraged, angry, furious, and displeased that he soared high into the sky and started to cause hail and dust to fall. When the Blessed One, knowing that the nāga was angry, [F.119.a] meditated on love, the hail and dust changed, falling as the powder of agaru and the powder of the tamāla leaf. Then the nāga started to cause weapons such as discuses, single-pointed vajras, lances, and short spears to fall. But they, too, changed, falling as divine utpala, padma, kumuda, puṇḍarīka, and mandārava flowers. Apalāla then started to emit smoke with the fire of wrath. The Blessed One, too, emitted smoke through his magical power.

7.­227

Thereupon the nāga, with his power, arrogance, and pride broken, entered his residence and sat down. The Blessed One thought, “By two causes are wicked nāgas converted: fright and anger. Therefore, I will frighten him.”

Having thought this, he ordered the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi, “Vajrapāṇi, frighten the nāga king Apalāla.”

7.­228

“Certainly,” replied the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi to the Blessed One, and he threw a vajra at a mountain peak. The mountain peak shattered and fell, flattening the residence of the nāga king Apalāla. Then Apalāla, frightened, terrified, and dejected, tried to run away. The Blessed One then meditated on the element of fire. Burning, thoroughly burning, thoroughly and entirely burning, everything in all directions blazed as a single flame. The nāga found fire419 wherever he went, except under the feet of the Blessed One, where it was calm and cool. Thereupon he went to the Blessed One, and when he arrived, he threw himself at the Blessed One’s feet and said, “O Blessed One, why do you harass me?”

7.­229

The Blessed One replied, “O one naturally subject to old age, why do I harass you? You are harassing me. If I had not attained a number of good qualities like I have, [F.119.b] you would have killed me and only my name would have remained.”420

7.­230

The Blessed One then touched the crown of the nāga’s head with his hand, which was marked with a chakra, swastika, and nandyāvarta; whose fingers were connected with a web; which had been generated by hundreds of merits; and which comforts those who are frightened,421 and said, “Sir, since you offered a meal to four great disciples who are like wish-fulfilling vases, you should have been born among the glorious Thirty-Three Gods. But, having made a misguided aspiration, you were born among animals. You have spent your life with the desire to beat and kill, depriving others of their lives and harming others’ lives. Where, then, will your next mode of existence, next birth, next existence after dying in this world be, but in hell?”

7.­231

“O Blessed One, please tell me what I should do.”

“Sir, now seek refuge in me, accept the rules of training, and grant freedom from fear to the people living in the country of Magadha.”

7.­232

“O Honored One, from today onward, having sought refuge in the Blessed One and accepted the rules of training, I will grant freedom from fear to the people living in the country of Magadha.”

7.­233

Then his wife, daughter, and son’s wife said, “We, too, will seek refuge in the Blessed One, the Dharma, and the community of monks and keep the rules of training.”

The Blessed One gave them refuge and the rules of training. Mountain,422 the nāga’s son, said, “O Blessed One, I, too, will seek refuge and keep the rules of training.”

7.­234

“O Blessed One,” said Apalāla, “since we nāgas have many foes, please do not give the rules of training to Mountain, even though you bestow on him refuge; he will protect us.”

The Blessed One [F.120.a] gave him refuge.423

7.­235

Then the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi,424 having seen Apalāla, his companions, family, and friends converted, danced with his mind pleased and said:425

7.­236
“Tongue trembling with rage, his many heads shaking, he caused a rain of weapons like discuses.
Faced by the humans in their own homes like high mountain peaks,
Beheld and avoided by many people who wearily gasp for breath,
He was converted by the Ṛṣi’s instructions.”

H. The Nāga Huluḍa426

7.­237

Thereupon the Blessed One, having converted Apalāla with his sixty thousand attendants, rose from his seat and departed.

7.­238

When the Blessed One saw a green forest rising before them, he said to the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi, “Vajrapāṇi, do you see that green forest rising before us?”

“Yes, I do, O Honored One.”

7.­239

“Vajrapāṇi, that is the country of Kaśmīra. When a hundred years have passed after I am completely emancipated, there will be a monk there named Madhyandina,427 who will be a co-residential pupil of the monk Ānanda. When he (Madhyandina) has converted the wicked nāga Huluḍa,428 he will devise a plan to make the teaching prevail all over the country of Kaśmīra, having received a place for seated meditation. The country of Kaśmīra will become the best of the dwelling places that are suited to my insight. The country of Kaśmīra consists of the city and sixty thousand towns, six thousand towns, and sixty-three towns.”429

I. Bhraṣṭolā, Ṛṣi, Āpannaka430

7.­240

The Blessed One converted a ṛṣi and the yakṣa Āpannaka, along with his attendants, in the country of Bhraṣṭolā.431

J. Kanthā432

7.­241

The Blessed One converted a yakṣiṇī, along with her attendants, in the country of Kanthā.

K. In Dhānyapura, Converting the Mother of Best Army433

7.­242

The Blessed One, having arrived at Dhānyapura, established in the truths the mother of the king Best Army there.

L. The Potter in Naitarī434

7.­243

The Blessed One arrived at Naitarī, where there was a certain potter. Excessively proud of his art, he was taking vessels off of the wheel after he had dried them. [F.120.b] The Blessed One, knowing it was the time to convert him, dressed as a potter and began a conversation with him: “What vessels are you putting down from the wheel?”435

“I put them down after having dried them,” he answered.

7.­244

“I put mine down after having dried them, too.”

“You and I are equal.”

7.­245

“Why am I only this? I put mine down after having fired them, too.”

“You are superior to me.”

7.­246

“I not only fire them, but also change them into ones made of gold, silver, lapis lazuli, and crystal.”

7.­247

He was filled with faith. The Blessed One then removed his guise as a potter and assumed his own appearance. He established the potter, along with his attendants, in the truths.

XI. Śādvalā

A. The Great Yakṣa of Śādvalā

7.­248

The Blessed One went to Śādvalā. He let a great yakṣa with his attendants in Śādvalā seek refuge in him and established them in the rules of training.

B. Pālitakūṭa

7.­249

In Pālitakūṭa,436 the Blessed One converted two nāgas, Gopālaka437 and Separating.

XII. Nandivardhana

A. Bhavadeva’s, Caṇḍālī’s Seven Sons’, and the Yakṣa Earth-Protector’s Conversion in Nandivardhana

7.­250

The Blessed One went to Nandivardhana, where he established the king, Bhavadeva, along with his attendants, the seven sons of Caṇḍālī,438 and the yakṣa Earth-Protector,439 in the truths.

B. Giving an Image to Nāgas, Aśvaka, and Punarvasuka440

7.­251

In a large lake, Aśvaka441 and Punarvasuka442 were born from the wombs of nāgas. After spending twelve years in the lake, they appeared on the water and said angrily, “Since the Blessed One did not preach the Dharma to us, we have fallen into this state; we were born from the wombs of nāgas. Therefore, let us destroy his teaching.”

7.­252

Then the Blessed One thought, “Since the nāgas Aśvaka and Punarvasuka are of great dignity and magical power, it is possible that they will smash my teaching into pieces after I am completely emancipated.”

7.­253

The Blessed One then went to the two nāgas, Aśvaka and Punarvasuka. When he arrived, he said to the two, Aśvaka and Punarvasuka, [F.121.a] “Aśvaka and Punarvasuka, there is a teaching device of the Dharma called four phrases. I will teach it to you; you should know it.”

7.­254

“O Honored One, who will make us desire the true Dharma?”

They both entered the water again. They thought, “Even if the Blessed One teaches the Dharma to us, we will not understand it.”

7.­255

The Blessed One left an image of himself at that place.443 Whenever the two, Aśvaka and Punarvasuka, saw it, they went back into the water, thinking, “The Blessed One still seems to be here.”

C. Converting Nāḍikā and Naḍadaryā

7.­256

In that very place the Blessed One converted two yakṣiṇīs, Nāḍikā and Naḍadaryā.444

D. In the City of Kuntī, the Yakṣiṇī Named Kuntī

7.­257

The Blessed One went to the city of Kuntī. In the city of Kuntī, there was a wrathful, fierce, and violent yakṣiṇī named Kuntī. Whenever a son was born to a brahmin or a householder in the city of Kuntī, she ate the child.

7.­258

When the brahmins and householders in the city of Kuntī heard that the Blessed One had arrived in the city of Kuntī and was staying at such-and-such a place, they met together, flocked together, swarmed together, left the city of Kuntī, and went to see the Blessed One. Upon their arrival, they bowed low until their foreheads touched the Blessed One’s feet, and then they sat down to one side. Then the Blessed One, through talk consistent with the Dharma, … the brahmins and householders in the city of Kuntī. When he had … delighted them … the Blessed One remained silent.

7.­259

Then the brahmins and householders in the city of Kuntī rose from their seats, draped their upper robes over one shoulder, made the gesture of supplication to the Blessed One, and said to the Blessed One, [F.121.b] [B36] “May the Blessed One together with the community of monks445 assent to our offer of a meal tomorrow.” …  Knowing the Blessed One had finished his meal and washed his hands and his bowl, they held golden pitchers and sat down before the Blessed One to ask a favor. They said, “The Blessed One has converted many wicked nāgas and wicked yakṣas. O Honored One, this yakṣiṇī named Kuntī has for a long time been hostile toward us who are not hostile, adversarial toward us who are not adversarial, and injurious to us who have not been injurious, and she snatches our children away whenever one is born. May the Blessed One have compassion and convert the yakṣiṇī Kuntī.”

7.­260

At that time the yakṣiṇī Kuntī herself was sitting in the assembly. Then the Blessed One asked the yakṣiṇī Kuntī, “Kuntī, did you hear this?”

“O Blessed One, I did.”

7.­261

“Kuntī, did you hear this?”

“O Sugata, I did.”

7.­262

“Quit this inferior, evil conduct.”

“O Honored One, if they promise to have a monastery built for me, I will stop.”

7.­263

Then the Blessed One asked the brahmins and householders in the city of Kuntī, “Brahmins and householders, did you hear this?”

“O Blessed One, we did.”

7.­264

“What will you do?”

“O Blessed One, we will build it. O Sugata, we will build it.”

7.­265

Thereupon the Blessed One departed, having converted the yakṣiṇī Kuntī, along with her attendants. [F.122.a]

E. Kharjūrikā and the Stūpa Made of Dirt

7.­266

The Blessed One went to Kharjūrikā, where little children were making a stūpa out of dirt. The Blessed One saw the little children making a stūpa out of dirt and he said to the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi, “Vajrapāṇi, do you see the little children making a stūpa out of dirt?”

“O Honored One, I do.”

7.­267

“Vajrapāṇi, when four hundred years have passed after I am completely emancipated, here will appear a king from the lineage of Kuṣāṇa named Kaniṣka.446 He will build a stūpa in this place. Its name will be Kaniṣka Stūpa, and it will perform acts of a buddha even though by then I will have been completely emancipated.”447

7.­268

After that, having converted seven million seven hundred thousand beings between Rohitaka and the nāga king Apalāla’s residence, the Blessed One returned to Rohitaka. He entered the monastery and went into seclusion.

7.­269

The Blessed One arose from his seclusion in the evening and said to the venerable Ānanda, “Ānanda, let us go to Ādirājya.”

7.­270

Then the venerable Ānanda asked the Blessed One, “O Honored One, the Blessed One once said, ‘Ānanda, let us go to convert the nāga king Apalāla in the northern region. There are five advantages of the northern region.’448 Now the Blessed One has just said, ‘Ānanda, let us go to Ādirājya.’ What does this mean?”

7.­271

The Blessed One answered, “Ānanda, I have gone to the northern region with Vajrapāṇi. I predicted Tamasā Forest, … predicted the stūpa made of dirt. Ānanda, the Tathāgata has converted seven million seven hundred thousand beings [F.122.b] between Rohitaka and the residence of the nāga king Apalāla. There are five disadvantages of the northern region: the land is uneven; it is full of logs and thorns; there are many stones, pebbles, and gravel; dogs bite;449 and women behave wickedly.”450


8.

Chapter Eight

8.­1

Summary of Contents:451

Ādirājya, Bhadrāśva,
Mathurā, Otalā Park,
Vairambhya,
Ayodhyā, The Ganges,
Hungry Ghosts, and Velāma.

I. Ādirājya

8.­2

Traveling through the country of Śūrasena, the Blessed One then went to Ādirājya. There the Blessed One said to the venerable Ānanda, “Ānanda, in this place King Mahāsammata, who was the first king, was anointed. Therefore, this place was named Ādirājya (first kingship).”452

II. Bhadrāśva

III. Mathurā

A. The Prediction about Upagupta454

B. The Former Life of Upagupta457

C. The Brahmin Nīlabhūti459

D. The Obstruction of the Buddha’s Way by a Goddess

E. The Yakṣa Gardabha

IV. Otalā Park

A. The Visit of the Brahmin Otalāyana476

B. Kacaṅgalā486

V. Vairambhya

A. The Brahmin in a Park

B. King Agnidatta’s Offer496

C. Breaking a Hut521

D. A Brahmin Who Abused the Buddha Vipaśyin524

VI. Ayodhyā

A. The Simile of a Log and the Going Forth of Nanda, the Herdsman525

B. The Former Lives of Nanda and the Frog

VII. The Ganges

A. Haṃsas, Fish, and Turtles

B. The Former Lives of the Haṃsas, Fish, and Turtles

VIII. Hungry Ghosts

A. The Conversation with the Five Hundred Hungry Ghosts

B. The Previous Lives of the Five Hundred Hungry Ghosts

IX. Velāma552


9.

Chapter Nine

9.­1

Summary of Contents:560

Kumāravardhana, Krauñcāna,
Aṅgadikā, Maṇivatī
Sālabalā, Sālibalā,
Suvarṇaprastha, Sāketā
Rice Soup,561 Śrāvastī,
Anavatapta, Nagarabindu,
And Vaiśālī.

I. Kumāravardhana

9.­2

Thereupon the Blessed One arrived in the country of Kumāravardhana, where he said to the venerable Ānanda, “Ānanda, in this place a king named Upoṣadha was born and grew up.562 Therefore, this city was named Kumāravardhana.”563

II. Krauñcāna

III. Aṅgadikā

IV. Maṇivatī

V. Sālabalā567

VI. Sālibalā

VII. Suvarṇaprastha

VIII. Sāketā568

IX. Rice Soup574

A. The Peasants’ Going Forth and the Oxen’s Rebirth in Heaven577

B. The Former Lives of the Peasants and Oxen581

C. Toyikā584

X. Śrāvastī

A. A Leprous Beggar Woman’s Offering of Water Used for Boiling Rice598

B. The Offerings by King Prasenajit604

C. The Former Life of King Prasenajit605

D. The Offering of a Lamp by a Beggar Woman610

E. The Question of King Prasenajit: The Offerings Made by the Buddha in His Former Lives613

F. Former Life Stories I618

1. Māndhātṛ620

a. The Story of King Māndhātṛ621

b. A Former Life of King Māndhātṛ: The Son of the Head of a Guild656

c. A Former Life of King Māndhātṛ: A Grain Merchant661

2. Mahāsudarśana662

3. Velāma668

4. Kuśa672

a. The Story of Prince Kuśa673

b. The Former Life of Prince Kuśa683

5. Triśaṅku685

6. Mahādeva687

7. King Nimi691

8. Ādarśamukha696

9. Sudhana706

a. The Story of King Sudhana707

b. The Story of Prince Sudhana708

10. Viśvantara769

a. Viśvantara’s Story I770

b. Viśvantara’s Story II808

11. Saṃdhāna814

G. Former Life Stories II817

1. Bālāha819

2. A King825

3. The Snake828

4. Two Heads833

5. The Lapwing835

6. The Parrot837

7. The Banquet839

8. The Turtle841

9. Susena842

10. Merchants844

H. Former Life Stories III846

1. Six Tusks848

2. The Rabbit857

3. Parents860

a. The Story of Śyāma861

b. Breaking Wrong Laws864

4. Water Born866

5. Words of the Forest874

6. The Elephant876

7. The Nāga878

8. Dhṛtarāṣṭra880

I. The Bodhisattva as Four Teachers882

1. The Story of the Teacher Sunetra883

2. The Story of the Teacher Mūkapaṅgu884

3. The Story of the Teacher Araṇemi885

4. The Story of the Teacher Govinda895

J. The First Resolution and the First Veneration of a Buddha

5. The Story of King Prabhāsa901

6. The Story of the Potter Bṛhaddyuti903

K. The Question of King Prasenajit: The Veneration of Past Buddhas904

L. The Question of Ānanda or Section of Many Buddhas909

M. The Insult by the Brahmin Girl Cañcā934

XI. Anavatapta938

A. The Buddha’s Visit to Lake Anavatapta939

B. The Contest of Magical Power between Śāriputra and Mahā­maudgalyāyana943

1. A Story of the Present944

2. A Story of the Past: The Painter and the Mechanic947

3. A Story of the Past: The Two Painters950

4. A Story of the Past: The Ṛṣis Śaṅkha and Likhita (1)951

5. A Story of the Past: The Ṛṣis Śaṅkha and Likhita (2)952

6. A Story of the Past: The Ivory Carver and the Painter953

C. Verses of the Elders I957

1. Kāśyapa958

2. Śāriputra961

3. Maudgalyāyana964

4. Śobhita966

5. Sumanas967

6. Koṭīviṃśa969

7. Vāgīśa970

8. Piṇḍola972

9. Svāgata974

10. Nandika976

D. Verses of the Elders II980

1. Yaśas (1)981

2. Śaivala982

3. Bakkula984

4. Sthavira986

5. The Three987

6. Yaśas (2)988

7. Jyotiṣka991

8. Rāṣṭrapāla992

9. Svāti996

10. Jaṅghākāśyapa998

E. Verses of the Elders III1001

1. Panthaka1002

2. Sarpadāsa1004

3. Aniruddha1005

4. Kāla1013

5. Rāhula1015

6. Nanda1017

7. Dravya1019

8. Upasena1020

9. Bhadrika1021

10. Lavaṇabhadrika1022

F. Verses of the Elders IV1024

1. Madhuvāsiṣṭha1025

2. Hetu1026

3. Kauṇḍinya1027

4. Upālin1030

5. Prabhākara1033

6. Revata1034

7. The Sugata (prose)1036

a. The Son of a Householder1037

b. A Caravan Leader1040

c. A Young Brahmin1042

d. Bharadvāja1044

e. The Cause of the False Slander by Cañcā

I) A Brahmin1049

II) Mṛṇāla1050

f. A Brahmin Who Falsely Accused a Buddha1053

g. Uttara1054

h. A Physician1063

i. The Son of a Fisherman1065

j. A Wrestler1066

8. The Sugata (verse)1067

a. Introduction

b. Mṛṇāla

c. A Brahmin

d. Bharadvāja

e. The Son of a Householder

f. A Caravan Leader

g. The Son of a Fisherman

h. A Brahmin Who Falsely Accused a Buddha

i. A Physician

j. A Wrestler

k. Uttara

l. Conclusion

G. The Invitation by Viśākhā

XII. Nagarabindu

XIII. Vaiśālī

A. The Invitation by Dhanika and His Family1075

B. The Former Lives of Dhanika and His Family

C. The Rules on Food


10.

Chapter Ten

10.­1

Summary of Contents:1077

The Sick, Foods,
Breakfast, Leftovers,
Fruits from Forests, Lotus,
Lotus Roots, and Miṇḍhaka.

I. The Sick

10.­2

The following took place in Śrāvastī.


10.­3

There once was a sick monk in Śrāvastī. He requested a doctor, “Sir, prescribe medicine for me.”

Having asked the cause of the disease, the doctor said, “O noble one, have rice soup, and you will recover your health.”

II. Foods1087

III. Breakfast

IV. Leftovers

A. Alms-Food Obtained Previously

B. Leftovers Taken by Monks to the Monastery

C. Leftovers Brought by Laymen

V. Fruits Growing in the Forest

VI. Lotus

VII. Lotus Roots

VIII. Miṇḍhaka1097

A. The Conversion of Miṇḍhaka

B. Invitation after Mealtime

C. The Acceptance of Money

D. The Acceptance of Guḍa

E. The Former Lives of the Miṇḍhaka Family1112


11.

Chapter Eleven

11.­1

Summary of Contents:1122

The Drink Offered by Kaineya Was Received,1123 The Town of Kāśi, Barley Porridge,1124
Khādyaka in Pāpā,1125 Doubts, and Foul Foods.

I. The Drink Offered by Kaineya Was Received1126

A. The Conversion of Kaineya and Śaila (Prose)

11.­2

The Blessed One was once staying in the dwelling place in Ādumā.

1. The Sermon to the Four Great Kings1127

2. The Former Lives of the Four Great Kings1144

3. Kaineya Offers Drinks to the Blessed One

4. Śaila and Kaineya Go Forth

5. The Instruction by Three Disciples of the Buddha

6. The Former Lives of the Three Disciples

B. The Conversion of Kaineya and Śaila (Verse)1153

II. The Town of Kāśi, Barley Porridge

III. Khādyaka in Pāpā

IV. Doubts

V. Foul Foods1184

A. A Story of the Present about the Great Peacock Charm

B. Stories of the Buddha’s Former Lives Related to the Great Peacock Charm


ab.

Abbreviations

AA Aṅguttara­nikāya-Aṭṭhakathā. Edited by Walleser and Kopp (1924–56).
AG Anavatapta­gāthā.
AKBh Abhidharma­kośa­bhāṣya. Edited by Pradhan = Pradhan 1967.
AKUp Abhidharma­kośopāyikā-ṭīkā. (Section numbers are based on Honjō 1984 and 2014.)
AN Aṅguttara­nikāya = Morris et al. 1885–1961.
AdhvG Adhikaraṇa­vastu. Edited by Gnoli (1978).
Ap Apadāna = Lilley 2000.
BAK Bodhisattvāvadāna­kalpalatā = Chandra Das and Vidyābhūshana 1940.
BHSD Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. Vol. II Dictionary = Edgerton 1953.
Bhv Bhaiṣajya­vastu.
BhvY Bhaiṣajya­vastu. Japanese translation by Yao = Yao 2013a.
CPD The Critical Pāli Dictionary = Trenckner et al. 1924–92.
Ch. Chinese translation.
ChDas Tibetan English Dictionary = Das 1902.
Crv Carma­vastu.
Cīv Cīvara­vastu.
D Degé xylograph (scanned and published by the Buddhist Digital Resource Center).
DA Dīgha­nikāya-Aṭṭhakathā = Rhys Davids et al. 1968–71.
DN Dīgha­nikāya = Rhys Davids and Carpenter 1890–1911.
DPPN Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names = Malalasekera 1937.
DhpA Dhamma­padattha­kathā = Norman 1906.
Divy Divyāvadāna = Cowell and Neil [1886] 1987.
DĀ Dīrghāgama.
DĀ 35 Ambāṣṭha­sūtra. Edited by Melzer (2010a).
DĀc Dīrghāgama. Chinese translation (Taishō no. 1 Chang ahan jing 長阿含經).
EĀc Ekottarikāgama Chinese translation (Taishō no. 125 Zengyi ahan jing 増壹阿含經).
GBhv The Bhaiṣajya­vastu in the Gilgit manuscript = GMNAI i, 46–134.
GM Gilgit manuscripts of the Vinaya­vastu edited by Dutt = Dutt 1942–50 (page numbers of Bhv, which is in part i, is referred to just with “GM,” and those of other vastus with “GM ii, iii, and iv,” with part numbers).
GMNAI i Gilgit Manuscripts in the National Archives of India: Facsimile Edition vol. 1, Vinaya Texts = Clarke 2014.
H Hemis manuscript.
J Jātaka = Fausbøll [1877–96] 1962–64.
Jäschke Tibetan English Dictionary = Jäschke 1881.
KA Kaṭhināvadāna = Degener 1990.
Kṣv Kṣudraka­vastu.
MN Majjhima­nikāya = Trenckner et al. [1888–1925] 1974–79.
MPS Mahā­parinirvāṇa-sūtra = Waldschmidt 1950–51.
MSA Mahā­sudarśanāvadāna in the Gilgit manuscripts.
MSV Mūla­sarvāstivāda Vinaya.
MW A Sanskrit-English Dictionary = Monier-Williams 1899.
MdhA Māndhātāvadāna in the Gilgit manuscripts.
Merv-av Avadāna anthology from Merv = Karashima and Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya 2015.
Mma Mahā­mantrānusāriṇī-sūtra = Skilling 1994–97, 608–22.
Mmvr Mahā­māyūrī­vidyā­rajñī = Takubo 1972.
Mv Mahā­vastu = Senart 1882–97.
Mvy Mahā­vyutpatti = Sakaki 1916.
MĀc Madhyamāgama Chinese translation (Taishō no. 26 Zhong ahan jing 中阿含經).
N Narthang xylograph.
NBhv The newly identified Bhaiṣajya­vastu fragments held in a private collection, Virginia, and the Schøyen Collection.
Negi Tibetan–Sanskrit Dictionary = Negi 1993–2005.
P Peking xylograph.
PLv Pāṇḍulohitaka­vastu.
PTSD PTS’s Pāli–English Dictionary = Rhys Davids and Stede 1921–25.
Ph phug brag manuscript.
Prjv Pravrajyāvastu. Translation in Miller 2018.
PrjvVW Pravrajyāvastu edited by Vogel and Wille. I: Vogel and Wille 1984; II: 1992; III: 1996; IV: 2002 (all these files are now available in one pdf file online, Vogel and Wille 2014).
R Ragya printed Kangyur.
S Stok Palace Manuscript.
SHT Sanskrithandschriften aus den Turfanfunden.
SN Saṃyutta­nikāya = Feer [1884–98] 1975–2006.
SWTF Sanskrit-Wörterbuch der buddhistischen Texte aus den Turfan-Funden = Waldschmidt et al. 1973–2018.
Sbhv Saṅghabheda­vastu.
SbhvG Saṅghabheda­vastu. edited by Gnoli (1977–78).
Sh Shey Palace manuscript.
Skt. Sanskrit.
Sn Sutta­nipāta = Andersen and Smith [1913] 1984.
Sumav Sumāgadhāvadāna = Iwamoto 1979.
SĀc Saṃyuktāgama Chinese translation (Taishō no. 99 Za ahan jing 雜阿含經).
SĀc2 Saṃyuktāgama Chinese translation (Taishō no. 100 Bieyi za ahan jing 別譯雜阿含經).
SĀc3 Saṃyuktāgama Chinese translation (Taishō no. 101 Za ahan jing 雜阿含經).
T Tokyo manuscript.
Taishō Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經. 100 vols. Tokyo: Taishō Issaikyō Kankōkai 大正一切經刊行會, 1924–34.
TheraG Theragāthā = Oldenberg and Pischel 1883.
Tib. Tibetan translation.
U Urga printed Kangyur .
Ud  Udāna = Steinthal 1982.
Ug Uttara­grantha.
Uv Udāna­varga = Bernhard 1965–68, i.
UvTib Udāna­varga in Tibetan translation = Champa Thupten Zongtse 1990.
VS Vinaya­sūtra transliterated by Study Group of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Tibetan dBu med Script.
Vin Vinayapiṭaka in Pāli = Oldenberg [1879–83] 1982–1997.
Viś I The first story of Viśvantara in the Bhv.
Viś II The second story of Viśvantara in the Bhv.
Viś III The story of Viśvantara in the Sbhv.
Viś IV Viśvantarāvadāna in the Gilgit manuscripts.
Vvbh Vinaya­vibhaṅga.
ms Manuscript.
Śav Śayanāsana­vastu.
ŚavG Śayanāsana­vastu. Edited by Gnoli (1978).

n.

Notes

n.­1
For an overview of the entire Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, see Clarke 2015, 73–81.
n.­2
Folios 91–293: GM i; GMNAI i plates 46–134.
n.­3
For details, see Yao 2018 and literature referred to therein.
n.­4
8.­22–8.­61 in the Tibetan version; see note to the corresponding translation.
n.­5
See Hiraoka 1998.
n.­6
Taishō no. 1448, Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye yaoshi 根本説一切有部毘奈耶藥事, Taishō 24.1a1–97a24.
n.­7
See the Pedurma edition, bka’ ’gyur ii 745, 867n14–15.
n.­8
Csoma [1836] 1984.
n.­32
Cf. the Nidāna in the Ug, pa F.81.a.6–81.b.1; Taishō no. 1456, 24.420a7–12 (Kishino 2013, 144–45).
n.­33
Cf. Kṣv, tha F.181.b–182.b; Taishō no. 1451, 24.269c.
n.­38
The last words of this summary, be’i ra to// sprin can bya rog rnams yin no, cannot be identified in the following passages. GBhv is damaged here.
n.­41
Whereas this section of the Bhv prohibits only eating the flesh of elephants and nāgas, the Muktaka of the Ug prohibits the flesh of other kinds of beings such as crows, dogs, raptors, mules, foxes, and monkeys (pa F.157.a.2–158.b.7; Taishō no. 1456, 24.439b21–24). Cf. Kishino 2016, 242.
n.­60
This story of Pūrṇa has a parallel in the Pūrṇāvadāna, chapter 2 of the Divy (English trsl. Tatelman 2000; Rotman 2008–17, i).
n.­108
This story has a parallel in the Vvbh, D ja F.221.a–F.224.a, Taishō no. 1442, 23.842c–844a). It explains the origin of a festival held for two nāga kings, which is also mentioned in the Prjv (1.144), the Bhikṣuṇī­vinaya­vibhaṅga, and the Avadāna­śataka (Schopen 2007, 218ff.).
n.­114
Here, the story of the nāga king Apalāla begins. See n.­128. The series of episodes including that of a brahmin’s rebirth as Apalāla, his conversion by the Buddha, the competition between Magadha and Vaiśālī at the occasion of the Buddha’s crossing the Ganges, the quelling of an epidemic by the Buddha in Vaiśālī, etc. have parallels in Taishō no. 155 Foshuo pusa benhang jing 佛説菩薩本行經.
n.­119
Tib. sdom la; Ch. nei she song yue 内攝頌曰: “said in the internal summary of contents (i.e., “section index” in the present translation).” We opt for Tib.
n.­120
Ch. bo zha zhu zhang lin 波吒竹仗林 (*Pāṭali, *Veṇuyaṣṭikā). Despite this Summary of Contents, Ch. does not include the episode of the Buddha’s stay in Nālandā and Veṇuyaṣṭikā.
n.­121
Strangely, neither this word nor the corresponding episode appears in the following story.
n.­122
This event is explained in detail in the Sbhv (SbhvG ii 186ff.; nga F.238.a ff.; Taishō no. 1450, 24.197b28ff.). The Bhv presents the story of the birth of this elephant in a later part (10.­54).
n.­126
In this section, the story of how the Buddha was asked to end the epidemic that had swept through Vaiśālī is recounted. The subject of the epidemic fades away and then suddenly reappears at the end of the section about Vaiśālī, ending with the quelling of the epidemic.
n.­131
This section corresponds to SĀc 987 and SĀc2 212.
n.­135
This section corresponds to SĀc 403.
n.­144
This story has a parallel in EĀc 38.11. Cf. Kuan 2013, 611. The Bhv presents in a later part (2. Mahāsudarśana) another story of King Mahāsudarśana, the content of which is totally different from that in this section.
n.­145
The story extending from this section (“The Ganges”) to the next section (“Mahāpraṇāda”) has a parallel in the Maitreyāvadāna, chapter 3 of the Divy (English trsl. Rotman 2008–17, i 119–33).
n.­149
Cf. J 264 (ii 333) and J 489 (iv 325).
n.­150
BhvY 3.6.1 (p. 102).
n.­151
BhvY 3.6.2 (p. 102ff.).
n.­152
BhvY 3.6.3 (p. 105ff.). For variations of the story of King Śaṅkha (and the Buddha Maitreya), see Anālayo [2014b] 2017, 349–91.
n.­156
BhvY 3.6.4 (p. 107ff.).
n.­159
BhvY 3.a (p. 110ff.). Hereafter the story corresponds to the MPS (p. 160ff.).
n.­160
BhvY 3.b (p. 111ff.). This section corresponds to SĀc 854, SN 55.10, and AKUp 9035. Cf. Honjō 2014, ii 921–23; Yao 2010, 3.2.7.
n.­165
BhvY 3.c (p. 114ff.). This section corresponds to AKUp 2051. See Honjō 2014, i 225–28.
n.­169
This and the following sections (A to E) have been divided by the present translator for convenience. This section (VII.A) and the third section (C. The Sermon to Āmrapālī) correspond to SĀc 622. See Yao 2010, 3.2.8. For parallels to this sūtra and a Sanskrit text of this part of the MPS revised with later identified manuscript fragments, see Hosoda 2014, 115–21.
n.­172
This section has a parallel in AN 5.195. SĀc 1149 is also close to this story. See Yao 2010, 3.2.9.
n.­178
This section has parallels in the Vaiśālī­praveśa­mahā­sūtra, which survives in Tibetan translation, and the Mahā­mantrānusāriṇī­sūtra, which survives in Sanskrit. See Yao 2010, 3.2.10 and n.­126. See Bhaiṣajyavastu Translation Team, trans., The Mahāsūtra “On Entering the City of Vaiśālī”, Toh 312.
n.­185
Ch. lacks this summary of contents. It is unknown whether NBhv included it, due to the damage to the corresponding folio.
n.­186
Here Ch. abbreviates the section with the statement: “As explained in detail in the teachings of the Jijian jing 飢儉經, the Sūtra of Famine, and also as in the Daopin chuanlai jing 道品傳來經, the Sūtra of the Tradition of the *Mārgavarga, Liuji jing 六集經, the Sūtra of the group of six, and Daniepan jing 大涅槃經, the *Mahā­parinirvāṇa­sūtra.” On the other hand, the contents of this section in Tib. (Chapter 4. I) correspond to SN 47.9 and, presumably, a missing sūtra in the SĀc, the contents of which are included in the MPS (see Yao 2010, 3.2.11). NBhv provides a sentence that, in spite of the manuscript’s damaged state, seems to be similar to the original Skt. that Yijing translated. The manuscript reads: “…as in the Sūtra of Famine in the *Mārga­varga­nipāta, in the Ṣaṭsūtrika­nipāta…” This proves that “The Sūtra of the Tradition of the *Mārgavarga” in Ch. is, properly speaking, the title of a chapter of the Saṃyuktāgama that includes the Sūtra of Famine. In addition, “The Sūtra of the Group of Six” is the title of a chapter of the Dīrghāgama that includes the Mahā­parinirvāṇa­sūtra. To sum up, NBhv and Ch. both state that they abbreviate this section, which corresponds to the Sūtra of Famine in the *Mārga­varga­nipāta in the Saṃyuktāgama and also to the Mahā­parinirvāṇa­sūtra in the Ṣaṭsūtrikanipāta in the Dīrghāgama. See Yao 2013b.
n.­194
The following passage corresponds to MĀc 67, MN 83, EĀc 50.4, and the introductory section of the EĀc, AKUp 2050, etc. The story of King Mahādeva and Nimi appears again in the Bhv (6. Mahādeva and 7. King Nimi). While the story here follows exactly the Mahādevasūtra in the Madhyamāgama of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins, the second story mentioned above has been slightly changed from the Madhyamāgama version in accord with the context of the Bhv (Yao 2007; Forthcoming b). For a study of parallels to this story based on the EĀc version, see Anālayo 2011a, i 466–74; 2016b, 113–214.
n.­205
Ch. lacks this section. NBhv corresponds to Tib.
n.­208
Ch. lacks this section. The following story corresponds to SĀc 1095, etc. (cf. Yao 2011, 3.2.13). A story related to this encounter between the Buddha and Māra in Sālā appears in the Bhv (c. A Young Brahmin).
n.­210
Panglung mentions Taishō no. 2121 as a parallel to this story. But the parallel story in Taishō no. 2121, Jinglü yixiang 經律異相 (more precisely, sūtra no. 45.14, Taishō 53.237c19ff.) is an extract from Taishō no. 212, Chuyao jing 出曜經 (Taishō 4.626c29ff.).
n.­213
The following four sections, from VII. Bhārgava to X. Kanthaka, are related to a series of episodes in the life story of the Buddha in the Sbhv. For the ṛṣi Bhārgava, see SbhvG i 93; nga F.15.b.
n.­214
Cf. SbhvG i.92–93; nga F.14.b–15.a.
n.­215
Cf. SbhvG i. 91; nga F.13.b.
n.­216
Cf. SbhvG i 91; nga F.14.a.
n.­218
The Sbhv does not mention this place name.
n.­219
The following story corresponds to a part of the MPS (Waldschmidt 1948) and a part of EĀc 42.3 (cf. Yao 2011, 3.2.14). The story is depicted in reliefs from Gandhāra, where it is clearly connected to the Buddha’s nirvāṇa (Zin 2006b).
n.­227
Ch. lacks this summary of contents.
n.­228
D bya can; S byed can. This entry indicates a place name bye ma can (*Sikatin), which later appears in the corresponding section ( X. Sikatin).
n.­229
In this short section, a sūtra abbreviated in Tib. is fully narrated in Ch., which is a rather rare occurrence. The sūtra in question, the title of which is not mentioned in Ch., corresponds to SĀc 263, SN 22.101 (mistakenly referred to as SN 47.19 in BhvY 149), etc. Cf. Salomon 2018, 121ff., 149ff.; Yao 2011, 3.2.15. Both SĀc 263 and SN 22.101 include a parable of a carpenter using an axe, which explains the two different ways of referring to this section in the General Summary of the Contents of the Chapter on Medicines and the Summary of Contents of Chapter Five: “The Carpenter” and “The Axe.”
n.­230
This sentence is an editorial insertion in the text.
n.­231
This passage is related to a part of the Buddha’s life story in the Sbhv (SbhvG i 32–33; ga F.273.a–b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.105a–b).
n.­233
Cf. SbhvG i 45; ga F.280.b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.108a.
n.­234
For the related passage in the Sbhv, see n.­232.
n.­237
Ch. lacks this summary of contents.
n.­238
This section corresponds to SĀc 807, SN 54.11, etc. Cf. Yao 2011, 3.2.17, Yao forthcoming a, and Anālayo [2007] 2015, 333–45.
n.­239
Ch. “two months.”
n.­242
This section corresponds to the Ambāṣṭhasūtra, the thirty-fifth sūtra of the Dīrghāgama manuscript identified at the end of the twentieth century (DĀ 35), manuscript fragments of a sūtra found in Central Asia, a part of the Kṣv, DĀc 20, and DN 3. For a detailed study of DĀ 35, including a comparison with the Bhv and Kṣv, see Melzer 2010a, 93–281. The present translation generally follows Melzer in DĀ 35 regarding the restoration of proper names in this section.
n.­316
The following passage corresponds to MĀc 212, MN 90. Cf. Yao 2011, 3.2.9. Ch. abbreviates the section with this statement: 復至日出聚落. 爲二姊妹女人, 一名賢喜, 二名明月, 廣説如經, “Again (the Blessed One departed and) arrived at Sunrise Village. For two sisters named Excellent Pleasure and Bright Moon‍—as explained in detail in the sūtra.”
n.­331
This section has a parallel in the Chuyao jing 出曜経 32 (Taishō no. 212, 4.760a–b).
n.­340
Although the place name mentioned in this section is “Where There Is a City,” the section is referred to as “City” in the summary of contents.
n.­342
Most of this section corresponds to SĀc 971 and SĀc2 205, with a number of differences. See Yao 2011, 3.2.20. The story is employed as an explanation of the rule that is established at the end of this section.
n.­349
This section corresponds to Divy 4 Brāhmaṇa­dārikāvadāna (English trsl. Rotman 2008–17, i 135–42). There is also a parallel in the Dazhidulun 大智度論, Taishō no. 1509, 25.115a–b (Hiraoka 2009, 43). The present translation follows Divy 4 regarding the restoration of proper names in this section.
n.­353
Ch. lacks this summary of contents.
n.­354
This section corresponds to SĀc 813 and SN 54.10. The text in the Bhv is too abbreviated to make adequate sense. See Yao 2011, 3.2.21 and forthcoming a. Regarding the mindfulness of breathing in and breathing out explained in this section, see Choong 2000, 225–27.
n.­355
Here Ch. abbreviates this section with the statement 此經廣説如雜阿笈摩, “This sūtra should be recited as explained in detail in the Saṃyuktāgama.”
n.­356
What is abbreviated here cannot be explained in the Bhv itself. SĀc 813 gives a similar text to the Bhv here, without any indication of an abbreviation. The abbreviated text is to be supplied by a passage in a preceding sūtra, SĀc 803. Cf. n.­238 for a similar problem.
n.­357
For the text abbreviated here, see Chapter Six, I. Icchānaṅgalā, 6.­4.
n.­358
Both the Bhv and SĀc 813 do not clearly state what this simile of a dust stūpa means; in SN 54.10 it is connected to how a monk breaks “evil and unwholesome things” (SN v 325.6–8).
n.­359
Cf. n.­77.
n.­360
The first half of this section corresponds to the first half of SĀc 36 and SN 22.43 (this part has been translated into English in Dhammadinnā 2014), and the second half of the section corresponds to the second half of SĀc 813 (see I. Kimpilā in this chapter). See Yao 2011, 3.2.22 and Yao forthcoming a. Cf., also, SĀc 639, which includes the teachings about “the island that is yourself,” etc., and is set in the same place.
n.­361
Ch. abbreviates the section with the statement 相應住中廣説其事, “This subject is explained in detail in the Saṃyuktāgama.” SN 22.43, unlike the Bhv and SĀc 36, does not set this teaching in Mathurā but in Sāvatthī.
n.­362
Tib. rab tu bzang ldan. Although the Skt. folios are lost for this part, we find a similar Tib. name, ’bab chu rab tu bzang po, and its Skt. counterpart in another part of the Bhv (11.­56; GM 266.3–4).
n.­363
A more detailed explanation of this subject has been given previously in the Bhv, 4.­12–4.­15.
n.­364
Here ends the correspondence with the first half of SĀc 36, and hereafter the text corresponds to SĀc 813, which we have already seen in the first section of this chapter (note, however, that there was no sentence beginning “O monks, look…”).
n.­365
Note that the mode of address by the Buddha to the listener(s) changes here from “monks” to “Ānanda,” as pointed out by Hosoda (Hosoda 2006, 15).
n.­366
This section parallels MĀc 132, MN 82, and the Rāṣṭra­pāla­sūtra that survives in Skt. manuscript (Waldschmidt 1980). For a comparative text of the Rāṣṭra­pāla­sūtra and Bhv Tib., see Matsumura 1985. Cf., also, Anālayo 2011a, i 451–66; ii 1047–48. The story of Rāṣṭrapāla is narrated in verse in a later part of the Bhv, in the Anavatapta­gāthā section (9.­1875).
n.­367
Here Ch. abbreviates the section with this statement: 於此廣説護國蘇怛羅經, “Here the Rāṣṭra­pāla­sūtra should be recited in detail.”
n.­368
Tib. shin tu gzhon pa (lit., “very young”). The present translation is based on the presumed original Skt. sukumāra. Cf. 9.­882. Cf., also, PrjvVW I 304 folio 8v5; ka F.20.b.6.
n.­369
In MN 82, the old woman is not able to speak to Raṭṭhapāla because, according to Buddhaghosa’s commentary, he is a great person who has exhausted his defilements.
n.­370
There is a scene in the story of Mahāsudarśana in the Mahā­parinirvāṇa­sūtra in the Kṣv (MPS 34.137) in which a king shocks his consort by addressing her as sister, implying that he no longer has sexual desire for her, just like Rāṣṭrapāla in the present story.
n.­371
The following verses have parallels in TheraG 769–73, Uv 27.20–25, etc. (Mizuno 1993, 26).
n.­372
S gsar; D gser. Cf. Uv 27.25 añjanīva navā citrā (“like a new, variegated collyrium pot”). See Matsuyama 1980–2002, no. 22.
n.­373
P rul ba’i; D dul ba’i; S rus pa’i.
n.­374
The text says bang mdzod stug po can gang na ba der: “to Sthūlakoṣṭhaka,” not “to Sthūlakoṣṭhaka Forest.” However, judging from the context, it is likely that this indicates the forest.
n.­375
The following list of various kinds of servants is seen in Skt. in the Śrāmāṇya­phala­sūtra in the Sbhv (SbhvG ii 220.1–4; nga F.260.b).
n.­376
Most of the following verses have parallels in the TheraG (776–79, 781, 783–88).
n.­377
Cf. SN i 2.22–23, 26–27, SĀc 1001.
n.­378
The story in this section has a parallel in the Stuti­brāhmaṇāvadāna, chapter 5 of the Divy (English trsl., Rotman 2008–17, i 143–49). Étienne Lamotte has identified the place names that appear in this and the following sections, although he has not given in full the grounds for his identifications (Lamotte 1951, 152–58).
n.­379
Ch. and Divy do not abbreviate this stock passage.
n.­380
A parallel story appears in a manuscript of an avadāna anthology dated to the fifth century (Merv-av, 319).
n.­381
This statement seems contradictory in the context, and the present translator has not been able to solve the problem fully: it was the elephant who was praised and the king who gave the villages to the brahmin, and the Buddha cannot be both at the same time. Skt. (Divy), tadāpy aham anenaikayā gāthayā stuto mayā cāyaṃ pañca­grāma­vareṣu pratiṣṭhāpitaḥ, lit., “Then I was praised by him with a single verse, and he was put in five excellent villages by me.” This could be interpreted in another way, as Rotman does, separating the first-person pronoun mayā (“by me”) in the second half of the sentence and the agent of the past passive participle pratiṣṭhāpitaḥ (“put, established”) so as to resolve the above problem: “Back then he praised me with a single verse, and I caused him to be put in charge of five excellent villages” (Rotman 2008–17, i 148). So too could Tib. be interpreted: ngas ’di la grong mchog lnga byin no, “Because of me, five excellent villages were given to him” (?). However, in both versions the first-person pronoun seems more likely to indicate the agent of the verb. Ch. explicitly presents this “contradictory” interpretation: 我賜與五聚落, “I bestowed five villages [on him].” Hiraoka and Przyluski adopt the same interpretation in their Japanese and French translations of Divy 5 and this part of Ch., respectively (Hiraoka 2007, i 156; Przyluski 1914, 497).
n.­382
For this abbreviation, see II. Middle Village.
n.­383
The first half of the Indra­nāma­brāhmaṇāvadāna, chapter 6 of the Divy, is parallel to this section (English trsl., Rotman 2008–17, i 151–59; for other parallels, see Hiraoka 2011, 236–37).
n.­384
According to an unnamed source AKUp 3024 quotes, this is one of the eighty minor marks of the Buddha (Honjō 2014, i 317–32).
n.­385
Here ends the correspondence to the first half of Divy 6. The second half of Divy 6 corresponds to a story in chapter 9 of the Bhv (C. Toyikā). According to Iwamoto, these halves of Divy 6 seem to have been wrongly combined in the compilation process of the Divy, when they were extracted from the Bhv (Iwamoto 1967, 135–37; Hiraoka 2007, i 168 n.14; Rotman 2008–17, i 419n432).
n.­386
The beginning of the following story resembles a part of the story of Miṇḍhaka in the Bhv (10.­68–10.­72).
n.­387
Cf. Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, XLII (English trsl. from Bhv Tib.); Chavannes 1910–11, ii 420–24 (French trsl. from Bhv Ch.); Merv-av 295.
n.­388
For this miracle, see Kṣv D a F.40.a–53.b; Taishō no. 1451, 24.329–333; Divy 12 Prātihārya­sūtra (English trsl., Rotman 2008–17 , i 253–87).
n.­389
S chos thob par gyur cig/ chos thob par gyur cig; D chos thos par gyur cig/ chos thob par gyur cig (cf. 10.­68; Wille 1990, 114). Rotman notes the correspondence between this expression and “an exclamation that Jain renunciants make during their almsrounds” (Rotman 2008–17, i 426n531).
n.­390
Tib. de ci zhig (lit., “What is that?”). Judging from the context, de (“that”) here seems to refer not to the literal meaning of the words of the non-Buddhist ascetics‍—“May the Dharma be attained!”‍—but to their sudden, unexpected greeting, hence the above translation.
n.­391
Unlike the previous sentences, here “hamlets” is plural: ri brags rnams.
n.­392
English trsl. from Tib., Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, XLII. Parallel stories: J 177; Merv-av, 295.
n.­393
For this abbreviation, see II. Middle Village.
n.­394
BhvY 7.10.1 (p. 227ff.). This story has a parallel in the Muktaka in the Ug: pa F.198.b.1–199.a.4; Taishō no. 1452, 24.454b–c.
n.­395
Tib. glang chen stobs; Skt. unknown (*Hastibala? Przyluski 1914, 505); Ch. 象力. Cf. Ug: Tib. bal glang ldan; Ch. dali 大力 (“big power”).
n.­396
Tib. sgra sgrogs. Cf. 3.­207. “*Kuñjika,” mistakenly, in BhvY 111 and 227. Cf. SbhvG ii 47.21 (ms 442r10). Cf. Ug: Tib. uniko; Ch. dadejia 達底迦 (phonetical transliteration).
n.­397
Tib. khang skyong; Skt. unknown; Ch. 執事人. Tib. suggests Skt. *vihārapāla; Ch. *upadhivārika (Taishō 24.16a 授事之人; Divy 50 upadhivārika; 2.­318 dge skos). For these titles of officials in Indian Buddhist monasteries, see Silk 2008, 110ff. and 143ff.
n.­398
In the Ug, not only grapes but also some other fruits are listed: Tib. rgun ’brum dang / bal po se’u dang / ’bra go la sogs pas (“grapes, pomegranates, persimmons, etc.”); Ch. 葡萄石榴甘橘甘蔗胡桃渇樹羅等 (“grapes, pomegranates, oranges, sugarcanes, walnuts, dates, etc.”).
n.­399
By eating fruits just as they have been given as offerings, monastics can infringe against the rule prohibiting killing plants and seeds (Vvbh cha F.276.a–287.a; Taishō no. 1442, 23.775c–777a). Therefore, the fruits must be made “suitable” (Mvy 9388: rung ba = kalpika) to consume, i.e., damaged, before eating. Ten kinds of procedures for this are established in the Vvbh (ja F.157.a; Taishō no. 1442, 23.826a), including making them “suitable by fire,” which is mentioned here. Cf., also, Kishino 2016, 252.
n.­400
dus ma yin pa’i btung ba (lit., “drink for an inappropriate time”). Grape juice is included in the eight kinds of drinks that are medicines to be consumed at night; see 1.­11.
n.­401
BhvY 7.10.2 (p. 228ff.). The following story of the Buddha’s travel to the north to convert the nāga king Apalāla is narrated in different texts (Ono 1916, 91–100, 482–89; Lamotte 1966, 130–36). Place names vary considerably in these sources.
n.­402
This expression is repeated later in the Bhv: 8.­213.
n.­403
Tib. dran dang ldan rnams bzang por shog. Although it is clear from the context that these verses are meant for the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi alone, the audience of the verses is addressed in the plural.
n.­404
The present translation uses the following items of the section index as subsection titles, which cover the tenth to twelfth sections of Chapter 7. This section index is absent in Ch.
n.­405
This keyword, “Forest,” does not tally with any of the following stories.
n.­406
Tib. mchog gi ma (“Mother of the Best”). The present translation is based on the sentence to which this keyword refers: K. In Dhānyapura, Converting the Mother of Best Army.
n.­407
Tib. phyugs skyong ( “herdsman”). The present translation is based on the sentence to which this keyword refers: A. Bhavadeva’s, Caṇḍālī’s Seven Sons’, and the Yakṣa Earth-Protector’s Conversion in Nandivardhana.
n.­408
According to the Crv, this mountain constitutes the northern boundary of the midland region (GM iv 190).
n.­409
BhvY 7.10.3 (p. 230).
n.­410
Although Przyluski reconstructed the Sanskrit of this name as “Bodhibala” (1914, 508), he did not give any evidence other than Ch. jueli 覚力 and Tib. sangs rgyas stobs. Tib. could rather suggest “Buddhabala.”
n.­411
In Ch., people donate requisites to the monastery that the yakṣa has built.
n.­412
Ch. “Preserve my shoulder bone in this place after I am completely emancipated.”
n.­413
BhvY 7.10.4 (p. 231).
n.­414
Tib. re tu ka; Ch. nidelejia 泥徳勒迦 (phonetical transliteration). Przyluski has reconstructed the Skt. as “Netraka(?)” (1914, 509). The resemblances between re and ne and between tra and tu in some types of scripts may support this reconstruction.
n.­415
BhvY 7.10.5 (p. 231).
n.­416
BhvY 7.10.6 (p. 231).
n.­417
drang srong mgo reg dang ril ba spyi blugs can. It is unclear to the present translator whether these words translate the name of one ṛṣi or the names of two ṛṣis, i.e., mgo reg, “Shaved Head,” and ril ba spyi blugs can, “Who Has a Water Jar.” Ch. zhangguan xianren 杖灌仙人 (*ṛṣir Daṇḍakamaṇḍaluḥ “a ṛṣi (named) Water Jar with a Handle”). Note the resemblance between *daṇḍa (“stick,” “handle”) and *muṇḍa (“shaved”).
n.­418
BhvY 7.10.7 (p. 231ff.).
n.­419
S me; D mi.
n.­420
This conversation is similar to that in Pūrṇa’s story in the Bhv, 2.­255, where Skt. in the Divy is problematic and Tib. does not include the phrase “why do I harass you?” (Shackleton Bailey 1950, 179). The present translator had to add the sentence “You are harassing me,” which appears in the Pūrṇa story, for otherwise the next sentence “If I…” does not make good sense.
n.­421
Cf. 3.­141.
n.­422
ri bo. Cf. ri bo can (“Mountain”) earlier in the Bhv (2.­407).
n.­423
From this point the Skt. manuscript (fol. 141ff.) is available; however, GM (page A, i.e., two pages before page 1; cf. Wille 1990, 154) does not include a transliteration from the first line to the first few words of the third line of folio 141r. Below is a transliteration by the present translator: 1 /// .y. śaraṇa­gamana­śikṣā­padāni dattāni tato vajra­pāṇir apalālaṃ sa­suhṛtsanbandhi­bāndhavaṃ vinayam upagataṃ dṛṣṭvā pravṛttaḥ 2 /// r. r iva śikharais sotsukhair niṣpatadbhiḥ āyāsādhmāta­kaṇṭhais svabhavana­puruṣais tiryag udvīkṣya­māṇāṃ vyāhārair niṣpalālair bhuja 3 /// yāsanāt prakrāntaḥ adrākṣīd bhagavāṃ dūrād eva nīlanīlāṃ vanarājiṃ dṛṣṭvā ca punar vajra­pāṇiṃ yakṣam āmantrayate | paśyasi. There is an interesting difference between Ch. and Tib. here: in Ch. Apalāla, instead of asking the Buddha not to give the rules of training to his son, asks the Buddha to give the rules to other nāgas who are his enemies. Despite the damage to the ms, Skt. seems to correspond rather to Ch. (see line 1 of above transliteration).
n.­424
Ch. zhijingangshou pusa 執金剛手菩薩 (“*the bodhisattva Vajrapāṇi”) only here‍—in other places in the Bhv, zhijingangshen 執金剛神 (“the god Vajrapāṇi”) or jingangshou yaocha 金剛手藥叉 (“the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi”). Probably the word “bodhisattva” was inserted by mistake since zhijingang pusa 執金剛菩薩 is a name frequently seen in tantric literature, including texts translated by Yijing such as the Yaoshi liuliguang qifo benyuan gongde jing 藥師琉璃光七佛本願功徳經.
n.­425
Ch. lacks this verse.
n.­426
BhvY 7.10.8 (p. 233).
n.­427
GM Mādhyandino.
n.­428
GM Huluṭaṃ (Hulutu, mistakenly, in BhvY 233n4).
n.­429
Note that the motif of conversion of a nāga is repeated (Apalāla; Huluḍa). This prediction is conveyed by Ānanda to Madhyandina and realized by the latter in the Kṣv (da F.321.a–322.b; Taishō no. 1451, 24.410c), though in the Bhv the prediction is told to Vajrapāṇi, not Ānanda. The sentence “The country of Kaśmīra consists of the city and sixty thousand towns, six thousand towns, and sixty-three towns” is in verse in Sanskrit, whereas it is in prose in Tibetan, which seems to be the main reason for the repetition of “towns.”
n.­430
BhvY 7.10.9 (p. 233ff.).
n.­431
GM bhraṣṭālāyām.
n.­432
BhvY 7.10.10 (p. 234).
n.­433
BhvY 7.10.11 (p. 234).
n.­434
BhvY 7.10.12 (p. 234).
n.­435
The following conversation does not make good sense to the present translator: Tib. des gsol pa / “bskams nas ’bebs so” // “nga yang bskams nas ’bebs so” // “khyod dang bdag mnyam lags so” // “’di kho nar zad dam ci / nga ni so btang nas kyang ’bebs so” // “khyod lhag go” // “so gtong ba ’ba’ zhig tu yang ma zad do // ’o na ci zhe na, gser dang, dngul dang / bai dUrya dang / shel gyi rang bzhin du yang byed do” //; Skt. (GM A.17–20; ms 141r8–9) sa kathayati “śuṣkāṇi(ms śuṣkāni)” “aham api śuṣkāṇy(ms śuṣkāny) avatārayāmi” “samas tvaṃ mayā” “kim e  …  (ms broken) ” “  …  (vaiḍū)ryasphaṭi<ka>ma[y](āny ap)i”; Ch. 陶師答言。 “乾成而下。” 化人報曰。 “我亦乾成而下。” “汝共我同。” “然我有異術。獨能輪上成熟將下。” 陶師答言。 “汝技過我。” 化人報曰。 “非直輪上出成熟器。亦能更出七寶諸器。.”
n.­436
GM pālitakoṭo. The ms is hard to read even in the new facsimile edition (pā.i[ta] .. ..), but it looks more like pālitakūṭe, which is more likely in terms of grammar (locative) and correspondence to Tib. and Ch.: brtsegs skyong, huji 護積 (“Heap-Protector”). BHSD’s entry, “Pālitakoṭa, n. of a yakṣa king,” which refers to this sentence in the Bhv, should probably be corrected.
n.­437
Cf. Divy 26 and 27, in related context, “Gopālī” (Divy 348.20–22, 385.3–5).
n.­438
Tib. gtum byed; Ch. zhantuli 栴荼梨 (phonetical transliteration). Skt. is lost in the ms due to physical damage; the present Skt. reconstruction is based on Ch.
n.­439
Tib. sa ’tsho (in the Section Index, phyugs skyong, see 7.­211); Skt. damaged in the ms; Ch. huchi 護池 (“Pond-Protector” (so reads the second Goryeo edition; however, it might be a misprint for hudi 護地 (“Earth-Protector”)).
n.­440
This story has parallels in the Binaiye 鼻奈耶 (Taishō no. 1464, 24.858a) and the Apidamo dapiposha lun 阿毘達磨大毘婆沙論 (Taishō no. 1545, 27.28b–29b).
n.­441
Tib. ’gro mgyogs (cf. Mvy 9475); Skt. damaged in the ms; Ch. ashifujia 阿濕縛迦 (phonetical transliteration). A monk famous for misconduct along with Punarvasuka (these are two members of the group of six). See DPPN s.v. “Assaji-Punabbasukā”; ŚavG 52; PLv § 3.1.
n.­442
Tib. nab so (cf. Mvy 9473); Skt. damaged in the ms; Ch. bunaposu 布捺婆素 (phonetical transliteration). “Punarvasu” in BhvY 235n9 should be corrected on the basis of examples in the Śav and PLv in the previous note.
n.­443
For narrative examples of the Buddha’s act of leaving an image of himself, see, e.g., Xuanzang’s travel record, and Taishō no. 2087, 51.879a; 898b; 915b; 946c, each being connected with the motif of the conversion of a nāga by the Buddha. Cf., also, Yamabe 2009, 73.
n.­444
Tib. sbu bu can dang sbubs can; Skt. damaged in the ms; Ch. nalijia 那利迦  …  natudaye 那荼達耶 (phonetical transliteration). GM Nālī Udaryā, ms Nāḍi .. .. ḍadaryā. The present reconstruction is partially based on Ch. Cf. Mmvr 35.4 (Toh 559) (Nāḍikā as the name of a rākṣasī); Bhv 8.­120 (sbu bu can as a translation of Naḍera).
n.­445
There is an inconsistency with the context here, probably caused by careless application of a stock passage: the Buddha is not accompanied by the community of monks but only by the yakṣa Vajrapāṇi.
n.­446
Skt. and Ch. do not mention the name Kuṣāṇa. For this mention of Kaniṣka, see Schopen 2004a, 20 and 38n8.
n.­447
Xuanzang, in the section on Gandhāra in the account of his journey, narrates in detail the story of the prediction about King Kaniṣka and his stūpa. According to this account, the Buddha spoke this prediction to Ānanda, not to Vajrapāṇi (Taishō no. 2087, 51.879c–880a; English trsl., Li 1996, 71ff.).
n.­448
See 3.­52.
n.­449
Ch. da xing shen’e 大性甚惡. Da 大 (so reads the second Goryeo edition: 37.662b) seems to be a misprint for quan 犬.
n.­450
Cf. the five “advantages” of the northern region claimed by the Buddha before leaving Rājagṛha (3.­52). The first three disadvantages correspond to the first three of the “five disadvantages of Mathurā” mentioned later (8.­65). The reading of GM is rather problematic here: sthāṇukaṇṭakadrumapāṣāṇaśarkaraś caṇḍakukkuro duṣṭhulasamudācāro mātṛgrāmaḥ | ; ms 142r7–8: u[tk]ūlani(kūlā)ḥ sthāṇuk[a](ṇṭakadhānā) [b](a)hupāṣāṇ[a]śark[ara]<ka>pālaś caṇḍa (952.r8) kukkuro duṣṭhula­samudācāromātṛ­grāmaḥ.
n.­451
Ch. lacks this summary of contents.
n.­452
The Sbhv gives the story of the beginnings of kingship, in which the first king in the world is called Mahāsammata (SbhvG i 15; ga F.262.b). However, in the story in the Sbhv there is no mention of either the place name or the anointing of the king.
n.­454
This prediction has parallels in Divy 26 and 27, SĀc 604 and 640. Cf., also, AKBh 183.10, AKUp 3097 (Honjō 2014, i 467). In the Kṣv, the prediction is repeated by Ānanda to Śāṇakavāsin after the nirvāṇa of the Buddha and Mahākāśyapa (da F.320.b.1–4; Taishō no. 1451, 24.410b).
n.­457
Cf. Strong 1992, 44–45 (English trsl. from Skt. Bhv); Deeg 2007, 46–47 (English trsl. from the Divy).
n.­459
For Skt. parallels to this story, see Wille 2014a, 193; 2014b, 230.
n.­476
This story is entitled Otalāyanasūtra in Skt., in which the story is abbreviated, and corresponds to SN 48.42 and AKUp 9005. Fumio Enomoto has suggested that the SĀc once included a parallel sūtra to this in a fascicle that is lost today (Enomoto 1984). See Yao 2011, 3.2.25, and forthcoming a.
n.­486
For comparative studies of the parallel stories of Kacaṅgalā, see Durt 2005, Muldoon-Hules 2009, and Matsumoto 2010. In addition to the parallels referred to by Durt, see Merv-av, 210–11.
n.­496
This story, in which the Buddha and his monks have to eat horse-fodder barley during the rainy-season retreat despite a brahmin king’s promise to provide food for them, has parallels in different vinayas and other sources. Hirakawa has noted that the story’s subject and location in vinaya s differ: in the Pāli Vinaya, the Sifen lü (Dharmaguptaka Vinaya), and the Wufen lü (Mahīśāsaka Vinaya), this story is located in the introductory section of the entire vinaya as the account of the event that caused the Buddha to declare the general principle that each regulation should be established only after some practical problem has arisen. In the Shisong lü (the so-called Sarvāstivāda Vinaya) and the MSV (Bhv), utterly unrelated to the above principle, the story is focused on a karmic teaching about the Buddha’s evil action in his former life and its result in the present (Hirakawa 1993–95, i 107–115). The following is the plot of these parallels (proper names, etc., based on the Bhv): 1. The Buddha arrives at Vairambhya (Pā; Si; Wu; Shi; Bhv). 2. A brahmin (king) asks the Buddha questions (Pā = AN 8.11; MĀc 157, etc.). 3. The brahmin (king) offers food, etc., for the rainy-season retreat (Pā; Si; Wu; Shi; Bhv). 4. The brahmin fails to carry out the above offer and the Buddha and monks experience difficulty in obtaining food (Pā; Si; Wu; Shi; Bhv). 5. A caravan leader offers horse-fodder barley to the Buddha (Pā; Si; Wu; Shi; Bhv). 6. Mahā­maudgalyāyana offers to resolve the matter using his magical power, but the Buddha refuses (Pā; Si; Wu; Shi = EĀc 42.3; MPS 31.56–83). 7. A woman cooks the barley (Shi; Bhv = SĀc 722 [parallel only to Bhv]). 8. Śāriputra requests the Buddha to establish the rules of training, but the Buddha refuses (Pā; Si; Wu). 9. Only after the rainy-season retreat, the brahmin (king) realizes that the food has not been provided. He repents and offers food to the Buddha (Pā; Wu; Shi; Bhv). Park 2012 also gives a comparison of the parallel stories. For another parallel, see Rosen 1959, 165–68.
n.­521
Skt. and Ch. abbreviate the main content of this section, referring to “the Vairambhya­sūtra in the chapter of the fours (catuṣkanipāta) in the Ekottarikāgama” and “the fourth chapter (第四品) of the Ekottarikāgama (増一阿笈摩),” respectively. The abbreviated part, the Buddha’s teaching to the monks, corresponds to AN 4.51; however, AN 4.51 does not include the conversation about whether the hut should be broken or not and has a different location for the narrative. In contrast, AKUp 4010 corresponds to this entire section (Honjō 2014, ii 524–26). Although the AKUp does not mention any sūtra title, it is likely to be quoting a sūtra, not the vinaya, since the relevant part of the AKBh on which the AKUp comments states “said in the sūtra,” quoting a few lines. Waldschmidt, basing himself on the place name Vairambhya, assumes AN 8.11 and MĀc 157 to be parallels to the sūtra abbreviated here, but this has to be rejected on the basis of Tib. (Waldschmidt 1980, 141–42; Schopen 2000, 94, 136n16). For the connections between these sūtras and the story of the Buddha’s eating horse-fodder barley, see n.­496.
n.­524
This story is narrated again later in the Bhv, in the “Tathāgata chapter” in the Anavatapta­gāthā section (f. A Brahmin Who Falsely Accused a Buddha).
n.­525
This section corresponds to SĀc 1174, SN 35.200, and EĀc 43.3 (cf. Yao 2011, 3.2.28). SĀc 1174 consists only of the conversation between the Buddha and a monk and the story of Nanda’s going forth, with neither the episode of the frog nor that of Nanda’s cry of fear. The SN and EĀc versions are more concise. Due to the lack of any other evidence, it is not particularly clear which part of this section belongs to “a sūtra.” For a Gāndhārī parallel, see Glass 2007, 14; for parallels to stock passages, see Chung 2008, 82. For the reference to the story in the Vyākhyāyukti, see Skilling 2000, 346.
n.­552
This story, narrating a king’s encounter with an old man, a sick man, and a dead man, resembles a part of the Buddha’s biography. Cf. SbhvG ii 65–71; ga F.291.b–nga F.5.a.
n.­560
Ch. lacks this summary of contents.
n.­561
In the text, a story about “rice soup” is followed by a story of five hundred peasants, but the latter is not mentioned in the summaries of contents in either Skt. or Tib. Further, there is an episode located in Toyikā before the scene moves to “Śrāvastī.” Although the summary of contents in Skt. gives the entry “Toyikā” before “Śrāvastī,” Tib. lacks the former.
n.­562
Upoṣadha is the father of King Māndhātṛ, whose story is narrated later in the Bhv (Chapter Nine, VIII. Sāketā).
n.­563
The name Kumāravardhana is a compound consisting of kumāra (“prince”) and vardhana (“growth”). It seems that this and the next episode have been conflated here in Ch.: “Then the Blessed One arrived at the city of Kumāravardhana (tongchang 童長) and said to the venerable Ānanda, ‘Once a king was born and grew up in this city. His name was Upoṣadha. Therefore this city was named Krauñcāna (xiangsheng 象聲).’ ”
n.­567
The episode of Sālabalā is absent in the Degé edition, probably as a result of confusion of the two episodes of Sālabalā and Sālibalā. In contrast, Ch. gives only Sālabalā, suoluolishu 娑羅力樹, and lacks Sālibalā. Skt. gives both.
n.­568
The story of King Māndhātṛ in this section, VIII. Sāketā, partially corresponds to the Māndhātṛsūtra narrated in the Buddha’s sermon to King Prasenajit later in the Bhv (9.­138 ff.) with many differences. See the notes there for parallels and comparisons.
n.­574
Only Ch. has a summary of contents just before this section: “The cause of the well of gruel and golden barley, of peasants and oxen, of a leprous woman’s water used for washing rice, of King Prasenajit, of a poor woman’s lamp, and of King Māndhātṛ.”The series of stories from Rice Soup to C. Toyikā corresponds to Divy 31. According to Hiraoka, Sudhana­kumārāvadānam, the title given at the end of Divy 31, is incorrect and should be corrected to Pañca­kārṣaka­śatāvadānam (Hiraoka 2007, ii 275n56). A story somewhat similar to the story of Rice Soup is found in Merv-av 219.
n.­577
Section label 9.a.1 in BhvY (p. 286ff.). This section does not appear in the summary of contents in Skt. and Tib. (9.­1), but is mentioned there in Ch.
n.­581
Section label 9.a.2 in BhvY (p. 287ff.). This section does not appear in the summary of contents (9.­1).
n.­584
Section label 9.b in BhvY (p. 288ff.). This section is not referred to in the summary of contents (9.­1) and corresponds to the second half of Divy 6 and the second half of Divy 31 (English trsl. Rotman 2008–17, i 154–59, 419–20). The parallel in Divy 6 seems to have been caused erroneously (Hiraoka 2007, i 160). André Bareau has summarized parallel stories of the stūpa of the Buddha Kāśyapa in the Sifen lü (Dharmaguptaka Vinaya), Wufen lü (Mahīśāsaka Vinaya), Mahāsāṅghika Vinaya, Binaiye, and the Kṣv (1962, 257ff.). Takushū Sugimoto has also listed the first three of these stories and the story of Toyikā in the Bhv along with other materials, including the DhpA, and has pointed out reports about the Buddha Kāśyapa’s stūpa made by Faxian and Xuanzang (Gaoseng Faxian zhuan 高僧法顕伝, Taishō no. 2085, 51.861a; Datang xiyuji 大唐西域記, Taishō no. 2087, 51.900c; Sugimoto 1978). Whereas Bareau considered the stories in the Sifen lü, Wufen lü, and Mahāsāṅghika Vinaya to originate from an old common source, Gregory Schopen proposed the opposite view, introducing the stories in the Bhv and Divy ([1985] 1997, 28–29). Schopen regarded this version in the Bhv and Divy as an old account preceding the other parallel stories, based on his observations that the version does not have the subplots found in the other versions and knows nothing about a stūpa at Toyikā, only about relics.
n.­598
Section number 9.10.1 in BhvY (p. 292ff.). The series of stories from here to D. The Offering of a Lamp by a Beggar Woman corresponds to Divy 7 Nagarāvarambikāvadāna (English trsl., Rotman 2008–17, i 161–75, 420–22). Cf. TheraG 1054–56. Cf., also, BAK 17 Ādarśa­mukhāvadāna (Straube 2009, 108–21, 254–59), which summarizes the series of stories from this section to F. 8. Ādarśamukha in the Bhv. There is another parallel in the Gilgit manuscripts (Hinüber 2014, 97).
n.­604
Section number 9.10.2 in BhvY (p. 296ff.). For parallels, see n.­598.
n.­605
Section number 9.10.3 in BhvY (p. 297ff.). For parallels, see n.­598.
n.­610
Section number 9.10.4 in BhvY (p. 299ff.). For parallels, see n.­598. Cf., also, Xian’yu jing 賢愚経 (Taishō no. 202, 4.370c–371c).
n.­613
Section number 9.10.5 in BhvY (p. 301). A story somewhat similar to this episode, in which the Buddha remonstrates with King Prasenajit for expecting a great result from his offerings, is in EĀc 23.1 (Taishō no. 125, 2.609a ff.). Cf. Anālayo [2014a] 2016b, 392–93.
n.­618
Section number 9.10.6 in BhvY (p. 301ff.).
n.­620
Section number 9.10.6.1 in BhvY (p. 302ff.). Cf. VIII. Sāketā in this chapter. This section was translated from Tib. by Schiefner (tr. by Ralston, 1882, chap. I). Although the story is referred to as “the Māndhātṛsūtra in the Section Connected to Kings in the Madhyamāgama” in Skt. and Ch., which abbreviate the story after the first few lines, it is not entirely clear which part of the story in the Bhv corresponds to the sūtra. The story has parallels in MĀc 60 Sizhou jing 四洲経, Divy 17 Māndhātāvadāna (English trsl. Rotman 2008–17, i 336–71, 438–43), and the Māndhātāvadāna in the Gilgit manuscripts (MdhA; see Matsumura 1980, 163–97, 348–54). For further parallels, see Hiraoka 2007, i 398; Wille 2014a, 197. For Māndhātṛ’s story in art, see Zin 2012.
n.­621
Section number 9.10.6.1.1 in BhvY (p. 302ff.).
n.­656
Section number 9.10.6.1.2 in BhvY (p. 317ff.). The following two stories of the former lives of King Māndhātṛ appear in Tib., Divy 17, and MdhA, whereas Skt. and Ch. lack them.
n.­661
Section number 9.10.6.1.3 in BhvY (p. 308).
n.­662
Section number 9.10.6.2 in BhvY (p. 318ff.). The following story corresponds to the Mahā­sudarśanāvadāna from Gilgit (ms no. 1550–67, hereafter MSA), the first half of the story of Mahāsudarśana in the Mahā­parinirvāṇa­sūtra, and its parallel in the Kṣv (D da F.266.a–274.b; Taishō no.1451, 24.393a–394.b; see also Matsumura 1988b, 3–29 and 86–128), the first half of MĀc 68 Dashanjianwang jing 大善見王経 (Taishō no. 26, 1.515b–516c), a part of DN 17 Mahā­sudassana­suttanta (ii 169–85), and so on. Cf., also, the story of King Mahāsudarśana and his son in the Bhv (D. A Story of a Former Life of the Buddha: King Mahāsudarśana).
n.­668
Section number 9.10.6.3 in BhvY (p. 323ff.). This story has parallels in MĀc 155 Xudaduo jing 須達哆經, AKUp 3079, Taishō no. 72 Foshuo sangui wujie cixin yanli gongde jing 佛説三歸五戒慈心厭離功徳經, Taishō no. 73 Foshuo xuda jing 佛説須達經, Taishō no. 74 Foshuo zhangzhe shibao jing 佛説長者施報經, EĀc 27.3, and AN 9.20. Cf. Anālayo 2010, 70–71. The story in AKUp 3079 mostly corresponds to MĀc 155, including its introduction, the Buddha’s conversation with the householder Anāthapiṇḍada, which is absent in our Bhv version. Probably the redactors of the Bhv borrowed the story of Velāma from their Velāmasūtra, ignoring its introduction, for the purpose of fitting the story into the framework of the Bhv.
n.­672
Section number 9.10.6.4 in BhvY (p. 326ff.).
n.­673
Section number 9.10.6.4.1 in BhvY (p. 326ff.). This story was translated from Tib. by Schiefner (tr. by Ralston, 1882, chap. II). The story has parallels in J 531 Kusajātaka, Mv ii 420–96 and iii 1–25, Pusa bensheng manlun 菩薩本生鬘論 (Taishō no. 160, 3.336b–c), Xian’yu jing 賢愚經 14 (Taishō no. 202, 4.364b–365b), and Liudu jijing 六度集經 84 (Taishō no. 152, 3.46b–47b).
n.­683
Section number 9.10.6.4.2 in BhvY (p. 332ff.). This story is narrated only in Skt. and Tib., being absent in Ch.
n.­685
Section number 9.10.6.5 in BhvY (p. 333ff.).
n.­687
Section number 9.10.6.6 in BhvY (p. 334ff.). The stories in this and the next section are partially different from the stories of the kings Mahādeva and Nimi already narrated in the Bhv, Chapter 4, III. Mithilā (for other parallels, see n.­194). The difference between these two sets of stories seems to be mainly due to the editorial transformation of their common source (the Mahādevasūtra in the Madhyamāgama) into stories included in the sermon to King Prasenajit, which we are now reading. The first set of stories seems to preserve the exact contents of the sūtra. For a detailed discussion, see Yao 2007.
n.­691
Section number 9.10.6.7 in BhvY (p. 336ff.). See n.­687.
n.­696
Section number 9.10.6.8 in BhvY (p. 339ff.). English trsl. from Tib., Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, III. Parallel stories: J 257 Gāmaṇicaṇḍajātaka, Xianyu jing 賢愚經 53 (Taishō no. 202, 4.237c ff.); D no. 341 mdzangs blun zhes bya ba’i mdo, chap. 39 (mdo sde A.F.270.b ff.); BAK 17 (including a summary of the preceding part; see Straube 2009, 108–21, 341); and Haribhaṭṭa’s Jātakamālā 30 (cf. Panglung 1981, 39). For a Jaina parallel of the story of Daṇḍin, see Wu 2017.
n.­706
Section number 9.10.6.9 in BhvY (p. 344ff.).
n.­707
Section number 9.10.6.9.1 in BhvY (p. 344ff.). This story is narrated in both Tib. and Skt., but is absent in Ch.
n.­708
Section number 9.10.6.9.2 in BhvY (p. 345ff.). English trsl. from Tib., Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, V; German trsl. from Ch., Li 2012. Parallel stories: Divy 30 Sudhana­kumārāvadāna (English trsl., Tatelman 2005, 219–307); fragments of the Sudhana­kumārāvadāna in the Gilgit manuscripts (Kudō 2015, 255–58); Mv ii 94–105; Haribhaṭṭa’s Jātakamālā 25 (Khoroche 2017, 147ff.); BAK 64 (Straube 2006); the Sudhanajātaka in the Paññāsajātaka (Tanabe 1981, 1983); Liudu jijing 六度集經 83 (Taishō no. 152, 3.44b–46b); and the Khotanese Sudhanāvadāna (de Chiara 2013).
n.­769
Section number 9.10.6.10 in BhvY (p. 369ff.). Strangely enough, the famous story of Prince Viśvantara appears twice in succession in Tib. and NBhv here, and these two stories (Viś I and Viś II) share a rough outline with differences in many details. Ch. has only Viś I. Each of the two stories has some elements absent in the other (scenes, conversations, proper names, etc.), and therefore neither is simply an abbreviated or expanded version of the other. Among various editions of Tib., the Stok Palace manuscript (S) shows a unique recension in which Viś I is absent and two passages from Viś I have been inserted in Viś II (Yao 2012b).There are further parallels in the Sbhv (Viś III: SbhvG ii 119–33; Degé nga F.192.a–200.b; Taishō no. 1450 24.181a–184b. English trsl. from Tib. Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882: XVI), the Viśvantarāvadāna in the Gilgit manuscripts (Viś IV: Das Gupta 1978; Matsumura 1980, 119–18 and 272–333. Cf., also, Tsai 2000), and BAK 23, etc. (Lamotte (1944–80, ii 713–15n1; Hikata 1978, appendix 116; Panglung 1981, 40–41; Murakami 1984, 35 and 47n31). Cf. Panglung 1980, 229, Durt 1999 and 2000, and Anālayo 2017, 113–41.
n.­770
Section number 9.10.6.10.1 in BhvY (p. 369ff.). For the absence of this story in S and some other manuscripts belonging to the same lineage, see Yao 2012b and Clarke 2018.
n.­808
Section number 9.10.6.10.2 in BhvY (p. 381ff.).
n.­814
Section number 9.10.6.11 in BhvY (p. 388ff.). The story has parallels in the Vvbh (D nya F.195.a–b; Taishō no. 1442, 23.892c27–28), a part of Divy 36 Mākandikāvadāna (the chapter itself is parallel to the Vvbh; the correspondence with the present story is in 540.1–14), Sbhv (SbhvG ii 14–16; nga F.119.a–120.b; Ch. missing), Xianyu jing 賢愚経 30 (Taishō no. 202, 4.386aff.), and D no. 341 mdzangs blun zhes bya ba’i mdo, chap. 34 (mdo sde a F.247.a ff.). The story also has parts in common with the story of Triśaṅku and that of Miṇḍhaka in the Bhv (5. Triśaṅku and E. The Former Lives of the Miṇḍhaka Family, respectively).
n.­817
Section number 9.10.7 in BhvY (p. 391ff.). The order of the stories in this section generally corresponds to that in the Merv-av. See notes to the title of each story. Cf., also, Yao forthcoming b.
n.­819
Section number 9.10.7.1 in BhvY (p. 391ff.). Parallel stories: Vvbh (D nya F.176.a–183.b; Taishō no. 1442, 23.888a–889c), MĀc 136 商人求財経, EĀc 45.1, J 196, etc. A brief mention in Merv-av, 156. Divy 36, which corresponds to a part of the Vvbh listed above, abbreviates this story, referring to the Rākṣasīsūtra (524.20). Cf., also, Divy 8, which is a story partially corresponding to the present section.
n.­825
Section number 9.10.7.2 in BhvY (p. 396ff.). Parallel story: Merv-av, 156.
n.­828
Section number 9.10.7.3 in BhvY (p. 397ff.). For parallel stories, see Merv-av, 159n7.
n.­833
Section number 9.10.7.4 in BhvY (p. 398ff.). This story has a parallel in SbhvG ii 177–178; nga F.232.b–233.a; Taishō no. 1450, 24.195b. For other parallels, see Merv-av 159n8.
n.­835
Section number 9.10.7.5 in BhvY (p. 398ff.). For parallels, see Merv-av 161n10.
n.­837
Section number 9.10.7.6 in BhvY (p. 399ff.). The Merv-av gives a story of a parrot in the same order as the Bhv, but the story is quite different from the present one in the Bhv. See Merv-av 160n13. The story in the Bhv has parallels in J 329 and the Mahāsāṅghika Vinaya (Taishō no. 1425, 22.258b–c).
n.­839
Section number 9.10.7.7 in BhvY (p. 399ff.). Parallel: Merv-av 162.
n.­841
Section number 9.10.7.8 in BhvY (p. 400ff.). For parallels, see Merv-av 163n16.
n.­842
Section number 9.10.7.9 in BhvY (p. 401ff.). For parallels, see Merv-av 163n17.
n.­844
Section number 9.10.7.10 in BhvY (p. 401ff.). For parallels, see Yao 2012a, 3.2.34 and Merv-av 167n21. Cf., also, Anālayo 2017, 294ff.
n.­846
Section number 9.10.8 in BhvY (p. 403ff.). The order of the stories in this section generally corresponds to that in Merv-av.
n.­848
Section number 9.10.8.1 in BhvY (p. 403ff.). For parallels, see Merv-av 153n1. This story is related to the story of the brahmin girl Cañcā in the Bhv (M. The Insult by the Brahmin Girl Cañcā). Cf., also, BAK 49 (Straube 2009, 319–22).
n.­857
Section number 9.10.8.2 in BhvY (p. 409ff.). This story has many parallels, including J 316 and BAK 104 (see Straube 2009, 335–37). Cf. Panglung 1981, 45; Hikata 1978, appendix 104–5.
n.­860
Section number 9.10.8.3 in BhvY (p. 410ff.).
n.­861
Section number 9.10.8.3.1 in BhvY (p. 410ff.). This story has many parallels, including J 540 and BAK 101 (see Straube 2009, 332–35). Cf. Panglung 1981, 45–46; Hikata 1978, appendix 115. Merv-av mentions this story only in a summary of contents (Merv-av 176n126). For parallels in Chinese materials, see Hashimoto 2002; Andō 2008, 45. Cf., also, Brockington 2010, 95–100. For an edition and German translation of the story in the Bhv, see Demoto and Hahn 2010, 238–45. Schlingloff 1985 has pointed out the close relationship between the depiction of this story in Gandharan relief and the Bhv. Cf., also, Schlingloff 2000, 31 (Eng. 2013, 31).
n.­864
Section number 9.10.8.3.2 in BhvY (p. 413ff.).
n.­866
Section number 9.10.8.4 in BhvY (p. 414ff.). This story is absent in Ch. and NBhv. Instead, Ch. mentions the title of a sūtra, Najia yaocha jing 那迦藥叉經 (Sūtra of the Yakṣa *Naka (?)), and then gives a brief summary of the next story, which is a story of the leader of the monkeys (parallel to J 407). NBhv agrees with Ch. in mentioning the leader of the monkeys. Due to the fragmentary state of NBhv, it is unknown if there was a title corresponding to the Najia yaocha jing in the manuscript. The following story of Prince Mūkapaṅgu has been translated into English from Tib. in Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, XIV. The story has parallels in J 538, etc. See Panglung 1981, 46 (note that Panglung seems to be confusing Taishō no. 1444 and Taishō no. 1442); Hikata 1978, appendix, 115; Zin 2004; Tamai 2017. There is a parallel in the Vvbh (cha F.89.a–95.a; Taishō no. 1442, 23.723c–725c). The story in the Vvbh consists of two parts: the story of the prince’s birth, growth, and going forth (parallel to the following story in the Bhv) and the story of the same person as a teacher instructing disciples (parallel to another story in the Bhv: 2. The Story of the Teacher Mūkapaṅgu).
n.­874
Section number 9.10.8.5 in BhvY (p. 420ff.). For parallels, see Panglung 1981, 46–47; Hikata 1978, appendix 93–94.
n.­876
Section number 9.10.8.6 in BhvY (p. 421ff.). For parallels, see Panglung 1981, 47.
n.­878
Section number 9.10.8.7 in BhvY (p. 423ff.). For parallels, see Okada 1993. Cf. the rule against eating nāga flesh in the Bhv (Chapter Two. II. B. Nāga Flesh).
n.­880
Section number 9.10.8.8 in BhvY (p. 423ff.). For parallels, see Panglung 1981, 48; Hikata 1978, appendix 113; Merv-av 155n3.
n.­882
Section number 9.10.9 in BhvY (p. 426ff.). This part of Tib. lacks a summary of contents. However, only S and the Shey Palace manuscript among the other editions the present translator examined (D, London, N, P, T) give a summary of contents (S kha F.348.a.6–7; Shey kha F.329.a.2–3). On the peculiarity of S and the Bhutanese recension, see Clarke 2018. Cf., also, Yao 2011. Ch. is completely silent about the four stories constituting this part. NBhv does not give the stories but only a list of protagonists, in which only the name of Govinda (the protagonist of the fourth story) is legible in a broken folio. For details, see Yao forthcoming b.
n.­883
Section number 9.10.9.1 in BhvY (p. 426ff.). This story has a parallel in MĀc 130 Jiao tanmi jing 教曇彌經. This sūtra is mentioned in the story of Araṇemi (3. The Story of the Teacher Araṇemi). For other parallels, see Yao 2012a, 3.2.35. Cf., also, Skilling 2000, 343 and Anālayo 2010, 70n52.
n.­884
Section number 9.10.9.2 in BhvY (p. 427ff.). In the Vvbh, this story follows the story of Mūkapaṅgu’s going forth (cha F.95.a–96.b; Taishō no. 1442, 23.725c–726b). See n.­866.
n.­885
Section number 9.10.9.3 in BhvY (p. 429ff.). For parallels, see Ogihara 2011 and Yao 2012a, 3.2.36. Cf., also, Merv-av 168.
n.­895
Section number 9.10.9.4 in BhvY (p. 432ff.). This story has a parallel in DĀ 14 Govindasūtra (see Hartmann and Wille 2014, 140). For other parallels, see Yao 2012a, 3.2.37.
n.­901
Section number 9.10.9.5 in BhvY (p. 441ff.). For parallels, see Panglung 1981, 49–50; Sugimoto 1993, 260; Murakami 1984; Hikata 1978, appendix 42. For an edition and German translation of this story in Tib., see Schlingloff 1977. Cf., also, BAK 1 and BAK 100 in Straube 2009; Bingposha lun 鞞婆沙論 (Taishō no. 1547, 28.506b ff.).
n.­903
Section number 9.10.9.6 in BhvY (p. 443ff.). For parallels, see Murakami 1984, 35, 45n24, 277–78, 280n17–20; Ogihara 2010.
n.­904
Section number 9.10.10 in BhvY (p. 444ff.). For the names of the buddhas in the past mentioned in this section and the next, see Murakami 1984, 273–76, 283. Cf. AKBh 266.14.
n.­909
Section number 9.10.11 in BhvY (p. 445ff.). For the murals in Bezeklik, Turfan (eleventh to twelfth c.), representing the verses in this section of the Bhv, see Murakami 1984. The title of this section, “Section of Many Buddhas,” is given at the end of the section. For parallels, see Ogihara 2015a and 2016a; Tournier 2017, esp. Chap. 2. Some of the reconstructions of Skt. names of buddhas in the present translation are based on their Tocharian parallels given in Ogihara 2015a.
n.­934
Section number 9.10.12 in BhvY (p. 454ff.). This story is related to “Section of the Tathāgata” in the Anavatapta­gāthā (kha F.316.b–317.a) and was translated into English by Hisashi Matsumura (1989b). For parallels, see Akanuma 1931, 131b. Cf., also, BAK 49 (Straube 2009, 319–22) and BAK 50 (Okano 2007).
n.­938
Section number 9.11 in BhvY (p. 456ff.). This part of the Bhv, which consists of verses of the Buddha and his disciples and some prose concerned with their past lives, is called Anavatapta­gāthā (AG) and has parallels in the Fo wubaidizi zishuo benqi jing 佛五百弟子自説本起經 (Taishō no. 199), the Apadāna, and the Gāndhārī Anavatapta­gāthā, which was studied in Salomon 2008. For the research history of the AG, see Salomon ibid., 18–22. Tib. has been edited and translated into French by Hofinger (1954, the chapters of disciples; 1990, the chapter of the Tathāgata). In the following notes, some other modern translations are also mentioned. Skt. (GBhv) was transliterated by Bechert (1961) and Wille (1990). The framework of the entire story of the AG and some of its episodes are borrowed by the Kaṭhināvadāna (Degener 1990, 1991; Salomon ibid., 32–33). Parts of a Mahāyāna sūtra, The Precious Discourse on the Blessed One’s Extensive Wisdom That Leads to Infinite Certainty (Niṣṭhā­gata­bhagavajjñāna­vaipulya­sūtra­ratnānanta, Toh 99), echo the Anavatapta­gāthā in some respects; see 2.­24 ff. and Introduction i.­14.
n.­939
Section number 9.11.1 in BhvY (pp. 456–57).
n.­943
Section number 9.11.2 in BhvY (p. 457ff.). The stories included in this part are not found in either the Gāndhārī Anavatapta­gāthā or Taishō no. 199.
n.­944
Section number 9.11.2.1 in BhvY (pp. 457–58). This part has a parallel in BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 207–13) and KA §23. A parallel also appears in a Mahāyāna sūtra, The Precious Discourse on the Blessed One’s Extensive Wisdom That Leads to Infinite Certainty (Niṣṭhā­gata­bhagavajjñāna­vaipulya­sūtra­ratnānanta, Toh 99), 2.­26 ff., in a longer passage that echoes in some respects the Anavatapta­gāthā.
n.­947
Section number 9.11.2.2 in BhvY (p. 459). English trsl. from Tib., Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, L 2; German trsl. from Ch., Ji 1943, 323–24. The story has parallels in the Za piyu jing 雜譬喩經 8 (Taishō no. 205, 4.523c–524a); KA § 24, 25; a Tocharian manuscript (Pinaut 2008, 251–68; Melanie Malzahn, “A Comparative Edition of Tocharian Manuscripts,” accessed January 31, 2018‍—see A5–A10, including bibliography).
n.­950
Section number 9.11.2.3 in BhvY (p. 460). English trsl. from Tib., Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, L 3. The story has a parallel in KA §26.
n.­951
Section number 9.11.2.4 in BhvY (pp. 460–61). The story has a parallel in KA § 27 and is briefly mentioned in BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 214).
n.­952
Section number 9.11.2.5 in BhvY (p. 461). The story has parallels in BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 214–16) and the Liuduji jing 六度集經 82 (Taishō no. 152, 3.43c–44b). Cf., also, the second half of J 497.
n.­953
Section number 9.11.2.6 in BhvY (pp. 461–62). English trsl. from Tib., Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, L 1.
n.­957
Section number 9.11.3 in BhvY (p. 462ff.).
n.­958
Section number 9.11.3.1 in BhvY (pp. 462–63). Cf. Salomon 2008, 405–12 (comparative texts of Skt. and Tib.; English trsl.). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (1), 4.190a–b. The story is quoted in the Nettippakaraṇa 141.12–142.5 (Salomon 2008, 30). Whereas the verses in all the other sections in the AG are written in śloka, the verses in this section are written in various meters (Salomon ibid., 350 and 67–70). Related stories are found in the Bhikṣuṇī­vinaya­vibhaṅga: D ta F.39.b–41.a, Taishō no. 1443, 23.911b–c (Kāśyapa’s going forth); D ta F.71.b.6–73.a.5, Taishō 23.917b–c (his former life).
n.­961
Section number 9.11.3.2 in BhvY (pp.463–64). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (2), 4.190b–c. A related story is found in the Prjv (Skt. missing; D ka 1.333–44.a; Taishō no. 1444, 23.1029b–c).
n.­964
Section number 9.11.3.3 in BhvY (pp. 464–65). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (3), 4.190c–191a. The story of Mahā­maudgalyāyana’s wish made in his past life is narrated in the Prjv (Skt. missing; D 1.353–1.360; Taishō no.1444, 23.1030a–b). The stories of his death and its cause in the past are narrated in the Kṣv (tha F.237.b ff.; Taishō no.1451, 24.287a ff.), with some differences from this section.
n.­966
Section number 9.11.3.4 in BhvY (pp. 465–66). This section has a parallel in Taishō no. 199 (4), 4.191a–b.
n.­967
Section number 9.11.3.5 in BhvY (pp. 466–67). This section has a parallel in Taishō no. 199 (5), 4.191b–c. For other parallels, see Kudō 2004, 320–23. Cf., also, Salomon 2008, 36, 62–63.
n.­969
Section number 9.11.3.6 in BhvY (p. 468). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (6), 4.191c–192a; Ap i 298 Soṇakoṭivīsa (Salomon 2008, 28–29, 64–67). Related stories are narrated in the Sbhv: SbhvG ii 134–49; D nga F.200.b–211.b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.184b–187c.
n.­970
Section number 9.11.3.7 in BhvY (p. 469). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (7), 4.192a–b.
n.­972
Section number 9.11.3.8 in BhvY (pp.469–70). This section has a parallel in Taishō no. 199 (8), 4.192b.
n.­974
Section number 9.11.3.9 in BhvY (pp. 470–72). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (9), 4.192b–193a. A related story is in the Vvbh (nya F.19.a ff.; Taishō no. 1442, 23.857a14ff.) and Divy 13 Svāgatāvadāna.
n.­976
Section number 9.11.3.10 in BhvY (p. 472). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (10), 4.193a–b.
n.­980
Section number 9.11.4 in BhvY (p. 473ff.).
n.­981
Section number 9.11.4.1 in BhvY (pp. 473–74). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (11) 4.193b–194a. Related stories are narrated in SbhvG i 139–46; D nga F.45.b–50.b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.128c–129c (Ch. lacks the story of the former life). For other parallels, see Akanuma 1931, s.v. “Yasa.”
n.­982
Section number 9.11.4.2 in BhvY (pp. 474–76). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (12), 4.194a–b; EĀc 33.2. Cf. Kuan 2013, 612.
n.­984
Section number 9.11.4.3 in BhvY (p. 476). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (13), 4.194b–c. For other parallels, see Kudō 2004, 297–300. Cf., also, MĀc 34 Bojuluo jing 薄拘羅經, esp. Taishō no. 26, 1.475b29–c2.
n.­986
Section number 9.11.4.4 in BhvY (p. 477). This section has a parallel in Taishō no. 199 (14), 4.194c–195a.
n.­987
Section number 9.11.4.5 in BhvY (p. 478). Verses in this section and part of the next section, 6. Yaśas (2), are translated with seven syllables in Ch., whereas they are written in śloka in Skt. and seven syllables in Tib., as are the other verses. The Sbhv provides the story of the three Kāśyapas’ former lives (SbhvG i 162–63; D nga F.76.a–77.a; Taishō no.1450, 24.137b–c) and their conversion (Skt. missing [cf. SbhvG i 217–31]; D nga F.55.b–67.b; Taishō 24.131a–134b). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (15), 4.195a. This section of Taishō no. 199 mentions only Uruvilvā-Kāśyapa and Nadī-Kāśyapa, and the name Gayā-Kāśyapa appears in the next section, which corresponds to the section of Yaśas in the AG.
n.­988
Section number 9.11.4.6 in BhvY (pp. 478–79). This section has a parallel in Taishō no. 199 (16), 4.195a–b. See n.­987.
n.­991
Section number 9.11.4.7 in BhvY (pp. 480–82). Related stories are found in the Kṣv (D tha F.25.b–31.a; Taishō no. 1451, 24.215c–217b) and Divy 19 Jyotiṣkāvadāna. Cf. Taishō no. 199 (17), 4.195b–196a. For other parallels, see Hikata 1978, Appendix 25.
n.­992
Section number 9.11.4.8 in BhvY (pp. 482–83). Unlike Skt. and Tib., Ch. does not narrate Rāṣṭrapāla’s going forth. The story of Rāṣṭrapāla’s going forth is narrated in the Bhv: Chapter Seven, IV. Rāṣṭrapāla. Cf. Taishō no. 199 (18), 4.196b–c.
n.­996
Section number 9.11.4.9 in BhvY (pp.483–85). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (19), 4.196c–197b.
n.­998
Section number 9.11.4.10 in BhvY (pp. 485–86). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (20), 4.197b–c. For other parallels, see Kudō 2004, 295–97.
n.­1001
Section number 9.11.5 in BhvY (p. 486ff.).
n.­1002
Section number 9.11.5.1 in BhvY (pp. 486–87). Related stories are found in the Vvbh (D ja F.79.b–80.b; Taishō no.1442, 23.799b–c) and Divy 35 Cūḍā­pakṣāvadāna. Cf. Taishō no. 199 (21), 4.197c–198a. For other parallels, see Kudō 2004, 243–46.
n.­1004
Section number 9.11.5.2 in BhvY (pp. 487–89). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (22), 4.198a–b. For other parallels, see Kudō 2004, 245.
n.­1005
Section number 9.11.5.3 in BhvY (pp. 489–90). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (23), 4.198c. For other parallels, see Kudō 2004, 274–77, 300–303; Salomon 2008, 29. A related story is found in SbhvG i 200ff.; D nga F.102.a ff.; Taishō no. 1450, 24.144b ff.
n.­1013
Section number 9.11.5.4 in BhvY (pp. 490–91). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (24), 4.198c–199a.
n.­1015
Section number 9.11.5.5 in BhvY (p. 492). A related story is in SbhvG ii 43–44; D nga F.139.b–140.b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.162b–c. Cf. Taishō no. 199 (25), 4.199a–b. For other parallels, see Salomon 2008, 36.
n.­1017
Section number 9.11.5.6 in BhvY (pp. 493–94). This section has a parallel in the Kṣv: D tha F.153.a–158.a; Taishō no. 1451, 24.260c–262a. Cf. Taishō no. 199 (26), 4.199b–c and, also, Wille 1990, 107.
n.­1019
Section number 9.11.5.7 in BhvY (pp. 494–96). No parallel in Taishō no. 199. Related stories are in the Vvbh (ca F.252.a ff.; Taishō no. 1442, 23.691b ff.), with some differences from the AG.
n.­1020
Section number 9.11.5.8 in BhvY (pp. 496–97). No parallel in Taishō no. 199. Related stories are in the Vvbh (D ca F.126.b ff.; Taishō no. 1442, 23.656c ff.). For other parallels, including SĀc 252, see Hikata 1978, Appendix 70.
n.­1021
Section number 9.11.5.9 in BhvY (pp. 497–99). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (27), 4.199c–200a. A related story is found in SbhvG ii 4–47; nga F.141.a–143.a; Taishō no. 1450, 24.162c–163c.
n.­1022
Section number 9.11.5.10 in BhvY (pp. 499–500). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (28), 4.200a–b.
n.­1024
Section number 9.11.6 in BhvY (p. 500ff.).
n.­1025
Section number 9.11.6.1 in BhvY (pp. 500–501). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (29), 4.200b–201a. Related stories are in the Sbhv (SbhvG ii 47ff.; nga F.143.a ff.; Taishō no. 1450, 24.163c ff.) and MĀc 32 Weicengyoufa jing 未曾有法經. Cf. Deeg 2007, 46ff.
n.­1026
Section number 9.11.6.2 in BhvY (pp. 501–3). No parallel in Taishō no. 199.
n.­1027
Section number 9.11.6.3 in BhvY (pp. 504–5). No parallel in Taishō no. 199. Related stories are narrated in SbhvG i 136–38; nga F.43.b–44.b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.128a–b and SbhvG ii 2–4; nga F.110.a–111.b (Ch. absent).
n.­1030
Section number 9.11.6.4 in BhvY (pp. 505–7). No parallel in Taishō no. 199. Related stories are found in the Sbhv (SbhvG i 204–211; D nga F.105.a–109.b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.145b–147b).
n.­1033
Section number 9.11.6.5 in BhvY (pp. 507–9). No parallel in Taishō no. 199. Ap 333 (i 269–70) gives a parallel. The end of the Section of Upālin and the beginning of the Section of Prabhākara are different from those of other sections.
n.­1034
Section number 9.11.6.6 in BhvY (pp. 509–11). No parallel in Taishō no. 199.
n.­1036
Section number 9.11.6.7 in BhvY (pp. 511–26). This section and the next section provide the same stories of the Buddha’s former lives in prose and verse, respectively, in different order. However, the third story of the former, c. A Young Brahmin, is not shared by the latter. Cf. Hofinger 1990 (Tibetan text and French trsl.). For the history of the formation of these sections, see Okano 2006. Parallels to the verses are found in Taishō no. 199 (30), 4.201a–202a; parallels to the verses and prose in Taishō no. 197 Foshuo xingqixing jing 仏説興起行経. Cf., also, BAK 50 (see n.­934). According to the Saṃskṛtā­saṃskṛta­viniścaya, the Sāṃmitīyas too transmitted stories of evil acts performed by the Buddha in his former lives (Namikawa 2011, 371ff.).
n.­1037
This story has a parallel in SbhvG ii 184–85; nga F.237.a; Taishō no. 1450, 24.197a–b (Panglung 1981, 53). Cf. Taishō no. 197 (7), 4.170b–c; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 226–37); KA 32 (Degener 1990, 37–38). BAK 66 provides a completely different story regarding the injury to the Buddha’s foot.
n.­1040
Cf. Taishō no. 197 (6), 4.168a–170b; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 237–39); KA 33 (Degener 1990, 38).
n.­1042
This story is related to the story of Māra and the Buddha in Sālā in the Bhv (Chapter Four, V. Sālā) and has a parallel in BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 239–41). This story is not narrated in verse.
n.­1044
Cf. Taishō no. 197 (8), 4.170c–172a; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 241–47); KA 34 (Degener 1990, 38–39).
n.­1049
Cf. Taishō no. 197 (2), 4.166a–c; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 247).
n.­1050
A similar story is found in SbhvG i 22ff.; ga F.267.a ff.; Taishō no. 1450, 24.102b ff. (Panglung 1981, 55), with some differences. There, however, the story is not related to the Buddha’s former life. Cf. Taishō no. 197 (1), 4.164b–166a; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 247–76).
n.­1053
This story has already been narrated in the Bhv (Chapter Eight, V. Vairambhya, D. A Brahmin Who Abused the Buddha Vipaśyin). Cf. Taishō no. 197 (9), 4.172a–c; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 277–79).
n.­1054
According to Skt. and Ch. (see n.­1055), this story corresponds to the Nandīpālasūtra in the Rājasaṃyuktakanipāta of the Madhyamāgama, which is parallel with MĀc 63 Bingpolingqi jing 鞞婆陵耆経 and MN 81 Ghaṭikārasutta. The Sbhv also includes a parallel (SbhvG ii 22.1–30.22; nga F.124.b–131.b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.156c–158c). Cf. Yao 2012a, 3.2.38. For comparative studies, see Anālayo 2010, 71–84; 2011a, i 441–51; 2012a, 155–74. Note, however, that in these works the Bhv version of the story (Tib.) is erroneously connected to the Sbhv version (Skt.). Cf., also, Taishō no. 197 (10), 4.172c–174b; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 279–81) and SĀc 595 (Taishō no. 99, 2.159c); SĀc2 189 (Taishō no. 100, 2.442c); SN 1.5.10; SN 2.3.4; Tocharian fragments (Ogihara 2016a; 2016b).
n.­1063
Cf. Taishō no. 197 (4), 4.167a–b; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 281–89).
n.­1065
A related story is narrated in the Kṣv, where the story of the massacre of the Śākyans is narrated (tha F.95.a–b; Taishō no. 1451, 24.242a–b). Cf. Taishō no. 197 (3), 4.166c–167a; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 289–90). Cf., also, the final part of EĀc 34.2 (Taishō no. 125, 2.693b–c).
n.­1066
Cf. Taishō no. 197 (5), 4.167c–168a; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 290–92).
n.­1067
Section number 9.11.6.8 in BhvY (pp. 527–30). Cf. Okano 2007, appendix (Japanese trsl. from Tib.). This section is absent in Ch. Although the stories narrated in the previous section are given here in verse, the story of the young brahmin who abused a self-awakened one (7. Sugata [prose] c. A Young Brahmin) is missing. Cf. Taishō no. 199 (30), 4.201a–202a, with the stories in the same order; Ap 299–301 (Salomon 2008, 28–29).
n.­1075
There is a parallel story in BAK 90 (Panglung 1981, 57–58). There is also a Tocharian fragment of another parallel (Ogihara 2015b, 302).
n.­1077
It is unknown if GBhv included this uddāna due to damage to the folio.
n.­1087
For the three kinds of allowable meat, see Shimoda 1997, 401–4, 668–69.
n.­1097
The story of Miṇḍhaka and his family and the story of their former lives have parallels in Divy 9 Meṇḍhaka­gṛha­pati­vibhūti­pariccheda and Divy 10 Meṇḍhakāvadāna and other vinayas (see Hiraoka 2007, i 235–56. For Eng. trsl., see Rotman 2008–17, i 223–41). The Bhv’s Miṇḍhaka stories are generally briefer than the Divy’s Meṇḍhaka stories.
n.­1112
This episode corresponds to Divy 10 Meṇḍhakāvadāna and a folio of an avadāna manuscript from Gilgit (Kudō 2017, xxxii; Plate 43).
n.­1122
Skt. from here to the end of I. A. 3. Kaineya Offers Drinks to the Blessed One is edited in Chung and Wille 2002, 119–24.
n.­1123
Tib. ke na’i bu yis btud ba blangs (lit., “Drinks were received by Kaineya”); Skt. kaineyapānam ādāya (Chung and Wille 2002, 119 reads kaineya<ḥ> pānam). Tib. seems problematic because, in the following story, Kaineya is not the recipient of the drink but the donor. Skt. might be translated “Having received Kaineya’s drink (i.e., the drink offered by Kaineya).” Hence the present translation, which supplies the word “offered.” Among the eleven uddānas in the Bhv, only this final uddāna includes gerund phrases in Skt., “…ādāya” and “… kṛtvā” (see the note after next), whereas the others simply list nouns.
n.­1124
Tib. ka shi’i tshong rdal nas thug; Skt. kāśipaṭṭaṃ ca yavāgvā (“cloth from Kāśi, by barley porridge”). Edgerton suggests that paṭṭa is an error for paṭṭana (“city”) (BHSD s.v. paṭṭa). Cf. Mvy 5531: tshong rdal = pattana.
n.­1125
Tib. sdig can du ni bca’ ba dang; Skt. pāpāyāṃ khādyakaṃ kṛtvā (“having made khādyaka in Pāpā”). Cf. n.­1089.
n.­1126
This story has a parallel in MN 92 Selasutta (= Sn 3.7), etc. Cf. Anālayo 2011a, ii 545–49 and Yao 2012, 3.2.39. Kōgen Mizuno identified the story in the Bhv with Śailagāthā, a title included in the list of texts to be recited in times of danger which appears several times in the Mūla­sarvāstivādin literature (Mizuno 1992, 23–24). Cf. 2.­198 and n.­73. For a parallel in EĀ 49.6, see Anālayo [2011b] 2016b, 325–43. Cf., also, BAK 77 (Okano 2010, 62ff.), Merv-av 210ff., Karmaśataka 34 (See “The Story of Kaineya” in Jamspal and Fischer, trans. The Hundred Deeds, Toh 340).
n.­1127
This episode is discussed in the Apidamo dapiposha lun 阿毘達磨大毘婆沙論 (Taishō no. 1545, 27.410a5ff.).
n.­1144
This story has a parallel in Merv-av 210–13. Cf., also, SHT X 3827.
n.­1153
Cf. Mizuno 1992; Yao 2012a, 3.2.39.
n.­1184
This episode corresponds to the Mahā­māyūrī­vidyārājñī and some other texts. Cf. Pathak 1989; Yao 2012b, 3.2.40. For a related passage in the Muktaka in the Ug, see Kishino 2016, 237, 243 (§1.10.2).

b.

Bibliography

ched du brjod pa’i tshoms (Udāna­varga). Toh 326, Degé Kangyur vol. 72 (mdo sde, sa), folios 209.a–253.a. English translation in Champa Thupten Zongtse (1990).

sman gyi gzhi (Bhaiṣajya­vastu). Toh 1, ch. 6, Degé Kangyur vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 277.b–311.a; vol. 2 (’dul ba, kha), folios 1.a–317.a; and vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 1.a–50.a.

sman gyi gzhi. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–2009, vol. 1, pp. 644–721, vol. 2, pp. 3–745, vol. 3, pp. 3–117.

man gyi gzhi (Bhaiṣajya­vastu). Stok no. 1, ch. 6, Stok Palace Kangyur vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 396.b–455.a; vol. 2 (’dul ba, kha), folios 1.a–444.a; and vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 1.b–56.b.

Bhaiṣajya­vastu in the Gilgit manuscripts. Dutt 1942–50, pt. 1 (1947).

Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye yaoshi 根本説一切有部毘奈耶藥事, Taishō no. 1448, 24.1a1–97a24.

1. A Work Referred to in the Bhaiṣajyavastu

yang dag par ldan pa’i lung (Saṃyuktāgama). Not included in the Kangyur. Cf. Za ahan jing 雜阿含經, Taishō no. 99, 2.1a1–373b18.

2. Works Related to the Bhaiṣajyavastu

’dul ba gzhi (Vinayavastu). Toh 1, 17 chaps. Degé Kangyur vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 1.a1–311.a; vol. 2 (’dul ba, kha), folios 1.a–317.a; vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 1.a–293.a; and vol. 4 (’dul ba, nga), folios 1.a–302.a5.

’dul ba rnam par ’byed pa (Vinayavibhaṅga). Toh 3, Degé Kangyur vol. 5 (’dul ba, ca), folios 21.a1–292.a; vol. 6 (’dul ba, cha) folios 1.a–287.a; vol. 7 (’dul ba, ja) folios 1.a–287.a; and vol. 8 (’dul ba, nya) folios 1.a–269.a6.

’dul ba phran tshegs kyi gzhi (Vinaya­kṣudraka­vastu). Toh 6, Degé Kangyur vol. 10 (’dul ba, tha), folios 1.a1–310.a; vol. 11 (’dul ba, da), folios 1.a–333.a7.

’dul ba gzhung bla ma (Vinayottara­grantha). Toh 7, Degé Kangyur vol. 12 (’dul ba, na), folios 1.a1–302.a; vol. 13 (’dul ba, pa) 1.a–313.a5.

ko lpags kyi gzhi (Carmavastu). Toh 1-5, Degé Kangyur vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 251.a–277.b.

dge slong ma’i ’dul ba rnam par ’byed pa (Bhikṣuṇī­vinaya­vibhaṅga). Toh 5, Degé Kangyur vol. 9 (’dul ba, ta), folios 25.b–328.a.

dge ’dun gyi dbyen gyi gzhi (Saṅgha­bheda­vastu). Toh 1, ch. 17, Degé Kangyur vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 255.b–293.a; vol. 4 (’dul ba, nga), folios 1.a–302.a.

gos kyi gzhi (Cīvaravastu). Toh 1-7, Degé Kangyur vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 50.a–115.b.

rgya cher rol pa (Lalita­vistara). Toh 95, Degé Kangyur vol. 46 (mdo sde, kha), folios 1.b–216.b. English translation in the Dharmachakra Translation Committee (2013).

’dul ba gzhung dam pa (Vinayottara­grantha). Toh 7a, Degé Kangyur vol. 12 (’dul ba, na), folios 92.b–302.a; vol. 13 (’dul ba, pa), folios 1.b–313.a.

’dul ba’i mdo (Vinayasūtra). Toh 4117, Degé Tengyur vol. 261 (’dul ba, wu) folios 1.a1–100.a7.

don rnam par nges pa chos kyi rnam grangs (Arthaviniścaya­dharma­paryāya). Toh 317, Degé Kangyur vol. 72 (mdo sde, sa), folios 170.b–188.a. English translation in Dharmachakra Translation Committee 2021.

gnas lam gyi gzhi (Śayanāsana­vastu). Toh 1-15, Degé Kangyur vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 187.a–222.a.

bye brag tu rtogs par byed pa chen po (Mahāvyutpatti). Toh 4346, Degé Tengyur vol. 204 (sna tshogs, co), folios 1.b–131.a.

ma ga d+hA bzang mo’i rtogs pa brjod pa (Sumāgadhāvadāna). Toh 346, vol. 75 (mdo sde, aM), folios 291.b–298.a. English translation The Exemplary Tale of Sumāgadhā 2024.

dmar ser can gyi gzhi (Pāṇḍulohitaka­vastu). Toh 1-11, Degé Kangyur vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 140.a–165.b.

rtsod pa’i gzhi (Adhikaraṇa­vastu). Toh 1-16, Degé Kangyur vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 222.a–255.b.

mdzangs blun zhes bya ba’i mdo (Damamūkasūtra). Toh 341, vol. 74 (mdo sde, a), folios 129.a–298.a.

gzhang ’brum rab tu zhi bar byed pa’i mdo (Arśapraśamana­sūtra). Toh 621, Degé Kangyur vol. 91 (rgyud, ba), folios 61.a–61.b; Toh 1020, vol. 101 (gzungs, waM), folios 181.b–183.a.

yangs pa’i grong khyer du ’jug pa’i mdo chen po (Vaiśālī­praveśa­mahā­sūtra). Toh 312, Degé Kangyur vol. 72 (mdo sde, sa) folios 157.b–161.b. English translation in the Bhaiṣajyavastu Translation Team (2020).

yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa chen po’i mdo. Toh 119, Degé Kangyur vol. 52 (mdo sde, nya), folios 1.b–343.a; vol. 53 (mdo sde, ta), folios 1.b–339.a.

rab tu ’byung ba’ gzhi (Pravrjyāvastu). Toh 1, chap. 1. Degé Kangyur vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 1.a–131.a. English translation in Miller (2018).

rig sngags kyi rgyal mo rma bya chen mo (Mahā­māyūrī­vidyā­rājñi). Toh 559, Degé Kangyur, vol. 90 (rgyud ’bum, pha), folios 87.b–117.a. English translation in Dharmachakra Translation Committee 2023.

las brgya pa (Karmaśataka). Toh 340, Degé Kangyur vol. 73 (mdo sde, ha), folios 1.b–309.a; vol. 74 (mdo sde, a), folios 1.b–128.b. English translation in Jamspal and Fischer 2020.

gsang sngags kyi rjes su ’brang ba chen mo’i sgrub thabs (Mahā­mantrānusāriṇī­sādhana). Toh 3254, Degé Tengyur vol. 76 (rgyud, bu), folio 15.b.

so sor thar pa’i mdo (Prātimokṣa­sūtra). Toh 2, Degé Kangyur vol. 5 (’dul ba, ca), folios 1.a–20.b.

Kalyāṇamitra. lung phran tshegs kyi rnam par bshad pa (Āgama­kṣudraka­vyākhyāna). Toh 4115, Degé Tengyur vol. 158 (’dul ba, dzu), folios 1.b–232.a.

Śamathadeva. chos mngon pa’i mdzod kyi ’grel bshad nye bar mkho ba (Abhidharma­kośa­ṭīkopāyikā). Toh 4094, Degé Tengyur vol. 146 (mngon pa, ja), folios 1.b–287.a; vol 147 (mngon pa, ngu), folios 1.b–95.a.

Vasubandhu. chos mngon pa’i mdzod kyi bshad pa (Abhidharma­kośa­bhāṣya). Toh 4090, Degé Tengyur vol. 140 (mngon pa, ku), folios 26.b–258.a; vol. 141 (mngon pa, khu), folios 1.b–95.a.

Vasubandhu. rnam par bshad pa’i rigs pa (Vyākhyāyukti). Toh 4061, Degé Tengyur vol. 136 (sems tsam, shi), folios 29.a–134.b.

Yaśomitra. chos mngon pa’i mdzod kyi ’grel bshad (Abhidharma­kośa­ṭīkā). Toh 4092, Degé Tengyur vol. 142 (mngon pa, gu), folios 1.b–330.a; vol. 143 (mngon pa, ngu), folios 1.b–333.a.

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g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for names and terms of the corresponding source language

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in a manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other manuscripts with a parallel or similar context.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in dictionaries matching Tibetan to the corresponding language.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where the relationship between the Tibetan and source language is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

a person who makes things allowable

Wylie:
  • rung ba byed pa
Tibetan:
  • རུང་བ་བྱེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kalpikāra

A layperson who makes things legally permissible in the context of Buddhist monastic law, doing tasks that are not allowed for monks.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 10.­104
g.­2

Ābhāsvara

Wylie:
  • ’od gsal
Tibetan:
  • འོད་གསལ།
Sanskrit:
  • ābhāsvara

The sixth heaven of the realm of form; also the name of the gods living there.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­58
  • 4.­19
g.­3

Abṛha

Wylie:
  • mi che ba
Tibetan:
  • མི་ཆེ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • abṛha

The first of the “pure abodes;” also the name of the gods living there.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­58
  • 4.­19
g.­9

Ādirājya

Wylie:
  • dang po’i rgyal srid
Tibetan:
  • དང་པོའི་རྒྱལ་སྲིད།
Sanskrit:
  • ādirājya

A place in Śūrasena.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­269-270
  • 8.­2
g.­10

Ādumā

Wylie:
  • yul a du ma
  • a du ma
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་ཨ་དུ་མ།
  • ཨ་དུ་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • ādumā

A village.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 11.­2-3
  • 11.­11
  • 11.­44
g.­11

agaru

Wylie:
  • a gar
  • a ga ru
Tibetan:
  • ཨ་གར།
  • ཨ་ག་རུ།
Sanskrit:
  • agaru

A kind of fragrant aloe wood.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­23
  • 7.­226
  • 9.­1429
  • 9.­1848
g.­12

aggregate

Wylie:
  • phung po
Tibetan:
  • ཕུང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • skandha

The basic components out of which the world and the personal self are formed, usually listed as a set of five.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­344
  • 2.­352
  • 3.­265
  • 5.­2
  • 8.­110
  • 8.­276
  • 9.­403
  • 9.­961-962
  • 11.­157
  • n.­263
  • n.­502
  • g.­649
g.­13

Agnidatta

Wylie:
  • me sbyin
Tibetan:
  • མེ་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • agnidatta

(1) A brahmin. (2) A brahmin king.

Located in 37 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­391
  • 2.­393
  • 2.­395
  • 2.­397
  • 2.­399
  • 2.­405-408
  • 2.­410
  • 2.­420
  • 8.­120
  • 8.­127-129
  • 8.­189-190
  • 8.­193
  • 8.­199-202
  • 8.­204
  • 8.­210
  • 8.­212
  • 8.­215-216
  • 8.­219
  • 8.­222
  • n.­115
  • n.­515
  • n.­738
  • g.­34
  • g.­192
  • g.­224
  • g.­340
  • g.­411
g.­14

Ahicchattra

Wylie:
  • sbrul gdugs
Tibetan:
  • སྦྲུལ་གདུགས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A village.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­33
g.­15

Airāvaṇa

Wylie:
  • sa srung bu
Tibetan:
  • ས་སྲུང་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • airāvaṇa

Indra’s elephant.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­157
  • 9.­723
  • 9.­850
  • 9.­1210
  • 9.­1855
g.­17

Ajātaśatru

Wylie:
  • ma skyes dgra
Tibetan:
  • མ་སྐྱེས་དགྲ།
Sanskrit:
  • ajātaśatru

The son of King Śreṇya Bimbisāra, who later becomes the king of Magadha.

Located in 31 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 3.­3
  • 3.­6-7
  • 3.­9
  • 3.­13-15
  • 3.­19-22
  • 3.­26-27
  • 3.­33
  • 3.­37-38
  • 3.­41
  • 3.­48-50
  • 3.­52-53
  • 3.­107-108
  • 3.­134-136
  • n.­124
  • n.­128
  • g.­697
g.­25

Ānanda

Wylie:
  • kun dga’ bo
Tibetan:
  • ཀུན་དགའ་བོ།
Sanskrit:
  • ānanda

(1) A disciple of the Buddha. (2) A disciple of a former Buddha. (3) A disciple of a future Buddha. (4) A king in the past.

Located in 233 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­3-5
  • 1.­7-9
  • 2.­62
  • 2.­64
  • 2.­67
  • 2.­76-79
  • 2.­82
  • 2.­86-88
  • 2.­269-272
  • 2.­276
  • 2.­280-281
  • 3.­52
  • 3.­54
  • 3.­76
  • 3.­81
  • 3.­98-99
  • 3.­135-136
  • 3.­139
  • 3.­203
  • 3.­206
  • 3.­229
  • 3.­272
  • 3.­298
  • 3.­324
  • 4.­2-4
  • 4.­7-9
  • 4.­11-16
  • 4.­23
  • 4.­25
  • 4.­28-32
  • 4.­34-36
  • 4.­46-47
  • 4.­55
  • 4.­58-59
  • 4.­63-72
  • 4.­82
  • 4.­85
  • 4.­87-91
  • 4.­112-113
  • 5.­3-5
  • 5.­10-13
  • 6.­162-163
  • 6.­183-184
  • 6.­221
  • 6.­227-228
  • 6.­246-247
  • 6.­257-258
  • 6.­278-280
  • 7.­4-6
  • 7.­8
  • 7.­11
  • 7.­15
  • 7.­17
  • 7.­41
  • 7.­45
  • 7.­47
  • 7.­149-150
  • 7.­207
  • 7.­239
  • 7.­269-271
  • 8.­2-4
  • 8.­6
  • 8.­69-70
  • 8.­95-96
  • 8.­112-113
  • 8.­128
  • 8.­130
  • 8.­132-134
  • 8.­136-137
  • 8.­139-140
  • 8.­143-144
  • 8.­146
  • 8.­148
  • 8.­173-178
  • 8.­180
  • 8.­182-183
  • 8.­185-186
  • 8.­188
  • 8.­192-194
  • 8.­199-205
  • 8.­207
  • 8.­240
  • 9.­2-3
  • 9.­5
  • 9.­8-9
  • 9.­17
  • 9.­41
  • 9.­43-44
  • 9.­108-109
  • 9.­130
  • 9.­132-133
  • 9.­135
  • 9.­465-466
  • 9.­1386-1388
  • 9.­1392
  • 9.­1403
  • 9.­1405
  • 9.­1427
  • 9.­1435
  • 9.­1440
  • 9.­2532-2533
  • 9.­2544-2545
  • 9.­2551-2552
  • 9.­2558-2559
  • 9.­2569-2570
  • 10.­65-66
  • 11.­29
  • 11.­198
  • 11.­202
  • 11.­204-205
  • 11.­224
  • 11.­227
  • n.­57
  • n.­130
  • n.­365
  • n.­429
  • n.­447
  • n.­454
  • n.­502
  • n.­508-509
  • n.­511
  • n.­563-564
  • n.­622
  • n.­697
  • n.­940
  • n.­960
  • n.­1180
  • g.­532
g.­27

Anāthapiṇḍada

Wylie:
  • mgon med zas sbyin
Tibetan:
  • མགོན་མེད་ཟས་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • anāthapiṇḍada

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A wealthy merchant in the town of Śrāvastī, famous for his generosity to the poor, who became a patron of the Buddha Śākyamuni. He bought Prince Jeta’s Grove (Skt. Jetavana), to be the Buddha’s first monastery, a place where the monks could stay during the monsoon.

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­91
  • 2.­207-213
  • 6.­239
  • 8.­191
  • 8.­193
  • 9.­48
  • 9.­71-74
  • 9.­76-77
  • n.­668
  • g.­625
g.­34

Apalāla

Wylie:
  • sog ma med
Tibetan:
  • སོག་མ་མེད།
Sanskrit:
  • apalāla

Lit. “Without a Straw.” A nāga king, who was the brahmin Agnidatta in a former life.

Located in 24 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 2.­422
  • 3.­9
  • 3.­51-52
  • 7.­212-213
  • 7.­225-228
  • 7.­234-235
  • 7.­237
  • 7.­268
  • 7.­270-271
  • n.­114
  • n.­128
  • n.­343
  • n.­401
  • n.­423
  • n.­429
  • g.­411
g.­35

Āpannaka

Wylie:
  • nyams pa
Tibetan:
  • ཉམས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • āpannaka

A yakṣa in the country of Bhraṣṭolā.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­240
g.­41

Araṇemi

Wylie:
  • rtsibs kyi mu khyud
Tibetan:
  • རྩིབས་ཀྱི་མུ་ཁྱུད།
Sanskrit:
  • araṇemi

A teacher who was the Buddha in a former life.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1257-1258
  • 9.­1260-1261
  • 9.­1263
  • 9.­1276-1277
  • n.­883
  • n.­886
g.­43

arhat

Wylie:
  • dgra bcom pa
Tibetan:
  • དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • arhat

One who has achieved the fourth and final level of attainment on the śrāvaka path and attained liberation with the cessation of all afflictive emotions.

Located in 115 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­10
  • 2.­16
  • 2.­24
  • 2.­67
  • 2.­236
  • 2.­256
  • 2.­292
  • 2.­315
  • 2.­343
  • 2.­346-347
  • 2.­349-350
  • 2.­352
  • 2.­365
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­75
  • 3.­127
  • 3.­174
  • 3.­197
  • 3.­200-201
  • 3.­250-255
  • 3.­267
  • 3.­273
  • 3.­296
  • 3.­299
  • 3.­322
  • 4.­28
  • 4.­34-35
  • 4.­66
  • 4.­102
  • 6.­6
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­57
  • 7.­66
  • 7.­113
  • 7.­117
  • 7.­122
  • 7.­126
  • 7.­130-131
  • 7.­150
  • 8.­6
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­110
  • 8.­118
  • 8.­232
  • 8.­248
  • 8.­262
  • 8.­268
  • 8.­276
  • 9.­36
  • 9.­39
  • 9.­69
  • 9.­92
  • 9.­135
  • 9.­263
  • 9.­323-325
  • 9.­329
  • 9.­1527
  • 9.­1532
  • 9.­1587
  • 9.­1606
  • 9.­1619
  • 9.­1637-1638
  • 9.­1655
  • 9.­1661
  • 9.­1675
  • 9.­1683
  • 9.­1697
  • 9.­1735
  • 9.­1830
  • 9.­1871
  • 9.­1900
  • 9.­1941
  • 9.­2006
  • 9.­2016
  • 9.­2023
  • 9.­2049
  • 9.­2074
  • 9.­2107
  • 9.­2132
  • 9.­2145
  • 9.­2164-2165
  • 9.­2267
  • 9.­2317
  • 9.­2321
  • 9.­2355
  • 9.­2361
  • 9.­2506-2507
  • 9.­2534
  • 10.­67
  • 11.­35
  • 11.­50
  • 11.­57-58
  • 11.­93
  • 11.­159
  • n.­40
  • n.­491
  • g.­42
  • g.­640
  • g.­668
g.­55

asura

Wylie:
  • lha ma yin
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ་མ་ཡིན།
Sanskrit:
  • asura

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A type of nonhuman being whose precise status is subject to different views, but is included as one of the six classes of beings in the sixfold classification of realms of rebirth. In the Buddhist context, asuras are powerful beings said to be dominated by envy, ambition, and hostility. They are also known in the pre-Buddhist and pre-Vedic mythologies of India and Iran, and feature prominently in Vedic and post-Vedic Brahmanical mythology, as well as in the Buddhist tradition. In these traditions, asuras are often described as being engaged in interminable conflict with the devas (gods).

Located in 22 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­246
  • 3.­7
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­273
  • 3.­276
  • 3.­299
  • 3.­302
  • 7.­164
  • 8.­31-32
  • 8.­47
  • 9.­238-242
  • 9.­244
  • 9.­725
  • 9.­825
  • 9.­852
  • 9.­1376
  • g.­720
g.­56

Aśvaka

Wylie:
  • ’gro mgyogs
Tibetan:
  • འགྲོ་མགྱོགས།
Sanskrit:
  • aśvaka

A nāga. See also n.­441.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­251-253
  • 7.­255
  • g.­215
g.­60

Ātreya

Wylie:
  • rgyun shes kyi bu
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱུན་ཤེས་ཀྱི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • ātreya

(1) The physician of King Prasenajit. (2) The name of Prince Kuśa disguised as a physician.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­44
  • 2.­46-47
  • 2.­50-54
  • 2.­67-69
  • 2.­71
  • 9.­375
  • g.­551
g.­66

Awakened Power

Wylie:
  • sangs rgyas stobs
Tibetan:
  • སངས་རྒྱས་སྟོབས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A yakṣa in Heaped Up. See also n.­410.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­216-218
  • 7.­220
g.­71

Bamboo Grove

Wylie:
  • ’od ma’i tshal
Tibetan:
  • འོད་མའི་ཚལ།
Sanskrit:
  • veṇuvana

A grove near Rājagṛha in Magadha.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­40-41
  • 2.­412
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­25
  • 9.­2071
  • n.­935
g.­78

Best Army

Wylie:
  • sde mchog
Tibetan:
  • སྡེ་མཆོག
Sanskrit:
  • —

A king.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­391
  • 2.­399
  • 2.­405
  • 7.­242
g.­88

Bharadvāja

Wylie:
  • bha ra dwa dza
Tibetan:
  • བྷ་ར་དྭ་ཛ།
Sanskrit:
  • bharadvāja

(1) A ṛṣi in the past. (2) A disciple of the Buddha Vipaśyin.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­141
  • 9.­2354-2358
  • 9.­2361
  • g.­716
g.­90

Bhārgava

Wylie:
  • ngan spong
Tibetan:
  • ངན་སྤོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • bhārgava

A ṛṣi.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­87
  • n.­213
g.­93

Bhavadeva

Wylie:
  • srid pa’i lha
Tibetan:
  • སྲིད་པའི་ལྷ།
Sanskrit:
  • bhavadeva

The king of Nandivardhana.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­250
g.­97

Bhraṣṭolā

Wylie:
  • yul gnyid ’grogs
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་གཉིད་འགྲོགས།
Sanskrit:
  • bhraṣṭolā

A country.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­240
  • g.­35
g.­105

Brahmadatta

Wylie:
  • tshangs sbyin
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • brahmadatta

(1) A king of Kāśi in the past. (2) A buddha in the past. (3) One of the seven kings mentioned in the story of Govinda.

Located in 55 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­154
  • 9.­414-415
  • 9.­418
  • 9.­916-917
  • 9.­1000
  • 9.­1004-1005
  • 9.­1007-1008
  • 9.­1016
  • 9.­1033
  • 9.­1035
  • 9.­1106-1108
  • 9.­1112
  • 9.­1122
  • 9.­1125
  • 9.­1134-1135
  • 9.­1143
  • 9.­1145
  • 9.­1149
  • 9.­1151-1152
  • 9.­1155-1158
  • 9.­1160-1161
  • 9.­1163-1164
  • 9.­1170
  • 9.­1173
  • 9.­1192
  • 9.­1208
  • 9.­1224
  • 9.­1350
  • 9.­1440
  • 9.­1506
  • 9.­1562
  • 9.­1564
  • 9.­2228
  • 9.­2240
  • 9.­2242
  • 9.­2244
  • 9.­2247
  • 9.­2368
  • 10.­117
  • 10.­119
  • 10.­131
  • g.­109
g.­114

Brahmin Village

Wylie:
  • bram ze’i grong
Tibetan:
  • བྲམ་ཟེའི་གྲོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A village in Kosala.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­169-170
g.­124

Cañcā

Wylie:
  • rtswa mi
Tibetan:
  • རྩྭ་མི།
Sanskrit:
  • cañcā

A female mendicant who falsely accuses the Buddha.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1511
  • 9.­1513-1514
  • 9.­1517-1518
  • 9.­1521
  • 9.­1523
  • 9.­2362
  • 9.­2367
  • 9.­2382
  • 9.­2482
  • n.­848
  • n.­937
g.­126

Caṇḍālī

Wylie:
  • gtum byed
Tibetan:
  • གཏུམ་བྱེད།
Sanskrit:
  • caṇḍālī

A yakṣiṇī. See also n.­438.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­250
g.­136

collyrium

Wylie:
  • mig sman
Tibetan:
  • མིག་སྨན།
Sanskrit:
  • añjana

A kind of medicine applied around the eyes.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­53
  • 1.­55-59
  • 6.­89
  • 7.­88
  • 7.­90
  • n.­24
  • n.­28
  • n.­30
  • n.­372
g.­137

“Come, monk” formula

Wylie:
  • dge slong tshur shog ces bya ba
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་སློང་ཚུར་ཤོག་ཅེས་བྱ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • ehibhikṣukā

A formula for ordination that consists of the words, “Come, monk.” This is one of the ways of ordaining a man as monk and is said to have been used by the Buddha until he established the rules of the standard ordination ceremony.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­304
  • 2.­310
  • 7.­31
  • 8.­116
  • 9.­33
  • 9.­2530
g.­140

continent of Jambu

Wylie:
  • ’dzam bu’i gling
Tibetan:
  • འཛམ་བུའི་གླིང་།
Sanskrit:
  • jambudvīpa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The name of the southern continent in Buddhist cosmology, which can signify either the known human world, or more specifically the Indian subcontinent, literally “the jambu island/continent.” Jambu is the name used for a range of plum-like fruits from trees belonging to the genus Szygium, particularly Szygium jambos and Szygium cumini, and it has commonly been rendered “rose apple,” although “black plum” may be a less misleading term. Among various explanations given for the continent being so named, one (in the Abhidharmakośa) is that a jambu tree grows in its northern mountains beside Lake Anavatapta, mythically considered the source of the four great rivers of India, and that the continent is therefore named from the tree or the fruit. Jambudvīpa has the Vajrāsana at its center and is the only continent upon which buddhas attain awakening.

Located in 41 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­71
  • 2.­244
  • 2.­291
  • 2.­326
  • 2.­400
  • 3.­162-163
  • 3.­268
  • 4.­35
  • 9.­171
  • 9.­173
  • 9.­176
  • 9.­179
  • 9.­182
  • 9.­193
  • 9.­246-247
  • 9.­258
  • 9.­260
  • 9.­941-942
  • 9.­946-948
  • 9.­950-960
  • 9.­1257
  • 9.­1639-1641
  • 9.­1996
  • g.­396
g.­143

Daṇḍin

Wylie:
  • dbyug gu can
Tibetan:
  • དབྱུག་གུ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • daṇḍin

A brahmin.

Located in 27 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­473-474
  • 9.­476
  • 9.­480
  • 9.­482-483
  • 9.­485
  • 9.­487
  • 9.­490
  • 9.­497
  • 9.­499-505
  • 9.­507-512
  • 9.­518
  • n.­696
  • n.­700
  • n.­705
g.­146

Deer Park

Wylie:
  • ri dags kyi nags
Tibetan:
  • རི་དགས་ཀྱི་ནགས།
Sanskrit:
  • mṛgadāva

A park near Vārāṇasī where the Buddha gave the first sermon.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­2-3
  • 3.­267
  • 8.­270
  • 8.­286
  • 8.­296
  • 9.­38
  • 9.­2347
  • 9.­2350
  • 9.­2408
g.­149

Devadatta

Wylie:
  • lha sbyin
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • devadatta

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­3
  • 9.­988
  • 9.­2485
  • n.­232
  • n.­1039
  • n.­1068
g.­152

Dhanapālaka

Wylie:
  • nor skyong
Tibetan:
  • ནོར་སྐྱོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • dhanapālaka

An elephant who was sent to kill the Buddha.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­3
  • 10.­54-55
  • n.­1095-1096
g.­155

Dhānyapura

Wylie:
  • ’bras kyi grong khyer
Tibetan:
  • འབྲས་ཀྱི་གྲོང་ཁྱེར།
Sanskrit:
  • dhānyapura

A city.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­242
g.­157

Dharma Power

Wylie:
  • chos stobs
Tibetan:
  • ཆོས་སྟོབས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A yakṣa in Retuka.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­222
g.­159

Dhṛtarāṣṭra

Wylie:
  • yul ’khor skyong
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་འཁོར་སྐྱོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • dhṛtarāṣṭra

(1) The name common to two of the seven kings mentioned in the story of Govinda. (2) A buddha in the past. (3) One of the Four Great Kings. (4) A haṃsa.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­22
  • 9.­1222
  • 9.­1350
  • 9.­1394
  • 9.­1420-1421
  • 9.­1506
  • 11.­12
  • 11.­16-17
  • 11.­24
  • 11.­36
  • g.­185
  • g.­187
g.­171

Earth-Protector

Wylie:
  • sa ’tsho
Tibetan:
  • ས་འཚོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A yakṣa. See also n.­439.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­250
g.­175

element

Wylie:
  • khams
Tibetan:
  • ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • dhātu

One way of describing experience and the world in terms of eighteen elements (eye and form, ear and sound, nose and smell, tongue and taste, body and physical objects, and mind and mental phenomena, to which the six consciousnesses are added). Also refers here to the four elements of earth, water, fire, and wind.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­344
  • 2.­352
  • 3.­214
  • 3.­265
  • 6.­115
  • 7.­228
  • 8.­110
  • 8.­137
  • 8.­276
  • 9.­403
  • 9.­961
  • 9.­1723
  • 9.­2588
  • 10.­47
g.­176

Elephant Power

Wylie:
  • glang chen stobs
Tibetan:
  • གླང་ཆེན་སྟོབས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A yakṣa. See also n.­395.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­200-202
  • 7.­204
g.­183

four applications of mindfulness

Wylie:
  • dran pa nye bar gzhag pa bzhi pa
Tibetan:
  • དྲན་པ་ཉེ་བར་གཞག་པ་བཞི་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • catvāri smṛtyupasthānāni

The meditative application of awareness to the body, perception, mind, and dharmas; part of the thirty-seven aspects of awakening.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­8
  • 7.­3
  • 7.­5
  • 7.­17
  • 7.­47
  • 8.­87-88
  • n.­188
g.­185

Four Great Kings

Wylie:
  • rgyal po chen po bzhi
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་པོ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • catvāro mahārājāḥ

Divine guardians of the four directions, namely, Dhṛtarāṣṭra, Virūḍhaka, Virūpākṣa, and Vaiśravaṇa. Also referred to as the Four Protectors of the World.

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­170
  • 9.­205
  • 9.­215
  • 9.­222
  • 9.­224
  • 9.­1238
  • 11.­28
  • 11.­30
  • n.­153
  • n.­329
  • n.­645
  • n.­1134
  • g.­159
  • g.­187
  • g.­206
  • g.­666
  • g.­667
  • g.­701
  • g.­731
  • g.­732
g.­187

Four Protectors of the World

Wylie:
  • ’jig rten skyong ba bzhi
Tibetan:
  • འཇིག་རྟེན་སྐྱོང་བ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • catvāraḥ loka­pālāḥ

Four deities guarding the four quarters, namely, Dhṛtarāṣṭra in the east, Virūḍhaka in the south, Virūpākṣa in the west, and Vaiśravaṇa in the north. Also referred to as the Four Great Kings.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­276
  • 3.­302
  • 8.­266-267
  • 11.­4-5
  • 11.­34-36
  • g.­185
g.­190

four truths of the noble ones

Wylie:
  • ’phags pa’i bden pa bzhi
Tibetan:
  • འཕགས་པའི་བདེན་པ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • caturāryasatya

The Buddha’s first teaching, which explains suffering, the origin of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the path to the cessation of suffering.

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­293
  • 2.­296
  • 2.­332
  • 3.­77-78
  • 3.­227
  • 6.­174
  • 6.­253
  • 6.­272
  • 7.­182
  • 8.­101
  • 8.­264
  • 8.­282
  • 9.­24
  • 9.­31
  • 9.­2581
  • 10.­85
  • 10.­91
  • 11.­37
  • g.­148
g.­193

fruit of stream-entry

Wylie:
  • rgyun du zhugs pa’i ’bras bu
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱུན་དུ་ཞུགས་པའི་འབྲས་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • srotāpatti­phala

The first of the four spiritual achievements, which is considered to be entering “the stream” of the noble ones that flows inexorably toward awakening.

Located in 27 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­293
  • 2.­296
  • 2.­315
  • 2.­332
  • 3.­227
  • 4.­86
  • 4.­111
  • 6.­253
  • 6.­272
  • 6.­294
  • 7.­166
  • 7.­182
  • 8.­101
  • 8.­264
  • 8.­282
  • 9.­24
  • 9.­31
  • 9.­69
  • 9.­316
  • 9.­318
  • 9.­329
  • 9.­2581
  • 10.­91
  • 10.­98
  • 11.­57-58
  • n.­543
g.­197

Ganges

Wylie:
  • chu bo gang gA
Tibetan:
  • ཆུ་བོ་གང་གཱ།
Sanskrit:
  • gaṅgā

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Gaṅgā, or Ganges in English, is considered to be the most sacred river of India, particularly within the Hindu tradition. It starts in the Himalayas, flows through the northern plains of India, bathing the holy city of Vārāṇasī, and meets the sea at the Bay of Bengal, in Bangladesh. In the sūtras, however, this river is mostly mentioned not for its sacredness but for its abundant sands‍—noticeable still today on its many sandy banks and at its delta‍—which serve as a common metaphor for infinitely large numbers.

According to Buddhist cosmology, as explained in the Abhidharmakośa, it is one of the four rivers that flow from Lake Anavatapta and cross the southern continent of Jambudvīpa‍—the known human world or more specifically the Indian subcontinent.

Located in 30 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­53
  • 3.­105-106
  • 3.­134-135
  • 3.­139
  • 3.­166
  • 3.­181-183
  • 7.­81
  • 8.­227
  • 8.­241
  • 8.­243
  • 8.­264
  • 8.­280
  • 8.­287-288
  • 8.­290-291
  • 8.­300-301
  • 9.­35
  • 9.­1529
  • n.­114
  • n.­145
  • n.­251
  • g.­28
  • g.­87
  • g.­134
g.­200

Gautama

Wylie:
  • gau ta ma
Tibetan:
  • གཽ་ཏ་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • gautama

(1) Family name of the Buddha Śākyamuni. (2) A nāga king.

Located in 159 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­201
  • 2.­277
  • 2.­318
  • 2.­320
  • 2.­322
  • 3.­35-36
  • 3.­60-61
  • 3.­74
  • 3.­96
  • 3.­100
  • 3.­105
  • 4.­74
  • 4.­81
  • 6.­3
  • 6.­6
  • 6.­11-12
  • 6.­14
  • 6.­16
  • 6.­18-19
  • 6.­21
  • 6.­23
  • 6.­25
  • 6.­27
  • 6.­32
  • 6.­37-38
  • 6.­41-48
  • 6.­53
  • 6.­56
  • 6.­136
  • 6.­140-145
  • 6.­147-148
  • 6.­151
  • 6.­155
  • 6.­157-161
  • 6.­167-171
  • 6.­180
  • 6.­182
  • 6.­186
  • 6.­190-192
  • 6.­196-199
  • 6.­201
  • 6.­203
  • 6.­205-206
  • 6.­208
  • 6.­213
  • 6.­215-216
  • 6.­219-220
  • 6.­227
  • 6.­229-231
  • 6.­233
  • 6.­236
  • 6.­271
  • 6.­282-284
  • 6.­286-289
  • 6.­292
  • 7.­162-163
  • 7.­166
  • 7.­170
  • 7.­172
  • 7.­174
  • 7.­176
  • 7.­178
  • 8.­18-19
  • 8.­33
  • 8.­62-64
  • 8.­83-84
  • 8.­86-92
  • 8.­113-114
  • 8.­120-121
  • 8.­123
  • 8.­134
  • 8.­192
  • 9.­21
  • 9.­42
  • 9.­1508
  • 9.­1510
  • 9.­1512-1516
  • 9.­1721-1722
  • 9.­1763
  • 9.­1820
  • 9.­2522-2524
  • 9.­2526-2528
  • 10.­68
  • 10.­71
  • 10.­82-83
  • 10.­89
  • 10.­95
  • 11.­10
  • 11.­49
  • 11.­92
  • 11.­128
  • 11.­163
  • 11.­166
  • n.­295
  • n.­481
g.­201

Gayā-Kāśyapa

Wylie:
  • ga yA ’od srung
Tibetan:
  • ག་ཡཱ་འོད་སྲུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • gayā-kāśyapa

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1822-1824
  • n.­987
g.­207

Gopālaka

Wylie:
  • ba lang skyong
Tibetan:
  • བ་ལང་སྐྱོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • gopālaka

A nāga.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­249
g.­209

gośīrṣacandana

Wylie:
  • tsan dan sa mchog
Tibetan:
  • ཙན་དན་ས་མཆོག
Sanskrit:
  • gośīrṣacandana

A kind of sandalwood.

Located in 19 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­153-154
  • 2.­156
  • 2.­158
  • 2.­160-161
  • 2.­163
  • 2.­242-244
  • 2.­256
  • 2.­258-261
  • 3.­12
  • 7.­164
  • 7.­167
  • 9.­1450
g.­210

Govinda

Wylie:
  • gnag lhas skyes
Tibetan:
  • གནག་ལྷས་སྐྱེས།
Sanskrit:
  • govinda

A brahmin.

Located in 43 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1281-1293
  • 9.­1295-1300
  • 9.­1302-1303
  • 9.­1308
  • 9.­1311-1313
  • 9.­1325-1326
  • 9.­1330
  • 9.­1348-1349
  • 9.­1352-1353
  • 9.­1495
  • n.­882
  • n.­887
  • n.­894
  • n.­898
  • g.­105
  • g.­159
  • g.­170
  • g.­526
  • g.­582
  • g.­737
g.­212

Great Cup

Wylie:
  • phor chen
Tibetan:
  • ཕོར་ཆེན།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A yakṣa.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­223
g.­220

Guṃjika

Wylie:
  • sgra sgrogs
Tibetan:
  • སྒྲ་སྒྲོགས།
Sanskrit:
  • guṃjika

(1) A yakṣa in Kashmir; see also n.­396. (2) A ṛṣi.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­202
g.­222

Gupta

Wylie:
  • sbas pa
Tibetan:
  • སྦས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • gupta

A perfumer, the father of Upagupta.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­6
  • n.­769
g.­225

haṃsa

Wylie:
  • ngang pa
Tibetan:
  • ངང་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • haṃsa

A kind of bird, which is identified with the swan or goose.

Located in 32 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­22
  • 3.­126-127
  • 8.­280
  • 8.­283-286
  • 8.­303
  • 9.­35
  • 9.­535
  • 9.­544
  • 9.­581
  • 9.­723
  • 9.­1120
  • 9.­1222-1223
  • 9.­1225-1232
  • 9.­1234
  • 10.­124
  • n.­582
  • n.­710
  • g.­159
  • g.­511
  • g.­513
g.­229

Hastināpura

Wylie:
  • glang po’i khyim gyi grong khyer
  • glang po che’i grong rdal
Tibetan:
  • གླང་པོའི་ཁྱིམ་གྱི་གྲོང་ཁྱེར།
  • གླང་པོ་ཆེའི་གྲོང་རྡལ།
Sanskrit:
  • hastināpura

A city.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­147
  • 9.­534
  • 9.­549
  • 9.­596
  • 9.­642
  • 9.­711-712
g.­232

Having a Shaved Head and Water Jar

Wylie:
  • mgo reg dang ril ba spyi blugs can
Tibetan:
  • མགོ་རེག་དང་རིལ་བ་སྤྱི་བླུགས་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A ṛṣi. See also n.­417

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­224
g.­233

Heaped Up

Wylie:
  • spungs pa can
Tibetan:
  • སྤུངས་པ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A city or village.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­216
  • 7.­220-221
  • g.­66
g.­241

Huluḍa

Wylie:
  • hu lu du
Tibetan:
  • ཧུ་ལུ་དུ།
Sanskrit:
  • huluḍa

A nāga.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­239
  • n.­429
g.­243

Icchānaṅgalā

Wylie:
  • ’dod pa mthun pa
Tibetan:
  • འདོད་པ་མཐུན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • icchānaṅgalā

A village.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­2
  • 6.­9
  • 6.­11-12
  • 6.­162-163
  • n.­243
  • n.­314
  • n.­357
  • g.­244
g.­244

Icchānaṅgalā Forest

Wylie:
  • ’dod pa mthun pa’i nags khrod
Tibetan:
  • འདོད་པ་མཐུན་པའི་ནགས་ཁྲོད།
Sanskrit:
  • icchānaṅgalaṃ vanaṣaṇḍam

A forest near the village Icchānaṅgalā.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­2
  • 6.­9
  • 6.­11-12
  • n.­243
g.­247

Indra

Wylie:
  • dbang po
Tibetan:
  • དབང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • indra

(1) A god, also known as “Śakra.” (2) A brahmin. (3) A buddha in the past.

Located in 29 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­10
  • 2.­236
  • 2.­247
  • 2.­306
  • 3.­262
  • 3.­273
  • 3.­276
  • 3.­299
  • 3.­302
  • 7.­161-162
  • 7.­164-165
  • 7.­167-168
  • 9.­233
  • 9.­592
  • 9.­827
  • 9.­1506
  • n.­40
  • n.­625
  • n.­787
  • n.­930
  • g.­15
  • g.­390
  • g.­432
  • g.­542
  • g.­552
  • g.­688
g.­250

Indus

Wylie:
  • sin du
Tibetan:
  • སིན་དུ།
Sanskrit:
  • sindhu

A river.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­17
  • 7.­223
  • 9.­1529
g.­264

Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park

Wylie:
  • rgyal bu rgyal byed kyi tshal mgon med zas sbyin gyi kun dga’ ra ba
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་བུ་རྒྱལ་བྱེད་ཀྱི་ཚལ་མགོན་མེད་ཟས་སྦྱིན་གྱི་ཀུན་དགའ་ར་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • jetavanam anāthapiṇḍadasyārāmaḥ AO

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the first Buddhist monasteries, located in a park outside Śrāvastī, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Kośala in northern India. This park was originally owned by Prince Jeta, hence the name Jetavana, meaning Jeta’s grove. The wealthy merchant Anāthapiṇḍada, wishing to offer it to the Buddha, sought to buy it from him, but the prince, not wishing to sell, said he would only do so if Anāthapiṇḍada covered the entire property with gold coins. Anāthapiṇḍada agreed, and managed to cover all of the park except the entrance, hence the name Anāthapiṇḍadasyārāmaḥ, meaning Anāthapiṇḍada’s park. The place is usually referred to in the sūtras as “Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s park,” and according to the Saṃghabhedavastu the Buddha used Prince Jeta’s name in first place because that was Prince Jeta’s own unspoken wish while Anāthapiṇḍada was offering the park. Inspired by the occasion and the Buddha’s use of his name, Prince Jeta then offered the rest of the property and had an entrance gate built. The Buddha specifically instructed those who recite the sūtras to use Prince Jeta’s name in first place to commemorate the mutual effort of both benefactors.

Anāthapiṇḍada built residences for the monks, to house them during the monsoon season, thus creating the first Buddhist monastery. It was one of the Buddha’s main residences, where he spent around nineteen rainy season retreats, and it was therefore the setting for many of the Buddha’s discourses and events. According to the travel accounts of Chinese monks, it was still in use as a Buddhist monastery in the early fifth century ᴄᴇ, but by the sixth century it had been reduced to ruins.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 2.­45-46
  • 2.­202
  • 3.­6
  • 6.­238
  • 7.­65
  • 9.­71
  • 9.­1508
  • 10.­53
  • g.­263
g.­271

Kacaṅgalā

Wylie:
  • ka tsang ga la
Tibetan:
  • ཀ་ཙང་ག་ལ།
Sanskrit:
  • kacaṅgalā

A woman who was the Buddha’s mother in a former life.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­95-97
  • 8.­101
  • 8.­105
  • 8.­107-109
  • n.­486
  • n.­489
  • n.­492
g.­273

Kaineya

Wylie:
  • ke na’i bu
Tibetan:
  • ཀེ་ནའི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • kaineya

A ṛṣi.

Located in 27 passages in the translation:

  • 11.­3-6
  • 11.­10
  • 11.­37
  • 11.­39
  • 11.­43-46
  • 11.­50
  • 11.­52
  • 11.­54-55
  • 11.­66-68
  • 11.­71
  • 11.­112-113
  • 11.­188
  • n.­302
  • n.­305
  • n.­1123
  • n.­1150
  • g.­548
g.­276

Kāla

Wylie:
  • nag po
Tibetan:
  • ནག་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • kāla

A city.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­199
g.­278

Kalandaka­nivāpa

Wylie:
  • ka lan da ka gnas pa
Tibetan:
  • ཀ་ལན་ད་ཀ་གནས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kalandaka­nivāpa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A place where the Buddha often resided, within the Bamboo Park (Veṇuvana) outside Rajagṛha that had been donated to him. The name is said to have arisen when, one day, King Bimbisāra fell asleep after a romantic liaison in the Bamboo Park. While the king rested, his consort wandered off. A snake (the reincarnation of the park’s previous owner, who still resented the king’s acquisition of the park) approached with malign intentions. Through the king’s tremendous merit, a gathering of kalandaka‍—crows or other birds according to Tibetan renderings, but some Sanskrit and Pali sources suggest flying squirrels‍—miraculously appeared and began squawking. Their clamor alerted the king’s consort to the danger, who rushed back and hacked the snake to pieces, thereby saving the king’s life. King Bimbisāra then named the spot Kalandakanivāpa (“Kalandakas’ Feeding Ground”), sometimes (though not in the Vinayavastu) given as Kalandakanivāsa (“Kalandakas’ Abode”) in their honor. The story is told in the Saṃghabhedavastu (Toh 1, ch.17, Degé Kangyur vol.4, folio 77.b et seq.). For more details and other origin stories, see the 84000 Knowledge Base article Veṇuvana and Kalandakanivāpa.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­40-41
  • 3.­2
  • n.­44
  • n.­935
g.­280

Kalmāṣadamya

Wylie:
  • khra bo ’dul
Tibetan:
  • ཁྲ་བོ་འདུལ།
Sanskrit:
  • kalmāṣadamya

A village.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 5.­2
g.­284

Kaniṣka

Wylie:
  • ka nis ka
Tibetan:
  • ཀ་ནིས་ཀ
Sanskrit:
  • kaniṣka

A king of the Kushan empire in the second century ᴄᴇ.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­267
  • n.­446-447
g.­286

Kanthā

Wylie:
  • yul gan tha
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་གན་ཐ།
Sanskrit:
  • kanthā

A country in the northern region.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­241
g.­287

Kanthaka

Wylie:
  • bsngags ldan
Tibetan:
  • བསྔགས་ལྡན།
Sanskrit:
  • kanthaka

A horse of the Bodhisattva.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­90
  • n.­213
g.­297

Kāśi

Wylie:
  • ka shi
Tibetan:
  • ཀ་ཤི།
Sanskrit:
  • kāśi

A country or a city named the same.

Located in 19 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­2-3
  • 2.­76
  • 2.­130-132
  • 4.­88
  • 9.­313
  • 9.­1004
  • 9.­1033
  • 9.­1352
  • 9.­1639
  • 9.­1876
  • 9.­2044
  • 9.­2408
  • 11.­189
  • n.­1124
  • g.­105
  • g.­712
g.­298

Kaśmīra

Wylie:
  • kha che
Tibetan:
  • ཁ་ཆེ།
Sanskrit:
  • kaśmīra

A country.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­202
  • 7.­239
  • n.­429
g.­299

Kāśyapa

Wylie:
  • ’drob skyong gi bu
  • ’od srung
Tibetan:
  • འདྲོབ་སྐྱོང་གི་བུ།
  • འོད་སྲུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • kāśyapa

(1) A ṛṣi in the past (’drob skyong gi bu). (2) A ṛṣi (’od srung). (3) A buddha in the past (’od srung). (4) Another name of Mahākāśyapa (’od srung).

Located in 87 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­346
  • 2.­349
  • 3.­173
  • 3.­267-270
  • 6.­141
  • 8.­82
  • 8.­110
  • 8.­270
  • 8.­276-278
  • 8.­286
  • 8.­296-298
  • 9.­38-40
  • 9.­43-48
  • 9.­86-87
  • 9.­260
  • 9.­1398
  • 9.­1485
  • 9.­1487
  • 9.­1506
  • 9.­1580
  • 9.­1589
  • 9.­1595-1596
  • 9.­1768
  • 9.­1815
  • 9.­1877
  • 9.­1944
  • 9.­1959
  • 9.­2045
  • 9.­2141
  • 9.­2210-2211
  • 9.­2224
  • 9.­2391
  • 9.­2393
  • 9.­2395-2397
  • 9.­2400
  • 9.­2402-2413
  • 9.­2416
  • 9.­2418-2419
  • 9.­2422
  • 9.­2424-2425
  • 9.­2428
  • 9.­2431-2433
  • 11.­24
  • 11.­32-36
  • n.­584
  • n.­908
  • n.­958
  • n.­1000
  • g.­675
g.­302

Kauravya

Wylie:
  • kau rab bya
  • byed ldan
Tibetan:
  • ཀཽ་རབ་བྱ།
  • བྱེད་ལྡན།
Sanskrit:
  • kauravya

(1) The king of the country of Kuru. (2) A king in the past.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­93-98
  • 7.­100
  • 7.­110
  • 7.­146
  • 9.­1257
  • 9.­1881
g.­307

Kharjūrikā

Wylie:
  • ’bra go can
Tibetan:
  • འབྲ་གོ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • kharjūrikā

A village.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­266
g.­308

Kimpila

Wylie:
  • kim pi la
Tibetan:
  • ཀིམ་པི་ལ།
Sanskrit:
  • kimpila

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­3-4
g.­309

Kimpilā

Wylie:
  • kim pi la
Tibetan:
  • ཀིམ་པི་ལ།
Sanskrit:
  • kimpilā

(1) A village. (2) A forest near the village of Kimpilā.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­2
g.­312

Kolita

Wylie:
  • pang nas skyes
Tibetan:
  • པང་ནས་སྐྱེས།
Sanskrit:
  • kolita

Another name of Mahā­maudgalyāyana.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1628-1630
  • g.­358
g.­314

Kosala

Wylie:
  • ko sa la
Tibetan:
  • ཀོ་ས་ལ།
Sanskrit:
  • kosala

A country that the Buddha frequently visited.

Located in 70 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 2.­27
  • 2.­44
  • 2.­46-49
  • 2.­273
  • 6.­9-12
  • 6.­146-147
  • 6.­179-183
  • 6.­186-189
  • 6.­193-196
  • 6.­220-225
  • 6.­227
  • 6.­229
  • 6.­232-233
  • 6.­235-239
  • 7.­170
  • 9.­71
  • 9.­97-98
  • 9.­100
  • 9.­106
  • 9.­108-110
  • 9.­123
  • 9.­125-126
  • 9.­128-129
  • 9.­137
  • 9.­139
  • 9.­1402
  • 9.­1524
  • 9.­2509
  • n.­314
  • n.­960
  • g.­114
  • g.­285
  • g.­347
  • g.­426
  • g.­499
  • g.­604
  • g.­639
g.­317

Krauñcāna

Wylie:
  • krung krung sgra can
Tibetan:
  • ཀྲུང་ཀྲུང་སྒྲ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • krauñcāna

A village or town. See also n.­564.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­3
  • n.­563-564
g.­325

kulmāṣa

Wylie:
  • zan dron
Tibetan:
  • ཟན་དྲོན།
Sanskrit:
  • kulmāṣa

Sour gruel.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­10
  • 7.­72-73
  • 7.­75
  • 9.­2416-2419
g.­326

Kumāravardhana

Wylie:
  • yul gzhon nu bskyed pa
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་གཞོན་ནུ་བསྐྱེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kumāravardhana

A country. See also n.­563.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­2
  • n.­563
g.­329

Kuntī

Wylie:
  • mdung can
Tibetan:
  • མདུང་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • kuntī

A yakṣiṇī.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­257
  • 7.­259-261
  • 7.­265
g.­330

Kuntī

Wylie:
  • mdung can
Tibetan:
  • མདུང་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • kuntī

A city.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­257-259
  • 7.­263
g.­331

Kuru

Wylie:
  • sgra ngan
  • sgra mi snyan
Tibetan:
  • སྒྲ་ངན།
  • སྒྲ་མི་སྙན།
Sanskrit:
  • kuru

(1) A country (sgra ngan). (2) A continent in the north (sgra mi snyan).

Located in 24 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­2
  • 7.­48-49
  • 7.­127-128
  • 9.­181-182
  • 9.­184
  • 9.­186
  • 9.­188
  • 9.­190-191
  • 9.­193
  • 9.­246
  • 9.­258
  • 9.­1582-1583
  • 9.­1585
  • 9.­2417
  • n.­629
  • n.­1058
  • g.­302
  • g.­616
  • g.­617
g.­332

Kuśa

Wylie:
  • ku sha
Tibetan:
  • ཀུ་ཤ།
Sanskrit:
  • kuśa

A prince who was the Buddha in a former life.

Located in 33 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­168
  • 9.­340
  • 9.­342
  • 9.­344
  • 9.­346-347
  • 9.­350-353
  • 9.­357-358
  • 9.­361
  • 9.­364
  • 9.­368-369
  • 9.­376
  • 9.­379-381
  • 9.­384-385
  • 9.­388
  • 9.­394-396
  • 9.­400
  • 9.­402-403
  • 9.­410
  • g.­60
  • g.­612
  • g.­743
g.­339

Licchavi

Wylie:
  • lits+tsha bI
Tibetan:
  • ལིཙྪ་བཱི།
Sanskrit:
  • licchavi

A tribe or clan based in Vaiśālī.

Located in 19 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­31
  • 3.­53
  • 3.­108
  • 3.­134-136
  • 3.­219
  • 3.­239-241
  • 3.­246
  • 3.­248-249
  • 3.­264-265
  • 3.­270
  • n.­177
  • n.­1183
  • g.­700
g.­343

lineage of Kuṣāṇa

Wylie:
  • ku sha na’i rigs
Tibetan:
  • ཀུ་ཤ་ནའི་རིགས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The royal family of the Kushan dynasty.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­267
g.­350

Madhyandina

Wylie:
  • nyi ma’i gung
Tibetan:
  • ཉི་མའི་གུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • madhyandina

A monk who is predicted by the Buddha to appear in the future.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­239
  • 8.­6
  • n.­429
g.­352

Magadha

Wylie:
  • ma ga dhA
Tibetan:
  • མ་ག་དྷཱ།
Sanskrit:
  • magadha

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

An ancient Indian kingdom that lay to the south of the Ganges River in what today is the state of Bihar. Magadha was the largest of the sixteen “great states” (mahājanapada) that flourished between the sixth and third centuries ʙᴄᴇ in northern India. During the life of the Buddha Śākyamuni, it was ruled by King Bimbisāra and later by Bimbisāra's son, Ajātaśatru. Its capital was initially Rājagṛha (modern-day Rajgir) but was later moved to Pāṭaliputra (modern-day Patna). Over the centuries, with the expansion of the Magadha’s might, it became the capital of the vast Mauryan empire and seat of the great King Aśoka.

This region is home to many of the most important Buddhist sites, including Bodh Gayā, where the Buddha attained awakening; Vulture Peak (Gṛdhra­kūṭa), where the Buddha bestowed many well-known Mahāyāna sūtras; and the Buddhist university of Nālandā that flourished between the fifth and twelfth centuries ᴄᴇ, among many others.

Located in 64 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 2.­40-44
  • 2.­386-387
  • 2.­390
  • 2.­422
  • 3.­4
  • 3.­13-15
  • 3.­17
  • 3.­19-22
  • 3.­26-27
  • 3.­33
  • 3.­37-38
  • 3.­41
  • 3.­48-50
  • 3.­52-53
  • 3.­55
  • 3.­82-83
  • 3.­96-100
  • 3.­104-106
  • 3.­134-136
  • 3.­243
  • 7.­231-232
  • 9.­2071
  • 9.­2185
  • 11.­46-47
  • n.­114
  • n.­123
  • n.­173
  • n.­546
  • g.­17
  • g.­71
  • g.­134
  • g.­211
  • g.­430
  • g.­477
  • g.­516
  • g.­605
  • g.­713
g.­356

Mahādeva

Wylie:
  • lha chen po
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahādeva

A wheel-turning king who was the Buddha in a former life. It is also the name of his eldest son and the other eighty-four thousand eldest sons in his line of succession.

Located in 35 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­33
  • 4.­36-40
  • 4.­42
  • 4.­45-47
  • 4.­63-64
  • 9.­426-430
  • 9.­433
  • 9.­436-438
  • 9.­440
  • n.­194
  • n.­197-198
  • n.­200
  • n.­203-204
  • n.­503
  • n.­671
  • n.­687
  • n.­690
  • n.­692
  • n.­697
  • g.­447
g.­357

Mahākāśyapa

Wylie:
  • ’od srung chen po
Tibetan:
  • འོད་སྲུང་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahākāśyapa

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 23 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­74-75
  • 9.­78-83
  • 9.­88
  • 9.­90
  • 9.­93
  • 9.­95-97
  • 9.­137
  • 9.­1578
  • 11.­29
  • n.­117
  • n.­154
  • n.­454
  • n.­600
  • n.­602
  • g.­299
g.­358

Mahā­maudgalyāyana

Wylie:
  • maud gal gyi bu chen po
Tibetan:
  • མཽད་གལ་གྱི་བུ་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahā­maudgalyāyana

A disciple of the Buddha. He is also referred to as “Maudgalyāyana” and “Kolita.”

Located in 56 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­97-100
  • 2.­318-320
  • 2.­324-327
  • 2.­329-331
  • 2.­336-337
  • 2.­341
  • 7.­18-20
  • 7.­22
  • 7.­25-27
  • 7.­29
  • 7.­32
  • 8.­141-142
  • 8.­292-293
  • 9.­1531-1538
  • 9.­1540-1541
  • 9.­1543
  • 9.­1610-1611
  • 10.­47
  • 10.­49
  • 10.­51
  • 10.­53
  • 10.­56
  • 11.­57-58
  • n.­101
  • n.­496
  • n.­964
  • g.­82
  • g.­312
  • g.­386
g.­361

Mahāpraṇāda

Wylie:
  • sgra chen
Tibetan:
  • སྒྲ་ཆེན།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāpraṇāda

A king in the past.

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­139
  • 3.­154-155
  • 3.­157
  • 3.­160-162
  • 3.­166-167
  • n.­145
  • g.­51
  • g.­498
g.­363

Mahāsammata

Wylie:
  • mang pos bkur ba
Tibetan:
  • མང་པོས་བཀུར་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāsammata

The first king of the world.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­67
  • 8.­2-3
  • n.­250
  • n.­452
  • n.­896
g.­364

Mahāsena

Wylie:
  • sde chen
Tibetan:
  • སྡེ་ཆེན།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāsena

(1) A householder and lay follower of the Buddha. (2) A householder in a former life of a person with the same name.

Located in 18 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­3-9
  • 2.­11-12
  • 2.­14
  • 2.­16
  • 2.­18-22
  • 2.­24
  • g.­365
g.­365

Mahāsenā

Wylie:
  • sde chen ma
Tibetan:
  • སྡེ་ཆེན་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāsenā

(1) The wife of the householder Mahāsena and lay follower of the Buddha. (2) The wife of a householder in a former life of a person with the same name.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­3
  • 2.­11
  • 2.­16
  • 2.­18
g.­366

Mahāsudarśana

Wylie:
  • legs mthong chen po
Tibetan:
  • ལེགས་མཐོང་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāsudarśana

A wheel-turning king who was the Buddha in a former life.

Located in 29 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­116
  • 3.­118-119
  • 3.­127
  • 3.­131
  • 9.­267
  • 9.­275-281
  • 9.­283-288
  • 9.­300-302
  • 9.­305
  • n.­144
  • n.­370
  • n.­662-663
  • n.­667
  • n.­671
g.­373

Maitreya

Wylie:
  • byams pa
Tibetan:
  • བྱམས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • maitreya

(1) A buddha in the future. (2) A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­169
  • 3.­171-173
  • 3.­201
  • 9.­1486
  • 9.­1506
  • n.­152
  • n.­154
  • n.­157
g.­381

Māndhātṛ

Wylie:
  • nga las nu
Tibetan:
  • ང་ལས་ནུ།
Sanskrit:
  • māndhātṛ

A wheel-turning king who was the Buddha in a former life.

Located in 79 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­10-11
  • 9.­13
  • 9.­16
  • 9.­143-145
  • 9.­147
  • 9.­149
  • 9.­157
  • 9.­160-161
  • 9.­163-164
  • 9.­167
  • 9.­169-170
  • 9.­172
  • 9.­174-185
  • 9.­187
  • 9.­189
  • 9.­191-192
  • 9.­194-195
  • 9.­199-200
  • 9.­204
  • 9.­206
  • 9.­208-210
  • 9.­217
  • 9.­219
  • 9.­221
  • 9.­223
  • 9.­233-237
  • 9.­240-243
  • 9.­245-249
  • 9.­255
  • 9.­257-258
  • 9.­260-262
  • 9.­269
  • 9.­273
  • n.­562
  • n.­568
  • n.­574
  • n.­620
  • n.­656-657
  • g.­164
  • g.­419
  • g.­551
  • g.­689
g.­384

Māra

Wylie:
  • bdud
Tibetan:
  • བདུད།
Sanskrit:
  • māra

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Māra, literally “death” or “maker of death,” is the name of the deva who tried to prevent the Buddha from achieving awakening, the name given to the class of beings he leads, and also an impersonal term for the destructive forces that keep beings imprisoned in saṃsāra:

(1) As a deva, Māra is said to be the principal deity in the Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations (paranirmitavaśavartin), the highest paradise in the desire realm. He famously attempted to prevent the Buddha’s awakening under the Bodhi tree‍—see The Play in Full (Toh 95), 21.1‍—and later sought many times to thwart the Buddha’s activity. In the sūtras, he often also creates obstacles to the progress of śrāvakas and bodhisattvas. (2) The devas ruled over by Māra are collectively called mārakāyika or mārakāyikadevatā, the “deities of Māra’s family or class.” In general, these māras too do not wish any being to escape from saṃsāra, but can also change their ways and even end up developing faith in the Buddha, as exemplified by Sārthavāha; see The Play in Full (Toh 95), 21.14 and 21.43. (3) The term māra can also be understood as personifying four defects that prevent awakening, called (i) the divine māra (devaputra­māra), which is the distraction of pleasures; (ii) the māra of Death (mṛtyumāra), which is having one’s life interrupted; (iii) the māra of the aggregates (skandhamāra), which is identifying with the five aggregates; and (iv) the māra of the afflictions (kleśamāra), which is being under the sway of the negative emotions of desire, hatred, and ignorance.

Located in 19 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­288
  • 3.­314
  • 4.­104
  • 6.­11
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­195
  • 9.­1453
  • 9.­1473
  • 9.­1866
  • 9.­2191
  • 9.­2318-2319
  • 11.­77
  • 11.­142
  • 11.­150
  • 11.­156
  • n.­208
  • n.­1042
  • g.­385
g.­392

Mathurā

Wylie:
  • ma thu la
  • bcom brlag
Tibetan:
  • མ་ཐུ་ལ།
  • བཅོམ་བརླག
Sanskrit:
  • mathurā

A town.

Located in 23 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­34
  • 8.­4-6
  • 8.­18-19
  • 8.­21
  • 8.­62
  • 8.­64-66
  • 8.­68
  • 8.­71
  • 8.­75
  • 8.­77
  • n.­128
  • n.­361
  • n.­450
  • n.­460
  • n.­473
  • g.­91
  • g.­441
  • g.­442
g.­393

Maudgalyāyana

Wylie:
  • maud gal gyi bu
Tibetan:
  • མཽད་གལ་གྱི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • maudgalyāyana

(1) A disciple of the Buddha Śākyamuni. (2) A disciple of a buddha in the past. (3) A disciple of a buddha in the future.

Located in 32 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­100
  • 2.­318
  • 2.­324
  • 2.­328
  • 2.­337
  • 2.­340-341
  • 7.­18
  • 8.­196-197
  • 8.­230
  • 8.­238
  • 8.­292
  • 9.­130
  • 9.­135
  • 9.­1386
  • 9.­1531
  • 9.­1550
  • 9.­1559
  • 9.­1565
  • 9.­1570
  • 9.­1576-1577
  • 9.­2383
  • 9.­2387
  • 11.­59
  • 11.­64-65
  • 11.­180
  • n.­117
  • n.­547
  • g.­358
g.­396

midland region

Wylie:
  • yul dbus
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་དབུས།
Sanskrit:
  • madhyadeśa

The central part of the continent of Jambu.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­176
  • 3.­180-182
  • 9.­1545
  • 9.­1547
  • 9.­1572
  • 10.­68
  • n.­408
g.­397

Miṇḍhaka

Wylie:
  • lug
Tibetan:
  • ལུག
Sanskrit:
  • miṇḍhaka

A householder.

Located in 27 passages in the translation:

  • 10.­58-65
  • 10.­86-87
  • 10.­91
  • 10.­93
  • 10.­99
  • 10.­101-103
  • 10.­107
  • 10.­115
  • 10.­140
  • n.­386
  • n.­575
  • n.­814
  • n.­1097-1098
  • n.­1105
  • n.­1118-1119
g.­406

Mount Sumeru

Wylie:
  • ri rab
Tibetan:
  • རི་རབ།
Sanskrit:
  • sumeru

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

According to ancient Buddhist cosmology, this is the great mountain forming the axis of the universe. At its summit is Sudarśana, home of Śakra and his thirty-two gods, and on its flanks live the asuras. The mount has four sides facing the cardinal directions, each of which is made of a different precious stone. Surrounding it are several mountain ranges and the great ocean where the four principal island continents lie: in the south, Jambudvīpa (our world); in the west, Godānīya; in the north, Uttarakuru; and in the east, Pūrvavideha. Above it are the abodes of the desire realm gods. It is variously referred to as Meru, Mount Meru, Sumeru, and Mount Sumeru.

Located in 25 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­253
  • 2.­329
  • 2.­357
  • 7.­164
  • 9.­156
  • 9.­184
  • 9.­187
  • 9.­195
  • 9.­197
  • 9.­205
  • 9.­217
  • 9.­221
  • 9.­704
  • 9.­1538
  • 9.­1540
  • 9.­2320
  • 11.­32
  • n.­637-639
  • g.­140
  • g.­375
  • g.­401
  • g.­404
  • g.­543
g.­408

Mount Uśīra

Wylie:
  • u shi ra’i ri
Tibetan:
  • ཨུ་ཤི་རའི་རི།
Sanskrit:
  • uśīragiri

A mountain in the northern region.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­215
  • g.­659
g.­411

Mountain

Wylie:
  • ri bo can
  • ri bo
Tibetan:
  • རི་བོ་ཅན།
  • རི་བོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

(1) The son of the brahmin Agnidatta (ri bo can). (2) The son of the nāga Apalāla (ri bo).

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­407
  • 2.­420
  • 7.­233-234
g.­416

Mūkapaṅgu

Wylie:
  • lkugs ’phye
Tibetan:
  • ལྐུགས་འཕྱེ།
Sanskrit:
  • mūkapaṅgu

(1) Another name of Prince Water Born. (2) A non-Buddhist ascetic teacher.

Located in 32 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1151
  • 9.­1155-1165
  • 9.­1168
  • 9.­1173
  • 9.­1180
  • 9.­1182
  • 9.­1184
  • 9.­1192
  • 9.­1195-1197
  • 9.­1243
  • 9.­1245-1246
  • 9.­1248-1249
  • 9.­1251-1254
  • n.­866
  • n.­884
g.­420

Naḍadaryā

Wylie:
  • sbubs can
Tibetan:
  • སྦུབས་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • naḍadaryā

A yakṣiṇī. See also n.­444.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­256
g.­421

Naḍera

Wylie:
  • sbu bu can
Tibetan:
  • སྦུ་བུ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • naḍera

A place near Vairambhya in Śūrasena.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­119-120
  • n.­444
g.­422

Nadī-Kāśyapa

Wylie:
  • chu klung ’od srung
Tibetan:
  • ཆུ་ཀླུང་འོད་སྲུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • nadī-kāśyapa

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1822-1824
  • n.­987
g.­423

Nāḍikā

Wylie:
  • sbu bu can
Tibetan:
  • སྦུ་བུ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • nāḍikā

A yakṣiṇī. See also n.­444.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­256
  • n.­444
g.­424

Nādikā

Wylie:
  • sgra can
Tibetan:
  • སྒྲ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • nādikā

A village.

Located in 25 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­206-209
  • 3.­211-213
  • 3.­218
  • 3.­226
  • n.­166
  • g.­44
  • g.­81
  • g.­130
  • g.­221
  • g.­272
  • g.­294
  • g.­300
  • g.­445
  • g.­537
  • g.­620
  • g.­681
  • g.­685
  • g.­760
  • g.­761
  • g.­762
g.­425

nāga

Wylie:
  • klu
Tibetan:
  • ཀླུ།
Sanskrit:
  • nāga

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who live in subterranean aquatic environments, where they guard wealth and sometimes also teachings. Nāgas are associated with serpents and have a snakelike appearance. In Buddhist art and in written accounts, they are regularly portrayed as half human and half snake, and they are also said to have the ability to change into human form. Some nāgas are Dharma protectors, but they can also bring retribution if they are disturbed. They may likewise fight one another, wage war, and destroy the lands of others by causing lightning, hail, and flooding.

Located in 154 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­3
  • 2.­31
  • 2.­34-39
  • 2.­287
  • 2.­318
  • 2.­320-323
  • 2.­356-357
  • 2.­359-360
  • 2.­364-365
  • 2.­374-375
  • 2.­379
  • 2.­383-384
  • 2.­389-391
  • 2.­399-402
  • 2.­404
  • 2.­416-417
  • 2.­420-422
  • 3.­9
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­51-52
  • 3.­109
  • 3.­134-136
  • 3.­142
  • 7.­25
  • 7.­32
  • 7.­213
  • 7.­225-228
  • 7.­230
  • 7.­233-234
  • 7.­239
  • 7.­249
  • 7.­251-253
  • 7.­259
  • 7.­268
  • 7.­270-271
  • 8.­71
  • 8.­194
  • 9.­47
  • 9.­205-211
  • 9.­420-421
  • 9.­535
  • 9.­544-549
  • 9.­551
  • 9.­553-554
  • 9.­557
  • 9.­560-561
  • 9.­563-564
  • 9.­566
  • 9.­584
  • 9.­1217-1219
  • 9.­1530
  • 9.­1538
  • 9.­2458
  • 9.­2466
  • 10.­49-52
  • 10.­54
  • 11.­14
  • 11.­21
  • 11.­32
  • 11.­34-36
  • n.­41
  • n.­101
  • n.­108-109
  • n.­114
  • n.­128
  • n.­153
  • n.­343
  • n.­401
  • n.­423
  • n.­429
  • n.­443
  • n.­636
  • n.­645
  • n.­878-879
  • n.­1139
  • g.­34
  • g.­56
  • g.­123
  • g.­199
  • g.­200
  • g.­203
  • g.­207
  • g.­241
  • g.­261
  • g.­319
  • g.­367
  • g.­379
  • g.­380
  • g.­411
  • g.­431
  • g.­507
  • g.­591
  • g.­635
  • g.­643
  • g.­655
  • g.­664
  • g.­684
  • g.­708
g.­427

nagna

Wylie:
  • tshan po che
Tibetan:
  • ཚན་པོ་ཆེ།
Sanskrit:
  • nagna

A kind of person who possesses superhuman strength.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­102-103
  • 7.­118
  • 7.­120-121
  • 9.­342
  • 9.­1301
  • 9.­1307
  • 9.­1342
  • 9.­1344
g.­429

Naitarī

Wylie:
  • yul dbang ldan
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་དབང་ལྡན།
Sanskrit:
  • naitarī

A country.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­243
g.­430

Nālandā

Wylie:
  • na lan da
Tibetan:
  • ན་ལན་ད།
Sanskrit:
  • nālandā

A village in Magadha.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­54-55
  • n.­120
  • n.­129
  • g.­525
g.­431

Nanda

Wylie:
  • dga’ bo
Tibetan:
  • དགའ་བོ།
Sanskrit:
  • nanda

(1) A disciple of the Buddha. (2) A herdsman. (3) A nāga king.

Located in 30 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­357
  • 7.­25
  • 8.­249-253
  • 8.­259-262
  • 8.­267-268
  • 8.­271
  • 8.­276
  • 9.­1530
  • 9.­1538-1539
  • 9.­2037-2038
  • 9.­2051-2053
  • n.­109
  • n.­525
  • n.­529
  • n.­539
  • n.­636
  • n.­983
  • g.­215
g.­436

Nandivardhana

Wylie:
  • dga’ ’phel
Tibetan:
  • དགའ་འཕེལ།
Sanskrit:
  • nandivardhana

A country or town.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­250
  • g.­93
g.­437

nandyāvarta

Wylie:
  • g.yung drung ’khyil pa
Tibetan:
  • གཡུང་དྲུང་འཁྱིལ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • nandyāvarta

An auspicious symbol, which is also called triratna or nandipada.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­141
  • 7.­230
g.­443

never-returner

Wylie:
  • mi ’ong ba
Tibetan:
  • མི་འོང་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • anāgāmin

A person who has attained the third of the four stages of spiritual achievement and is considered to be free from future rebirth in the realm of desire.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­303
  • 2.­309
  • 2.­315
  • 3.­210-211
  • 7.­30
  • 9.­69
  • 9.­321-323
  • 9.­329
  • 11.­37
  • n.­1151-1152
g.­447

Nimi

Wylie:
  • mu khyud
Tibetan:
  • མུ་ཁྱུད།
Sanskrit:
  • nimi

A wheel-turning king who is a descendant of Mahādeva and a former life of the Buddha.

Located in 39 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­48-55
  • 4.­57-61
  • 9.­443-450
  • 9.­452-456
  • 9.­463
  • 9.­465
  • n.­194
  • n.­200
  • n.­202-203
  • n.­643
  • n.­687
  • n.­692-695
  • n.­697
g.­459

outer robe

Wylie:
  • snam sbyar
Tibetan:
  • སྣམ་སྦྱར།
Sanskrit:
  • saṅghāṭī

One of the three robes of a Buddhist monastic, which is worn on occasions such as almsbegging and the community’s formal meeting.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­213-214
  • 2.­304-305
  • 3.­234
  • 6.­98
  • 7.­31
  • 8.­117
  • 8.­132-133
  • 9.­1451
  • 9.­1531
  • 9.­1533
g.­463

Pālitakūṭa

Wylie:
  • brtsegs skyong
Tibetan:
  • བརྩེགས་སྐྱོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • pālitakūṭa

A village. See also n.­436

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­249
g.­467

Pāpā

Wylie:
  • sdig can
Tibetan:
  • སྡིག་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • pāpā

A city.

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 4.­92
  • 4.­113
  • 11.­198-201
  • 11.­205-207
  • 11.­212-214
  • n.­1125
  • n.­1179
g.­477

Pāṭali

Wylie:
  • dmar bu can
Tibetan:
  • དམར་བུ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • pāṭali

A village which eventually became Pāṭaliputra, the capital of Magadha.

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­76
  • 3.­81-83
  • 3.­94-96
  • 3.­98-100
  • 3.­105-106
  • n.­120
  • n.­129
  • g.­476
g.­485

Piṇḍavaṃśa

Wylie:
  • smyug sbams
Tibetan:
  • སྨྱུག་སྦམས།
Sanskrit:
  • piṇḍavaṃśa

A wheel-turning king in the past.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­302
  • 8.­313
  • n.­559
  • n.­566
  • g.­719
g.­489

poṣadha

Wylie:
  • gso sbyong
Tibetan:
  • གསོ་སྦྱོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • poṣadha

A meeting of the community of monks held twice a month to recite the vinaya rules and confirm that the community is properly functioning in accordance with them.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­2-3
  • 8.­149
  • 9.­952
  • 9.­955
  • 9.­1217
  • 9.­1246-1248
  • n.­1080
g.­492

Prabhadrikā

Wylie:
  • rab tu bzang ldan
Tibetan:
  • རབ་ཏུ་བཟང་ལྡན།
Sanskrit:
  • prabhadrikā

A river. See also n.­362.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­34
  • 11.­56
  • 11.­181
g.­493

Prabhākara

Wylie:
  • ’od byed
Tibetan:
  • འོད་བྱེད།
Sanskrit:
  • prabhākara

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­2270
  • 9.­2290-2292
  • 9.­2504
  • n.­1033
g.­499

Prasenajit

Wylie:
  • gsal rgyal
Tibetan:
  • གསལ་རྒྱལ།
Sanskrit:
  • prasenajit

The king of Kosala.

Located in 71 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 2.­27
  • 2.­44
  • 2.­46-49
  • 2.­68
  • 6.­10
  • 6.­146-147
  • 6.­180-183
  • 6.­186-189
  • 6.­193-196
  • 6.­220-223
  • 6.­225
  • 6.­227
  • 6.­229
  • 6.­232-233
  • 6.­235-237
  • 9.­48
  • 9.­97-98
  • 9.­100
  • 9.­106
  • 9.­108-110
  • 9.­123
  • 9.­125-126
  • 9.­128-129
  • 9.­137
  • 9.­139
  • 9.­1402
  • 9.­1524
  • 10.­55
  • n.­321
  • n.­329
  • n.­568-570
  • n.­572
  • n.­574
  • n.­613
  • n.­616
  • n.­619
  • n.­622
  • n.­687
  • n.­690
  • n.­697
  • n.­940
  • n.­960
  • g.­60
  • g.­731
g.­500

praskandin

Wylie:
  • rab gnon
Tibetan:
  • རབ་གནོན།
Sanskrit:
  • praskandin

A kind of person who possesses superhuman strength.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­102-103
  • 7.­118
  • 7.­120-121
  • 9.­1301
  • 9.­1307
  • 9.­1342
  • 9.­1344
g.­502

prātimokṣa

Wylie:
  • so sor thar pa
Tibetan:
  • སོ་སོར་ཐར་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • prātimokṣa

The collection of monastic rules, which is supposed to be recited at the formal meeting of monastics every fortnight.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­58
  • g.­541
g.­505

primary defilement

Wylie:
  • nyon mongs pa
Tibetan:
  • ཉོན་མོངས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kleśa

The afflictions that hold one back from awakening, often listed as desire (rāga), anger (pratigha), pride (māna), ignorance (avidyā), wrong views (kudṛṣti), and indecision (vicikitsā).

Located in 60 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­10
  • 2.­16
  • 2.­24
  • 2.­275
  • 2.­315
  • 2.­343
  • 2.­352
  • 3.­204
  • 4.­105
  • 5.­2
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­120-130
  • 6.­132-133
  • 6.­173
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­106
  • 8.­110
  • 8.­118
  • 8.­268
  • 8.­276
  • 9.­36
  • 9.­39
  • 9.­69
  • 9.­594
  • 9.­1044
  • 9.­1048
  • 9.­1050-1051
  • 9.­1379
  • 9.­1581
  • 9.­1593
  • 9.­1633
  • 9.­1638
  • 9.­1661
  • 9.­1698
  • 9.­1990
  • 9.­2039
  • 9.­2055
  • 9.­2213
  • 9.­2347
  • 9.­2355
  • 9.­2534
  • 11.­57
  • 11.­147
  • 11.­151
  • 11.­155
  • n.­369
  • g.­338
  • g.­640
g.­507

Punarvasuka

Wylie:
  • nab so
Tibetan:
  • ནབ་སོ།
Sanskrit:
  • punarvasuka

A nāga. See also n.­442.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­251-253
  • 7.­255
  • n.­441
g.­511

Pūrṇa

Wylie:
  • gang po
  • gang ba
  • rdzogs ldan
Tibetan:
  • གང་པོ།
  • གང་བ།
  • རྫོགས་ལྡན།
Sanskrit:
  • pūrṇa

(1) A disciple of the Buddha from Sūrpāraka (gang po). (2) A disciple of the Buddha from Kuṇḍopadhāna (gang po). (3) A haṃsa (gang ba). (4) A buddha in the past (rdzogs ldan).

Located in 137 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 2.­103-104
  • 2.­110-113
  • 2.­118
  • 2.­121-123
  • 2.­126-128
  • 2.­130-131
  • 2.­134
  • 2.­137
  • 2.­140-142
  • 2.­145
  • 2.­147-156
  • 2.­158-161
  • 2.­163-165
  • 2.­167-168
  • 2.­170-171
  • 2.­175-176
  • 2.­179-180
  • 2.­182
  • 2.­184-198
  • 2.­200
  • 2.­203-207
  • 2.­209
  • 2.­211-213
  • 2.­215-222
  • 2.­224
  • 2.­226
  • 2.­228
  • 2.­230-234
  • 2.­236
  • 2.­238
  • 2.­250-256
  • 2.­258-260
  • 2.­262-263
  • 2.­267
  • 2.­272
  • 2.­274-276
  • 2.­279
  • 2.­283-286
  • 2.­289-291
  • 2.­313
  • 2.­343-344
  • 2.­347
  • 9.­1222-1223
  • 9.­1225
  • 9.­1506
  • n.­60
  • n.­80
  • n.­84
  • n.­92
  • n.­420
  • n.­699
  • g.­92
  • g.­94
  • g.­95
  • g.­96
  • g.­145
  • g.­610
  • g.­676
g.­516

Rājagṛha

Wylie:
  • rgyal po’i khab
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་པོའི་ཁབ།
Sanskrit:
  • rājagṛha

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The ancient capital of Magadha prior to its relocation to Pāṭaliputra during the Mauryan dynasty, Rājagṛha is one of the most important locations in Buddhist history. The literature tells us that the Buddha and his saṅgha spent a considerable amount of time in residence in and around Rājagṛha‍—in nearby places, such as the Vulture Peak Mountain (Gṛdhrakūṭaparvata), a major site of the Mahāyāna sūtras, and the Bamboo Grove (Veṇuvana)‍—enjoying the patronage of King Bimbisāra and then of his son King Ajātaśatru. Rājagṛha is also remembered as the location where the first Buddhist monastic council was held after the Buddha Śākyamuni passed into parinirvāṇa. Now known as Rajgir and located in the modern Indian state of Bihar.

Located in 51 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 1.­70
  • 2.­40-41
  • 2.­45
  • 2.­71
  • 2.­355-356
  • 2.­375
  • 2.­390-391
  • 2.­393
  • 2.­396
  • 2.­405
  • 2.­409-410
  • 2.­416-417
  • 2.­421
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­4
  • 3.­7-8
  • 3.­10
  • 3.­13
  • 3.­15
  • 3.­17-19
  • 3.­22-23
  • 3.­25
  • 3.­28
  • 3.­35
  • 3.­53
  • 6.­265
  • 6.­275
  • 9.­1621
  • 9.­1727
  • 9.­1859
  • 9.­1862-1863
  • 9.­1905
  • 10.­54
  • n.­314
  • n.­343
  • n.­450
  • n.­935
  • g.­71
  • g.­134
  • g.­278
g.­519

rākṣasa

Wylie:
  • srin po
Tibetan:
  • སྲིན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • rākṣasa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings that are often, but certainly not always, considered demonic in the Buddhist tradition. They are often depicted as flesh-eating monsters who haunt frightening places and are ugly and evil-natured with a yearning for human flesh, and who additionally have miraculous powers, such as being able to change their appearance.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­31-32
  • 8.­47
  • 9.­349
  • 9.­631
  • 9.­636
  • 9.­679
  • 9.­684
  • 9.­1779
  • g.­520
g.­520

rākṣasī

Wylie:
  • srin mo
Tibetan:
  • སྲིན་མོ།
Sanskrit:
  • rākṣasī

A female rākṣasa, a class of flesh-eating demons.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­635
  • 9.­638
  • 9.­683
  • 9.­686
  • 9.­950
  • 9.­954
  • 9.­961
  • 9.­963
  • n.­444
  • n.­822
g.­521

Rāṣṭrapāla

Wylie:
  • yul ’khor skyong
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་འཁོར་སྐྱོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • rāṣṭrapāla

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 74 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­50
  • 7.­52
  • 7.­55-75
  • 7.­77-80
  • 7.­82-83
  • 7.­85-86
  • 7.­92-96
  • 7.­98-100
  • 7.­102-112
  • 7.­114
  • 7.­116-119
  • 7.­121-123
  • 7.­125-127
  • 7.­129-131
  • 7.­146
  • 9.­1875-1876
  • 9.­1902-1904
  • n.­366
  • n.­370
  • n.­983
  • n.­992
g.­528

Retuka

Wylie:
  • re tu ka
Tibetan:
  • རེ་ཏུ་ཀ
Sanskrit:
  • —

A village or town. See also n.­414.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­222
  • g.­157
g.­534

Rohitaka

Wylie:
  • ro hi ta ka
Tibetan:
  • རོ་ཧི་ཏ་ཀ
Sanskrit:
  • rohitaka

A village or town.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 7.­200
  • 7.­268
  • 7.­271
  • n.­128
  • n.­253
g.­539

Ṛṣivadana

Wylie:
  • drang srong smra ba
Tibetan:
  • དྲང་སྲོང་སྨྲ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • ṛṣivadana

A park near Vārāṇasī where the Buddha gave the first sermon.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­2-3
  • 3.­267
  • 8.­270
  • 8.­286
  • 8.­296
  • 9.­38
  • 9.­2347
  • 9.­2350
  • 9.­2408
g.­541

rule of training

Wylie:
  • bslab pa’i gzhi
Tibetan:
  • བསླབ་པའི་གཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • sikṣāpada

The prātimokṣa rules for monks and nuns, ten rules for novices, six rules for female probationers, and five rules for laypeople.

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­85
  • 2.­236
  • 2.­322
  • 2.­358
  • 2.­386
  • 6.­58
  • 7.­220
  • 7.­231-234
  • 7.­248
  • 8.­82
  • 8.­246
  • 8.­286
  • 8.­298
  • 9.­40
  • 9.­328-329
  • 10.­98
  • 10.­105
  • 11.­32-33
  • 11.­35-36
  • n.­423
  • n.­496
  • n.­1107
g.­544

Śādvalā

Wylie:
  • gsing ma
Tibetan:
  • གསིང་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • śādvalā

A village or town.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­248
g.­545

saffron

Wylie:
  • ngur smrig
Tibetan:
  • ངུར་སྨྲིག
Sanskrit:
  • kāṣāya

Located in 42 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­201
  • 2.­215
  • 4.­88
  • 6.­11-12
  • 6.­57
  • 7.­50
  • 7.­100
  • 7.­104-108
  • 7.­110
  • 7.­112-113
  • 7.­117
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­242
  • 8.­248
  • 8.­260
  • 9.­1039-1041
  • 9.­1046
  • 9.­1081
  • 9.­1083
  • 9.­1258
  • 9.­1260
  • 9.­1322
  • 9.­1333
  • 9.­1338-1344
  • 9.­2252
  • 11.­49-50
  • 11.­82
g.­549

Śailagāthā

Wylie:
  • ri gnas pa’i tshigs su bcad pa
Tibetan:
  • རི་གནས་པའི་ཚིགས་སུ་བཅད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • śailagāthā

A verse text possibly included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins and preserved in the Bhaiṣajyavastu of the Mūla­sarvāstivāda Vinaya.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­198
  • n.­73
  • n.­1126
g.­551

Sāketā

Wylie:
  • gnas bcas
Tibetan:
  • གནས་བཅས།
Sanskrit:
  • sāketā

A country mentioned in the story of the physician Ātreya and the story of King Māndhātṛ.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­71
  • 9.­9
  • 9.­16
  • 9.­149
  • n.­568-569
g.­552

Śakra

Wylie:
  • brgya byin
Tibetan:
  • བརྒྱ་བྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • śakra

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The lord of the gods in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three (trāyastriṃśa). Alternatively known as Indra, the deity that is called “lord of the gods” dwells on the summit of Mount Sumeru and wields the thunderbolt. The Tibetan translation brgya byin (meaning “one hundred sacrifices”) is based on an etymology that śakra is an abbreviation of śata-kratu, one who has performed a hundred sacrifices. Each world with a central Sumeru has a Śakra. Also known by other names such as Kauśika, Devendra, and Śacipati.

Located in 105 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­22
  • 3.­146-148
  • 3.­150-151
  • 3.­157-158
  • 3.­160
  • 3.­183
  • 3.­185-187
  • 3.­291
  • 3.­317
  • 4.­49
  • 4.­51-54
  • 4.­58-60
  • 4.­88-89
  • 8.­142
  • 8.­266-267
  • 9.­84-85
  • 9.­88
  • 9.­90
  • 9.­92
  • 9.­95
  • 9.­144
  • 9.­174
  • 9.­177
  • 9.­180
  • 9.­191
  • 9.­195
  • 9.­233
  • 9.­235-237
  • 9.­239-240
  • 9.­246
  • 9.­258-260
  • 9.­337-339
  • 9.­347
  • 9.­392-393
  • 9.­396
  • 9.­444
  • 9.­446-449
  • 9.­453-454
  • 9.­456
  • 9.­463
  • 9.­811
  • 9.­813
  • 9.­824-826
  • 9.­829
  • 9.­835
  • 9.­895
  • 9.­902-903
  • 9.­905-907
  • 9.­930-931
  • 9.­937
  • 9.­1099
  • 9.­1129
  • 9.­1135
  • 9.­1203-1204
  • 9.­1523
  • 9.­1852
  • 9.­2190
  • 10.­75
  • 11.­5
  • n.­625
  • n.­629
  • n.­632
  • n.­643
  • n.­654
  • n.­675
  • n.­694
  • n.­716
  • n.­793
  • n.­803
  • g.­247
  • g.­303
  • g.­390
g.­554

Śākya

Wylie:
  • shAkya
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱཀྱ།
Sanskrit:
  • śākya

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Name of the ancient tribe in which the Buddha was born as a prince; their kingdom was based to the east of Kośala, in the foothills near the present-day border of India and Nepal, with Kapilavastu as its capital.

Located in 65 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­62
  • 2.­39
  • 2.­201
  • 3.­30
  • 5.­3
  • 6.­11-12
  • 6.­18-24
  • 6.­32
  • 6.­38
  • 6.­141
  • 6.­242
  • 6.­276
  • 7.­175
  • 7.­183
  • 7.­198
  • 8.­39
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­92
  • 9.­78
  • 9.­1390
  • 9.­1605
  • 9.­1619
  • 9.­1697
  • 9.­1735
  • 9.­1774
  • 9.­1968
  • 9.­1987
  • 9.­1991
  • 9.­2016
  • 9.­2047
  • 9.­2049
  • 9.­2070
  • 9.­2129-2130
  • 9.­2134-2135
  • 9.­2145
  • 9.­2164
  • 9.­2217
  • 9.­2257-2258
  • 9.­2264
  • 9.­2266
  • 9.­2317
  • 9.­2441
  • 9.­2444
  • 9.­2490
  • 10.­24
  • 10.­84
  • 11.­49
  • 11.­72
  • 11.­80
  • 11.­117
  • 11.­220
  • n.­250
  • n.­1065
  • g.­245
  • g.­292
g.­555

Śākyamuni

Wylie:
  • shAkya thub pa
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • śākyamuni

(1) The present Buddha. (2) A buddha in the past. (3) A buddha in the future.

Located in 26 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­173
  • 8.­110
  • 9.­130
  • 9.­135
  • 9.­1386
  • 9.­1388
  • 9.­1392
  • 9.­1394
  • 9.­1408
  • 9.­1421
  • 9.­1443
  • 9.­1506
  • 9.­2106
  • 9.­2223
  • 11.­35
  • n.­157
  • n.­916
  • g.­200
  • g.­359
  • g.­384
  • g.­393
  • g.­417
  • g.­515
  • g.­554
  • g.­626
  • g.­631
g.­556

Sālā

Wylie:
  • sa la
Tibetan:
  • ས་ལ།
Sanskrit:
  • sālā

A village.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­71
  • 4.­73-75
  • 4.­78
  • 9.­2345
  • 9.­2351
  • n.­208
  • n.­1042
g.­557

Sālabalā

Wylie:
  • sa la stobs
Tibetan:
  • ས་ལ་སྟོབས།
Sanskrit:
  • sālabalā

A village. See also n.­567.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­6
  • n.­567
g.­558

Sālibalā

Wylie:
  • sa la’i stobs
Tibetan:
  • ས་ལའི་སྟོབས།
Sanskrit:
  • sālibalā

A village.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­7
  • n.­567
g.­568

Saṃyuktāgama

Wylie:
  • yang dag par ldan pa’i lung
Tibetan:
  • ཡང་དག་པར་ལྡན་པའི་ལུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • saṃyuktāgama

The Connected Discourses, one of the four divisions of the Sūtrapiṭaka.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­2
  • n.­186
  • n.­240-241
  • n.­344
  • n.­355
  • n.­361
  • n.­481
  • g.­648
  • g.­649
g.­570

Śaṅkha

Wylie:
  • dung
Tibetan:
  • དུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • śaṅkha

(1) A king in the future. (2) A ṛṣi.

Located in 16 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­168-172
  • 3.­195
  • 9.­1561
  • 9.­1565
  • 9.­1567-1570
  • n.­152-153
  • g.­111
  • g.­733
g.­575

Śāriputra

Wylie:
  • shA ri’i bu
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱ་རིའི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • śāriputra

(1) A disciple of the Buddha. (2) A disciple of a buddha in the past. (3) A disciple of a Buddha in the future.

Located in 50 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­97
  • 1.­99
  • 8.­141-142
  • 8.­196-197
  • 8.­230
  • 8.­238
  • 8.­259-260
  • 9.­130
  • 9.­135
  • 9.­1386
  • 9.­1531-1533
  • 9.­1535-1538
  • 9.­1540-1541
  • 9.­1543
  • 9.­1550
  • 9.­1559
  • 9.­1565
  • 9.­1570
  • 9.­1576-1577
  • 9.­1597
  • 9.­1608-1610
  • 9.­2383
  • 9.­2387
  • 10.­47
  • 10.­49-50
  • 10.­53
  • 10.­56
  • 11.­57-59
  • 11.­64-65
  • 11.­168
  • 11.­180
  • n.­117
  • n.­496
  • g.­687
g.­588

self-awakened one

Wylie:
  • rang sangs rgyas
Tibetan:
  • རང་སངས་རྒྱས།
Sanskrit:
  • pratyekabuddha

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Literally, “buddha for oneself” or “solitary realizer.” Someone who, in his or her last life, attains awakening entirely through their own contemplation, without relying on a teacher. Unlike the awakening of a fully realized buddha (samyaksambuddha), the accomplishment of a pratyeka­buddha is not regarded as final or ultimate. They attain realization of the nature of dependent origination, the selflessness of the person, and a partial realization of the selflessness of phenomena, by observing the suchness of all that arises through interdependence. This is the result of progress in previous lives but, unlike a buddha, they do not have the necessary merit, compassion or motivation to teach others. They are named as “rhinoceros-like” (khaḍgaviṣāṇakalpa) for their preference for staying in solitude or as “congregators” (vargacārin) when their preference is to stay among peers.

Located in 87 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­61
  • 2.­315
  • 3.­123
  • 3.­125
  • 3.­130-131
  • 3.­273
  • 3.­296
  • 3.­299
  • 3.­322
  • 4.­22
  • 6.­280-283
  • 7.­151-152
  • 7.­159
  • 8.­9-13
  • 8.­15-17
  • 9.­69
  • 9.­120-123
  • 9.­302
  • 9.­406-410
  • 9.­920
  • 9.­922-923
  • 9.­926-928
  • 9.­930-933
  • 9.­937
  • 9.­1576
  • 9.­1582
  • 9.­1598
  • 9.­1614
  • 9.­1728
  • 9.­1773
  • 9.­1917
  • 9.­1924
  • 9.­1934
  • 9.­2010
  • 9.­2042
  • 9.­2055
  • 9.­2090
  • 9.­2102
  • 9.­2120
  • 9.­2347-2351
  • 9.­2377
  • 9.­2382
  • 9.­2470
  • 9.­2587-2589
  • 9.­2592
  • 9.­2595
  • 10.­122
  • 10.­124
  • 10.­131
  • 10.­140
  • n.­608
  • n.­667
  • n.­1067
  • g.­139
  • g.­611
  • g.­642
  • g.­646
g.­591

Separating

Wylie:
  • dgar ba
Tibetan:
  • དགར་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A nāga.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­249
g.­595

Sikatin

Wylie:
  • bye ma can
Tibetan:
  • བྱེ་མ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • sikatin

A village.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­14
  • n.­228
g.­603

śramaṇa

Wylie:
  • dge sbyong
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་སྦྱོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • śramaṇa

A term used broadly to denote a spiritual practitioner.

Located in 168 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­62
  • 2.­53-54
  • 2.­201
  • 2.­234
  • 2.­296
  • 3.­60-61
  • 3.­74
  • 3.­86
  • 3.­91
  • 3.­96
  • 3.­227
  • 4.­74-75
  • 4.­78
  • 4.­81
  • 4.­86
  • 4.­111
  • 6.­3
  • 6.­6
  • 6.­11-12
  • 6.­14
  • 6.­16
  • 6.­18
  • 6.­76-96
  • 6.­136-139
  • 6.­155
  • 6.­180
  • 6.­186
  • 6.­192
  • 6.­197
  • 6.­220-221
  • 6.­223-225
  • 6.­227
  • 6.­233
  • 6.­242
  • 6.­271
  • 6.­282
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­24
  • 7.­71
  • 7.­145
  • 7.­162-163
  • 7.­166
  • 7.­170
  • 7.­172
  • 7.­174
  • 7.­176
  • 7.­178
  • 8.­18-19
  • 8.­62-64
  • 8.­83-84
  • 8.­92
  • 8.­95
  • 8.­113-114
  • 8.­120-121
  • 8.­123
  • 8.­132-134
  • 8.­192
  • 8.­235-236
  • 8.­246
  • 8.­277
  • 8.­282
  • 8.­297
  • 9.­78
  • 9.­114-115
  • 9.­301
  • 9.­515
  • 9.­522
  • 9.­535
  • 9.­540
  • 9.­568
  • 9.­578
  • 9.­757
  • 9.­835
  • 9.­839
  • 9.­894
  • 9.­910
  • 9.­1508
  • 9.­1510
  • 9.­1512-1516
  • 9.­1598
  • 9.­1625
  • 9.­1707-1708
  • 9.­1729
  • 9.­1758-1759
  • 9.­1772
  • 9.­1803-1804
  • 9.­1913
  • 9.­1990
  • 9.­2091
  • 9.­2122
  • 9.­2198
  • 9.­2321
  • 9.­2385-2386
  • 9.­2396-2397
  • 9.­2472
  • 9.­2480
  • 9.­2522-2523
  • 9.­2527-2528
  • 10.­24
  • 10.­68
  • 10.­71
  • 10.­82-83
  • 10.­89
  • 10.­95
  • 11.­10
  • 11.­49
  • 11.­139
  • 11.­220
  • n.­34
  • n.­267
  • n.­323
  • n.­481
  • n.­667
  • n.­806
  • n.­1162
g.­604

Śrāvastī

Wylie:
  • mnyan yod
Tibetan:
  • མཉན་ཡོད།
Sanskrit:
  • śrāvastī

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

During the life of the Buddha, Śrāvastī was the capital city of the powerful kingdom of Kośala, ruled by King Prasenajit, who became a follower and patron of the Buddha. It was also the hometown of Anāthapiṇḍada, the wealthy patron who first invited the Buddha there, and then offered him a park known as Jetavana, Prince Jeta’s Grove, which became one of the first Buddhist monasteries. The Buddha is said to have spent about twenty-five rainy seasons with his disciples in Śrāvastī, thus it is named as the setting of numerous events and teachings. It is located in present-day Uttar Pradesh in northern India.

Located in 61 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 1.­23
  • 1.­37
  • 1.­52
  • 1.­60
  • 1.­82-83
  • 1.­90-91
  • 1.­96
  • 2.­26-27
  • 2.­44-46
  • 2.­83
  • 2.­195
  • 2.­202
  • 2.­207
  • 2.­232
  • 2.­263-264
  • 3.­6-7
  • 3.­14
  • 3.­17
  • 6.­238-239
  • 6.­244
  • 6.­248-249
  • 7.­65
  • 7.­70
  • 7.­169
  • 9.­17-18
  • 9.­71
  • 9.­123
  • 9.­1508
  • 9.­1526-1527
  • 9.­1930
  • 9.­2506-2507
  • 10.­2-3
  • 10.­27
  • 10.­33
  • 10.­36
  • 10.­39
  • 10.­41
  • 10.­44
  • 10.­46
  • 10.­49
  • 10.­53-55
  • 10.­57
  • 10.­68
  • 11.­217
  • n.­561
g.­605

Śreṇya Bimbisāra

Wylie:
  • bzo sbyangs gzugs can snying po
Tibetan:
  • བཟོ་སྦྱངས་གཟུགས་ཅན་སྙིང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • śreṇya bimbisāra

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The king of Magadha and a great patron of the Buddha. His birth coincided with the Buddha’s, and his father, King Mahāpadma, named him “Essence of Gold” after mistakenly attributing the brilliant light that marked the Buddha’s birth to the birth of his son by Queen Bimbī (“Goldie”). Accounts of Bimbisāra’s youth and life can be found in The Chapter on Going Forth (Toh 1-1, Pravrajyāvastu).

King Śreṇya Bimbisāra first met with the Buddha early on, when the latter was the wandering mendicant known as Gautama. Impressed by his conduct, Bimbisāra offered to take Gautama into his court, but Gautama refused, and Bimbisāra wished him success in his quest for awakening and asked him to visit his palace after he had achieved his goal. One account of this episode can be found in the sixteenth chapter of The Play in Full (Toh 95, Lalitavistara). There are other accounts where the two meet earlier on in childhood; several episodes can be found, for example, in The Hundred Deeds (Toh 340, Karmaśataka). Later, after the Buddha’s awakening, Bimbisāra became one of his most famous patrons and donated to the saṅgha the Bamboo Grove, Veṇuvana, at the outskirts of the capital of Magadha, Rājagṛha, where he built residences for the monks. Bimbisāra was imprisoned and killed by his own son, the prince Ajātaśatru, who, influenced by Devadatta, sought to usurp his father’s throne.

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­41-44
  • 2.­361
  • 2.­363-364
  • 2.­376
  • 9.­1859-1860
  • 9.­2019
  • 9.­2021
  • 10.­55
  • 11.­46-47
  • n.­123
  • n.­173
  • g.­17
  • g.­266
  • g.­697
g.­609

Śrughnā

Wylie:
  • yul srug na
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་སྲུག་ན།
Sanskrit:
  • śrughnā

A country.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­161-162
g.­611

Stavārha

Wylie:
  • bstod ’os
Tibetan:
  • བསྟོད་འོས།
Sanskrit:
  • stavārha

A self-awakened one in the future.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­151
g.­616

Sthūlakoṣṭhaka

Wylie:
  • bang mdzod stug po can
Tibetan:
  • བང་མཛོད་སྟུག་པོ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • sthūlakoṣṭhaka

A village in the country of Kuru.

Located in 19 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­48-49
  • 7.­51-52
  • 7.­65
  • 7.­70-71
  • 7.­74-75
  • 7.­94-95
  • 7.­98
  • 7.­102
  • 7.­110
  • 7.­112
  • 9.­1880
  • 9.­1883
  • n.­374
  • g.­617
g.­617

Sthūlakoṣṭhaka Forest

Wylie:
  • bang mdzod stug po can gyi tshal
Tibetan:
  • བང་མཛོད་སྟུག་པོ་ཅན་གྱི་ཚལ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A forest near Sthūlakoṣṭhaka, a village in the country of Kuru.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­48-49
  • 7.­70
  • 7.­92-94
  • n.­374
g.­631

sugata

Wylie:
  • bde bar gshegs pa
Tibetan:
  • བདེ་བར་གཤེགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • sugata

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the standard epithets of the buddhas. A recurrent explanation offers three different meanings for su- that are meant to show the special qualities of “accomplishment of one’s own purpose” (svārthasampad) for a complete buddha. Thus, the Sugata is “well” gone, as in the expression su-rūpa (“having a good form”); he is gone “in a way that he shall not come back,” as in the expression su-naṣṭa-jvara (“a fever that has utterly gone”); and he has gone “without any remainder” as in the expression su-pūrṇa-ghaṭa (“a pot that is completely full”). According to Buddhaghoṣa, the term means that the way the Buddha went (Skt. gata) is good (Skt. su) and where he went (Skt. gata) is good (Skt. su).

In this text:

Here it is used as an epithet for the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Located in 30 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­74
  • 2.­346
  • 3.­78
  • 3.­140
  • 3.­242
  • 3.­251
  • 3.­262
  • 3.­267
  • 4.­66
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­57
  • 7.­5
  • 7.­218
  • 7.­261
  • 7.­264
  • 8.­73
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­210
  • 8.­232
  • 8.­301
  • 9.­46
  • 9.­110
  • 9.­263
  • 9.­270
  • 9.­1642
  • 9.­1897
  • 9.­2158
  • 9.­2179
  • 9.­2504
  • n.­1067
g.­639

Sunrise

Wylie:
  • ’char ka
Tibetan:
  • འཆར་ཀ
Sanskrit:
  • —

A village or town in Kosala. See also n.­317.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­179-180
  • 6.­189
  • n.­314
  • n.­316
  • g.­75
  • g.­285
  • g.­638
g.­644

Śūrasena

Wylie:
  • dpa’ sde
Tibetan:
  • དཔའ་སྡེ།
Sanskrit:
  • śūrasena

A country.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­2
  • 8.­18
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­119-120
  • g.­9
  • g.­421
g.­645

Sūrpāraka

Wylie:
  • slo ma lta bu
Tibetan:
  • སློ་མ་ལྟ་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • sūrpāraka

A city.

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­92
  • 2.­156
  • 2.­166
  • 2.­168
  • 2.­193-195
  • 2.­258
  • 2.­269-270
  • 2.­274
  • 2.­280
  • 2.­282-283
  • 2.­292
  • 2.­312-313
  • 2.­318
  • 2.­320-321
  • g.­92
  • g.­94
  • g.­95
  • g.­96
  • g.­145
  • g.­511
  • g.­610
  • g.­676
g.­649

Sūtra of the Parable of the Axe

Wylie:
  • ste’u lta bu’i mdo
Tibetan:
  • སྟེའུ་ལྟ་བུའི་མདོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A sūtra in the section of the aggregates in the Saṃyuktāgama, which corresponds to SĀc 263, SN 22.101, etc.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 5.­2
g.­659

Tamasā Forest

Wylie:
  • ta ma sa’i tshal
Tibetan:
  • ཏ་མ་སའི་ཚལ།
Sanskrit:
  • tamasāvana

A forest in Mount Uśīra.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­215
  • 7.­271
g.­662

tathāgata

Wylie:
  • de bzhin gshegs pa
Tibetan:
  • དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • tathāgata

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A frequently used synonym for buddha. According to different explanations, it can be read as tathā-gata, literally meaning “one who has thus gone,” or as tathā-āgata, “one who has thus come.” Gata, though literally meaning “gone,” is a past passive participle used to describe a state or condition of existence. Tatha­(tā), often rendered as “suchness” or “thusness,” is the quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. Therefore, this epithet is interpreted in different ways, but in general it implies one who has departed in the wake of the buddhas of the past, or one who has manifested the supreme awakening dependent on the reality that does not abide in the two extremes of existence and quiescence. It is also often used as a specific epithet of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Located in 107 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­67
  • 2.­211
  • 2.­214
  • 2.­256
  • 2.­305
  • 2.­318
  • 2.­346
  • 3.­115
  • 3.­197
  • 3.­200-201
  • 3.­214
  • 3.­245
  • 3.­250-255
  • 3.­267
  • 4.­9-11
  • 4.­28
  • 4.­34-35
  • 4.­66
  • 4.­77
  • 4.­97
  • 4.­102
  • 4.­104-107
  • 4.­113
  • 6.­7
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­15
  • 6.­57
  • 6.­202-204
  • 6.­208
  • 6.­290
  • 6.­293
  • 7.­31
  • 7.­54
  • 7.­113
  • 7.­117
  • 7.­122
  • 7.­126
  • 7.­130
  • 7.­150
  • 7.­164
  • 7.­271
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­110
  • 8.­117
  • 8.­139
  • 8.­143-144
  • 8.­146
  • 8.­185
  • 8.­188
  • 8.­211
  • 8.­213
  • 8.­231-232
  • 8.­238
  • 9.­64
  • 9.­92
  • 9.­135
  • 9.­263
  • 9.­1503
  • 9.­1576
  • 9.­1592
  • 9.­1646
  • 9.­1659
  • 9.­2308
  • 9.­2328
  • 9.­2337
  • 9.­2339
  • 9.­2346
  • 9.­2353
  • 9.­2363
  • 9.­2367
  • 9.­2382
  • 9.­2384
  • 9.­2389
  • 9.­2437
  • 9.­2440
  • 9.­2442
  • 9.­2444
  • 9.­2446
  • 9.­2451
  • 9.­2503
  • 10.­65-66
  • 11.­35
  • 11.­50
  • 11.­77
  • 11.­110
  • 11.­149
  • 11.­166
  • n.­524
  • n.­934
  • n.­938
g.­665

thirty-seven aspects of awakening

Wylie:
  • byang chub kyi phyogs sum bcu rtsa bdun gyi chos
Tibetan:
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཕྱོགས་སུམ་བཅུ་རྩ་བདུན་གྱི་ཆོས།
Sanskrit:
  • sapta­triṃśad­bodhi­pakṣa­dharmāḥ

Thirty-seven kinds of practices to be accomplished by those who seek awakening.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­123
  • 8.­15
  • n.­188
  • g.­173
  • g.­179
  • g.­180
  • g.­183
  • g.­184
  • g.­189
  • g.­592
g.­667

Thirty-Three Gods

Wylie:
  • sum cu rtsa gsum pa’i lha rnams
Tibetan:
  • སུམ་ཅུ་རྩ་གསུམ་པའི་ལྷ་རྣམས།
Sanskrit:
  • devās trayastriṃśāḥ

A class of gods who inhabit the heaven of the desire realm just above the heaven of the Four Great Kings atop Sumeru.

Located in 64 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­58
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­99
  • 3.­111
  • 3.­240
  • 3.­261
  • 3.­264
  • 3.­269-270
  • 4.­19
  • 4.­49
  • 4.­51
  • 4.­53
  • 4.­58
  • 4.­88-89
  • 6.­224-225
  • 7.­230
  • 8.­194
  • 9.­84
  • 9.­123
  • 9.­192-193
  • 9.­205
  • 9.­216
  • 9.­218
  • 9.­220
  • 9.­222
  • 9.­224-225
  • 9.­232-234
  • 9.­237
  • 9.­245-246
  • 9.­249
  • 9.­258-260
  • 9.­269
  • 9.­273
  • 9.­444
  • 9.­446
  • 9.­448
  • 9.­453
  • 9.­463
  • 9.­811
  • 9.­826
  • 9.­1584
  • 9.­1995
  • 9.­2276
  • 9.­2312
  • 9.­2537
  • n.­632
  • n.­636
  • n.­642
  • n.­645
  • n.­655
  • g.­474
  • g.­566
  • g.­624
  • g.­628
g.­668

those undergoing training

Wylie:
  • slob pa
Tibetan:
  • སློབ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • śaikṣa

Those who belong to any of the first to seventh of the eight stages of spiritual achievement, the eighth being that of an arhat, who needs no further training.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­273
  • 3.­296
  • 3.­299
  • 3.­322
  • 6.­7
  • 7.­34
  • 8.­110
g.­675

Toyikā

Wylie:
  • chu mangs
Tibetan:
  • ཆུ་མངས།
Sanskrit:
  • toyikā

The place where the Buddha showed the skeleton of the Buddha Kāśyapa to monks.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­41-42
  • 9.­70
  • n.­561
  • n.­584
g.­677

Triśaṅku

Wylie:
  • phur bu gsum pa
Tibetan:
  • ཕུར་བུ་གསུམ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • triśaṅku

A king who was the Buddha in a former life.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­413
  • 9.­416
  • 9.­419
  • 9.­423
  • n.­814
g.­682

Upagupta

Wylie:
  • nye sbas
Tibetan:
  • ཉེ་སྦས།
Sanskrit:
  • upagupta

A monk who was predicted by the Buddha to appear in the future.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­6-7
  • 8.­17
  • n.­456
  • g.­222
g.­683

Upālin

Wylie:
  • nye ba ’khor
Tibetan:
  • ཉེ་བ་འཁོར།
Sanskrit:
  • upālin

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­2227-2228
  • 9.­2268-2269
  • 9.­2504
  • 10.­105-106
  • 10.­110-111
  • n.­1033
  • g.­196
g.­684

Upananda

Wylie:
  • nye dga’ bo
Tibetan:
  • ཉེ་དགའ་བོ།
Sanskrit:
  • upananda

A nāga king.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­357
  • 7.­25
  • 9.­1530
  • 9.­1538-1539
  • n.­109
  • n.­636
  • g.­215
g.­689

Upoṣadha

Wylie:
  • gso sbyong ’phags
Tibetan:
  • གསོ་སྦྱོང་འཕགས།
Sanskrit:
  • upoṣadha

A king, the father of King Māndhātṛ.

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­2-3
  • 9.­9-12
  • 9.­142-143
  • 9.­145-146
  • n.­562-563
g.­692

Uruvilvā-Kāśyapa

Wylie:
  • lteng rgyas ’od srung
Tibetan:
  • ལྟེང་རྒྱས་འོད་སྲུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • uruvilvā-kāśyapa

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1814
  • 9.­1822-1824
  • n.­987
g.­698

Vairambhya

Wylie:
  • yul dgra mtha’
  • dgra mtha’
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་དགྲ་མཐའ།
  • དགྲ་མཐའ།
Sanskrit:
  • vairambhya

A country.

Located in 25 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­112
  • 8.­119-120
  • 8.­122
  • 8.­132-135
  • 8.­139
  • 8.­142
  • 8.­189
  • 8.­193
  • 8.­196
  • 8.­205
  • 8.­223
  • 8.­230
  • 8.­238
  • 9.­2383
  • 9.­2387
  • 9.­2493
  • n.­496
  • n.­512
  • n.­521
  • n.­1053
  • g.­421
g.­700

Vaiśālī

Wylie:
  • yangs pa can
Tibetan:
  • ཡངས་པ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • vaiśālī

The city of the Licchavis.

Located in 61 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 2.­71
  • 3.­28-32
  • 3.­35-36
  • 3.­38
  • 3.­41-43
  • 3.­45-46
  • 3.­53
  • 3.­108
  • 3.­134-136
  • 3.­218-219
  • 3.­223
  • 3.­229-231
  • 3.­239-241
  • 3.­246
  • 3.­248-249
  • 3.­264-265
  • 3.­272
  • 3.­298
  • 4.­3-4
  • 6.­259
  • 9.­152
  • 9.­2153
  • 9.­2538-2541
  • 9.­2565
  • 9.­2567
  • 9.­2574
  • 9.­2597-2599
  • 10.­23-24
  • n.­114
  • n.­126
  • n.­170
  • n.­177
  • g.­68
  • g.­335
  • g.­339
  • g.­674
g.­701

Vaiśravaṇa

Wylie:
  • rnam thos kyi bu
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་ཐོས་ཀྱི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • vaiśravaṇa

One of the Four Great Kings and god of wealth.

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­92
  • 3.­22
  • 9.­610
  • 9.­613
  • 9.­918
  • 11.­5
  • 11.­15-16
  • 11.­22-23
  • 11.­27
  • 11.­36
  • n.­1140
  • g.­185
  • g.­187
g.­704

Vajrapāṇi

Wylie:
  • lag na rdo rje
Tibetan:
  • ལག་ན་རྡོ་རྗེ།
Sanskrit:
  • vajrapāṇi

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Vajrapāṇi means “Wielder of the Vajra.” In the Pali canon, he appears as a yakṣa guardian in the retinue of the Buddha. In the Mahāyāna scriptures he is a bodhisattva and one of the “eight close sons of the Buddha.” In the tantras, he is also regarded as an important Buddhist deity and instrumental in the transmission of tantric scriptures.

Located in 22 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­36-37
  • 7.­207-208
  • 7.­213-214
  • 7.­225
  • 7.­227-228
  • 7.­235
  • 7.­238-239
  • 7.­266-267
  • 7.­271
  • 10.­97
  • n.­253
  • n.­403
  • n.­424
  • n.­429
  • n.­445
  • n.­447
g.­712

Vārāṇasī

Wylie:
  • bA rA Na sI
Tibetan:
  • བཱ་རཱ་ཎ་སཱི།
Sanskrit:
  • vārāṇasī

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Also known as Benares, one of the oldest cities of northeast India on the banks of the Ganges, in modern-day Uttar Pradesh. It was once the capital of the ancient kingdom of Kāśi, and in the Buddha’s time it had been absorbed into the kingdom of Kośala. It was an important religious center, as well as a major city, even during the time of the Buddha. The name may derive from being where the Varuna and Assi rivers flow into the Ganges. It was on the outskirts of Vārāṇasī that the Buddha first taught the Dharma, in the location known as Deer Park (Mṛgadāva). For numerous episodes set in Vārāṇasī, including its kings, see The Hundred Deeds, Toh 340.

Located in 65 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­2-3
  • 2.­18
  • 2.­71
  • 2.­346
  • 3.­170
  • 3.­267-268
  • 7.­154-155
  • 8.­270
  • 8.­286
  • 8.­296
  • 9.­38
  • 9.­414
  • 9.­422
  • 9.­916-918
  • 9.­920
  • 9.­933
  • 9.­968
  • 9.­1000
  • 9.­1016
  • 9.­1106
  • 9.­1134
  • 9.­1156
  • 9.­1159
  • 9.­1162
  • 9.­1185
  • 9.­1195
  • 9.­1208
  • 9.­1224
  • 9.­1226-1227
  • 9.­1232
  • 9.­1352
  • 9.­1561-1562
  • 9.­1751
  • 9.­1768
  • 9.­2044
  • 9.­2141
  • 9.­2228
  • 9.­2241
  • 9.­2243
  • 9.­2347
  • 9.­2364-2366
  • 9.­2368
  • 9.­2407-2408
  • 9.­2585
  • 9.­2588
  • 10.­117
  • 10.­119-120
  • 10.­122
  • 10.­133-134
  • 11.­78
  • 11.­233
  • g.­146
  • g.­539
g.­716

Vasiṣṭha

Wylie:
  • gnas ’jog
Tibetan:
  • གནས་འཇོག
Sanskrit:
  • vasiṣṭha

(1) A ṛṣi in the past. (2) The brother of Bharadvāja, a disciple of the Buddha Vipaśyin. (3) The family name of an old ascetic.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­141
  • 9.­769
  • 9.­2354-2357
  • 9.­2359-2360
  • 9.­2480
  • g.­718
g.­718

Vāsiṣṭha

Wylie:
  • gnas ’jog
Tibetan:
  • གནས་འཇོག
Sanskrit:
  • vāsiṣṭha

The word Vāsiṣṭha, lit. “the descendant of Vasiṣṭha (an ancient ṛṣi),” is used “in polite address to anyone without regard to ancestry” (BHSD q.v.).

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­247-248
  • 4.­93
  • 4.­95
  • 4.­99
  • 4.­102
  • 4.­104-107
  • 4.­110
  • 7.­179
  • 9.­2542
  • 9.­2566
g.­719

Velāma

Wylie:
  • dus dpog
Tibetan:
  • དུས་དཔོག
Sanskrit:
  • velāma

(1) A brahmin living in the country of King Piṇḍavaṃśa. (2) A brahmin who is the Buddha in a past life.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­313-315
  • 9.­308
  • 9.­314-316
  • 9.­329
  • 9.­331
  • 9.­334
  • 9.­1491
  • n.­557
  • n.­559
  • n.­668
g.­721

Veṇu

Wylie:
  • ’od ma can
Tibetan:
  • འོད་མ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • veṇu

A village.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­2-4
g.­722

Veṇuyaṣṭikā

Wylie:
  • ’od ma’i dbyug pa can
Tibetan:
  • འོད་མའི་དབྱུག་པ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • veṇuyaṣṭikā

The residence of a king.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­77
  • n.­120
  • n.­129
g.­730

Vipaśyin

Wylie:
  • rnam par gzigs
  • rnam gzigs
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་གཟིགས།
  • རྣམ་གཟིགས།
Sanskrit:
  • vipaśyin

A buddha in the past.

Located in 26 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­232-233
  • 8.­238
  • 9.­270-271
  • 9.­273
  • 9.­1480
  • 9.­1506
  • 9.­1651
  • 9.­1667
  • 9.­1681
  • 9.­1790
  • 9.­1842-1843
  • 9.­1854
  • 9.­1858
  • 9.­2038
  • 9.­2176
  • 9.­2180
  • 9.­2354
  • 9.­2385
  • 9.­2387
  • 9.­2491
  • n.­918
  • g.­88
  • g.­716
g.­731

Virūḍhaka

Wylie:
  • ’phags skyes po
  • lus ’phags po
Tibetan:
  • འཕགས་སྐྱེས་པོ།
  • ལུས་འཕགས་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • virūḍhaka

(1) A general, son of King Prasenajit. (2) One of the Four Great Kings. The Tib. lus ’phags po is probably erroneous; see n.­321 and n.­329.

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­22
  • 6.­193
  • 6.­220-221
  • 6.­234
  • 9.­48
  • 9.­2490
  • 11.­13
  • 11.­16
  • 11.­18-19
  • 11.­25
  • 11.­36
  • n.­321
  • n.­329
  • n.­590
  • n.­960
  • n.­1139
  • g.­185
  • g.­187
g.­732

Virūpākṣa

Wylie:
  • mig mi bzang
Tibetan:
  • མིག་མི་བཟང་།
Sanskrit:
  • virūpākṣa

One of the Four Great Kings.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­22
  • 11.­14
  • 11.­16
  • 11.­20-21
  • 11.­26
  • 11.­36
  • n.­1140
  • g.­185
  • g.­187
g.­740

Viśvantara

Wylie:
  • thams cad sgrol
Tibetan:
  • ཐམས་ཅད་སྒྲོལ།
Sanskrit:
  • viśvantara

A prince who was the Buddha in a former life.

Located in 48 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­717
  • 9.­719
  • 9.­721
  • 9.­724
  • 9.­728-729
  • 9.­748-749
  • 9.­751
  • 9.­753
  • 9.­757
  • 9.­759
  • 9.­763
  • 9.­769-770
  • 9.­788
  • 9.­816
  • 9.­835
  • 9.­839
  • 9.­843
  • 9.­846
  • 9.­848-851
  • 9.­855-857
  • 9.­868
  • 9.­872
  • 9.­883-885
  • 9.­889
  • 9.­913
  • n.­769
  • n.­775
  • n.­778
  • n.­781-782
  • n.­785
  • n.­791
  • n.­802
  • n.­813
  • g.­255
  • g.­319
  • g.­351
  • g.­580
g.­742

Vṛji

Wylie:
  • spong byed
Tibetan:
  • སྤོང་བྱེད།
Sanskrit:
  • vṛji

A country.

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­204
  • 3.­207
  • 3.­218
  • 3.­230-231
  • 3.­239
  • 4.­3-4
  • 4.­73
  • 9.­2538-2540
  • n.­166
  • g.­221
  • g.­537
g.­744

Water Born

Wylie:
  • chu skyes
Tibetan:
  • ཆུ་སྐྱེས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A prince who was the Buddha in a former life. See also n.­869.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1146-1151
  • g.­416
g.­745

Water Jar

Wylie:
  • ril ba spyi blugs
Tibetan:
  • རིལ་བ་སྤྱི་བླུགས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The name of a sitting place built for the Buddha in the northern region.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­224
g.­748

wheel-turning king

Wylie:
  • ’khor los sgyur ba’i rgyal po
Tibetan:
  • འཁོར་ལོས་སྒྱུར་བའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • cakravartin

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

An ideal monarch or emperor who, as the result of the merit accumulated in previous lifetimes, rules over a vast realm in accordance with the Dharma. Such a monarch is called a cakravartin because he bears a wheel (cakra) that rolls (vartate) across the earth, bringing all lands and kingdoms under his power. The cakravartin conquers his territory without causing harm, and his activity causes beings to enter the path of wholesome actions. According to Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakośa, just as with the buddhas, only one cakravartin appears in a world system at any given time. They are likewise endowed with the thirty-two major marks of a great being (mahāpuruṣalakṣaṇa), but a cakravartin’s marks are outshined by those of a buddha. They possess seven precious objects: the wheel, the elephant, the horse, the wish-fulfilling gem, the queen, the general, and the minister. An illustrative passage about the cakravartin and his possessions can be found in The Play in Full (Toh 95), 3.3–3.13.

Vasubandhu lists four types of cakravartins: (1) the cakravartin with a golden wheel (suvarṇacakravartin) rules over four continents and is invited by lesser kings to be their ruler; (2) the cakravartin with a silver wheel (rūpyacakravartin) rules over three continents and his opponents submit to him as he approaches; (3) the cakravartin with a copper wheel (tāmracakravartin) rules over two continents and his opponents submit themselves after preparing for battle; and (4) the cakravartin with an iron wheel (ayaścakravartin) rules over one continent and his opponents submit themselves after brandishing weapons.

Located in 84 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­61
  • 2.­256
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­116
  • 3.­131
  • 3.­168
  • 3.­175
  • 3.­191
  • 3.­194-197
  • 4.­22
  • 4.­36
  • 4.­46
  • 6.­11-12
  • 6.­276
  • 6.­284
  • 6.­292
  • 8.­148-151
  • 8.­153-154
  • 8.­156-173
  • 8.­179-181
  • 8.­184
  • 8.­187
  • 8.­197-198
  • 8.­315
  • 9.­275
  • 9.­305
  • 9.­426
  • 9.­437
  • 9.­440
  • 9.­463
  • 9.­527
  • 9.­531
  • 9.­570
  • 9.­971
  • 9.­973-974
  • 9.­1136
  • 11.­93
  • 11.­139
  • n.­48
  • n.­193
  • n.­197-198
  • n.­453
  • n.­501
  • n.­503
  • n.­674
  • n.­1163
  • g.­356
  • g.­366
  • g.­381
  • g.­419
  • g.­447
  • g.­485
  • g.­593
  • g.­749
g.­750

Where There Is a City

Wylie:
  • grong khyer can
Tibetan:
  • གྲོང་ཁྱེར་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A city. See also n.­341.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­264
  • n.­340
g.­754

wind illness

Wylie:
  • rlung nad
Tibetan:
  • རླུང་ནད།
Sanskrit:
  • vāyvābādhika

A disease caused by an imbalance of wind as one of the humors of the body.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­24
  • 1.­97
  • 2.­76
  • 7.­121
  • 8.­141
  • 9.­1386-1387
  • 9.­2445
  • 9.­2451
g.­755

yakṣa

Wylie:
  • gnod sbyin
Tibetan:
  • གནོད་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • yakṣa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who inhabit forests, mountainous areas, and other natural spaces, or serve as guardians of villages and towns, and may be propitiated for health, wealth, protection, and other boons, or controlled through magic. According to tradition, their homeland is in the north, where they live under the rule of the Great King Vaiśravaṇa.

Several members of this class have been deified as gods of wealth (these include the just-mentioned Vaiśravaṇa) or as bodhisattva generals of yakṣa armies, and have entered the Buddhist pantheon in a variety of forms, including, in tantric Buddhism, those of wrathful deities.

Located in 102 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­243-244
  • 2.­246
  • 2.­253-254
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­51
  • 6.­36-37
  • 7.­200-202
  • 7.­204
  • 7.­207-208
  • 7.­213-214
  • 7.­216-217
  • 7.­220
  • 7.­222-223
  • 7.­225
  • 7.­227-228
  • 7.­235
  • 7.­238
  • 7.­240
  • 7.­248
  • 7.­250
  • 7.­259
  • 7.­266
  • 8.­31-32
  • 8.­47
  • 8.­66-72
  • 8.­76-77
  • 8.­114
  • 8.­194
  • 9.­16
  • 9.­149
  • 9.­175
  • 9.­178
  • 9.­181
  • 9.­184
  • 9.­187
  • 9.­192
  • 9.­205
  • 9.­217
  • 9.­221
  • 9.­225
  • 9.­239
  • 9.­610
  • 9.­612-613
  • 9.­636
  • 9.­641
  • 9.­684
  • 9.­689
  • 9.­1024
  • 9.­1028
  • 9.­1528
  • 9.­1778
  • 9.­1916
  • 10.­97
  • 11.­5
  • 11.­15
  • 11.­23
  • n.­403
  • n.­411
  • n.­424
  • n.­436
  • n.­445
  • n.­471
  • n.­473-475
  • n.­634
  • n.­638
  • g.­35
  • g.­39
  • g.­66
  • g.­157
  • g.­164
  • g.­171
  • g.­176
  • g.­198
  • g.­212
  • g.­220
  • g.­370
  • g.­466
  • g.­572
  • g.­704
  • g.­711
  • g.­756
g.­756

yakṣiṇī

Wylie:
  • gnod sbyin mo
Tibetan:
  • གནོད་སྦྱིན་མོ།
Sanskrit:
  • yakṣiṇī

Female yakṣas, a class of semidivine beings that haunt or protect natural places and cities. They can be malevolent or benevolent, and are known for bestowing wealth and worldly boons.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­241
  • 7.­256-257
  • 7.­259-260
  • 7.­265
  • 8.­76-77
  • g.­21
  • g.­126
  • g.­329
  • g.­420
  • g.­423
  • g.­672
g.­760

Yaśas

Wylie:
  • grags pa
Tibetan:
  • གྲགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • yaśas

(1) A disciple of the Buddha who was a son of a wealthy householder. (2) A disciple of the Buddha whose right hand was impaired. (3) A lay brother living in Nādikā.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­208-210
  • 9.­1740-1741
  • 9.­1765-1767
  • 9.­1824-1825
  • 9.­1839-1841
  • n.­987
g.­764

Yijing

Wylie:
  • —
Tibetan:
  • —
Sanskrit:
  • —

A seventh-century Chinese Buddhist monk, who studied in Nālandā monastery in India and translated many texts including the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • i.­5
  • n.­186
  • n.­424
  • n.­485
  • n.­603
  • n.­1078
  • n.­1088
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