co.

Table of Contents

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Summary

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The Bhaiṣajyavastu, “The Chapter on Medicines,” is a part of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, the corpus of monastic law of one of the most influential Buddhist schools in India. This chapter deals with monastic regulations about medicines. At the same time, it also includes various elements not restricted to such rules: stories of the Buddha and his disciples, a lengthy story of the Buddha’s journey for the purpose of quelling an epidemic and converting a nāga, a number of stories of the Buddha’s former lives narrated by the Buddha himself, and a series of verses recited by the Buddha and his disciples about their former lives. Thus, this chapter preserves not only interesting information about medical knowledge shared by ancient Indian Buddhist monastics but also an abundance of Buddhist narrative literature.

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Acknowledgements

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This text was translated by the Bhaiṣajyavastu Translation Team. Fumi Yao translated the Tibetan text into English and prepared the ancillary materials. Shayne Clarke proofread the translation and ancillary materials.

The translation has been completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.


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We gratefully acknowledge the generous sponsorship of Leo Tong Chen and his family; Zhang Wei, Li Mo, Zhang Mo Tong and Zhang Mo Lin; (Chi Xian Ren) Mao Gui Rong and Chi Mei; and Joseph Tse 謝偉傑, Patricia Tse 鄒碧玲 and family, in dedication to all eczema sufferers. Their support has helped make the work on this translation possible.

Text Body

The Translation
From The Chapters on Monastic Discipline
The Chapter on Medicines
ab.

Abbreviations

AA Aṅguttara­nikāya-Aṭṭhakathā. Edited by Walleser and Kopp (1924–56).
AG Anavatapta­gāthā.
AKBh Abhidharma­kośa­bhāṣya. Edited by Pradhan = Pradhan 1967.
AKUp Abhidharma­kośopāyikā-ṭīkā. (Section numbers are based on Honjō 1984 and 2014.)
AN Aṅguttara­nikāya = Morris et al. 1885–1961.
AdhvG Adhikaraṇa­vastu. Edited by Gnoli (1978).
Ap Apadāna = Lilley 2000.
BAK Bodhisattvāvadāna­kalpalatā = Chandra Das and Vidyābhūshana 1940.
BHSD Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. Vol. II Dictionary = Edgerton 1953.
Bhv Bhaiṣajya­vastu.
BhvY Bhaiṣajya­vastu. Japanese translation by Yao = Yao 2013a.
CPD The Critical Pāli Dictionary = Trenckner et al. 1924–92.
Ch. Chinese translation.
ChDas Tibetan English Dictionary = Das 1902.
Crv Carma­vastu.
Cīv Cīvara­vastu.
D Degé xylograph (scanned and published by the Buddhist Digital Resource Center).
DA Dīgha­nikāya-Aṭṭhakathā = Rhys Davids et al. 1968–71.
DN Dīgha­nikāya = Rhys Davids and Carpenter 1890–1911.
DPPN Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names = Malalasekera 1937.
DhpA Dhamma­padattha­kathā = Norman 1906.
Divy Divyāvadāna = Cowell and Neil [1886] 1987.
DĀ Dīrghāgama.
DĀ 35 Ambāṣṭha­sūtra. Edited by Melzer (2010a).
DĀc Dīrghāgama. Chinese translation (Taishō no. 1 Chang ahan jing 長阿含經).
EĀc Ekottarikāgama Chinese translation (Taishō no. 125 Zengyi ahan jing 増壹阿含經).
GBhv The Bhaiṣajya­vastu in the Gilgit manuscript = GMNAI i, 46–134.
GM Gilgit manuscripts of the Vinaya­vastu edited by Dutt = Dutt 1942–50 (page numbers of Bhv, which is in part i, is referred to just with “GM,” and those of other vastus with “GM ii, iii, and iv,” with part numbers).
GMNAI i Gilgit Manuscripts in the National Archives of India: Facsimile Edition vol. 1, Vinaya Texts = Clarke 2014.
H Hemis manuscript.
J Jātaka = Fausbøll [1877–96] 1962–64.
Jäschke Tibetan English Dictionary = Jäschke 1881.
KA Kaṭhināvadāna = Degener 1990.
Kṣv Kṣudraka­vastu.
MN Majjhima­nikāya = Trenckner et al. [1888–1925] 1974–79.
MPS Mahā­parinirvāṇa-sūtra = Waldschmidt 1950–51.
MSA Mahā­sudarśanāvadāna in the Gilgit manuscripts.
MSV Mūla­sarvāstivāda Vinaya.
MW A Sanskrit-English Dictionary = Monier-Williams 1899.
MdhA Māndhātāvadāna in the Gilgit manuscripts.
Merv-av Avadāna anthology from Merv = Karashima and Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya 2015.
Mma Mahā­mantrānusāriṇī-sūtra = Skilling 1994–97, 608–22.
Mmvr Mahā­māyūrī­vidyā­rajñī = Takubo 1972.
Mv Mahā­vastu = Senart 1882–97.
Mvy Mahā­vyutpatti = Sakaki 1916.
MĀc Madhyamāgama Chinese translation (Taishō no. 26 Zhong ahan jing 中阿含經).
N Narthang xylograph.
NBhv The newly identified Bhaiṣajya­vastu fragments held in a private collection, Virginia, and the Schøyen Collection.
Negi Tibetan–Sanskrit Dictionary = Negi 1993–2005.
P Peking xylograph.
PLv Pāṇḍulohitaka­vastu.
PTSD PTS’s Pāli–English Dictionary = Rhys Davids and Stede 1921–25.
Ph phug brag manuscript.
Prjv Pravrajyāvastu. Translation in Miller 2018.
PrjvVW Pravrajyāvastu edited by Vogel and Wille. I: Vogel and Wille 1984; II: 1992; III: 1996; IV: 2002 (all these files are now available in one pdf file online, Vogel and Wille 2014).
R Ragya printed Kangyur.
S Stok Palace Manuscript.
SHT Sanskrithandschriften aus den Turfanfunden.
SN Saṃyutta­nikāya = Feer [1884–98] 1975–2006.
SWTF Sanskrit-Wörterbuch der buddhistischen Texte aus den Turfan-Funden = Waldschmidt et al. 1973–2018.
Sbhv Saṅghabheda­vastu.
SbhvG Saṅghabheda­vastu. edited by Gnoli (1977–78).
Sh Shey Palace manuscript.
Skt. Sanskrit.
Sn Sutta­nipāta = Andersen and Smith [1913] 1984.
Sumav Sumāgadhāvadāna = Iwamoto 1979.
SĀc Saṃyuktāgama Chinese translation (Taishō no. 99 Za ahan jing 雜阿含經).
SĀc2 Saṃyuktāgama Chinese translation (Taishō no. 100 Bieyi za ahan jing 別譯雜阿含經).
SĀc3 Saṃyuktāgama Chinese translation (Taishō no. 101 Za ahan jing 雜阿含經).
T Tokyo manuscript.
Taishō Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經. 100 vols. Tokyo: Taishō Issaikyō Kankōkai 大正一切經刊行會, 1924–34.
TheraG Theragāthā = Oldenberg and Pischel 1883.
Tib. Tibetan translation.
U Urga printed Kangyur .
Ud  Udāna = Steinthal 1982.
Ug Uttara­grantha.
Uv Udāna­varga = Bernhard 1965–68, i.
UvTib Udāna­varga in Tibetan translation = Champa Thupten Zongtse 1990.
VS Vinaya­sūtra transliterated by Study Group of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Tibetan dBu med Script.
Vin Vinayapiṭaka in Pāli = Oldenberg [1879–83] 1982–1997.
Viś I The first story of Viśvantara in the Bhv.
Viś II The second story of Viśvantara in the Bhv.
Viś III The story of Viśvantara in the Sbhv.
Viś IV Viśvantarāvadāna in the Gilgit manuscripts.
Vvbh Vinaya­vibhaṅga.
ms Manuscript.
Śav Śayanāsana­vastu.
ŚavG Śayanāsana­vastu. Edited by Gnoli (1978).
b.

Bibliography

ched du brjod pa’i tshoms (Udāna­varga). Toh 326, Degé Kangyur vol. 72 (mdo sde, sa), folios 209.a–253.a. English translation in Champa Thupten Zongtse (1990).

sman gyi gzhi (Bhaiṣajya­vastu). Toh 1, ch. 6, Degé Kangyur vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 277.b–311.a; vol. 2 (’dul ba, kha), folios 1.a–317.a; and vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 1.a–50.a.

sman gyi gzhi. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–2009, vol. 1, pp. 644–721, vol. 2, pp. 3–745, vol. 3, pp. 3–117.

man gyi gzhi (Bhaiṣajya­vastu). Stok no. 1, ch. 6, Stok Palace Kangyur vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 396.b–455.a; vol. 2 (’dul ba, kha), folios 1.a–444.a; and vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 1.b–56.b.

Bhaiṣajya­vastu in the Gilgit manuscripts. Dutt 1942–50, pt. 1 (1947).

Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye yaoshi 根本説一切有部毘奈耶藥事, Taishō no. 1448, 24.1a1–97a24.

1. A Work Referred to in the Bhaiṣajyavastu

yang dag par ldan pa’i lung (Saṃyuktāgama). Not included in the Kangyur. Cf. Za ahan jing 雜阿含經, Taishō no. 99, 2.1a1–373b18.

2. Works Related to the Bhaiṣajyavastu

’dul ba gzhi (Vinayavastu). Toh 1, 17 chaps. Degé Kangyur vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 1.a1–311.a; vol. 2 (’dul ba, kha), folios 1.a–317.a; vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 1.a–293.a; and vol. 4 (’dul ba, nga), folios 1.a–302.a5.

’dul ba rnam par ’byed pa (Vinayavibhaṅga). Toh 3, Degé Kangyur vol. 5 (’dul ba, ca), folios 21.a1–292.a; vol. 6 (’dul ba, cha) folios 1.a–287.a; vol. 7 (’dul ba, ja) folios 1.a–287.a; and vol. 8 (’dul ba, nya) folios 1.a–269.a6.

’dul ba phran tshegs kyi gzhi (Vinaya­kṣudraka­vastu). Toh 6, Degé Kangyur vol. 10 (’dul ba, tha), folios 1.a1–310.a; vol. 11 (’dul ba, da), folios 1.a–333.a7.

’dul ba gzhung bla ma (Vinayottara­grantha). Toh 7, Degé Kangyur vol. 12 (’dul ba, na), folios 1.a1–302.a; vol. 13 (’dul ba, pa) 1.a–313.a5.

ko lpags kyi gzhi (Carmavastu). Toh 1-5, Degé Kangyur vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 251.a–277.b.

dge slong ma’i ’dul ba rnam par ’byed pa (Bhikṣuṇī­vinaya­vibhaṅga). Toh 5, Degé Kangyur vol. 9 (’dul ba, ta), folios 25.b–328.a.

dge ’dun gyi dbyen gyi gzhi (Saṅgha­bheda­vastu). Toh 1, ch. 17, Degé Kangyur vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 255.b–293.a; vol. 4 (’dul ba, nga), folios 1.a–302.a.

gos kyi gzhi (Cīvaravastu). Toh 1-7, Degé Kangyur vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 50.a–115.b.

rgya cher rol pa (Lalita­vistara). Toh 95, Degé Kangyur vol. 46 (mdo sde, kha), folios 1.b–216.b. English translation in the Dharmachakra Translation Committee (2013).

’dul ba gzhung dam pa (Vinayottara­grantha). Toh 7a, Degé Kangyur vol. 12 (’dul ba, na), folios 92.b–302.a; vol. 13 (’dul ba, pa), folios 1.b–313.a.

’dul ba’i mdo (Vinayasūtra). Toh 4117, Degé Tengyur vol. 261 (’dul ba, wu) folios 1.a1–100.a7.

don rnam par nges pa chos kyi rnam grangs (Arthaviniścaya­dharma­paryāya). Toh 317, Degé Kangyur vol. 72 (mdo sde, sa), folios 170.b–188.a. English translation in Dharmachakra Translation Committee 2021.

gnas lam gyi gzhi (Śayanāsana­vastu). Toh 1-15, Degé Kangyur vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 187.a–222.a.

bye brag tu rtogs par byed pa chen po (Mahāvyutpatti). Toh 4346, Degé Tengyur vol. 204 (sna tshogs, co), folios 1.b–131.a.

ma ga d+hA bzang mo’i rtogs pa brjod pa (Sumāgadhāvadāna). Toh 346, vol. 75 (mdo sde, aM), folios 291.b–298.a. English translation The Exemplary Tale of Sumāgadhā 2024.

dmar ser can gyi gzhi (Pāṇḍulohitaka­vastu). Toh 1-11, Degé Kangyur vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 140.a–165.b.

rtsod pa’i gzhi (Adhikaraṇa­vastu). Toh 1-16, Degé Kangyur vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 222.a–255.b.

mdzangs blun zhes bya ba’i mdo (Damamūkasūtra). Toh 341, vol. 74 (mdo sde, a), folios 129.a–298.a.

gzhang ’brum rab tu zhi bar byed pa’i mdo (Arśapraśamana­sūtra). Toh 621, Degé Kangyur vol. 91 (rgyud, ba), folios 61.a–61.b; Toh 1020, vol. 101 (gzungs, waM), folios 181.b–183.a.

yangs pa’i grong khyer du ’jug pa’i mdo chen po (Vaiśālī­praveśa­mahā­sūtra). Toh 312, Degé Kangyur vol. 72 (mdo sde, sa) folios 157.b–161.b. English translation in the Bhaiṣajyavastu Translation Team (2020).

yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa chen po’i mdo. Toh 119, Degé Kangyur vol. 52 (mdo sde, nya), folios 1.b–343.a; vol. 53 (mdo sde, ta), folios 1.b–339.a.

rab tu ’byung ba’ gzhi (Pravrjyāvastu). Toh 1, chap. 1. Degé Kangyur vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 1.a–131.a. English translation in Miller (2018).

rig sngags kyi rgyal mo rma bya chen mo (Mahā­māyūrī­vidyā­rājñi). Toh 559, Degé Kangyur, vol. 90 (rgyud ’bum, pha), folios 87.b–117.a. English translation in Dharmachakra Translation Committee 2023.

las brgya pa (Karmaśataka). Toh 340, Degé Kangyur vol. 73 (mdo sde, ha), folios 1.b–309.a; vol. 74 (mdo sde, a), folios 1.b–128.b. English translation in Jamspal and Fischer 2020.

gsang sngags kyi rjes su ’brang ba chen mo’i sgrub thabs (Mahā­mantrānusāriṇī­sādhana). Toh 3254, Degé Tengyur vol. 76 (rgyud, bu), folio 15.b.

so sor thar pa’i mdo (Prātimokṣa­sūtra). Toh 2, Degé Kangyur vol. 5 (’dul ba, ca), folios 1.a–20.b.

Kalyāṇamitra. lung phran tshegs kyi rnam par bshad pa (Āgama­kṣudraka­vyākhyāna). Toh 4115, Degé Tengyur vol. 158 (’dul ba, dzu), folios 1.b–232.a.

Śamathadeva. chos mngon pa’i mdzod kyi ’grel bshad nye bar mkho ba (Abhidharma­kośa­ṭīkopāyikā). Toh 4094, Degé Tengyur vol. 146 (mngon pa, ja), folios 1.b–287.a; vol 147 (mngon pa, ngu), folios 1.b–95.a.

Vasubandhu. chos mngon pa’i mdzod kyi bshad pa (Abhidharma­kośa­bhāṣya). Toh 4090, Degé Tengyur vol. 140 (mngon pa, ku), folios 26.b–258.a; vol. 141 (mngon pa, khu), folios 1.b–95.a.

Vasubandhu. rnam par bshad pa’i rigs pa (Vyākhyāyukti). Toh 4061, Degé Tengyur vol. 136 (sems tsam, shi), folios 29.a–134.b.

Yaśomitra. chos mngon pa’i mdzod kyi ’grel bshad (Abhidharma­kośa­ṭīkā). Toh 4092, Degé Tengyur vol. 142 (mngon pa, gu), folios 1.b–330.a; vol. 143 (mngon pa, ngu), folios 1.b–333.a.

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g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for names and terms of the corresponding source language

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in a manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other manuscripts with a parallel or similar context.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in dictionaries matching Tibetan to the corresponding language.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where the relationship between the Tibetan and source language is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

a person who makes things allowable

  • rung ba byed pa
  • རུང་བ་བྱེད་པ།
  • kalpikāra

A layperson who makes things legally permissible in the context of Buddhist monastic law, doing tasks that are not allowed for monks.

g.­2

Ābhāsvara

  • ’od gsal
  • འོད་གསལ།
  • ābhāsvara

The sixth heaven of the realm of form; also the name of the gods living there.

g.­3

Abṛha

  • mi che ba
  • མི་ཆེ་བ།
  • abṛha

The first of the “pure abodes;” also the name of the gods living there.

g.­4

Ācāma River

  • ’bras khu’i chu
  • འབྲས་ཁུའི་ཆུ།
  • ācāmanadī

A river that flows down from the lake Anavatapta.

g.­5

Acceptance of the Hair

  • dbu skra blangs pa
  • དབུ་སྐྲ་བླངས་པ།
  • keśa­prati­grahaṇa

A shrine built to commemorate the Buddha’s going forth.

g.­6

Acceptance of the Saffron Robes

  • ngur smrig blangs pa
  • ངུར་སྨྲིག་བླངས་པ།
  • kāṣāya­prati­grahaṇa

A shrine built to commemorate the Buddha’s going forth.

g.­7

Ādarśamukha

  • me long gdong
  • མེ་ལོང་གདོང་།
  • ādarśamukha

A king who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­8

Adharma

  • chos min
  • ཆོས་མིན།
  • adharma

A bird who shares one body with another bird, Dharma.

g.­9

Ādirājya

  • dang po’i rgyal srid
  • དང་པོའི་རྒྱལ་སྲིད།
  • ādirājya

A place in Śūrasena.

g.­10

Ādumā

  • yul a du ma
  • a du ma
  • ཡུལ་ཨ་དུ་མ།
  • ཨ་དུ་མ།
  • ādumā

A village.

g.­11

agaru

  • a gar
  • a ga ru
  • ཨ་གར།
  • ཨ་ག་རུ།
  • agaru

A kind of fragrant aloe wood.

g.­12

aggregate

  • phung po
  • ཕུང་པོ།
  • skandha

The basic components out of which the world and the personal self are formed, usually listed as a set of five.

g.­13

Agnidatta

  • me sbyin
  • མེ་སྦྱིན།
  • agnidatta

(1) A brahmin. (2) A brahmin king.

g.­14

Ahicchattra

  • sbrul gdugs
  • སྦྲུལ་གདུགས།
  • —

A village.

g.­15

Airāvaṇa

  • sa srung bu
  • ས་སྲུང་བུ།
  • airāvaṇa

Indra’s elephant.

g.­16

Airāvataka

  • sa srung bu’i dbyibs
  • ས་སྲུང་བུའི་དབྱིབས།
  • airāvataka

A mountain.

g.­17

Ajātaśatru

  • ma skyes dgra
  • མ་སྐྱེས་དགྲ།
  • ajātaśatru

The son of King Śreṇya Bimbisāra, who later becomes the king of Magadha.

g.­18

Ajiravatī

  • gnas ldan
  • གནས་ལྡན།
  • ajiravatī

A river.

g.­19

Ajita Keśakambala

  • mi pham skra’i la ba can
  • མི་ཕམ་སྐྲའི་ལ་བ་ཅན།
  • ajita keśa­kambala

One of the six teachers at the time of the Buddha.

g.­20

Akaniṣṭha

  • ’og min
  • འོག་མིན།
  • akaniṣṭha

The fifth and highest of the “pure abodes;” also the name of the gods living there.

g.­21

Ālikāvendāmaghā

  • bslang rnyed ma dang mchu
  • བསླང་རྙེད་མ་དང་མཆུ།
  • ālikāvendāmaghā

A yakṣiṇī.

g.­22

Ambāṣṭha

  • ma sdug
  • མ་སྡུག
  • ambāṣṭha

A young brahmin and disciple of Pauṣkarasāri.

g.­23

Āmrapālī

  • a mra skyong ma
  • ཨ་མྲ་སྐྱོང་མ།
  • āmrapālī

A courtesan.

g.­24

Anabhraka

  • sprin med
  • སྤྲིན་མེད།
  • anabhraka

The tenth heaven of the realm of form; also the name of the gods living there.

g.­26

Anaṅgana

  • nyon mongs med
  • ཉོན་མོངས་མེད།
  • anaṅgana

The head of a guild who was Jyotiṣka in a former life.

g.­27

Anāthapiṇḍada

  • mgon med zas sbyin
  • མགོན་མེད་ཟས་སྦྱིན།
  • anāthapiṇḍada

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A wealthy merchant in the town of Śrāvastī, famous for his generosity to the poor, who became a patron of the Buddha Śākyamuni. He bought Prince Jeta’s Grove (Skt. Jetavana), to be the Buddha’s first monastery, a place where the monks could stay during the monsoon.

g.­28

Anavatapta

  • ma dros pa
  • མ་དྲོས་པ།
  • anavatapta

A lake that is considered the source of four great rivers, including the Ganges, in Buddhist cosmology.

g.­29

Aṅga

  • ang ga
  • ཨང་ག
  • aṅga

A country.

g.­30

Aṅgadikā

  • dpung rgyan ldan
  • དཔུང་རྒྱན་ལྡན།
  • aṅgadikā

A village or town.

g.­31

Aṅgaratha

  • shing rta’i yan lag
  • ཤིང་རྟའི་ཡན་ལག
  • aṅgaratha

A buddha in the past.

g.­32

Aṅgiras

  • nyi ma’i rigs
  • ཉི་མའི་རིགས།
  • aṅgiras

A ṛṣi in the past.

g.­33

Aniruddha

  • ma ’gags
  • མ་འགགས།
  • aniruddha

(1) A disciple of the Buddha. (2) A buddha in the past.

g.­34

Apalāla

  • sog ma med
  • སོག་མ་མེད།
  • apalāla

Lit. “Without a Straw.” A nāga king, who was the brahmin Agnidatta in a former life.

g.­35

Āpannaka

  • nyams pa
  • ཉམས་པ།
  • āpannaka

A yakṣa in the country of Bhraṣṭolā.

g.­36

Aparājita

  • gzhan gyis mi thul ba
  • གཞན་གྱིས་མི་ཐུལ་བ།
  • aparājita

A buddha in the past.

g.­37

Apramāṇābha

  • tshad med ’od
  • ཚད་མེད་འོད།
  • apramāṇābha

The fifth heaven of the realm of form; also the name of the gods living there.

g.­38

Apramāṇaśubha

  • tshad med dge
  • ཚད་མེད་དགེ
  • apramāṇaśubha

The eighth heaven of the realm of form; also the name of the gods living there.

g.­39

Apriya

  • mi dga’ ba
  • མི་དགའ་བ།
  • apriya

A yakṣa.

g.­40

apūpa

  • snum khur
  • སྣུམ་ཁུར།
  • apūpa

A pastry made of flour. Also rendered in this translation as “pastry.”

g.­41

Araṇemi

  • rtsibs kyi mu khyud
  • རྩིབས་ཀྱི་མུ་ཁྱུད།
  • araṇemi

A teacher who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­42

arhantī

  • dgra bcom ma
  • དགྲ་བཅོམ་མ།
  • arhantī

A female arhat, one who has achieved the fourth and final level of attainment on the śrāvaka path and attained liberation with the cessation of all afflictive emotions.

g.­44

Ariṣṭa

  • yid ’ong
  • ཡིད་འོང་།
  • ariṣṭa

A lay brother living in Nādikā.

g.­45

Arthadarśin

  • don gzigs pa
  • དོན་གཟིགས་པ།
  • arthadarśin

A buddha in the past.

g.­46

Arthavargīya Sūtras

  • don gyi tshoms kyi mdo dag
  • དོན་གྱི་ཚོམས་ཀྱི་མདོ་དག
  • arthavargīya sūtras

A lost verse text possibly included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins.

g.­47

Ascetic Practitioner

  • dka’ thub mdzad
  • དཀའ་ཐུབ་མཛད།
  • —

A buddha in the past.

g.­48

ash

  • thal ba
  • ཐལ་བ།
  • kṣāra

Five kinds of ash made from five kinds of plants, which are used as medicines.

g.­49

Āśīviṣā

  • sbrul can
  • སྦྲུལ་ཅན།
  • āśīviṣā

A river.

g.­50

Aśmaka

  • rdo mangs
  • རྡོ་མངས།
  • aśmaka

A country.

g.­51

Aśoka

  • mya ngan med
  • མྱ་ངན་མེད།
  • aśoka

An uncle of King Mahāpraṇāda.

g.­52

assign the rewards of the offerings to the name

  • ming nas brjod de yon bsngo ba
  • ming nas smos te yon bsngo ba
  • མིང་ནས་བརྗོད་དེ་ཡོན་བསྔོ་བ།
  • མིང་ནས་སྨོས་ཏེ་ཡོན་བསྔོ་བ།
  • nāmnā dakṣiṇām ādiśati

An act of recitation of particular verses performed by a monastic when he or she receives offerings from others. This act is considered to transfer the merit produced by the donor to deities, causing those deities to protect and confer benefits on the person whose name is pronounced in the recitation.

g.­53

Aṣṭaka

  • brgyad pa
  • བརྒྱད་པ།
  • aṣṭaka

A ṛṣi in the past.

g.­54

astringent

  • bska ba
  • བསྐ་བ།
  • kaṣāya

Five kinds of astringent material produced from five kinds of plants and used as medicines.

g.­55

asura

  • lha ma yin
  • ལྷ་མ་ཡིན།
  • asura

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A type of nonhuman being whose precise status is subject to different views, but is included as one of the six classes of beings in the sixfold classification of realms of rebirth. In the Buddhist context, asuras are powerful beings said to be dominated by envy, ambition, and hostility. They are also known in the pre-Buddhist and pre-Vedic mythologies of India and Iran, and feature prominently in Vedic and post-Vedic Brahmanical mythology, as well as in the Buddhist tradition. In these traditions, asuras are often described as being engaged in interminable conflict with the devas (gods).

g.­56

Aśvaka

  • ’gro mgyogs
  • འགྲོ་མགྱོགས།
  • aśvaka

A nāga. See also n.­441.

g.­57

Aśvakarṇa

  • rta rna
  • རྟ་རྣ།
  • aśvakarṇa

One of the seven golden mountains.

g.­58

Atapa

  • mi gdung ba
  • མི་གདུང་བ།
  • atapa

The second of the “pure abodes;” also the name of the gods living there.

g.­59

Aṭaṭa

  • so thams thams
  • སོ་ཐམས་ཐམས།
  • aṭaṭa

One of the eight cold hells.

g.­60

Ātreya

  • rgyun shes kyi bu
  • རྒྱུན་ཤེས་ཀྱི་བུ།
  • ātreya

(1) The physician of King Prasenajit. (2) The name of Prince Kuśa disguised as a physician.

g.­61

Aṭṭeśvara

  • ’gro ba’i dbang phyug
  • འགྲོ་བའི་དབང་ཕྱུག
  • aṭṭeśvara

A garuḍa.

g.­62

Atyuccagāmin

  • mthor ’phags pa
  • མཐོར་འཕགས་པ།
  • atyuccagāmin

A buddha in the past.

g.­63

Auspicious

  • bkra shis ldan
  • བཀྲ་ཤིས་ལྡན།
  • —

An elephant.

g.­64

Avanti

  • srung byed
  • སྲུང་བྱེད།
  • avanti

A country.

g.­65

Avevāṇa

  • mi g.yo ba
  • མི་གཡོ་བ།
  • avevāṇa

A mountain. See also n.­746.

g.­66

Awakened Power

  • sangs rgyas stobs
  • སངས་རྒྱས་སྟོབས།
  • —

A yakṣa in Heaped Up. See also n.­410.

g.­67

Ayodhyā

  • tshugs dka’
  • tshugs par dka’
  • ཚུགས་དཀའ།
  • ཚུགས་པར་དཀའ།
  • ayodhyā

The city of Southern Pañcāla.

g.­68

Bahuputra shrine

  • bu mangs mchod rten
  • བུ་མངས་མཆོད་རྟེན།
  • bahu­putra­caitya

A shrine near Vaiśālī.

g.­69

Bakkula

  • bak+ku la
  • བཀྐུ་ལ།
  • bakkula

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­70

Bālāha

  • sprin gyi shugs can
  • སྤྲིན་གྱི་ཤུགས་ཅན།
  • bālāha

A horse king who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­71

Bamboo Grove

  • ’od ma’i tshal
  • འོད་མའི་ཚལ།
  • veṇuvana

A grove near Rājagṛha in Magadha.

g.­72

Bandhumat

  • bshes ldan
  • བཤེས་ལྡན།
  • bandhumat

A king of Bandhumatī in the past.

g.­73

Bandhumatī

  • gnyen ldan
  • གཉེན་ལྡན།
  • bandhumatī

(1) A city. (2) A river.

g.­74

Bath

  • khrus
  • ཁྲུས།
  • —

A village.

g.­75

Beautiful

  • mdzes ldan
  • མཛེས་ལྡན།
  • —

A woman in Sunrise, sister of Sunny. See also n.­319.

g.­76

Being Crushed

  • bsdus gzhom
  • བསྡུས་གཞོམ།
  • saṃghāta

One of the eight hot hells.

g.­77

Beluva

  • yangs pa’i ’od ma
  • ཡངས་པའི་འོད་མ།
  • beluva

A village.

g.­78

Best Army

  • sde mchog
  • སྡེ་མཆོག
  • —

A king.

g.­79

Bhaddālin

  • legs ldan
  • ལེགས་ལྡན།
  • bhaddālin

A monk.

g.­80

Bhadrā

  • bzang mo
  • བཟང་མོ།
  • bhadrā

(1) The wife of an elephant king that was the Buddha in a former life. (2) A courtesan.

g.­81

Bhadra

  • bzang po
  • བཟང་པོ།
  • bhadra

A lay brother living in Nādikā.

g.­82

Bhadrakanyā

  • bu mo bzang mo
  • བུ་མོ་བཟང་མོ།
  • bhadrakanyā

A woman who was Mahā­maudgalyāyana’s mother in her previous life and was reborn in Marīcika World. See also n.­106.

g.­83

Bhadraṃkara

  • bzang byed
  • བཟང་བྱེད།
  • bhadraṃkara

A city.

g.­84

Bhadrāśva

  • rta bzangs
  • རྟ་བཟངས།
  • bhadrāśva

A city or village.

g.­85

Bhadrika

  • bzang ldan
  • བཟང་ལྡན།
  • bhadrika

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­86

Bhāgīratha

  • skal ldan shing rta
  • སྐལ་ལྡན་ཤིང་རྟ།
  • bhāgīratha

Another name for Mahābhāgīratha, a buddha in the past.

g.­87

Bhāgīrathī

  • skal ldan shing rta
  • སྐལ་ལྡན་ཤིང་རྟ།
  • bhāgīrathī

“Fortunate Chariot,” an epithet of the Ganges.

g.­88

Bharadvāja

  • bha ra dwa dza
  • བྷ་ར་དྭ་ཛ།
  • bharadvāja

(1) A ṛṣi in the past. (2) A disciple of the Buddha Vipaśyin.

g.­89

Bhāradvāja

  • bha ra dwa dza
  • བྷ་ར་དྭ་ཛ།
  • bhāradvāja

A buddha in the past.

g.­90

Bhārgava

  • ngan spong
  • ངན་སྤོང་།
  • bhārgava

A ṛṣi.

g.­91

Bhaṭa

  • dpa’ bo
  • དཔའ་བོ།
  • bhaṭa

One of the two brothers in Mathurā who are predicted by the Buddha to build a monastery in the future.

g.­92

Bhava

  • ’byor pa
  • འབྱོར་པ།
  • bhava

A householder and the father of Pūrṇa from Sūrpāraka.

g.­93

Bhavadeva

  • srid pa’i lha
  • སྲིད་པའི་ལྷ།
  • bhavadeva

The king of Nandivardhana.

g.­94

Bhavanandin

  • ’byor dga’
  • འབྱོར་དགའ།
  • bhavanandin

A son of Bhava and half brother of Pūrṇa from Sūrpāraka.

g.­95

Bhavatrāta

  • ’byor skyob
  • འབྱོར་སྐྱོབ།
  • bhavatrāta

A son of Bhava and half brother of Pūrṇa from Sūrpāraka.

g.­96

Bhavila

  • ’byor len
  • འབྱོར་ལེན།
  • bhavila

A son of Bhava and half brother of Pūrṇa from Sūrpāraka.

g.­97

Bhraṣṭolā

  • yul gnyid ’grogs
  • ཡུལ་གཉིད་འགྲོགས།
  • bhraṣṭolā

A country.

g.­98

Bhṛgu

  • ngan spong
  • ངན་སྤོང་།
  • bhṛgu

A ṛṣi in the past.

g.­99

bhūta

  • ’byung po
  • འབྱུང་པོ།
  • bhūta

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

This term in its broadest sense can refer to any being, whether human, animal, or nonhuman. However, it is often used to refer to a specific class of nonhuman beings, especially when bhūtas are mentioned alongside rākṣasas, piśācas, or pretas. In common with these other kinds of nonhumans, bhūtas are usually depicted with unattractive and misshapen bodies. Like several other classes of nonhuman beings, bhūtas take spontaneous birth. As their leader is traditionally regarded to be Rudra-Śiva (also known by the name Bhūta), with whom they haunt dangerous and wild places, bhūtas are especially prominent in Śaivism, where large sections of certain tantras concentrate on them.

g.­100

bisakṣīla

  • pad ma’i rtsa ba’i ’o ma
  • པད་མའི་རྩ་བའི་འོ་མ།
  • bisakṣīla

The juice of lotus roots.

g.­101

Black Cord

  • thig nag
  • ཐིག་ནག
  • kālasūtra

One of the eight hot hells.

g.­102

Blisters

  • chu bur can
  • ཆུ་བུར་ཅན།
  • arbuda

One of the eight cold hells.

g.­104

Brahmā World

  • tshangs pa’i ’jig rten
  • ཚངས་པའི་འཇིག་རྟེན།
  • brahmaloka

The heaven of Brahmā, a god who rules the Sahā World.

g.­105

Brahmadatta

  • tshangs sbyin
  • ཚངས་སྦྱིན།
  • brahmadatta

(1) A king of Kāśi in the past. (2) A buddha in the past. (3) One of the seven kings mentioned in the story of Govinda.

g.­106

Brāhmaṇa­kapphiṇa

  • bram ze ka pi na
  • བྲམ་ཟེ་ཀ་པི་ན།
  • brāhmaṇa­kapphiṇa

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­107

Brahma­purohita

  • tshangs pa’i mdun na ’don
  • ཚངས་པའི་མདུན་ན་འདོན།
  • brahma­purohita

A class of gods who inhabit the second heaven of the realm of form.

g.­108

Brahmasabhā

  • tshangs pa ’du ba
  • ཚངས་པ་འདུ་བ།
  • brahmasabhā

A pond.

g.­109

Brahmāvatī

  • tshangs ldan ma
  • ཚངས་ལྡན་མ།
  • brahmāvatī

(1) The wife of Brahmāyus. (2) The wife of King Brahmadatta.

g.­110

Brahmāvatī

  • tshangs ldan ma
  • ཚངས་ལྡན་མ།
  • brahmāvatī

A pond.

g.­111

Brahmāyus

  • tshangs pa’i tshe
  • ཚངས་པའི་ཚེ།
  • brahmāyus

(1) The chief priest of King Śaṅkha. (2) A buddha in the past.

g.­112

brahmin (caste)

  • bram ze’i rigs
  • བྲམ་ཟེའི་རིགས།
  • brāhmaṇa

One of the four castes, that of the highly respected priestly caste of classical Indian society.

g.­113

Brahmin Mahāgovinda

  • bram ze chen po gnag lhas skyes
  • བྲམ་ཟེ་ཆེན་པོ་གནག་ལྷས་སྐྱེས།
  • brāhmaṇa mahāgovinda

A brahmin who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­114

Brahmin Village

  • bram ze’i grong
  • བྲམ་ཟེའི་གྲོང་།
  • —

A village in Kosala.

g.­115

breakfast

  • g.yar tshus
  • zhal tshus
  • གཡར་ཚུས།
  • ཞལ་ཚུས།
  • purobhaktikā

Simple food to be eaten before the main meal. See also n.­1088.

g.­116

Bṛhaddyuti

  • yangs pa’i ’od
  • ཡངས་པའི་འོད།
  • bṛhaddyuti

A potter who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­117

Bṛhatphala

  • ’bras bu che
  • འབྲས་བུ་ཆེ།
  • bṛhatphala

A class of gods who inhabit one of the levels in the highest heaven of the realm of form.

g.­118

Bṛhāvatī

  • yangs pa
  • ཡངས་པ།
  • bṛhāvatī

A city.

g.­119

buddha without the marks

  • sangs rgyas kyi mtshan med pa
  • སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་མཚན་མེད་པ།
  • alakṣaṇako buddhaḥ

A buddha who does not possess the thirty-two marks and eighty minor marks.

g.­120

Burst Blisters

  • chu bur rdol ba
  • ཆུ་བུར་རྡོལ་བ།
  • nirarbuda

One of the eight cold hells.

g.­121

butter oil

  • mar dkar
  • zhun mar
  • མར་དཀར།
  • ཞུན་མར།
  • sarpis

A kind of dairy product made from fermented milk.

g.­122

Campā

  • tsam pa
  • ཙམ་པ།
  • campā

A country.

g.­123

Cāmpeya

  • tsam pa skyes
  • ཙམ་པ་སྐྱེས།
  • cāmpeya

A nāga who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­124

Cañcā

  • rtswa mi
  • རྩྭ་མི།
  • cañcā

A female mendicant who falsely accuses the Buddha.

g.­125

caṇḍāla

  • gdol pa
  • གདོལ་པ།
  • caṇḍāla

One of the lower social classes that are outside, and beneath, the four castes.

g.­126

Caṇḍālī

  • gtum byed
  • གཏུམ་བྱེད།
  • caṇḍālī

A yakṣiṇī. See also n.­438.

g.­127

Candana

  • tsan dan
  • tsan dan ldan
  • ཙན་དན།
  • ཙན་དན་ལྡན།
  • candana

A buddha in the past.

g.­128

Candra

  • zla ba
  • ཟླ་བ།
  • candra

A buddha in the past.

g.­129

cāṇūra

  • stobs mchog
  • སྟོབས་མཆོག
  • cāṇūra

A kind of person who possesses superhuman strength.

g.­130

Cāru

  • mdzes pa
  • མཛེས་པ།
  • cāru

A lay brother living in Nādikā.

g.­131

caste

  • rigs
  • རིགས།
  • varṇa

The four social classes of traditional Hindu society: brahmin, kṣatriya, vaiśya, and śūdra.

g.­132

Chandaka

  • ’dun pa
  • འདུན་པ།
  • chandaka

The Bodhisattva’s charioteer.

g.­133

Citrā

  • sna tshogs
  • སྣ་ཚོགས།
  • citrā

A river.

g.­134

city of Pāṭaliputra

  • dmar bu can gyi grong khyer
  • དམར་བུ་ཅན་གྱི་གྲོང་ཁྱེར།
  • pāṭaliputraṃ nagaraṃ

A city on the Ganges that became the capital of Magadha after Rājagṛha.

g.­135

Clear Light

  • ’od gsal
  • འོད་གསལ།
  • —

A heaven.

g.­136

collyrium

  • mig sman
  • མིག་སྨན།
  • añjana

A kind of medicine applied around the eyes.

g.­137

“Come, monk” formula

  • dge slong tshur shog ces bya ba
  • དགེ་སློང་ཚུར་ཤོག་ཅེས་བྱ་བ།
  • ehibhikṣukā

A formula for ordination that consists of the words, “Come, monk.” This is one of the ways of ordaining a man as monk and is said to have been used by the Buddha until he established the rules of the standard ordination ceremony.

g.­138

Conqueror

  • ’joms byed
  • འཇོམས་བྱེད།
  • —

A brahmin who is the Buddha in a former life.

g.­139

Conqueror of Defilements

  • nyon mongs ’joms
  • ཉོན་མོངས་འཇོམས།
  • —

A self-awakened one.

g.­140

continent of Jambu

  • ’dzam bu’i gling
  • འཛམ་བུའི་གླིང་།
  • jambudvīpa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The name of the southern continent in Buddhist cosmology, which can signify either the known human world, or more specifically the Indian subcontinent, literally “the jambu island/continent.” Jambu is the name used for a range of plum-like fruits from trees belonging to the genus Szygium, particularly Szygium jambos and Szygium cumini, and it has commonly been rendered “rose apple,” although “black plum” may be a less misleading term. Among various explanations given for the continent being so named, one (in the Abhidharmakośa) is that a jambu tree grows in its northern mountains beside Lake Anavatapta, mythically considered the source of the four great rivers of India, and that the continent is therefore named from the tree or the fruit. Jambudvīpa has the Vajrāsana at its center and is the only continent upon which buddhas attain awakening.

g.­141

Cūḍapanthaka

  • lam phran bstan
  • ལམ་ཕྲན་བསྟན།
  • cūḍapanthaka

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­142

Cūḍeśvara

  • gtsug gi dbang phyug
  • གཙུག་གི་དབང་ཕྱུག
  • cūḍeśvara

A garuḍa.

g.­143

Daṇḍin

  • dbyug gu can
  • དབྱུག་གུ་ཅན།
  • daṇḍin

A brahmin.

g.­144

Dantapura

  • mche ba’i khyim
  • མཆེ་བའི་ཁྱིམ།
  • dantapura

A city.

g.­145

Dārukarṇin

  • shing gi rna rgyan can
  • shing gi rna cha can
  • ཤིང་གི་རྣ་རྒྱན་ཅན།
  • ཤིང་གི་རྣ་ཆ་ཅན།
  • dārukarṇin

Another name of Bhavila, a half brother of Pūrṇa from Sūrpāraka.

g.­146

Deer Park

  • ri dags kyi nags
  • རི་དགས་ཀྱི་ནགས།
  • mṛgadāva

A park near Vārāṇasī where the Buddha gave the first sermon.

g.­147

Delight

  • dga’ ba
  • དགའ་བ།
  • —

A city.

g.­148

Dependent origination

  • rten cing ’brel par ’byung ba
  • rten cing ’brel bar ’byung ba
  • རྟེན་ཅིང་འབྲེལ་པར་འབྱུང་བ།
  • རྟེན་ཅིང་འབྲེལ་བར་འབྱུང་བ།
  • pratītya­samutpāda

The relative nature of phenomena, which arises in dependence on causes and conditions. Together with the four truths of the noble ones, this was the first teaching given by the Buddha.

g.­149

Devadatta

  • lha sbyin
  • ལྷ་སྦྱིན།
  • devadatta

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­150

Devadṛśa

  • lhas bltas
  • ལྷས་བལྟས།
  • devadṛśa

A city ruled by King Suprabuddha.

g.­151

Dhana

  • nor can
  • ནོར་ཅན།
  • dhana

Another name of King North Pañcāla.

g.­152

Dhanapālaka

  • nor skyong
  • ནོར་སྐྱོང་།
  • dhanapālaka

An elephant who was sent to kill the Buddha.

g.­153

Dhanasaṃmata

  • nor ldan
  • ནོར་ལྡན།
  • dhanasaṃmata

A king at the time of the Buddha Ratnaśikhin.

g.­154

Dhanika

  • nor can
  • ནོར་ཅན།
  • dhanika

A householder.

g.­155

Dhānyapura

  • ’bras kyi grong khyer
  • འབྲས་ཀྱི་གྲོང་ཁྱེར།
  • dhānyapura

A city.

g.­156

Dharma

  • chos can
  • ཆོས་ཅན།
  • dharma

One half of a two-headed bird, the half that was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­157

Dharma Power

  • chos stobs
  • ཆོས་སྟོབས།
  • —

A yakṣa in Retuka.

g.­158

Dharmākara

  • d+harmA ka ra
  • དྷརྨཱ་ཀ་ར།
  • dharmākara

One of the translators of the Tibetan Vinayavastu of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya.

g.­159

Dhṛtarāṣṭra

  • yul ’khor skyong
  • ཡུལ་འཁོར་སྐྱོང་།
  • dhṛtarāṣṭra

(1) The name common to two of the seven kings mentioned in the story of Govinda. (2) A buddha in the past. (3) One of the Four Great Kings. (4) A haṃsa.

g.­160

dhyāna

  • bsam gtan
  • བསམ་གཏན།
  • dhyāna

A kind of meditation, often enumerated in terms of increasingly more subtle states of concentration.

g.­161

Dīpaṃkara

  • mar me mdzad
  • མར་མེ་མཛད།
  • dīpaṃkara

A buddha in the past.

g.­162

Diśāṃpati

  • phyogs bdag
  • ཕྱོགས་བདག
  • diśāṃpati

A king in the past.

g.­163

Diśikā

  • sdo phod ma
  • སྡོ་ཕོད་མ།
  • diśikā

A female slave of King Ikṣuvāku.

g.­164

Divaukasa

  • lha gnas
  • ལྷ་གནས།
  • divaukasa

A yakṣa, attendant of King Māndhātṛ.

g.­165

Dravya Mallaputra

  • gyad bu nor
  • གྱད་བུ་ནོར།
  • dravya mallaputra

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­166

droṇa

  • bre
  • བྲེ།
  • droṇa

A measure of volume.

g.­167

Druma

  • ljon pa
  • ལྗོན་པ།
  • druma

A kinnara king.

g.­168

Durāgata

  • nyes ’ongs pa
  • ཉེས་འོངས་པ།
  • durāgata

The name of Svāgata, a disciple of the Buddha, before he meets the Buddha.

g.­169

Durmukha

  • bzhin ngan
  • བཞིན་ངན།
  • durmukha

A ṛṣi.

g.­170

Earth

  • sa
  • ས།
  • —

One of the seven kings mentioned in the story of Govinda.

g.­171

Earth-Protector

  • sa ’tsho
  • ས་འཚོ།
  • —

A yakṣa. See also n.­439.

g.­172

eightfold abstinence

  • yan lag brgyad dang ldan pa’i bsnyen gnas
  • ཡན་ལག་བརྒྱད་དང་ལྡན་པའི་བསྙེན་གནས།
  • —

Abstinence from killing, stealing, sexual intercourse, lying, drinking, adorning oneself with garlands and perfume and lying in a large bed, enjoying dance and music, and eating after noon.

g.­173

eightfold path of the noble ones

  • ’phags pa’i lam yan lag brgyad pa
  • འཕགས་པའི་ལམ་ཡན་ལག་བརྒྱད་པ།
  • āryāṣṭāṅgo mārgaḥ

Part of the thirty-seven aspects of awakening.

g.­174

Ekadhāraka

  • rgyud gcig pa
  • རྒྱུད་གཅིག་པ།
  • ekadhāraka

A mountain.

g.­175

element

  • khams
  • ཁམས།
  • dhātu

One way of describing experience and the world in terms of eighteen elements (eye and form, ear and sound, nose and smell, tongue and taste, body and physical objects, and mind and mental phenomena, to which the six consciousnesses are added). Also refers here to the four elements of earth, water, fire, and wind.

g.­176

Elephant Power

  • glang chen stobs
  • གླང་ཆེན་སྟོབས།
  • —

A yakṣa. See also n.­395.

g.­177

fat

  • tshil
  • ཚིལ།
  • vasā

Fat of five kinds of animals, which is used as a medicine.

g.­178

Fisherman

  • nya pa
  • ཉ་པ།
  • —

A merchant who was Dravya Mallaputra in a former life.

g.­179

five faculties

  • dbang po lnga
  • དབང་པོ་ལྔ།
  • pañcendriyāṇi

Part of the thirty-seven aspects of awakening. In other contexts the term may refer to the five sense “faculties” corresponding to the five physical senses.

g.­180

five powers

  • stobs lnga
  • སྟོབས་ལྔ།
  • pañca balāni

Part of the thirty-seven aspects of awakening.

g.­181

form realm

  • gzugs kyi khams
  • གཟུགས་ཀྱི་ཁམས།
  • rūpadhātu

The second of the three realms where living beings transmigrate.

g.­182

formless realm

  • gzugs med pa’i khams
  • གཟུགས་མེད་པའི་ཁམས།
  • ārūpyadhātu

The third and highest of the three realms where living beings transmigrate.

g.­183

four applications of mindfulness

  • dran pa nye bar gzhag pa bzhi pa
  • དྲན་པ་ཉེ་བར་གཞག་པ་བཞི་པ།
  • catvāri smṛtyupasthānāni

The meditative application of awareness to the body, perception, mind, and dharmas; part of the thirty-seven aspects of awakening.

g.­184

four bases of magical power

  • rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi
  • རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་གྱི་རྐང་པ་བཞི།
  • catvāra ṛddhi­pādāḥ

Part of the thirty-seven aspects of awakening.

g.­185

Four Great Kings

  • rgyal po chen po bzhi
  • རྒྱལ་པོ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི།
  • catvāro mahārājāḥ

Divine guardians of the four directions, namely, Dhṛtarāṣṭra, Virūḍhaka, Virūpākṣa, and Vaiśravaṇa. Also referred to as the Four Protectors of the World.

g.­186

four kinds of human success

  • mi’i ’byor pa rnam bzhi
  • mi rnams kyi ’byor pa rnam pa bzhi
  • མིའི་འབྱོར་པ་རྣམ་བཞི།
  • མི་རྣམས་ཀྱི་འབྱོར་པ་རྣམ་པ་བཞི།
  • catasro mānuṣika ṛddhayaḥ

Long life, beauty, health, and being loved.

g.­187

Four Protectors of the World

  • ’jig rten skyong ba bzhi
  • འཇིག་རྟེན་སྐྱོང་བ་བཞི།
  • catvāraḥ loka­pālāḥ

Four deities guarding the four quarters, namely, Dhṛtarāṣṭra in the east, Virūḍhaka in the south, Virūpākṣa in the west, and Vaiśravaṇa in the north. Also referred to as the Four Great Kings.

g.­188

four pure abodes

  • tshangs pa’i gnas pa bzhi
  • ཚངས་པའི་གནས་པ་བཞི།
  • catvāro brahma­vihārāḥ

Immeasurable love, compassion, joy, and equanimity.

g.­189

four right relinquishments

  • yang dag par spong ba bzhi
  • ཡང་དག་པར་སྤོང་བ་བཞི།
  • catvāri samyak­prahāṇāni

Part of the thirty-seven aspects of awakening.

g.­190

four truths of the noble ones

  • ’phags pa’i bden pa bzhi
  • འཕགས་པའི་བདེན་པ་བཞི།
  • caturāryasatya

The Buddha’s first teaching, which explains suffering, the origin of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the path to the cessation of suffering.

g.­191

four types of self-confidence

  • mi ’jigs pa bzhi
  • མི་འཇིགས་པ་བཞི།
  • catvāri vaiśāradyāni

The Buddha’s four kinds of self-confidence in preaching the Dharma.

g.­192

Free from the Cycle

  • ’khor bral
  • འཁོར་བྲལ།
  • —

The wife of the brahmin Agnidatta.

g.­193

fruit of stream-entry

  • rgyun du zhugs pa’i ’bras bu
  • རྒྱུན་དུ་ཞུགས་པའི་འབྲས་བུ།
  • srotāpatti­phala

The first of the four spiritual achievements, which is considered to be entering “the stream” of the noble ones that flows inexorably toward awakening.

g.­194

Gāndhāra

  • sa ’dzin
  • ས་འཛིན།
  • gāndhāra

A country.

g.­195

gandharva

  • dri za
  • དྲི་ཟ།
  • gandharva

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of generally benevolent nonhuman beings who inhabit the skies, sometimes said to inhabit fantastic cities in the clouds, and more specifically to dwell on the eastern slopes of Mount Meru, where they are ruled by the Great King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. They are most renowned as celestial musicians who serve the gods. In the Abhidharma, the term is also used to refer to the mental body assumed by sentient beings during the intermediate state between death and rebirth. Gandharvas are said to live on fragrances (gandha) in the desire realm, hence the Tibetan translation dri za, meaning “scent eater.”

g.­196

Gaṅgāpāla

  • gang gA skyong
  • གང་གཱ་སྐྱོང་།
  • gaṅgāpāla

A rich man who was Upālin in a former life.

g.­197

Ganges

  • chu bo gang gA
  • ཆུ་བོ་གང་གཱ།
  • gaṅgā

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Gaṅgā, or Ganges in English, is considered to be the most sacred river of India, particularly within the Hindu tradition. It starts in the Himalayas, flows through the northern plains of India, bathing the holy city of Vārāṇasī, and meets the sea at the Bay of Bengal, in Bangladesh. In the sūtras, however, this river is mostly mentioned not for its sacredness but for its abundant sands‍—noticeable still today on its many sandy banks and at its delta‍—which serve as a common metaphor for infinitely large numbers.

According to Buddhist cosmology, as explained in the Abhidharmakośa, it is one of the four rivers that flow from Lake Anavatapta and cross the southern continent of Jambudvīpa‍—the known human world or more specifically the Indian subcontinent.

g.­198

Gardabha

  • bong bu
  • བོང་བུ།
  • gardabha

A yakṣa. See also 8.­67 and n.­474.

g.­199

garuḍa

  • nam mkha’ lding
  • ནམ་མཁའ་ལྡིང་།
  • garuḍa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In Indian mythology, the garuḍa is an eagle-like bird that is regarded as the king of all birds, normally depicted with a sharp, owl-like beak, often holding a snake, and with large and powerful wings. They are traditionally enemies of the nāgas. In the Vedas, they are said to have brought nectar from the heavens to earth. Garuḍa can also be used as a proper name for a king of such creatures.

g.­201

Gayā-Kāśyapa

  • ga yA ’od srung
  • ག་ཡཱ་འོད་སྲུང་།
  • gayā-kāśyapa

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­202

Gayāśīrṣa

  • ga yA mgo
  • ག་ཡཱ་མགོ
  • gayāśīrṣa

A mountain.

g.­203

Giri

  • ri bo
  • རི་བོ།
  • giri

A nāga king.

g.­204

Godānīya

  • ba lang spyod
  • བ་ལང་སྤྱོད།
  • godānīya

A continent in the west.

g.­205

(gods) attendant on Brahmā

  • tshangs ris
  • ཚངས་རིས།
  • brahmakāyika

A class of gods who inhabit the first heaven of the realm of form.

g.­206

(gods) attendant on the Four Great Kings

  • rgyal chen bzhi’i ris
  • རྒྱལ་ཆེན་བཞིའི་རིས།
  • cātur­mahā­rājika

A class of gods who inhabit the lowest among the six heavens of the desire realm, the dwelling place of the Four Great Kings.

g.­207

Gopālaka

  • ba lang skyong
  • བ་ལང་སྐྱོང་།
  • gopālaka

A nāga.

g.­208

Gośālaka

  • gnag lhas can
  • གནག་ལྷས་ཅན།
  • gośālaka

A country.

g.­209

gośīrṣacandana

  • tsan dan sa mchog
  • ཙན་དན་ས་མཆོག
  • gośīrṣacandana

A kind of sandalwood.

g.­210

Govinda

  • gnag lhas skyes
  • གནག་ལྷས་སྐྱེས།
  • govinda

A brahmin.

g.­211

Gṛdhrakūṭa

  • bya rgod kyi phung po
  • བྱ་རྒོད་ཀྱི་ཕུང་པོ།
  • gṛdhrakūṭa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Gṛdhra­kūṭa, literally Vulture Peak, was a hill located in the kingdom of Magadha, in the vicinity of the ancient city of Rājagṛha (modern-day Rajgir, in the state of Bihar, India), where the Buddha bestowed many sūtras, especially the Great Vehicle teachings, such as the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras. It continues to be a sacred pilgrimage site for Buddhists to this day.

g.­212

Great Cup

  • phor chen
  • ཕོར་ཆེན།
  • —

A yakṣa.

g.­213

Great Lotus

  • pad ma ltar gas pa chen po
  • པད་མ་ལྟར་གས་པ་ཆེན་པོ།
  • mahāpadma

One of the eight cold hells.

g.­214

Great Scream

  • ngu ’bod chen po
  • ངུ་འབོད་ཆེན་པོ།
  • mahāraurava

One of the eight hot hells.

g.­215

Group of Six monks

  • drug sde’i dge slong dag
  • དྲུག་སྡེའི་དགེ་སློང་དག
  • ṣadvargikā bhikṣavaḥ

Six ill-behaved monks whose conduct often causes the Buddha’s establishment of new rules: Nanda, Upananda, Punarvasu, Chanda, Aśvaka, and Udāyin.

g.­216

Grown Rice

  • ’bras ’phel dag
  • འབྲས་འཕེལ་དག
  • —

A city.

g.­217

guḍa

  • bu ram
  • བུ་རམ།
  • guḍa

Thickened sugarcane juice, which is the same as phāṇita.

g.­218

guḍakhādanika

  • bca’ ba bu ram
  • བཅའ་བ་བུ་རམ།
  • guḍakhādanika

A type of solid sugar.

g.­219

guḍakhādanīya

  • bca’ ba bu ram
  • བཅའ་བ་བུ་རམ།
  • guḍakhādanīya

A type of solid sugar.

g.­220

Guṃjika

  • sgra sgrogs
  • སྒྲ་སྒྲོགས།
  • guṃjika

(1) A yakṣa in Kashmir; see also n.­396. (2) A ṛṣi.

g.­221

Guṃjika

  • sgra sgrogs
  • སྒྲ་སྒྲོགས།
  • guṃjikāvasatha

Refers to rṣi Guṃjika’s abode, a place near Nādikā, a village in the country of Vṛji.

g.­222

Gupta

  • sbas pa
  • སྦས་པ།
  • gupta

A perfumer, the father of Upagupta.

g.­223

Hahava

  • kyi hud zer ba
  • ཀྱི་ཧུད་ཟེར་བ།
  • hahava

One of the eight cold hells.

g.­224

Hail

  • ser ba
  • སེར་བ།
  • —

The daughter of the brahmin Agnidatta.

g.­225

haṃsa

  • ngang pa
  • ངང་པ།
  • haṃsa

A kind of bird, which is identified with the swan or goose.

g.­226

Hari

  • —
  • —
  • hari

An epithet of Viṣṇu.

g.­227

Hasanī

  • dgod pa
  • དགོད་པ།
  • hasanī

A river.

g.­228

hasta

  • khru
  • ཁྲུ།
  • hasta

A measure of length from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger.

g.­229

Hastināpura

  • glang po’i khyim gyi grong khyer
  • glang po che’i grong rdal
  • གླང་པོའི་ཁྱིམ་གྱི་གྲོང་ཁྱེར།
  • གླང་པོ་ཆེའི་གྲོང་རྡལ།
  • hastināpura

A city.

g.­230

Hastiniyaṃsa

  • glang po che’i thal gong
  • གླང་པོ་ཆེའི་ཐལ་གོང་།
  • hastiniyaṃsa

A son of King Ikṣuvāku.

g.­231

Hastipāla

  • glang po skyong
  • གླང་པོ་སྐྱོང་།
  • hastipāla

A teacher.

g.­232

Having a Shaved Head and Water Jar

  • mgo reg dang ril ba spyi blugs can
  • མགོ་རེག་དང་རིལ་བ་སྤྱི་བླུགས་ཅན།
  • —

A ṛṣi. See also n.­417

g.­233

Heaped Up

  • spungs pa can
  • སྤུངས་པ་ཅན།
  • —

A city or village.

g.­234

Heat

  • tsha ba
  • ཚ་བ།
  • tāpana

One of the eight hot hells.

g.­235

Heaven of Pure Abode

  • gnas gtsang ma
  • གནས་གཙང་མ།
  • śuddhāvāsa

The name given to the five highest levels of existence within the form realm.

g.­236

hemorrhoids

  • gzhang ’brum
  • གཞང་འབྲུམ།
  • —
g.­237

Hetu

  • rgyu can
  • རྒྱུ་ཅན།
  • hetu

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­238

Himalaya

  • gangs can
  • gangs kyi ri bo
  • གངས་ཅན།
  • གངས་ཀྱི་རི་བོ།
  • himavat

The Himalayas.

g.­239

Hiteṣin

  • phan par bzhed mdzad pa
  • ཕན་པར་བཞེད་མཛད་པ།
  • hiteṣin

A buddha in the past.

g.­240

Huhuva

  • a chu zer ba
  • a cu zer ba
  • ཨ་ཆུ་ཟེར་བ།
  • ཨ་ཅུ་ཟེར་བ།
  • huhuva

One of the eight cold hells.

g.­241

Huluḍa

  • hu lu du
  • ཧུ་ལུ་དུ།
  • huluḍa

A nāga.

g.­242

hungry ghost

  • yi dags
  • ཡི་དགས།
  • preta

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the five or six classes of sentient beings, into which beings are born as the karmic fruition of past miserliness. As the term in Sanskrit means “the departed,” they are analogous to the ancestral spirits of Vedic tradition, the pitṛs, who starve without the offerings of descendants. It is also commonly translated as “hungry ghost” or “starving spirit,” as in the Chinese 餓鬼 e gui.

They are sometimes said to reside in the realm of Yama, but are also frequently described as roaming charnel grounds and other inhospitable or frightening places along with piśācas and other such beings. They are particularly known to suffer from great hunger and thirst and the inability to acquire sustenance. Detailed descriptions of their realm and experience, including a list of the thirty-six classes of pretas, can be found in The Application of Mindfulness of the Sacred Dharma, Toh 287, 2.­1281– 2.1482.

g.­243

Icchānaṅgalā

  • ’dod pa mthun pa
  • འདོད་པ་མཐུན་པ།
  • icchānaṅgalā

A village.

g.­244

Icchānaṅgalā Forest

  • ’dod pa mthun pa’i nags khrod
  • འདོད་པ་མཐུན་པའི་ནགས་ཁྲོད།
  • icchānaṅgalaṃ vanaṣaṇḍam

A forest near the village Icchānaṅgalā.

g.­245

Ikṣuvāku

  • bu ram shing skyes
  • བུ་རམ་ཤིང་སྐྱེས།
  • ikṣuvāku

A king who was an ancestor of the Śākyans.

g.­246

Incessant

  • mnar med pa
  • མནར་མེད་པ།
  • avīci

One of the eight hot hells.

g.­247

Indra

  • dbang po
  • དབང་པོ།
  • indra

(1) A god, also known as “Śakra.” (2) A brahmin. (3) A buddha in the past.

g.­248

Indradamana

  • dbang po ’dul ba
  • དབང་པོ་འདུལ་བ།
  • indradamana

A buddha in the past.

g.­249

Indradhvaja

  • dbang po’i rgyal mtshan
  • དབང་པོའི་རྒྱལ་མཚན།
  • indradhvaja

A buddha in the past.

g.­250

Indus

  • sin du
  • སིན་དུ།
  • sindhu

A river.

g.­251

Intense Heat

  • rab tsha ba
  • རབ་ཚ་བ།
  • pratāpana

One of the eight hot hells.

g.­252

Īṣādhāra

  • gshol mda’ ’dzin
  • གཤོལ་མདའ་འཛིན།
  • īṣādhāra

One of the seven golden mountains.

g.­253

Īśāna

  • dbang bdag
  • དབང་བདག
  • īśāna

An epithet of Śiva.

g.­254

Jājvalin

  • rab ’ba’
  • རབ་འབའ།
  • jājvalin

A brahmin who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­255

Jālinī

  • dra ba can
  • དྲ་བ་ཅན།
  • jālinī

The daughter of Prince Viśvantara.

g.­256

Jalūkā

  • srin bu pad pa
  • སྲིན་བུ་པད་པ།
  • jalūkā

A forest.

g.­257

Jamadagni

  • me ’bar
  • མེ་འབར།
  • jamadagni

A ṛṣi in the past.

g.­258

Jambū River

  • ’dzam bu’i chu bo
  • འཛམ་བུའི་ཆུ་བོ།
  • jambū

A river.

g.­259

Jaṅghā

  • byin pa can
  • བྱིན་པ་ཅན།
  • jaṅghā

A short form of Jaṅghākāśyapa, a disciple of the Buddha.

g.­260

Jaṅghākāśyapa

  • ’od srung byin pa can
  • འོད་སྲུང་བྱིན་པ་ཅན།
  • jaṅghākāśyapa

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­261

Janmacitra

  • skye ba sna tshogs pa
  • སྐྱེ་བ་སྣ་ཚོགས་པ།
  • janmacitra

A nāga.

g.­262

jātaka

  • skyes rabs
  • སྐྱེས་རབས།
  • jātaka

A story of one of the Buddha’ s former lives.

g.­263

Jetavana

  • rgyal bu rgyal byed kyi tshal
  • རྒྱལ་བུ་རྒྱལ་བྱེད་ཀྱི་ཚལ།
  • jetavana

See “Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park.”

g.­264

Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park

  • rgyal bu rgyal byed kyi tshal mgon med zas sbyin gyi kun dga’ ra ba
  • རྒྱལ་བུ་རྒྱལ་བྱེད་ཀྱི་ཚལ་མགོན་མེད་ཟས་སྦྱིན་གྱི་ཀུན་དགའ་ར་བ།
  • jetavanam anāthapiṇḍadasyārāmaḥ AO

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the first Buddhist monasteries, located in a park outside Śrāvastī, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Kośala in northern India. This park was originally owned by Prince Jeta, hence the name Jetavana, meaning Jeta’s grove. The wealthy merchant Anāthapiṇḍada, wishing to offer it to the Buddha, sought to buy it from him, but the prince, not wishing to sell, said he would only do so if Anāthapiṇḍada covered the entire property with gold coins. Anāthapiṇḍada agreed, and managed to cover all of the park except the entrance, hence the name Anāthapiṇḍadasyārāmaḥ, meaning Anāthapiṇḍada’s park. The place is usually referred to in the sūtras as “Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s park,” and according to the Saṃghabhedavastu the Buddha used Prince Jeta’s name in first place because that was Prince Jeta’s own unspoken wish while Anāthapiṇḍada was offering the park. Inspired by the occasion and the Buddha’s use of his name, Prince Jeta then offered the rest of the property and had an entrance gate built. The Buddha specifically instructed those who recite the sūtras to use Prince Jeta’s name in first place to commemorate the mutual effort of both benefactors.

Anāthapiṇḍada built residences for the monks, to house them during the monsoon season, thus creating the first Buddhist monastery. It was one of the Buddha’s main residences, where he spent around nineteen rainy season retreats, and it was therefore the setting for many of the Buddha’s discourses and events. According to the travel accounts of Chinese monks, it was still in use as a Buddhist monastery in the early fifth century ᴄᴇ, but by the sixth century it had been reduced to ruins.

g.­265

Jitāri

  • dgra thul
  • དགྲ་ཐུལ།
  • jitāri

A buddha in the past.

g.­266

Jīvaka

  • ’tsho byed
  • འཚོ་བྱེད།
  • jīvaka

The physician of King Bimbisāra.

g.­267

Jujjuka

  • ngan to re
  • ངན་ཏོ་རེ།
  • jujjuka

A brahmin. See also n.­809.

g.­268

Jyotis

  • skar ’od
  • སྐར་འོད།
  • jyotis
  • jyotiṣprabha

A buddha in the past.

g.­269

Jyotiṣka

  • me skyes
  • མེ་སྐྱེས།
  • jyotiṣka

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­270

Jyotiṣpāla

  • me gso
  • མེ་གསོ།
  • jyotiṣpāla

A brahmin youth who was the Buddha in a former life and later named Mahāgovinda.

g.­271

Kacaṅgalā

  • ka tsang ga la
  • ཀ་ཙང་ག་ལ།
  • kacaṅgalā

A woman who was the Buddha’s mother in a former life.

g.­272

Kaḍaṅgara

  • lhag par brtson
  • ལྷག་པར་བརྩོན།
  • kaḍaṅgara

A lay brother living in Nādikā.

g.­273

Kaineya

  • ke na’i bu
  • ཀེ་ནའི་བུ།
  • kaineya

A ṛṣi.

g.­274

Kakutsunda

  • ’khor ba ’jig pa
  • འཁོར་བ་འཇིག་པ།
  • kakutsunda

A buddha in the past.

g.­275

Kāla

  • nag po
  • ནག་པོ།
  • kāla

Another name of Kāla Mṛgāraputra, a disciple of the Buddha.

g.­276

Kāla

  • nag po
  • ནག་པོ།
  • kāla

A city.

g.­277

Kāla Mṛgāraputra

  • ri dags ’dzin gyi bu nag po
  • ri dags ’dzin bu nag po
  • རི་དགས་འཛིན་གྱི་བུ་ནག་པོ།
  • རི་དགས་འཛིན་བུ་ནག་པོ།
  • kāla mṛgāraputra

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­278

Kalandaka­nivāpa

  • ka lan da ka gnas pa
  • ཀ་ལན་ད་ཀ་གནས་པ།
  • kalandaka­nivāpa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A place where the Buddha often resided, within the Bamboo Park (Veṇuvana) outside Rajagṛha that had been donated to him. The name is said to have arisen when, one day, King Bimbisāra fell asleep after a romantic liaison in the Bamboo Park. While the king rested, his consort wandered off. A snake (the reincarnation of the park’s previous owner, who still resented the king’s acquisition of the park) approached with malign intentions. Through the king’s tremendous merit, a gathering of kalandaka‍—crows or other birds according to Tibetan renderings, but some Sanskrit and Pali sources suggest flying squirrels‍—miraculously appeared and began squawking. Their clamor alerted the king’s consort to the danger, who rushed back and hacked the snake to pieces, thereby saving the king’s life. King Bimbisāra then named the spot Kalandakanivāpa (“Kalandakas’ Feeding Ground”), sometimes (though not in the Vinayavastu) given as Kalandakanivāsa (“Kalandakas’ Abode”) in their honor. The story is told in the Saṃghabhedavastu (Toh 1, ch.17, Degé Kangyur vol.4, folio 77.b et seq.). For more details and other origin stories, see the 84000 Knowledge Base article Veṇuvana and Kalandakanivāpa.

g.­279

Kaliṅga

  • ka ling ka
  • ཀ་ལིང་ཀ
  • kaliṅga

A country.

g.­280

Kalmāṣadamya

  • khra bo ’dul
  • ཁྲ་བོ་འདུལ།
  • kalmāṣadamya

A village.

g.­281

Kāmarūpin

  • ’dod dgur sgyur ba’i gzugs can
  • འདོད་དགུར་སྒྱུར་བའི་གཟུགས་ཅན།
  • kāmarūpin

A mountain.

g.­282

Kāmeśvara

  • ’dod pa’i dbang phyug
  • འདོད་པའི་དབང་ཕྱུག
  • kāmeśvara

An epithet of a Hindu god, Kubera.

g.­283

Kanakamuni

  • gser thub
  • གསེར་ཐུབ།
  • kanakamuni

A buddha in the past.

g.­284

Kaniṣka

  • ka nis ka
  • ཀ་ནིས་ཀ
  • kaniṣka

A king of the Kushan empire in the second century ᴄᴇ.

g.­285

Kaṇṭakasthala Forest

  • gnas tsher ma can gyi nags
  • གནས་ཚེར་མ་ཅན་གྱི་ནགས།
  • kaṇṭakasthala­mṛga­dāva

A forest in Sunrise in Kosala. See also n.­318

g.­286

Kanthā

  • yul gan tha
  • ཡུལ་གན་ཐ།
  • kanthā

A country in the northern region.

g.­287

Kanthaka

  • bsngags ldan
  • བསྔགས་ལྡན།
  • kanthaka

A horse of the Bodhisattva.

g.­288

Kanthaka’s Return

  • bsngags ldan slar btang ba
  • བསྔགས་ལྡན་སླར་བཏང་བ།
  • —

A shrine built to commemorate the Buddha’s going forth.

g.­289

Kāṇvāyana

  • mig mi ’dzums kyi bu
  • mig ’dzums kyi bu
  • མིག་མི་འཛུམས་ཀྱི་བུ།
  • མིག་འཛུམས་ཀྱི་བུ།
  • kāṇvāyana

The descendants of the ṛṣi Kaṇva.

g.­290

kaparda

  • ’gron bu
  • འགྲོན་བུ།
  • kaparda

A shell used as a coin.

g.­291

Kapila

  • ser skya
  • སེར་སྐྱ།
  • kapila

A ṛṣi.

g.­292

Kapilavastu

  • ser skye’i gnas
  • ser skya’i gnas
  • ser skya’i gzhi
  • སེར་སྐྱེའི་གནས།
  • སེར་སྐྱའི་གནས།
  • སེར་སྐྱའི་གཞི།
  • kapilavastu

The city of the Śākyans.

g.­293

Karakarṇī

  • lag rna
  • ལག་རྣ།
  • karakarṇī

A son of King Ikṣuvāku.

g.­294

Karkaṭaka

  • brtan pa
  • བརྟན་པ།
  • karkaṭaka

A lay brother living in Nādikā.

g.­295

Kārṣaka

  • zhing pa
  • ཞིང་པ།
  • kārṣaka

A village.

g.­296

kārṣāpaṇa

  • kAr ShA pa Na
  • ཀཱར་ཥཱ་པ་ཎ།
  • kārṣāpaṇa

A coin.

g.­297

Kāśi

  • ka shi
  • ཀ་ཤི།
  • kāśi

A country or a city named the same.

g.­298

Kaśmīra

  • kha che
  • ཁ་ཆེ།
  • kaśmīra

A country.

g.­299

Kāśyapa

  • ’drob skyong gi bu
  • ’od srung
  • འདྲོབ་སྐྱོང་གི་བུ།
  • འོད་སྲུང་།
  • kāśyapa

(1) A ṛṣi in the past (’drob skyong gi bu). (2) A ṛṣi (’od srung). (3) A buddha in the past (’od srung). (4) Another name of Mahākāśyapa (’od srung).

g.­300

Kātyarṣabha

  • brtson pa’i khyu mchog
  • བརྩོན་པའི་ཁྱུ་མཆོག
  • kātyarṣabha

A lay brother living in Nādikā.

g.­301

Kauṇḍinya

  • kauN+Di n+ya
  • ཀཽཎྜི་ནྱ།
  • kauṇḍinya

(1) A buddha in the past. (2) A disciple of the Buddha. (3) The name of a brahmin family.

g.­302

Kauravya

  • kau rab bya
  • byed ldan
  • ཀཽ་རབ་བྱ།
  • བྱེད་ལྡན།
  • kauravya

(1) The king of the country of Kuru. (2) A king in the past.

g.­303

Kauśika

  • kau shi ka
  • ཀཽ་ཤི་ཀ
  • kauśika

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

“One who belongs to the Kuśika lineage.” An epithet of the god Śakra, also known as Indra, the king of the gods in the Trāyastriṃśa heaven. In the Ṛgveda, Indra is addressed by the epithet Kauśika, with the implication that he is associated with the descendants of the Kuśika lineage (gotra) as their aiding deity. In later epic and Purāṇic texts, we find the story that Indra took birth as Gādhi Kauśika, the son of Kuśika and one of the Vedic poet-seers, after the Puru king Kuśika had performed austerities for one thousand years to obtain a son equal to Indra who could not be killed by others. In the Pāli Kusajātaka (Jāt V 141–45), the Buddha, in one of his former bodhisattva lives as a Trāyastriṃśa god, takes birth as the future king Kusa upon the request of Indra, who wishes to help the childless king of the Mallas, Okkaka, and his chief queen Sīlavatī. This story is also referred to by Nāgasena in the Milindapañha.

g.­304

Ketu

  • tog
  • ཏོག
  • ketu

A buddha in the past.

g.­305

Khadiraka

  • seng ldeng can
  • སེང་ལྡེང་ཅན།
  • khadiraka

One of the seven golden mountains.

g.­306

khaṇḍa

  • hwags
  • ཧྭགས།
  • khaṇḍa

A kind of sugar.

g.­307

Kharjūrikā

  • ’bra go can
  • འབྲ་གོ་ཅན།
  • kharjūrikā

A village.

g.­308

Kimpila

  • kim pi la
  • ཀིམ་པི་ལ།
  • kimpila

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­309

Kimpilā

  • kim pi la
  • ཀིམ་པི་ལ།
  • kimpilā

(1) A village. (2) A forest near the village of Kimpilā.

g.­310

kinnara

  • mi ma yin pa
  • mi’am ci
  • མི་མ་ཡིན་པ།
  • མིའམ་ཅི།
  • kinnara

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings that resemble humans to the degree that their very name‍—which means “is that human?”‍—suggests some confusion as to their divine status. Kinnaras are mythological beings found in both Buddhist and Brahmanical literature, where they are portrayed as creatures half human, half animal. They are often depicted as highly skilled celestial musicians.

In this text:

See also n.­728.

g.­311

kinnarī

  • mi’am ci mo
  • མིའམ་ཅི་མོ།
  • kinnarī

A class of semidivine beings, whose male counterpart is the kinnara. They resemble humans to the degree that their very name‍—which means “Is that a man?”‍—suggests some confusion as to their divine status.

g.­312

Kolita

  • pang nas skyes
  • པང་ནས་སྐྱེས།
  • kolita

Another name of Mahā­maudgalyāyana.

g.­313

Koṇaka

  • mtshams can
  • མཚམས་ཅན།
  • koṇaka

A village.

g.­315

Koṭīviṃśa

  • bye ba nyi shu pa
  • བྱེ་བ་ཉི་ཤུ་པ།
  • koṭīviṃśa

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­316

Krakucchanda

  • log par dad sel
  • ལོག་པར་དད་སེལ།
  • krakucchanda

A buddha in the past.

g.­317

Krauñcāna

  • krung krung sgra can
  • ཀྲུང་ཀྲུང་སྒྲ་ཅན།
  • krauñcāna

A village or town. See also n.­564.

g.­318

Kṛkin

  • kr-i kI
  • ཀྲྀ་ཀཱི།
  • kṛkin

A king who is the father of the Buddha in a former life.

g.­319

Kṛṣṇa

  • nag po
  • ནག་པོ།
  • kṛṣṇa

(1) A nāga king. (2) The son of Prince Viśvantara.

g.­320

kṣatriya

  • rgyal rigs
  • རྒྱལ་རིགས།
  • kṣatriya

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The ruling caste in the traditional four-caste hierarchy of India, associated with warriors, the aristocracy, and kings.

g.­321

Kṣemaṃkara

  • bde mdzad
  • bzod pa mdzad
  • legs mdzad
  • བདེ་མཛད།
  • བཟོད་པ་མཛད།
  • ལེགས་མཛད།
  • kṣemaṃkara

A buddha in the past. Note that there appear to be three distinct buddhas with the name Kṣemaṃkara as is listed at 9.­1506. See also n.­908.

g.­322

Kubera

  • lus ngan
  • ལུས་ངན།
  • kubera

A god.

g.­323

Kūjaka Jalapatha

  • lam chu sgra can
  • ལམ་ཆུ་སྒྲ་ཅན།
  • kūjaka jalapatha

A mountain.

g.­324

Kukkuṭapādaka

  • ri bya gag rkang
  • རི་བྱ་གག་རྐང་།
  • kukkuṭapādaka

A mountain.

g.­325

kulmāṣa

  • zan dron
  • ཟན་དྲོན།
  • kulmāṣa

Sour gruel.

g.­326

Kumāravardhana

  • yul gzhon nu bskyed pa
  • ཡུལ་གཞོན་ནུ་བསྐྱེད་པ།
  • kumāravardhana

A country. See also n.­563.

g.­327

kumbhāṇḍa

  • grul bum
  • གྲུལ་བུམ།
  • kumbhāṇḍa

A kind of demon. The name uses a play on the word āṇḍa, which means egg but is a euphemism for testicle. Thus, they are often depicted as having testicles as big as pots (from kumba, or “pot”).

g.­328

Kuṇḍopadāna

  • yul chu mig can
  • ཡུལ་ཆུ་མིག་ཅན།
  • kuṇḍopadāna

A country.

g.­329

Kuntī

  • mdung can
  • མདུང་ཅན།
  • kuntī

A yakṣiṇī.

g.­330

Kuntī

  • mdung can
  • མདུང་ཅན།
  • kuntī

A city.

g.­331

Kuru

  • sgra ngan
  • sgra mi snyan
  • སྒྲ་ངན།
  • སྒྲ་མི་སྙན།
  • kuru

(1) A country (sgra ngan). (2) A continent in the north (sgra mi snyan).

g.­332

Kuśa

  • ku sha
  • ཀུ་ཤ།
  • kuśa

A prince who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­333

Kuśāvatī

  • rtswa can
  • རྩྭ་ཅན།
  • kuśāvatī

A city.

g.­334

Kuśinagarī

  • ku sha’i grong khyer
  • ཀུ་ཤའི་གྲོང་ཁྱེར།
  • kuśinagarī

The city where the Buddha entered parinirvāṇa.

g.­335

Kūṭāgāraśālā

  • khang pa brtsegs pa’i gnas
  • ཁང་པ་བརྩེགས་པའི་གནས།
  • kūṭāgāraśālā

A hall near Vaiśālī where the Buddha frequently stayed.

g.­336

Kuṭi

  • spyil bu can
  • སྤྱིལ་བུ་ཅན།
  • kuṭi

A village.

g.­337

Lavaṇabhadrika

  • mdzes bzang
  • མཛེས་བཟང་།
  • lavaṇabhadrika

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­338

lesser defilements

  • nye ba’i nyon mongs pa
  • nye bar nyon mongs pa
  • ཉེ་བའི་ཉོན་མོངས་པ།
  • ཉེ་བར་ཉོན་མོངས་པ།
  • upakleśa

Minor defilements of mind that arise in the wake of the six primary defilements.

g.­339

Licchavi

  • lits+tsha bI
  • ལིཙྪ་བཱི།
  • licchavi

A tribe or clan based in Vaiśālī.

g.­340

Lightning

  • glog
  • གློག
  • —

The wife of the son of the brahmin Agnidatta.

g.­341

Like a Noose

  • zhags pa lta bu
  • ཞགས་པ་ལྟ་བུ།
  • —

A snake.

g.­342

Likhita

  • bris pa
  • བྲིས་པ།
  • likhita

A ṛṣi.

g.­343

lineage of Kuṣāṇa

  • ku sha na’i rigs
  • ཀུ་ཤ་ནའི་རིགས།
  • —

The royal family of the Kushan dynasty.

g.­344

Lion Village

  • seng ge can gyi grong
  • སེང་གེ་ཅན་གྱི་གྲོང་།
  • —

A village. See also n.­338.

g.­345

Lokāyata

  • ’jig rten rgyang ’phen
  • འཇིག་རྟེན་རྒྱང་འཕེན།
  • lokāyata

Followers of a materialistic school of philosophy.

g.­346

Lotus

  • pad ma ltar gas pa
  • པད་མ་ལྟར་གས་པ།
  • padma

One of the eight cold hells.

g.­347

Lucky

  • bkra shis ldan
  • བཀྲ་ཤིས་ལྡན།
  • —

A Brahmin in Kosala, father of Saṃjaya.

g.­348

Lumbinī

  • lum bi ni
  • ལུམ་བི་ནི།
  • lumbinī

The garden where the Buddha was born.

g.­349

Madhuvāsiṣṭha

  • gnas ’jog sbrang rtsi can
  • གནས་འཇོག་སྦྲང་རྩི་ཅན།
  • madhuvāsiṣṭha

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­350

Madhyandina

  • nyi ma’i gung
  • ཉི་མའི་གུང་།
  • madhyandina

A monk who is predicted by the Buddha to appear in the future.

g.­351

Mādrī

  • rgyags sbyin ma
  • རྒྱགས་སྦྱིན་མ།
  • mādrī

The wife of Prince Viśvantara.

g.­352

Magadha

  • ma ga dhA
  • མ་ག་དྷཱ།
  • magadha

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

An ancient Indian kingdom that lay to the south of the Ganges River in what today is the state of Bihar. Magadha was the largest of the sixteen “great states” (mahājanapada) that flourished between the sixth and third centuries ʙᴄᴇ in northern India. During the life of the Buddha Śākyamuni, it was ruled by King Bimbisāra and later by Bimbisāra's son, Ajātaśatru. Its capital was initially Rājagṛha (modern-day Rajgir) but was later moved to Pāṭaliputra (modern-day Patna). Over the centuries, with the expansion of the Magadha’s might, it became the capital of the vast Mauryan empire and seat of the great King Aśoka.

This region is home to many of the most important Buddhist sites, including Bodh Gayā, where the Buddha attained awakening; Vulture Peak (Gṛdhra­kūṭa), where the Buddha bestowed many well-known Mahāyāna sūtras; and the Buddhist university of Nālandā that flourished between the fifth and twelfth centuries ᴄᴇ, among many others.

g.­353

Mahābhāgīratha

  • shing rta skal ldan chen po
  • ཤིང་རྟ་སྐལ་ལྡན་ཆེན་པོ།
  • mahābhāgīratha

A buddha in the past.

g.­354

Mahābrahmā

  • tshangs chen
  • ཚངས་ཆེན།
  • mahābrahmā

The deity who rules the Brahmā World.

g.­355

Mahābrahman

  • tshangs pa chen po
  • ཚངས་པ་ཆེན་པོ།
  • mahābrahman

A class of gods who inhabit the third heaven of the realm of form.

g.­356

Mahādeva

  • lha chen po
  • ལྷ་ཆེན་པོ།
  • mahādeva

A wheel-turning king who was the Buddha in a former life. It is also the name of his eldest son and the other eighty-four thousand eldest sons in his line of succession.

g.­357

Mahākāśyapa

  • ’od srung chen po
  • འོད་སྲུང་ཆེན་པོ།
  • mahākāśyapa

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­358

Mahā­maudgalyāyana

  • maud gal gyi bu chen po
  • མཽད་གལ་གྱི་བུ་ཆེན་པོ།
  • mahā­maudgalyāyana

A disciple of the Buddha. He is also referred to as “Maudgalyāyana” and “Kolita.”

g.­359

Mahāmāyā

  • sgyu ’phrul chen mo
  • སྒྱུ་འཕྲུལ་ཆེན་མོ།
  • mahāmāyā

(1) The Buddha’s mother. (2) The mother of a future Buddha whose name is also Śākyamuni.

g.­360

Mahāprajāpatī

  • skye dgu’i bdag mo chen mo
  • སྐྱེ་དགུའི་བདག་མོ་ཆེན་མོ།
  • mahāprajāpatī

The Buddha’s aunt and stepmother, who became the first nun.

g.­361

Mahāpraṇāda

  • sgra chen
  • སྒྲ་ཆེན།
  • mahāpraṇāda

A king in the past.

g.­362

Mahāśakuni

  • la nye can chen po
  • ལ་ཉེ་ཅན་ཆེན་པོ།
  • mahāśakuni

Another name of Śakuna.

g.­363

Mahāsammata

  • mang pos bkur ba
  • མང་པོས་བཀུར་བ།
  • mahāsammata

The first king of the world.

g.­364

Mahāsena

  • sde chen
  • སྡེ་ཆེན།
  • mahāsena

(1) A householder and lay follower of the Buddha. (2) A householder in a former life of a person with the same name.

g.­365

Mahāsenā

  • sde chen ma
  • སྡེ་ཆེན་མ།
  • mahāsenā

(1) The wife of the householder Mahāsena and lay follower of the Buddha. (2) The wife of a householder in a former life of a person with the same name.

g.­366

Mahāsudarśana

  • legs mthong chen po
  • ལེགས་མཐོང་ཆེན་པོ།
  • mahāsudarśana

A wheel-turning king who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­367

Mahāśvāsa

  • dbugs cher ’byin
  • དབུགས་ཆེར་འབྱིན།
  • mahāśvāsa

A nāga.

g.­368

Mahauṣadha

  • sman chen
  • སྨན་ཆེན།
  • mahauṣadha

A minister who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­369

Mahendra

  • dbang chen
  • དབང་ཆེན།
  • mahendra

A buddha in the past.

g.­370

Maheśvara

  • dbang phyug chen po
  • དབང་ཕྱུག་ཆེན་པོ།
  • maheśvara

A yakṣa.

g.­371

Mahī

  • chen po
  • ཆེན་པོ།
  • mahī

A river.

g.­372

Mahiṣmatī

  • ma he ldan
  • མ་ཧེ་ལྡན།
  • mahiṣmatī

A city.

g.­373

Maitreya

  • byams pa
  • བྱམས་པ།
  • maitreya

(1) A buddha in the future. (2) A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­374

makara

  • chu srin
  • ཆུ་སྲིན།
  • makara

An aquatic monster.

g.­375

mālādhāra

  • phreng thogs
  • ཕྲེང་ཐོགས།
  • mālādhāra

“Garland-Holder,” a class of divine beings who live on Mount Sumeru.

g.­376

Malla

  • gyad
  • གྱད།
  • malla

A country.

g.­377

Mallaputra

  • gyad kyi bu
  • གྱད་ཀྱི་བུ།
  • mallaputra

Another name for Dravya Mallaputra, a disciple of the Buddha.

g.­378

Mallas

  • gyad
  • གྱད།
  • malla

A tribe or clan.

g.­379

Mandākinī

  • dal gyis ’bab
  • དལ་གྱིས་འབབ།
  • mandākinī

A lotus pond where the nāga king Supratiṣṭhita lives.

g.­380

Mandākinī Lotus Pond

  • rdzing bu dal gyis ’bab
  • རྫིང་བུ་དལ་གྱིས་འབབ།
  • mandākinī puṣkariṇī

A lotus pond where the nāga king Supratiṣṭhita lives.

g.­382

Maṇivatī

  • nor bu can
  • ནོར་བུ་ཅན།
  • maṇivatī

A village or town.

g.­384

Māra

  • bdud
  • བདུད།
  • māra

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Māra, literally “death” or “maker of death,” is the name of the deva who tried to prevent the Buddha from achieving awakening, the name given to the class of beings he leads, and also an impersonal term for the destructive forces that keep beings imprisoned in saṃsāra:

(1) As a deva, Māra is said to be the principal deity in the Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations (paranirmitavaśavartin), the highest paradise in the desire realm. He famously attempted to prevent the Buddha’s awakening under the Bodhi tree‍—see The Play in Full (Toh 95), 21.1‍—and later sought many times to thwart the Buddha’s activity. In the sūtras, he often also creates obstacles to the progress of śrāvakas and bodhisattvas. (2) The devas ruled over by Māra are collectively called mārakāyika or mārakāyikadevatā, the “deities of Māra’s family or class.” In general, these māras too do not wish any being to escape from saṃsāra, but can also change their ways and even end up developing faith in the Buddha, as exemplified by Sārthavāha; see The Play in Full (Toh 95), 21.14 and 21.43. (3) The term māra can also be understood as personifying four defects that prevent awakening, called (i) the divine māra (devaputra­māra), which is the distraction of pleasures; (ii) the māra of Death (mṛtyumāra), which is having one’s life interrupted; (iii) the māra of the aggregates (skandhamāra), which is identifying with the five aggregates; and (iv) the māra of the afflictions (kleśamāra), which is being under the sway of the negative emotions of desire, hatred, and ignorance.

g.­385

Māra the Evil One

  • bdud sdig can
  • བདུད་སྡིག་ཅན།
  • māra pāpīyas

A demon. See also “Māra.”

g.­386

Marīcika World

  • ’jig rten gyi khams ’od zer can
  • འཇིག་རྟེན་གྱི་ཁམས་འོད་ཟེར་ཅན།
  • marīcikaḥ lokadhātuḥ

A world where Mahā­maudgalyāyana’s mother was reborn.

g.­387

Marīcin

  • ’od zer can
  • འོད་ཟེར་ཅན།
  • marīcin

A buddha in the past.

g.­388

Markaṭa Pond

  • spre’u rdzing
  • སྤྲེའུ་རྫིང་།
  • markaṭahrada

A pond.

g.­389

Maskarī Gośālīputra

  • kun du rgyu gnag lhas kyi bu
  • ཀུན་དུ་རྒྱུ་གནག་ལྷས་ཀྱི་བུ།
  • maskarī gośālīputra

One of the six teachers at the time of the Buddha.

g.­390

Mātali

  • ma la gdus
  • མ་ལ་གདུས།
  • mātali

The charioteer of Indra (Śakra).

g.­391

mātaṅga

  • gdol pa
  • གདོལ་པ།
  • mātaṅga

One of the lower social classes that are outside, and beneath, the four castes.

g.­392

Mathurā

  • ma thu la
  • bcom brlag
  • མ་ཐུ་ལ།
  • བཅོམ་བརླག
  • mathurā

A town.

g.­393

Maudgalyāyana

  • maud gal gyi bu
  • མཽད་གལ་གྱི་བུ།
  • maudgalyāyana

(1) A disciple of the Buddha Śākyamuni. (2) A disciple of a buddha in the past. (3) A disciple of a buddha in the future.

g.­394

meditation

  • ting nge ’dzin
  • ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན།
  • samādhi

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In a general sense, samādhi can describe a number of different meditative states. In the Mahāyāna literature, in particular in the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, we find extensive lists of different samādhis, numbering over one hundred.

In a more restricted sense, and when understood as a mental state, samādhi is defined as the one-pointedness of the mind (cittaikāgratā), the ability to remain on the same object over long periods of time. The Drajor Bamponyipa (sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa) commentary on the Mahāvyutpatti explains the term samādhi as referring to the instrument through which mind and mental states “get collected,” i.e., it is by the force of samādhi that the continuum of mind and mental states becomes collected on a single point of reference without getting distracted.

In this text:

Also rendered in this translation as “samādhi.”

g.­395

Middle Village

  • dbus kyi grong
  • དབུས་ཀྱི་གྲོང་།
  • —

A village.

g.­396

midland region

  • yul dbus
  • ཡུལ་དབུས།
  • madhyadeśa

The central part of the continent of Jambu.

g.­397

Miṇḍhaka

  • lug
  • ལུག
  • miṇḍhaka

A householder.

g.­398

Mithilā

  • mi thi la
  • མི་ཐི་ལ།
  • mithilā

A city in Videha.

g.­399

monk in charge of construction

  • dge slong lag gi blas
  • དགེ་སློང་ལག་གི་བླས།
  • nava­karmika­bhikṣu

One of the monastic administrative titles.

g.­400

monk responsible for monastic property

  • dge skos
  • དགེ་སྐོས།
  • upadhivārika

One of the monastic administrative titles. See also n.­103

g.­401

Mount Cakravāḍa

  • khor yug
  • ཁོར་ཡུག
  • cakravāḍa

In Buddhist cosmology, this is commonly described as the outer ring of mountains at the edge of the flat disk that is the world, with Mount Sumeru in the center.

g.­402

Mount Gandhamādana

  • ri spos kyi ngad ldang
  • རི་སྤོས་ཀྱི་ངད་ལྡང་།
  • gandhamādana parvata

A mountain.

g.­403

Mount Kailāsa

  • gangs ri
  • གངས་རི།
  • kailāsa
g.­404

Mount Meru

  • lhun po
  • ལྷུན་པོ།
  • meru

See Mount Sumeru.

g.­405

Mount Musalaka

  • gtun ri
  • གཏུན་རི།
  • musalakaḥ parvataḥ

A mountain.

g.­406

Mount Sumeru

  • ri rab
  • རི་རབ།
  • sumeru

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

According to ancient Buddhist cosmology, this is the great mountain forming the axis of the universe. At its summit is Sudarśana, home of Śakra and his thirty-two gods, and on its flanks live the asuras. The mount has four sides facing the cardinal directions, each of which is made of a different precious stone. Surrounding it are several mountain ranges and the great ocean where the four principal island continents lie: in the south, Jambudvīpa (our world); in the west, Godānīya; in the north, Uttarakuru; and in the east, Pūrvavideha. Above it are the abodes of the desire realm gods. It is variously referred to as Meru, Mount Meru, Sumeru, and Mount Sumeru.

g.­407

Mount Triśaṅku

  • ri bo rtse gsum
  • རི་བོ་རྩེ་གསུམ།
  • triśaṅkuḥ parvataḥ

A mountain.

g.­408

Mount Uśīra

  • u shi ra’i ri
  • ཨུ་ཤི་རའི་རི།
  • uśīragiri

A mountain in the northern region.

g.­409

Mount Utkīlaka

  • phur pa’i rtse
  • phur pa’i dbyibs
  • ཕུར་པའི་རྩེ།
  • ཕུར་པའི་དབྱིབས།
  • utkīlaka

(1) A mountain. (2) Another mountain mentioned in the story of Prince Sudhana, which is listed along with the mountain of the same name (differentiated in Tib. as phur pa’i dbyibs).

g.­410

Mount Vindhya

  • ’bigs byed
  • འབིགས་བྱེད།
  • vindhya

A range of mountains located to the north of the Narmada River.

g.­411

Mountain

  • ri bo can
  • ri bo
  • རི་བོ་ཅན།
  • རི་བོ།
  • —

(1) The son of the brahmin Agnidatta (ri bo can). (2) The son of the nāga Apalāla (ri bo).

g.­412

Mṛgāra

  • ri dags
  • རི་དགས།
  • mṛgāra

A lay follower of the Buddha.

g.­413

Mṛgāramātā

  • ri dags ’dzin gyi ma
  • རི་དགས་འཛིན་གྱི་མ།
  • mṛgāramātā

Another name for Viśākhā Mṛgāramātā, a lay follower of the Buddha.

g.­414

Mṛgāraputra

  • ri dags bu
  • ri dags ’dzin bu
  • རི་དགས་བུ།
  • རི་དགས་འཛིན་བུ།
  • mṛgāraputra

Another name of Kāla Mṛgāraputra, a disciple of the Buddha.

g.­415

Mṛṇāla

  • pad ma’i rtsa lag
  • པད་མའི་རྩ་ལག
  • mṛṇāla

A rogue who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­416

Mūkapaṅgu

  • lkugs ’phye
  • ལྐུགས་འཕྱེ།
  • mūkapaṅgu

(1) Another name of Prince Water Born. (2) A non-Buddhist ascetic teacher.

g.­417

muni

  • thub pa
  • ཐུབ་པ།
  • muni

An ancient title given to ascetics, monks, hermits, and saints, namely, those who have attained the realization of truth through their own contemplation and not by divine revelation. Here also used as a specific epithet of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

g.­418

Munigāthā

  • thub pa’i tshigs su bcad pa
  • ཐུབ་པའི་ཚིགས་སུ་བཅད་པ།
  • munigāthā

A lost verse text possibly included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins.

g.­419

Mūrdhnāta

  • spyi bo skyes
  • སྤྱི་བོ་སྐྱེས།
  • mūrdhnāta

Another name for Māndhātṛ, a wheel-turning king who was the Buddha in a former life. See also n.­571.

g.­420

Naḍadaryā

  • sbubs can
  • སྦུབས་ཅན།
  • naḍadaryā

A yakṣiṇī. See also n.­444.

g.­421

Naḍera

  • sbu bu can
  • སྦུ་བུ་ཅན།
  • naḍera

A place near Vairambhya in Śūrasena.

g.­422

Nadī-Kāśyapa

  • chu klung ’od srung
  • ཆུ་ཀླུང་འོད་སྲུང་།
  • nadī-kāśyapa

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­423

Nāḍikā

  • sbu bu can
  • སྦུ་བུ་ཅན།
  • nāḍikā

A yakṣiṇī. See also n.­444.

g.­424

Nādikā

  • sgra can
  • སྒྲ་ཅན།
  • nādikā

A village.

g.­425

nāga

  • klu
  • ཀླུ།
  • nāga

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who live in subterranean aquatic environments, where they guard wealth and sometimes also teachings. Nāgas are associated with serpents and have a snakelike appearance. In Buddhist art and in written accounts, they are regularly portrayed as half human and half snake, and they are also said to have the ability to change into human form. Some nāgas are Dharma protectors, but they can also bring retribution if they are disturbed. They may likewise fight one another, wage war, and destroy the lands of others by causing lightning, hail, and flooding.

g.­426

Nagarabindu

  • thigs pa can
  • ཐིགས་པ་ཅན།
  • nagarabindu

A city in Kosala.

g.­427

nagna

  • tshan po che
  • ཚན་པོ་ཆེ།
  • nagna

A kind of person who possesses superhuman strength.

g.­428

Nairañjanā

  • nai rany+dza na
  • ནཻ་རཉྫ་ན།
  • nairañjanā

A river.

g.­429

Naitarī

  • yul dbang ldan
  • ཡུལ་དབང་ལྡན།
  • naitarī

A country.

g.­430

Nālandā

  • na lan da
  • ན་ལན་ད།
  • nālandā

A village in Magadha.

g.­431

Nanda

  • dga’ bo
  • དགའ་བོ།
  • nanda

(1) A disciple of the Buddha. (2) A herdsman. (3) A nāga king.

g.­432

Nandana Grove

  • dga’ ba’i tshal
  • དགའ་བའི་ཚལ།
  • nandanavana

A forest of Indra.

g.­433

Nandika

  • dga’ yod
  • དགའ་ཡོད།
  • nandika

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­434

Nandika Kapphiṇa

  • dga’ yod gnas brtan ka pi na
  • དགའ་ཡོད་གནས་བརྟན་ཀ་པི་ན།
  • —

A disciple of the Buddha. The Tibetan instance of dga’ yod gnas brtan ka pi na, which would render the name “Nandika Kapphiṇa,” is read in the Sanskrit source as brāhmaṇa­kapphiṇas sthaviraḥ, “the elder Brāhmaṇa­kapphiṇa.” This figure seems to be identical to Brāhmaṇa­kapphiṇa.

g.­435

Nandīpāla

  • dga’ skyong
  • དགའ་སྐྱོང་།
  • nandīpāla

A potter.

g.­436

Nandivardhana

  • dga’ ’phel
  • དགའ་འཕེལ།
  • nandivardhana

A country or town.

g.­437

nandyāvarta

  • g.yung drung ’khyil pa
  • གཡུང་དྲུང་འཁྱིལ་པ།
  • nandyāvarta

An auspicious symbol, which is also called triratna or nandipada.

g.­438

Naṅgā

  • nang ga
  • ནང་ག
  • naṅgā

A river.

g.­439

Nārāyaṇa

  • sred med kyi bu
  • སྲེད་མེད་ཀྱི་བུ།
  • nārāyaṇa

Major deity in the pantheon of the classical Indian religious traditions, he is famous for his strength.

g.­440

Narendra

  • mi dbang
  • མི་དབང་།
  • narendra

A buddha in the past.

g.­441

Naṭa

  • gar mkhan
  • གར་མཁན།
  • naṭa

One of the two brothers in Mathurā who were predicted by the Buddha to build a monastery in the future.

g.­442

Naṭabhaṭika

  • gar mkhan dpa’ bo
  • གར་མཁན་དཔའ་བོ།
  • naṭabhaṭika

A monastery in Mathurā predicted by the Buddha to be built a hundred years after his nirvāṇa.

g.­443

never-returner

  • mi ’ong ba
  • མི་འོང་བ།
  • anāgāmin

A person who has attained the third of the four stages of spiritual achievement and is considered to be free from future rebirth in the realm of desire.

g.­444

New Village

  • grong gsar
  • གྲོང་གསར།
  • —

A village. See also n.­339.

g.­445

Nikaṭa

  • nye ba
  • ཉེ་བ།
  • nikaṭa

A lay brother living in Nādikā.

g.­446

Nīlabhūti

  • sngor gyur
  • སྔོར་གྱུར།
  • nīlabhūti

A brahmin.

g.­447

Nimi

  • mu khyud
  • མུ་ཁྱུད།
  • nimi

A wheel-turning king who is a descendant of Mahādeva and a former life of the Buddha.

g.­448

Nimindhara

  • mu khyud ’dzin
  • མུ་ཁྱུད་འཛིན།
  • nimindhara

One of the seven golden mountains.

g.­449

Nirgrantha Jñātiputra

  • gcer bu pa gnyen gyi bu
  • གཅེར་བུ་པ་གཉེན་གྱི་བུ།
  • nirgrantha jñātiputra

One of the six teachers at the time of the Buddha.

g.­450

Nirmāṇarati

  • ’phrul dga’
  • འཕྲུལ་དགའ།
  • nirmāṇarati

A class of gods in the fifth of the six heavens in the desire realm.

g.­451

North Pañcāla

  • byang phyogs kyi lnga len pa
  • བྱང་ཕྱོགས་ཀྱི་ལྔ་ལེན་པ།
  • uttarapañcāla

One of the two kings of the country of Pañcāla.

g.­452

Nūpuraka

  • rkang rgyan ldan
  • རྐང་རྒྱན་ལྡན།
  • nūpuraka

A son of King Ikṣuvāku.

g.­453

Nyagrodha

  • n+ya gro d+ha
  • ནྱ་གྲོ་དྷ།
  • nyagrodha

A brahmin.

g.­454

Nyagrodhikā

  • n+ya gro d+ha
  • ནྱ་གྲོ་དྷ།
  • nyagrodhikā

A village.

g.­455

once-returner

  • lan gcig phyir ’ong ba
  • ལན་གཅིག་ཕྱིར་འོང་བ།
  • sakṛdāgāmin

A person who has attained the second of the four stages of spiritual achievement and is considered to be reborn in the realm of desire only one more time.

g.­456

Otalā

  • o ta la
  • ཨོ་ཏ་ལ།
  • otalā

A village.

g.­457

Otalā Forest

  • o ta la’i nags
  • ཨོ་ཏ་ལའི་ནགས།
  • —

A forest near Otalā.

g.­458

Otalāyana

  • o ta la’i bu
  • ཨོ་ཏ་ལའི་བུ།
  • otalāyana

A brahmin.

g.­459

outer robe

  • snam sbyar
  • སྣམ་སྦྱར།
  • saṅghāṭī

One of the three robes of a Buddhist monastic, which is worn on occasions such as almsbegging and the community’s formal meeting.

g.­460

Padmottara

  • pad ma dam pa
  • པད་མ་དམ་པ།
  • padmottara

A buddha in the past.

g.­461

Paiṅgika

  • ser skya’i bu
  • སེར་སྐྱའི་བུ།
  • paiṅgika

A young brahmin.

g.­462

Palgyi Lhünpo

  • dpal gyi lhun po
  • དཔལ་གྱི་ལྷུན་པོ།
  • —

A member of the Tibetan translation group of the Vinayavastu of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya.

g.­463

Pālitakūṭa

  • brtsegs skyong
  • བརྩེགས་སྐྱོང་།
  • pālitakūṭa

A village. See also n.­436

g.­464

Paltsek

  • dpal brtsegs
  • དཔལ་བརྩེགས།
  • —

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Paltsek (eighth to early ninth century), from the village of Kawa north of Lhasa, was one of Tibet’s preeminent translators. He was one of the first seven Tibetans to be ordained by Śāntarakṣita and is counted as one of Guru Rinpoché’s twenty-five close disciples. In a famous verse by Ngok Lotsawa Loden Sherab, Kawa Paltsek is named along with Chokro Lui Gyaltsen and Zhang (or Nanam) Yeshé Dé as part of a group of translators whose skills were surpassed only by Vairotsana.

He translated works from a wide variety of genres, including sūtra, śāstra, vinaya, and tantra, and was an author himself. Paltsek was also one of the most important editors of the early period, one of nine translators installed by Tri Songdetsen (r. 755–797/800) to supervise the translation of the Tripiṭaka and help catalog translated works for the first two of three imperial catalogs, the Denkarma (ldan kar ma) and the Samyé Chimpuma (bsam yas mchims phu ma). In the colophons of his works, he is often known as Paltsek Rakṣita (rak+Shi ta).

In this text:

One of the proofreaders of the Tibetan translation of the Vinayavastu of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya.

g.­465

Pañcāla

  • lnga len
  • ལྔ་ལེན།
  • pañcāla

A country.

g.­466

Pāñcika

  • lnga len
  • lngas rtsen
  • ལྔ་ལེན།
  • ལྔས་རྩེན།
  • pāñcika

A general of yakṣas.

g.­467

Pāpā

  • sdig can
  • སྡིག་ཅན།
  • pāpā

A city.

g.­468

Para­nirmita­vaśa­vartin

  • gzhan ’phrul dbang byed
  • གཞན་འཕྲུལ་དབང་བྱེད།
  • para­nirmita­vaśa­vartin

A class of gods who inhabit the highest of the six heavens of the desire realm. The inhabitants enjoy objects created by others, then dispose of them themselves.

g.­469

Parārthadarśin

  • don dam gzigs pa
  • དོན་དམ་གཟིགས་པ།
  • parārthadarśin

A buddha in the past.

g.­470

Parasol

  • gdugs lta bu
  • གདུགས་ལྟ་བུ།
  • chatra

A mango grove.

g.­471

Pārāyaṇa

  • pha rol ’gro byed
  • ཕ་རོལ་འགྲོ་བྱེད།
  • pārāyaṇa

A lost verse text, which was possibly a Mūla­sarvāstivādin counterpart of the Pārāyanavagga of the Suttanipāta in the Pāli canon and included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins.

g.­472

Parīttābha

  • ’od chung
  • འོད་ཆུང་།
  • parīttābha

The fourth heaven of the realm of form; also the name of the gods living there.

g.­473

Parīttaśubha

  • dge chung
  • དགེ་ཆུང་།
  • parīttaśubha

A class of gods who inhabit the seventh heaven of the realm of form.

g.­474

Pāriyātraka

  • yongs ’du sa brtol
  • ཡོངས་འདུ་ས་བརྟོལ།
  • pāriyātraka

Name of a forest of kovidāra trees possessed by the Thirty-Three Gods.

g.­475

pastry

  • snum khur
  • སྣུམ་ཁུར།
  • apūpa

The term is also rendered in this translation as “apūpa.”

g.­476

Pāṭalaka Shrine

  • dmar bu can gyi mchod rten
  • དམར་བུ་ཅན་གྱི་མཆོད་རྟེན།
  • pāṭalakaṃ caityaṃ

A shrine in Pāṭali Village.

g.­477

Pāṭali

  • dmar bu can
  • དམར་བུ་ཅན།
  • pāṭali

A village which eventually became Pāṭaliputra, the capital of Magadha.

g.­478

Pataṅgā

  • phye ma lab
  • ཕྱེ་མ་ལབ།
  • pataṅgā

A river.

g.­479

Pauṣkarasāri

  • pad ma’i snying po
  • པད་མའི་སྙིང་པོ།
  • pauṣkarasāri

A brahmin.

g.­480

perfume chamber

  • dri gtsang khang
  • དྲི་གཙང་ཁང་།
  • gandhakuṭī

The special private dwelling of the Buddha.

g.­481

Phalaka

  • spang leb can
  • སྤང་ལེབ་ཅན།
  • phalaka

A hunter.

g.­482

phāṇita

  • bu ram gyi dbu ba
  • བུ་རམ་གྱི་དབུ་བ།
  • phāṇita

Thickened sugarcane juice.

g.­483

Pilinda

  • pi lin da
  • པི་ལིན་ད།
  • pilinda

A short form of “Pilindavatsa,” a monk.

g.­484

Pilindavatsa

  • pi lin da’i bu
  • པི་ལིན་དའི་བུ།
  • pilindavatsa

A monk. Also referred to as “Pilinda.”

g.­485

Piṇḍavaṃśa

  • smyug sbams
  • སྨྱུག་སྦམས།
  • piṇḍavaṃśa

A wheel-turning king in the past.

g.­486

Piṇḍola­bharadvāja

  • bha ra dwa dza bsod snyoms len
  • བྷ་ར་དྭ་ཛ་བསོད་སྙོམས་ལེན།
  • piṇḍola­bharadvāja

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­487

Pīṭha

  • khri’u brtsegs
  • ཁྲིའུ་བརྩེགས།
  • pīṭha

A mendicant who is converted by the Buddha. See also n.­344.

g.­488

place for what is allowable

  • rung ba’i gnas
  • རུང་བའི་གནས།
  • kalpikaśālā

For an explanation of this term, see 10.­2–10.­22. See also Yamagiwa 2001.

g.­489

poṣadha

  • gso sbyong
  • གསོ་སྦྱོང་།
  • poṣadha

A meeting of the community of monks held twice a month to recite the vinaya rules and confirm that the community is properly functioning in accordance with them.

g.­490

Potana

  • skem byed
  • སྐེམ་བྱེད།
  • potana

A city.

g.­491

Powerful

  • nus pa can
  • ནུས་པ་ཅན།
  • —

A country.

g.­492

Prabhadrikā

  • rab tu bzang ldan
  • རབ་ཏུ་བཟང་ལྡན།
  • prabhadrikā

A river. See also n.­362.

g.­493

Prabhākara

  • ’od byed
  • འོད་བྱེད།
  • prabhākara

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­494

Prabhāsa

  • ’od ldan
  • འོད་ལྡན།
  • prabhāsa

A king who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­495

Prabodhana

  • sad mdzad
  • སད་མཛད།
  • prabodhana

A buddha in the past.

g.­496

Prajāpati

  • skye dgu’i bdag po
  • སྐྱེ་དགུའི་བདག་པོ།
  • prajāpati

A god.

g.­497

Pramokṣa

  • rab grol
  • རབ་གྲོལ།
  • pramokṣa

A mountain.

g.­498

Praṇāda

  • sgra snyan dbyangs
  • rab sgrogs
  • སྒྲ་སྙན་དབྱངས།
  • རབ་སྒྲོགས།
  • praṇāda

(1) A buddha in the past (sgra snyan dbyangs). (2) A king who was Mahāpraṇāda’s father (rab sgrogs).

g.­500

praskandin

  • rab gnon
  • རབ་གནོན།
  • praskandin

A kind of person who possesses superhuman strength.

g.­501

prastha

  • bre’u chung
  • བྲེའུ་ཆུང་།
  • prastha

A measure of volume.

g.­502

prātimokṣa

  • so sor thar pa
  • སོ་སོར་ཐར་པ།
  • prātimokṣa

The collection of monastic rules, which is supposed to be recited at the formal meeting of monastics every fortnight.

g.­503

Pratyeka­brahman

  • tshangs pa so so
  • ཚངས་པ་སོ་སོ།
  • pratyeka­brahman

An independent Brahman.

g.­504

Prāvārika

  • dgag dbye can
  • དགག་དབྱེ་ཅན།
  • prāvārika

A mango forest.

g.­505

primary defilement

  • nyon mongs pa
  • ཉོན་མོངས་པ།
  • kleśa

The afflictions that hold one back from awakening, often listed as desire (rāga), anger (pratigha), pride (māna), ignorance (avidyā), wrong views (kudṛṣti), and indecision (vicikitsā).

g.­506

pukkasa

  • kla klo
  • ཀླ་ཀློ།
  • pukkasa

One of the lower social classes that are outside, and beneath, the four castes.

g.­507

Punarvasuka

  • nab so
  • ནབ་སོ།
  • punarvasuka

A nāga. See also n.­442.

g.­508

Puṇyaprasava

  • bsod nams skyes
  • བསོད་ནམས་སྐྱེས།
  • puṇyaprasava

One of the levels in the highest heaven of the realm of form; also the name of the gods living there.

g.­509

Purāṇa

  • rnying pa
  • རྙིང་པ།
  • purāṇa

A lay follower of the Buddha.

g.­510

Pūraṇa Kāśyapa

  • ’od srung rdzogs byed
  • འོད་སྲུང་རྫོགས་བྱེད།
  • pūraṇa kāśyapa

One of the six teachers at the time of the Buddha.

g.­511

Pūrṇa

  • gang po
  • gang ba
  • rdzogs ldan
  • གང་པོ།
  • གང་བ།
  • རྫོགས་ལྡན།
  • pūrṇa

(1) A disciple of the Buddha from Sūrpāraka (gang po). (2) A disciple of the Buddha from Kuṇḍopadhāna (gang po). (3) A haṃsa (gang ba). (4) A buddha in the past (rdzogs ldan).

g.­512

Pūrṇamanoratha

  • gang po re skong
  • གང་པོ་རེ་སྐོང་།
  • pūrṇamanoratha

A buddha in the past.

g.­513

Pūrṇamukha

  • bzhin rgyas
  • བཞིན་རྒྱས།
  • pūrṇamukha

(1) The parrot of Āmrapālī. (2) A haṃsa who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­514

Rāhula

  • sgra can zin
  • སྒྲ་ཅན་ཟིན།
  • rāhula

The son of the Buddha. Also referred to as “Rāhulabhadra.”

g.­515

Rāhulabhadra

  • sgra can zin bzang po
  • སྒྲ་ཅན་ཟིན་བཟང་པོ།
  • rāhulabhadra

(1) Another name of Rāhula. (2) The son of a future Buddha whose name is Śākyamuni.

g.­516

Rājagṛha

  • rgyal po’i khab
  • རྒྱལ་པོའི་ཁབ།
  • rājagṛha

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The ancient capital of Magadha prior to its relocation to Pāṭaliputra during the Mauryan dynasty, Rājagṛha is one of the most important locations in Buddhist history. The literature tells us that the Buddha and his saṅgha spent a considerable amount of time in residence in and around Rājagṛha‍—in nearby places, such as the Vulture Peak Mountain (Gṛdhrakūṭaparvata), a major site of the Mahāyāna sūtras, and the Bamboo Grove (Veṇuvana)‍—enjoying the patronage of King Bimbisāra and then of his son King Ajātaśatru. Rājagṛha is also remembered as the location where the first Buddhist monastic council was held after the Buddha Śākyamuni passed into parinirvāṇa. Now known as Rajgir and located in the modern Indian state of Bihar.

g.­517

Rājyavardhana

  • rgyal srid ’phel
  • རྒྱལ་སྲིད་འཕེལ།
  • rājyavardhana

An elephant. See also n.­776.

g.­518

Rājyavardhana

  • rgyal srid ’phel ba
  • རྒྱལ་སྲིད་འཕེལ་བ།
  • rājyavardhana

A city.

g.­519

rākṣasa

  • srin po
  • སྲིན་པོ།
  • rākṣasa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings that are often, but certainly not always, considered demonic in the Buddhist tradition. They are often depicted as flesh-eating monsters who haunt frightening places and are ugly and evil-natured with a yearning for human flesh, and who additionally have miraculous powers, such as being able to change their appearance.

g.­520

rākṣasī

  • srin mo
  • སྲིན་མོ།
  • rākṣasī

A female rākṣasa, a class of flesh-eating demons.

g.­521

Rāṣṭrapāla

  • yul ’khor skyong
  • ཡུལ་འཁོར་སྐྱོང་།
  • rāṣṭrapāla

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­522

Ratnacūḍa

  • rin chen gtsug tor can
  • རིན་ཆེན་གཙུག་ཏོར་ཅན།
  • ratnacūḍa

A buddha in the past.

g.­523

Ratnaśaila

  • rin chen ri bo
  • རིན་ཆེན་རི་བོ།
  • ratnaśaila

A buddha in the past.

g.­524

Ratnaśikhin

  • rin chen gtsug tor
  • rin chen gtsug tor can
  • རིན་ཆེན་གཙུག་ཏོར།
  • རིན་ཆེན་གཙུག་ཏོར་ཅན།
  • ratnaśikhin

A buddha in the past.

g.­525

Reed Merchant

  • ’dam bu’i tshong pa
  • འདམ་བུའི་ཚོང་པ།
  • —

(1) A wandering mendicant. (2) A mendicant living in Nālandā.

g.­526

Reṇu

  • rdul phran
  • རྡུལ་ཕྲན།
  • reṇu

One of the seven kings mentioned in the story of Govinda.

g.­527

resin

  • trang chu
  • ཏྲང་ཆུ།
  • jatu

Five kinds of resin that are used as medicines.

g.­528

Retuka

  • re tu ka
  • རེ་ཏུ་ཀ
  • —

A village or town. See also n.­414.

g.­529

Revata

  • nam gru
  • ནམ་གྲུ།
  • revata

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­530

Revata the Doubter

  • nam gru som nyi can
  • ནམ་གྲུ་སོམ་ཉི་ཅན།
  • kāṅkṣārevata

An nickname of Revata, a disciple of the Buddha.

g.­531

Reviving

  • yang sos
  • ཡང་སོས།
  • saṃjīva

One of the eight hot hells.

g.­532

Roca

  • ’od ldan
  • འོད་ལྡན།
  • roca

An uncle of Ānanda.

g.­533

Rohiṇī

  • snar ma
  • སྣར་མ།
  • rohiṇī

The wife of the Moon.

g.­534

Rohitaka

  • ro hi ta ka
  • རོ་ཧི་ཏ་ཀ
  • rohitaka

A village or town.

g.­535

Roruka

  • ma rungs pa
  • མ་རུངས་པ།
  • roruka

A city.

g.­536

Ṛṣi Gargā Pond

  • drang srong gar ga’i rdzing
  • དྲང་སྲོང་གར་གའི་རྫིང་།
  • gargā puṣkariṇī

A pond in Campā

g.­537

rṣi Guṃjika’s abode

  • drang srong sgra sgrogs kyi gnas
  • དྲང་སྲོང་སྒྲ་སྒྲོགས་ཀྱི་གནས།
  • guṃjikāvasatha

A place near Nādikā, a village in the country of Vṛji.

g.­538

Ṛṣidatta

  • drang srong sbyin
  • དྲང་སྲོང་སྦྱིན།
  • ṛṣidatta

A lay follower of the Buddha.

g.­539

Ṛṣivadana

  • drang srong smra ba
  • དྲང་སྲོང་སྨྲ་བ།
  • ṛṣivadana

A park near Vārāṇasī where the Buddha gave the first sermon.

g.­540

Rudanī

  • ngud mo
  • ངུད་མོ།
  • rudanī

A river.

g.­541

rule of training

  • bslab pa’i gzhi
  • བསླབ་པའི་གཞི།
  • sikṣāpada

The prātimokṣa rules for monks and nuns, ten rules for novices, six rules for female probationers, and five rules for laypeople.

g.­542

Śacī

  • bde sogs
  • བདེ་སོགས།
  • śacī

The wife of Indra.

g.­543

sadāmatta

  • rtag tu myos
  • རྟག་ཏུ་མྱོས།
  • sadāmatta

“Always Excited,” a class of divine beings who live on Mount Sumeru.

g.­544

Śādvalā

  • gsing ma
  • གསིང་མ།
  • śādvalā

A village or town.

g.­545

saffron

  • ngur smrig
  • ངུར་སྨྲིག
  • kāṣāya
g.­546

Sahā World

  • mi mjed
  • མི་མཇེད།
  • sahāloka

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The name for our world system, the universe of a thousand million worlds, or trichiliocosm, in which the four-continent world is located. Each trichiliocosm is ruled by a god Brahmā; thus, in this context, he bears the title of Sahāṃpati, Lord of Sahā. The world system of Sahā, or Sahālokadhātu, is also described as the buddhafield of the Buddha Śākyamuni where he teaches the Dharma to beings.

The name Sahā possibly derives from the Sanskrit √sah, “to bear, endure, or withstand.” It is often interpreted as alluding to the inhabitants of this world being able to endure the suffering they encounter. The Tibetan translation, mi mjed, follows along the same lines. It literally means “not painful,” in the sense that beings here are able to bear the suffering they experience.

g.­547

Saikata

  • bye ma skyes
  • བྱེ་མ་སྐྱེས།
  • saikata

A monk.

g.­548

Śaila

  • ri bo
  • རི་བོ།
  • śaila

(1) A ṛṣi. (2) A ṛṣi who is a nephew of Kaineya.

g.­549

Śailagāthā

  • ri gnas pa’i tshigs su bcad pa
  • རི་གནས་པའི་ཚིགས་སུ་བཅད་པ།
  • śailagāthā

A verse text possibly included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins and preserved in the Bhaiṣajyavastu of the Mūla­sarvāstivāda Vinaya.

g.­550

Śaivala

  • dpal skyed
  • དཔལ་སྐྱེད།
  • śaivala

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­551

Sāketā

  • gnas bcas
  • གནས་བཅས།
  • sāketā

A country mentioned in the story of the physician Ātreya and the story of King Māndhātṛ.

g.­552

Śakra

  • brgya byin
  • བརྒྱ་བྱིན།
  • śakra

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The lord of the gods in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three (trāyastriṃśa). Alternatively known as Indra, the deity that is called “lord of the gods” dwells on the summit of Mount Sumeru and wields the thunderbolt. The Tibetan translation brgya byin (meaning “one hundred sacrifices”) is based on an etymology that śakra is an abbreviation of śata-kratu, one who has performed a hundred sacrifices. Each world with a central Sumeru has a Śakra. Also known by other names such as Kauśika, Devendra, and Śacipati.

g.­553

Śakuna

  • la nye can
  • ལ་ཉེ་ཅན།
  • śakuna

A king in the past. Also referred to as “Mahāśakuni.”

g.­554

Śākya

  • shAkya
  • ཤཱཀྱ།
  • śākya

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Name of the ancient tribe in which the Buddha was born as a prince; their kingdom was based to the east of Kośala, in the foothills near the present-day border of India and Nepal, with Kapilavastu as its capital.

g.­555

Śākyamuni

  • shAkya thub pa
  • ཤཱཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ།
  • śākyamuni

(1) The present Buddha. (2) A buddha in the past. (3) A buddha in the future.

g.­556

Sālā

  • sa la
  • ས་ལ།
  • sālā

A village.

g.­557

Sālabalā

  • sa la stobs
  • ས་ལ་སྟོབས།
  • sālabalā

A village. See also n.­567.

g.­558

Sālibalā

  • sa la’i stobs
  • ས་ལའི་སྟོབས།
  • sālibalā

A village.

g.­559

śālmali trees

  • shal ma li
  • ཤལ་མ་ལི།
  • śālmali

Bombax heptaphyllum or Salmalia malabarica (a lofty and thorny tree).

g.­560

samādhi

  • ting nge ’dzin
  • ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན།
  • samādhi

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In a general sense, samādhi can describe a number of different meditative states. In the Mahāyāna literature, in particular in the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, we find extensive lists of different samādhis, numbering over one hundred.

In a more restricted sense, and when understood as a mental state, samādhi is defined as the one-pointedness of the mind (cittaikāgratā), the ability to remain on the same object over long periods of time. The Drajor Bamponyipa (sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa) commentary on the Mahāvyutpatti explains the term samādhi as referring to the instrument through which mind and mental states “get collected,” i.e., it is by the force of samādhi that the continuum of mind and mental states becomes collected on a single point of reference without getting distracted.

In this text:

Also rendered in this translation as “meditation.”

g.­561

samāpatti

  • snyoms par ’jug pa
  • སྙོམས་པར་འཇུག་པ།
  • samāpatti

A kind of meditative concentration.

g.­562

Saṃdhāna

  • ’dum byed
  • འདུམ་བྱེད།
  • saṃdhāna

A householder who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­563

Śamitāri

  • dgra zhi mdzad pa
  • དགྲ་ཞི་མཛད་པ།
  • śamitāri

A buddha in the past.

g.­564

Saṃjaya

  • yang dag rgyal ba
  • ཡང་དག་རྒྱལ་བ།
  • saṃjaya

A young Brahmin, son of Lucky.

g.­565

Saṃjayī Vairaṭṭīputra

  • smra ’dod kyi bu mo’i bu yang dag rgyal ba can
  • སྨྲ་འདོད་ཀྱི་བུ་མོའི་བུ་ཡང་དག་རྒྱལ་བ་ཅན།
  • saṃjayī vairaṭṭīputra

One of the six teachers at the time of the Buddha.

g.­566

Sāṃkāśya

  • gsal ba
  • གསལ་བ།
  • sāṃkāśya

A city where the Buddha descended from the heaven of the Thirty-Three gods.

g.­567

saṃsāra’s ever-revolving five cycles

  • ’khor ba’i ’khor lo cha lnga pa g.yo ba dang mi g.yo ba
  • འཁོར་བའི་འཁོར་ལོ་ཆ་ལྔ་པ་གཡོ་བ་དང་མི་གཡོ་བ།
  • —

The five realms of gods, humans, animals, spirits, and hell-denizens. “Ever-revolving” is an adjective applied to saṃsāra with its constant fluctuations.

g.­568

Saṃyuktāgama

  • yang dag par ldan pa’i lung
  • ཡང་དག་པར་ལྡན་པའི་ལུང་།
  • saṃyuktāgama

The Connected Discourses, one of the four divisions of the Sūtrapiṭaka.

g.­569

Śaṅkara

  • —
  • —
  • śaṅkara

An epithet of Śiva.

g.­570

Śaṅkha

  • dung
  • དུང་།
  • śaṅkha

(1) A king in the future. (2) A ṛṣi.

g.­571

Saptaparṇa

  • lo ma bdun pa
  • ལོ་མ་བདུན་པ།
  • saptaparṇa

A village.

g.­572

Śara

  • mda’ can
  • མདའ་ཅན།
  • śara

A yakṣa.

g.­573

Sāraka

  • sran can
  • སྲན་ཅན།
  • sāraka

A hunter.

g.­574

Sarayū

  • sar yu
  • སར་ཡུ།
  • sarayū

A river.

g.­575

Śāriputra

  • shA ri’i bu
  • ཤཱ་རིའི་བུ།
  • śāriputra

(1) A disciple of the Buddha. (2) A disciple of a buddha in the past. (3) A disciple of a Buddha in the future.

g.­576

śarkarā

  • sha kha ra
  • ཤ་ཁ་ར།
  • śarkarā

Candied sugar.

g.­577

Sarpadāsa

  • —
  • —
  • sarpadāsa

A disciple of the Buddha. Note that this name rendered as sprul khol in the Degé Kangyur.

g.­578

Sarvābhibhū

  • thams cad zil gnon
  • ཐམས་ཅད་ཟིལ་གནོན།
  • sarvābhibhū

A buddha in the past.

g.­579

Sarvajñādeva

  • sarba dz+nyA de ba
  • སརྦ་ཛྙཱ་དེ་བ།
  • sarvajñādeva

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

According to traditional accounts, the Kashmiri preceptor Sarvajñādeva was among the “one hundred” paṇḍitas invited by Trisong Detsen (r. 755–797/800) to assist with the translation of the Buddhist scriptures into Tibetan. Sarvajñādeva assisted in the translation of more than twenty-three works, including numerous sūtras and the first translations of Śāntideva’s Bodhicaryāvatāra and Nāgārjuna’s Suhṛllekha. Much of this work was likely carried out in the first years of the ninth century and may have continued into the reign of Ralpachen (ral pa can), who ascended the throne in 815 and died in 838 or 841 ᴄᴇ.

In this text:

One of the translators of the Tibetan Vinayavastu of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya.

g.­580

Sarvaṃdada

  • thams cad gtong
  • ཐམས་ཅད་གཏོང་།
  • sarvaṃdada

A name given to Viśvantara, a prince who was the Buddha in a former life. See also n.­775.

g.­581

Sarvārtha­siddha

  • don kun sgrub pa
  • དོན་ཀུན་སྒྲུབ་པ།
  • sarvārtha­siddha

A buddha in the past.

g.­582

Śastrabhū

  • ral gris ’tsho
  • རལ་གྲིས་འཚོ།
  • śastrabhū

One of the seven kings mentioned in the story of Govinda.

g.­583

Satyadṛś

  • bden pa mthong ba
  • བདེན་པ་མཐོང་བ།
  • satyadṛś

A lost verse text possibly included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins.

g.­584

Sauvīra

  • stang zil can
  • སྟང་ཟིལ་ཅན།
  • sauvīra

A country.

g.­585

sauvīraka

  • skyur khu
  • སྐྱུར་ཁུ།
  • sauvīraka

Sour gruel.

g.­586

scabies

  • g.yan pa’i nad
  • གཡན་པའི་ནད།
  • kacchūroga

Any cutaneous disease.

g.­587

Scream

  • ngu ’bod
  • ངུ་འབོད།
  • raurava

One of the eight hot hells.

g.­588

self-awakened one

  • rang sangs rgyas
  • རང་སངས་རྒྱས།
  • pratyekabuddha

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Literally, “buddha for oneself” or “solitary realizer.” Someone who, in his or her last life, attains awakening entirely through their own contemplation, without relying on a teacher. Unlike the awakening of a fully realized buddha (samyaksambuddha), the accomplishment of a pratyeka­buddha is not regarded as final or ultimate. They attain realization of the nature of dependent origination, the selflessness of the person, and a partial realization of the selflessness of phenomena, by observing the suchness of all that arises through interdependence. This is the result of progress in previous lives but, unlike a buddha, they do not have the necessary merit, compassion or motivation to teach others. They are named as “rhinoceros-like” (khaḍgaviṣāṇakalpa) for their preference for staying in solitude or as “congregators” (vargacārin) when their preference is to stay among peers.

g.­589

Sena

  • sde can
  • སྡེ་ཅན།
  • sena

A minister, brother of Susena.

g.­590

sense sphere

  • skye mched
  • སྐྱེ་མཆེད།
  • āyatana

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

These can be listed as twelve or as six sense sources (sometimes also called sense fields, bases of cognition, or simply āyatanas).

In the context of epistemology, it is one way of describing experience and the world in terms of twelve sense sources, which can be divided into inner and outer sense sources, namely: (1–2) eye and form, (3–4) ear and sound, (5–6) nose and odor, (7–8) tongue and taste, (9–10) body and touch, (11–12) mind and mental phenomena.

In the context of the twelve links of dependent origination, only six sense sources are mentioned, and they are the inner sense sources (identical to the six faculties) of eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind.

g.­591

Separating

  • dgar ba
  • དགར་བ།
  • —

A nāga.

g.­592

seven limbs of awakening

  • byang chub kyi yan lag bdun
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཡན་ལག་བདུན།
  • sapta bodhyaṅgāni

Part of the thirty-seven aspects of awakening.

g.­593

seven treasures

  • rin po che sna bdun
  • རིན་པོ་ཆེ་སྣ་བདུན།
  • sapta ratnāni

Seven kinds of treasures of a wheel-turning king, which are the precious chakra, elephant, horse, jewel, woman, householder, and minister.

g.­594

Śibi

  • shi bi
  • ཤི་བི།
  • śibi

A king who is the Buddha in a former life.

g.­595

Sikatin

  • bye ma can
  • བྱེ་མ་ཅན།
  • sikatin

A village.

g.­596

Śikhin

  • gtsug tor can
  • གཙུག་ཏོར་ཅན།
  • śikhin

A name common to thirty buddhas in the past. See also n.­912.

g.­597

Siṃha

  • seng ge
  • སེང་གེ
  • siṃha

(1) A buddha in the past. (2) A general.

g.­598

Sītā

  • si ta
  • སི་ཏ།
  • sītā

A river.

g.­599

Śiva

  • zhi ba
  • ཞི་བ།
  • śiva

Major deity in the pantheon of the classical Indian religious traditions.

g.­600

six perfections

  • pha rol tu phyin pa drug
  • ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ་དྲུག
  • ṣaṭ pāramitāḥ

The practice of the bodhisattva, which consists of giving, morality, patience, effort, concentration, and wisdom.

g.­601

Śobhita

  • mdzes ldan
  • མཛེས་ལྡན།
  • śobhita

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­602

South Pañcāla

  • lho phyogs kyi lnga len pa
  • ལྷོ་ཕྱོགས་ཀྱི་ལྔ་ལེན་པ།
  • dakṣiṇapañcāla

One of the two kings of the country of Pañcāla.

g.­604

Śrāvastī

  • mnyan yod
  • མཉན་ཡོད།
  • śrāvastī

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

During the life of the Buddha, Śrāvastī was the capital city of the powerful kingdom of Kośala, ruled by King Prasenajit, who became a follower and patron of the Buddha. It was also the hometown of Anāthapiṇḍada, the wealthy patron who first invited the Buddha there, and then offered him a park known as Jetavana, Prince Jeta’s Grove, which became one of the first Buddhist monasteries. The Buddha is said to have spent about twenty-five rainy seasons with his disciples in Śrāvastī, thus it is named as the setting of numerous events and teachings. It is located in present-day Uttar Pradesh in northern India.

g.­605

Śreṇya Bimbisāra

  • bzo sbyangs gzugs can snying po
  • བཟོ་སྦྱངས་གཟུགས་ཅན་སྙིང་པོ།
  • śreṇya bimbisāra

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The king of Magadha and a great patron of the Buddha. His birth coincided with the Buddha’s, and his father, King Mahāpadma, named him “Essence of Gold” after mistakenly attributing the brilliant light that marked the Buddha’s birth to the birth of his son by Queen Bimbī (“Goldie”). Accounts of Bimbisāra’s youth and life can be found in The Chapter on Going Forth (Toh 1-1, Pravrajyāvastu).

King Śreṇya Bimbisāra first met with the Buddha early on, when the latter was the wandering mendicant known as Gautama. Impressed by his conduct, Bimbisāra offered to take Gautama into his court, but Gautama refused, and Bimbisāra wished him success in his quest for awakening and asked him to visit his palace after he had achieved his goal. One account of this episode can be found in the sixteenth chapter of The Play in Full (Toh 95, Lalitavistara). There are other accounts where the two meet earlier on in childhood; several episodes can be found, for example, in The Hundred Deeds (Toh 340, Karmaśataka). Later, after the Buddha’s awakening, Bimbisāra became one of his most famous patrons and donated to the saṅgha the Bamboo Grove, Veṇuvana, at the outskirts of the capital of Magadha, Rājagṛha, where he built residences for the monks. Bimbisāra was imprisoned and killed by his own son, the prince Ajātaśatru, who, influenced by Devadatta, sought to usurp his father’s throne.

g.­606

Śreṣṭhin

  • gtso bo
  • གཙོ་བོ།
  • śreṣṭhin

A buddha in the past.

g.­607

Śrīsaṃbhava

  • dpal ’byung
  • དཔལ་འབྱུང་།
  • śrīsaṃbhava

A buddha in the past.

g.­608

Śroṇāparāntaka

  • gro bzhin skyes gnas pa’i yul gyi mtha’
  • gro bzhin skyes gnas pa’i mtha’
  • གྲོ་བཞིན་སྐྱེས་གནས་པའི་ཡུལ་གྱི་མཐའ།
  • གྲོ་བཞིན་སྐྱེས་གནས་པའི་མཐའ།
  • śroṇāparāntaka

A country.

g.­609

Śrughnā

  • yul srug na
  • ཡུལ་སྲུག་ན།
  • śrughnā

A country.

g.­610

Stavakarṇin

  • rgya skegs kyi rna rgyan can
  • རྒྱ་སྐེགས་ཀྱི་རྣ་རྒྱན་ཅན།
  • stavakarṇin

Another name of Bhavatrāta, a half brother of Pūrṇa from Sūrpāraka.

g.­611

Stavārha

  • bstod ’os
  • བསྟོད་འོས།
  • stavārha

A self-awakened one in the future.

g.­612

Sthālisugandha

  • snod dri zhim
  • སྣོད་དྲི་ཞིམ།
  • sthālisugandha

The name of Prince Kuśa disguised as a cook.

g.­613

Sthavira

  • gnas brtan
  • གནས་བརྟན།
  • sthavira

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­614

Sthaviragāthā

  • gnas brtan pa’i tshigs su bcad pa
  • གནས་བརྟན་པའི་ཚིགས་སུ་བཅད་པ།
  • sthaviragāthā

A lost verse text possibly included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins.

g.­615

Sthavirīgāthā

  • gnas brtan ma’i tshigs su bcad pa
  • གནས་བརྟན་མའི་ཚིགས་སུ་བཅད་པ།
  • sthavirīgāthā

A lost verse text possibly included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins.

g.­616

Sthūlakoṣṭhaka

  • bang mdzod stug po can
  • བང་མཛོད་སྟུག་པོ་ཅན།
  • sthūlakoṣṭhaka

A village in the country of Kuru.

g.­617

Sthūlakoṣṭhaka Forest

  • bang mdzod stug po can gyi tshal
  • བང་མཛོད་སྟུག་པོ་ཅན་གྱི་ཚལ།
  • —

A forest near Sthūlakoṣṭhaka, a village in the country of Kuru.

g.­618

sthūlātyaya offense

  • ltung ba sbom po
  • ལྟུང་བ་སྦོམ་པོ།
  • sthūlātyaya

The third gravest type of offense for a monk or nun, which requires confession in the presence of another monk or nun. Attempting one of the two gravest offenses, pārājika and saṅghāvaśeṣa, constitutes this category. For instance, if a monk attempts to kill a person and does not succeed, his offense is categorised as sthūlātyaya.

g.­619

stream-enterer

  • rgyun du zhugs pa
  • རྒྱུན་དུ་ཞུགས་པ།
  • srotāpanna

A person who has attained the first of the four stages of spiritual achievement.

g.­620

Subhadra

  • shin tu bzang
  • ཤིན་ཏུ་བཟང་།
  • subhadra

A lay brother living in Nādikā.

g.­621

Śubhakṛtsna

  • dge rgyas
  • དགེ་རྒྱས།
  • śubhakṛtsna

A class of gods who inhabit the ninth heaven of the realm of form.

g.­622

Sudarśana

  • shin du mthong ba
  • shin tu mthong ba
  • ཤིན་དུ་མཐོང་བ།
  • ཤིན་ཏུ་མཐོང་བ།
  • sudarśana

A class of gods who inhabit the fourth of the “pure abodes.”

g.­623

Sudarśana

  • blta na sdug
  • བལྟ་ན་སྡུག
  • sudarśana

A buddha in the past.

g.­624

Sudarśana

  • blta na sdug
  • བལྟ་ན་སྡུག
  • sudarśana

(1) One of the seven golden mountains. (2) The city of the Thirty-Three Gods.

g.­625

Sudatta

  • rab sbyin
  • རབ་སྦྱིན།
  • sudatta

Another name of Anāthapiṇḍada.

g.­626

Śuddhodana

  • zas gtsang
  • ཟས་གཙང་།
  • śuddhodana

(1) A king, the Buddha’s father. (2) The father of a future buddha named Śākyamuni.

g.­627

Sudhana

  • nor bzangs
  • ནོར་བཟངས།
  • sudhana

A prince and a king who were the Buddha in former lives.

g.­628

Sudharmā

  • chos bzang
  • ཆོས་བཟང་།
  • sudharmā

The meeting hall of the Thirty-Three Gods.

g.­629

śūdra

  • dmangs rigs
  • དམངས་རིགས།
  • śūdra

One of the four castes, that of commoners or servants.

g.­630

Sudṛśa

  • gya nom snang ba
  • གྱ་ནོམ་སྣང་བ།
  • sudṛśa

A class of gods who inhabit the third of the “pure abodes.”

g.­631

sugata

  • bde bar gshegs pa
  • བདེ་བར་གཤེགས་པ།
  • sugata

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the standard epithets of the buddhas. A recurrent explanation offers three different meanings for su- that are meant to show the special qualities of “accomplishment of one’s own purpose” (svārthasampad) for a complete buddha. Thus, the Sugata is “well” gone, as in the expression su-rūpa (“having a good form”); he is gone “in a way that he shall not come back,” as in the expression su-naṣṭa-jvara (“a fever that has utterly gone”); and he has gone “without any remainder” as in the expression su-pūrṇa-ghaṭa (“a pot that is completely full”). According to Buddhaghoṣa, the term means that the way the Buddha went (Skt. gata) is good (Skt. su) and where he went (Skt. gata) is good (Skt. su).

In this text:

Here it is used as an epithet for the Buddha Śākyamuni.

g.­632

Sujāta

  • legs ’khrungs
  • ལེགས་འཁྲུངས།
  • sujāta

A buddha in the past.

g.­633

Sumāgadhā

  • ma ga dhA bzang mo
  • མ་ག་དྷཱ་བཟང་མོ།
  • sumāgadhā

A pond. See also n.­345.

g.­634

Sumanas

  • sna ma’i me tog
  • སྣ་མའི་མེ་ཏོག
  • sumanas

(1) A disciple of the Buddha. (2) A buddha in the past.

g.­635

Sundara

  • rab mdzes
  • རབ་མཛེས།
  • sundara

A nāga king.

g.­636

Sundarikā

  • mdzes ma
  • མཛེས་མ།
  • sundarikā

A female mendicant who falsely accuses the Buddha.

g.­637

Sunetra

  • spyan mdzes
  • སྤྱན་མཛེས།
  • sunetra

(1) A buddha in the past. (2) A non-Buddhist teacher, an ascetic.

g.­638

Sunny

  • nyi ldan
  • ཉི་ལྡན།
  • —

A woman in Sunrise, sister of Beautiful. See also n.­319.

g.­639

Sunrise

  • ’char ka
  • འཆར་ཀ
  • —

A village or town in Kosala. See also n.­317.

g.­640

supernormal knowledge

  • mngon par shes pa
  • མངོན་པར་ཤེས་པ།
  • abhi­jñā

The six modes of supernormal cognition or ability, namely, clairvoyance, clairaudience, knowledge of the minds of others, remembrance of past lives, the ability to perform miracles, and the knowledge of the destruction of all mental defilements. The first five are considered mundane or worldly and can be attained to some extent by non-Buddhist yogis as well as Buddhist arhats and bodhisattvas. The sixth is considered to be supramundane and can be attained only by Buddhist yogis.

g.­641

Suprabuddha

  • shin tu blo gsa
  • ཤིན་ཏུ་བློ་གས།
  • suprabuddha

A king and the Buddha’s maternal grandfather (according to Sbhv).

g.­642

Supraṇihita

  • shin tu legs smon
  • ཤིན་ཏུ་ལེགས་སྨོན།
  • supraṇihita

A future self-awakened one.

g.­643

Supratiṣṭhita

  • rab brtan
  • shin tu rab gnas
  • རབ་བརྟན།
  • ཤིན་ཏུ་རབ་གནས།
  • —

(1) A nāga king (rab brtan). (2) The king of banyan trees (shin tu rab gnas).

g.­644

Śūrasena

  • dpa’ sde
  • དཔའ་སྡེ།
  • śūrasena

A country.

g.­645

Sūrpāraka

  • slo ma lta bu
  • སློ་མ་ལྟ་བུ།
  • sūrpāraka

A city.

g.­646

Suruci

  • legs smon
  • ལེགས་སྨོན།
  • suruci

A self-awakened one.

g.­647

Susena

  • sde bzangs
  • སྡེ་བཟངས།
  • susena

A minister, brother of Sena.

g.­648

Sūtra of the Parable of Pole Climbing

  • shing ’dzeg gi shing lta bu’i mdo
  • ཤིང་འཛེག་གི་ཤིང་ལྟ་བུའི་མདོ།
  • —

A sūtra in the section of the path in the Saṃyuktāgama, which corresponds to SĀc 619, SN 47.19, etc.

g.­649

Sūtra of the Parable of the Axe

  • ste’u lta bu’i mdo
  • སྟེའུ་ལྟ་བུའི་མདོ།
  • —

A sūtra in the section of the aggregates in the Saṃyuktāgama, which corresponds to SĀc 263, SN 22.101, etc.

g.­650

Suvādin

  • legs gsung
  • gsung snyan
  • ལེགས་གསུང་།
  • གསུང་སྙན།
  • suvādin

A buddha in the past.

g.­651

Suvarṇaprastha

  • gser gyi bre
  • གསེར་གྱི་བྲེ།
  • suvarṇaprastha

A village or town.

g.­652

Suvarṇāvabhāsa

  • gser du snang ba
  • གསེར་དུ་སྣང་བ།
  • suvarṇāvabhāsa

A peacock who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­653

Svāgata

  • legs ’ongs
  • ལེགས་འོངས།
  • svāgata

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­654

Śvapāka

  • khyi ’tshed
  • ཁྱི་འཚེད།
  • śvapāka

An outcaste tribe.

g.­655

Śvāsa

  • dbugs ’byin
  • དབུགས་འབྱིན།
  • śvāsa

A nāga.

g.­656

Svāti

  • sa ga
  • ས་ག
  • svāti

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­657

Śyāma

  • ljang gu
  • ལྗང་གུ
  • śyāma

A brahmin youth who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­658

take formal possession of

  • byin gyis rlob pa
  • བྱིན་གྱིས་རློབ་པ།
  • adhiṣṭhā-

The formal act of making something one’s own through pronouncement before another monastic.

g.­659

Tamasā Forest

  • ta ma sa’i tshal
  • ཏ་མ་སའི་ཚལ།
  • tamasāvana

A forest in Mount Uśīra.

g.­660

Tamonuda

  • mun ’joms pa
  • mun sel
  • མུན་འཇོམས་པ།
  • མུན་སེལ།
  • tamonuda

A buddha in the past.

g.­661

Tapanī

  • gdungs
  • གདུངས།
  • tapanī

A river.

g.­662

tathāgata

  • de bzhin gshegs pa
  • དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ།
  • tathāgata

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A frequently used synonym for buddha. According to different explanations, it can be read as tathā-gata, literally meaning “one who has thus gone,” or as tathā-āgata, “one who has thus come.” Gata, though literally meaning “gone,” is a past passive participle used to describe a state or condition of existence. Tatha­(tā), often rendered as “suchness” or “thusness,” is the quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. Therefore, this epithet is interpreted in different ways, but in general it implies one who has departed in the wake of the buddhas of the past, or one who has manifested the supreme awakening dependent on the reality that does not abide in the two extremes of existence and quiescence. It is also often used as a specific epithet of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

g.­663

ten powers

  • stobs bcu
  • སྟོབས་བཅུ།
  • daśa balāni

Ten kinds of a buddha’s cognitive power.

g.­664

the nāga of Campā

  • yul tsam pa’i klu
  • ཡུལ་ཙམ་པའི་ཀླུ།
  • cāmpeyo nāgaḥ

A nāga.

g.­665

thirty-seven aspects of awakening

  • byang chub kyi phyogs sum bcu rtsa bdun gyi chos
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཕྱོགས་སུམ་བཅུ་རྩ་བདུན་གྱི་ཆོས།
  • sapta­triṃśad­bodhi­pakṣa­dharmāḥ

Thirty-seven kinds of practices to be accomplished by those who seek awakening.

g.­666

Thirty-Three

  • sum bcu rtsa gsum
  • སུམ་བཅུ་རྩ་གསུམ།
  • trāyastriṃśa

The heaven of the desire realm just above the heaven of the Four Great Kings atop Sumeru.

g.­667

Thirty-Three Gods

  • sum cu rtsa gsum pa’i lha rnams
  • སུམ་ཅུ་རྩ་གསུམ་པའི་ལྷ་རྣམས།
  • devās trayastriṃśāḥ

A class of gods who inhabit the heaven of the desire realm just above the heaven of the Four Great Kings atop Sumeru.

g.­668

those undergoing training

  • slob pa
  • སློབ་པ།
  • śaikṣa

Those who belong to any of the first to seventh of the eight stages of spiritual achievement, the eighth being that of an arhat, who needs no further training.

g.­669

three bases

  • gnas gsum
  • གནས་གསུམ།
  • trīṇi sthānāni

Body, speech, and mind.

g.­670

three unshared applications of mindfulness

  • ma ’dres pa gsum dang dran pa nye bar gzhag pa
  • མ་འདྲེས་པ་གསུམ་དང་དྲན་པ་ཉེ་བར་གཞག་པ།
  • trīṇi āveṇikāni smṛtyupasthānāni

Mental attitudes peculiar to the Buddha, which are being neither pleased nor displeased whether an audience is responsive, unresponsive, or a mixture of both.

g.­671

threefold knowledge

  • rig pa gsum
  • རིག་པ་གསུམ།
  • tisro vidyāḥ

Three supernormal knowledges: the knowledge of divine sight, the knowledge of former lives, and the knowledge of the extinction of impurity.

g.­672

Timisikā

  • ’gran zla ma
  • འགྲན་ཟླ་མ།
  • timisikā

A yakṣiṇī.

g.­673

Tiṣya

  • skar rgyal
  • rgyal
  • སྐར་རྒྱལ།
  • རྒྱལ།
  • tiṣya

A buddha in the past. See also n.­915.

g.­674

Tomara

  • mda’ bo che
  • མདའ་བོ་ཆེ།
  • tomara

A brahmin who was the chief priest of Vaiśālī.

g.­675

Toyikā

  • chu mangs
  • ཆུ་མངས།
  • toyikā

The place where the Buddha showed the skeleton of the Buddha Kāśyapa to monks.

g.­676

Trapukarṇin

  • zha nye’i rna rgyan can
  • ཞ་ཉེའི་རྣ་རྒྱན་ཅན།
  • trapukarṇin

Another name of Bhavanandin, a half brother of Pūrṇa from Sūrpāraka.

g.­677

Triśaṅku

  • phur bu gsum pa
  • ཕུར་བུ་གསུམ་པ།
  • triśaṅku

A king who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­678

Tuṣita

  • dga’ ldan
  • དགའ་ལྡན།
  • tuṣita

A class of gods in the desire realm among whom the Bodhisattva is supposed to be born in his penultimate life, before that in which he attains full awakening.

g.­679

Udāna

  • ched du brjod pa
  • ཆེད་དུ་བརྗོད་པ།
  • udāna

A verse text possibly included in the lost Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins.

g.­680

Ulkāmukha

  • skar mda’i gdong
  • སྐར་མདའི་གདོང་།
  • ulkāmukha

A son of King Ikṣuvāku.

g.­681

Upacāru

  • nye mdzes
  • ཉེ་མཛེས།
  • upacāru

A lay brother living in Nādikā.

g.­682

Upagupta

  • nye sbas
  • ཉེ་སྦས།
  • upagupta

A monk who was predicted by the Buddha to appear in the future.

g.­683

Upālin

  • nye ba ’khor
  • ཉེ་བ་འཁོར།
  • upālin

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­684

Upananda

  • nye dga’ bo
  • ཉེ་དགའ་བོ།
  • upananda

A nāga king.

g.­685

Upāriṣṭa

  • nye bar yid ’ong
  • ཉེ་བར་ཡིད་འོང་།
  • upāriṣṭa

A lay brother living in Nādikā.

g.­686

Upasena

  • nye sde
  • ཉེ་སྡེ།
  • upasena

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­687

Upatiṣya

  • nye rgyal
  • ཉེ་རྒྱལ།
  • upatiṣya

Another name of Śāriputra.

g.­688

Upendra

  • nye dbang po
  • ཉེ་དབང་པོ།
  • upendra

The younger brother of Indra.

g.­689

Upoṣadha

  • gso sbyong ’phags
  • གསོ་སྦྱོང་འཕགས།
  • upoṣadha

A king, the father of King Māndhātṛ.

g.­690

Urumuṇḍa

  • ri bo rtse mthon
  • རི་བོ་རྩེ་མཐོན།
  • urumuṇḍa

A mountain.

g.­691

Uruvilvā

  • lteng rgyas
  • ལྟེང་རྒྱས།
  • uruvilvā

A river on the banks of which the Buddha engaged in ascetic practice before his awakening.

g.­692

Uruvilvā-Kāśyapa

  • lteng rgyas ’od srung
  • ལྟེང་རྒྱས་འོད་སྲུང་།
  • uruvilvā-kāśyapa

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­693

Utkaṭā

  • shas che ba
  • ཤས་ཆེ་བ།
  • utkaṭā

A village.

g.­694

Uttara

  • dam pa
  • bla ma
  • དམ་པ།
  • བླ་མ།
  • uttara

(1) A buddha in the past (dam pa). (2) A young brahmin who was the Buddha in a former life (bla ma).

g.­695

Vāgīśa

  • ngag dbang
  • ངག་དབང་།
  • vāgīśa

A disciple of the Buddha.

g.­696

Vaibhiḍiṅgī

  • bai bhi Ting gi
  • བཻ་བྷི་ཊིང་གི
  • vaibhiḍiṅgī

A town.

g.­697

Vaidehī

  • lus ’phags ma
  • ལུས་འཕགས་མ།
  • vaidehī

The wife of King Bimbisāra and mother of Ajātaśatru.

g.­698

Vairambhya

  • yul dgra mtha’
  • dgra mtha’
  • ཡུལ་དགྲ་མཐའ།
  • དགྲ་མཐའ།
  • vairambhya

A country.

g.­699

Vairaṭṭasiṃha

  • smra ’dod kyi seng ge
  • སྨྲ་འདོད་ཀྱི་སེང་གེ
  • vairaṭṭasiṃha

A brahmin.

g.­701

Vaiśravaṇa

  • rnam thos kyi bu
  • རྣམ་ཐོས་ཀྱི་བུ།
  • vaiśravaṇa

One of the Four Great Kings and god of wealth.

g.­702

vaiśya

  • rje’u rigs
  • རྗེའུ་རིགས།
  • vaiśya

One of the four castes, that of merchants.

g.­703

Vajraka

  • rdo rje can
  • རྡོ་རྗེ་ཅན།
  • vajraka

A mountain.

g.­704

Vajrapāṇi

  • lag na rdo rje
  • ལག་ན་རྡོ་རྗེ།
  • vajrapāṇi

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Vajrapāṇi means “Wielder of the Vajra.” In the Pali canon, he appears as a yakṣa guardian in the retinue of the Buddha. In the Mahāyāna scriptures he is a bodhisattva and one of the “eight close sons of the Buddha.” In the tantras, he is also regarded as an important Buddhist deity and instrumental in the transmission of tantric scriptures.

g.­705

Vakkalin

  • shing gos can
  • ཤིང་གོས་ཅན།
  • vakkalin

A ṛṣi who became the Buddha’s disciple. See also n.­100.

g.­706

Vakṣu

  • pa k+Shu
  • པ་ཀྵུ།
  • vakṣu

A river.

g.­707

Valaya

  • gdu bu can
  • གདུ་བུ་ཅན།
  • valaya

A village or town. See also n.­335.

g.­708

Valguka

  • grog mkhar
  • གྲོག་མཁར།
  • valguka

A nāga king.

g.­709

Vāmadeva

  • g.yon phyogs lha
  • གཡོན་ཕྱོགས་ལྷ།
  • vāmadeva

A ṛṣi in the past.

g.­710

Vāmaka

  • g.yon phyogs
  • གཡོན་ཕྱོགས།
  • vāmaka

A ṛṣi in the past.

g.­711

Vana

  • nags ldan
  • ནགས་ལྡན།
  • vana

A yakṣa.

g.­712

Vārāṇasī

  • bA rA Na sI
  • བཱ་རཱ་ཎ་སཱི།
  • vārāṇasī

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Also known as Benares, one of the oldest cities of northeast India on the banks of the Ganges, in modern-day Uttar Pradesh. It was once the capital of the ancient kingdom of Kāśi, and in the Buddha’s time it had been absorbed into the kingdom of Kośala. It was an important religious center, as well as a major city, even during the time of the Buddha. The name may derive from being where the Varuna and Assi rivers flow into the Ganges. It was on the outskirts of Vārāṇasī that the Buddha first taught the Dharma, in the location known as Deer Park (Mṛgadāva). For numerous episodes set in Vārāṇasī, including its kings, see The Hundred Deeds, Toh 340.

g.­713

Varśākāra

  • dbyar byed
  • དབྱར་བྱེད།
  • varśākāra

The chief minister of Magadha.

g.­714

Varuṇa

  • chu lha
  • ཆུ་ལྷ།
  • varuṇa

A god.

g.­715

Vāsava

  • gos sbyin
  • nor lha
  • གོས་སྦྱིན།
  • ནོར་ལྷ།
  • vāsava

(1) A king at the time of the Buddha Ratnaśikhin (gos sbyin). (2) A god (nor lha).

g.­716

Vasiṣṭha

  • gnas ’jog
  • གནས་འཇོག
  • vasiṣṭha

(1) A ṛṣi in the past. (2) The brother of Bharadvāja, a disciple of the Buddha Vipaśyin. (3) The family name of an old ascetic.

g.­717

Vāsiṣṭha

  • gnas ’jog
  • གནས་འཇོག
  • vāsiṣṭha

A buddha in the past.

g.­718

Vāsiṣṭha

  • gnas ’jog
  • གནས་འཇོག
  • vāsiṣṭha

The word Vāsiṣṭha, lit. “the descendant of Vasiṣṭha (an ancient ṛṣi),” is used “in polite address to anyone without regard to ancestry” (BHSD q.v.).

g.­719

Velāma

  • dus dpog
  • དུས་དཔོག
  • velāma

(1) A brahmin living in the country of King Piṇḍavaṃśa. (2) A brahmin who is the Buddha in a past life.

g.­720

Vemacitra

  • thags zangs ris
  • ཐགས་ཟངས་རིས།
  • vemacitra

The king of asuras.

g.­721

Veṇu

  • ’od ma can
  • འོད་མ་ཅན།
  • veṇu

A village.

g.­722

Veṇuyaṣṭikā

  • ’od ma’i dbyug pa can
  • འོད་མའི་དབྱུག་པ་ཅན།
  • veṇuyaṣṭikā

The residence of a king.

g.­723

Verses of the Ṛṣi

  • gtsug lag khang gi tshigs su bcad pa
  • གཙུག་ལག་ཁང་གི་ཚིགས་སུ་བཅད་པ།
  • ārṣā gāthā

A series of verses that were supposed to prevent dangers.

g.­724

Vetranadī

  • ’od ma can gyi klung
  • འོད་མ་ཅན་གྱི་ཀླུང་།
  • vetranadī

A river.

g.­725

viḍālapada

  • pho sum gang
  • ཕོ་སུམ་གང་།
  • viḍālapada

A measure of weight.

g.­726

Videha

  • lus ’phags
  • ལུས་འཕགས།
  • videha

(1) A country. (2) The continent in the east.

g.­727

Vidyākaraprabha

  • bid+yA ka ra pra b+ha
  • བིདྱཱ་ཀ་ར་པྲ་བྷ།
  • vidyākaraprabha

One of the translators and proofreaders of the Tibetan Vinayavastu of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya from India.

g.­728

Vimala

  • dri med
  • དྲི་མེད།
  • vimala

A buddha in the past.

g.­729

Vinataka

  • rnam par ’dud
  • རྣམ་པར་འདུད།
  • vinataka

One of the seven golden mountains.

g.­730

Vipaśyin

  • rnam par gzigs
  • rnam gzigs
  • རྣམ་པར་གཟིགས།
  • རྣམ་གཟིགས།
  • vipaśyin

A buddha in the past.

g.­731

Virūḍhaka

  • ’phags skyes po
  • lus ’phags po
  • འཕགས་སྐྱེས་པོ།
  • ལུས་འཕགས་པོ།
  • virūḍhaka

(1) A general, son of King Prasenajit. (2) One of the Four Great Kings. The Tib. lus ’phags po is probably erroneous; see n.­321 and n.­329.

g.­732

Virūpākṣa

  • mig mi bzang
  • མིག་མི་བཟང་།
  • virūpākṣa

One of the Four Great Kings.

g.­733

Viśākhā

  • sa ga
  • ས་ག
  • viśākhā

The chief consort of King Śaṅkha.

g.­734

Viśākhā Mṛgāramātā

  • ri dags ’dzin gyi ma sa ga
  • རི་དགས་འཛིན་གྱི་མ་ས་ག
  • viśākhā mṛgāramātā

A lay follower of the Buddha.

g.­735

Viṣṇu

  • khyab ’jug
  • ཁྱབ་འཇུག
  • viṣṇu

A god.

g.­736

Viśvabhū

  • thams cad skyob
  • ཐམས་ཅད་སྐྱོབ།
  • viśvabhū

A buddha in the past.

g.­737

Viśvabhuj

  • sna tshogs za
  • སྣ་ཚོགས་ཟ།
  • viśvabhuj

One of the seven kings mentioned in the story of Govinda.

g.­738

Viśvakarman

  • las thams cad pa
  • ལས་ཐམས་ཅད་པ།
  • viśvakarman

A god.

g.­739

Viśvāmitra

  • thams cad kyi bshes gnyen
  • sna tshogs bshes
  • ཐམས་ཅད་ཀྱི་བཤེས་གཉེན།
  • སྣ་ཚོགས་བཤེས།
  • viśvāmitra

(1) A king in the past (thams cad kyi bshes gnyen). (2) A rṣi in the past (sna tshogs bshes).

g.­740

Viśvantara

  • thams cad sgrol
  • ཐམས་ཅད་སྒྲོལ།
  • viśvantara

A prince who was the Buddha in a former life.

g.­741

Viśvapurī

  • thams cad ces bya ba’i grong rdal
  • ཐམས་ཅད་ཅེས་བྱ་བའི་གྲོང་རྡལ།
  • viśvapurī

The city of King Viśvāmitra.

g.­742

Vṛji

  • spong byed
  • སྤོང་བྱེད།
  • vṛji

A country.

g.­743

Vuṭaka

  • spong byed
  • སྤོང་བྱེད།
  • vuṭaka

A name assumed by Prince Kuśa, the Buddha in a former life.

g.­744

Water Born

  • chu skyes
  • ཆུ་སྐྱེས།
  • —

A prince who was the Buddha in a former life. See also n.­869.

g.­745

Water Jar

  • ril ba spyi blugs
  • རིལ་བ་སྤྱི་བླུགས།
  • —

The name of a sitting place built for the Buddha in the northern region.

g.­746

Water Lily

  • ut+pala ltar gas pa
  • ཨུཏྤལ་ལྟར་གས་པ།
  • utpala

One of the eight cold hells.

g.­747

Wearing a Black Costume

  • nag po’i cha byad ’chang
  • ནག་པོའི་ཆ་བྱད་འཆང་།
  • —

An elephant.

g.­748

wheel-turning king

  • ’khor los sgyur ba’i rgyal po
  • འཁོར་ལོས་སྒྱུར་བའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
  • cakravartin

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

An ideal monarch or emperor who, as the result of the merit accumulated in previous lifetimes, rules over a vast realm in accordance with the Dharma. Such a monarch is called a cakravartin because he bears a wheel (cakra) that rolls (vartate) across the earth, bringing all lands and kingdoms under his power. The cakravartin conquers his territory without causing harm, and his activity causes beings to enter the path of wholesome actions. According to Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakośa, just as with the buddhas, only one cakravartin appears in a world system at any given time. They are likewise endowed with the thirty-two major marks of a great being (mahāpuruṣalakṣaṇa), but a cakravartin’s marks are outshined by those of a buddha. They possess seven precious objects: the wheel, the elephant, the horse, the wish-fulfilling gem, the queen, the general, and the minister. An illustrative passage about the cakravartin and his possessions can be found in The Play in Full (Toh 95), 3.3–3.13.

Vasubandhu lists four types of cakravartins: (1) the cakravartin with a golden wheel (suvarṇacakravartin) rules over four continents and is invited by lesser kings to be their ruler; (2) the cakravartin with a silver wheel (rūpyacakravartin) rules over three continents and his opponents submit to him as he approaches; (3) the cakravartin with a copper wheel (tāmracakravartin) rules over two continents and his opponents submit themselves after preparing for battle; and (4) the cakravartin with an iron wheel (ayaścakravartin) rules over one continent and his opponents submit themselves after brandishing weapons.

g.­749

wheel-turning king of power

  • stobs kyi ’khor los sgyur ba’i rgyal po
  • སྟོབས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོས་སྒྱུར་བའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
  • bala­cakravartin

A kind of inferior wheel-turning king.

g.­750

Where There Is a City

  • grong khyer can
  • གྲོང་ཁྱེར་ཅན།
  • —

A city. See also n.­341.

g.­751

Where There Is a Well

  • khron pa can
  • ཁྲོན་པ་ཅན།
  • —

A village.

g.­752

Where There Is Cotton

  • shing bal gyi ’da’ ba can
  • ཤིང་བལ་གྱི་འདའ་བ་ཅན།
  • —

A village.

g.­753

Where There Is Ground

  • sa can
  • ས་ཅན།
  • —

A village. See also n.­337.

g.­754

wind illness

  • rlung nad
  • རླུང་ནད།
  • vāyvābādhika

A disease caused by an imbalance of wind as one of the humors of the body.

g.­755

yakṣa

  • gnod sbyin
  • གནོད་སྦྱིན།
  • yakṣa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who inhabit forests, mountainous areas, and other natural spaces, or serve as guardians of villages and towns, and may be propitiated for health, wealth, protection, and other boons, or controlled through magic. According to tradition, their homeland is in the north, where they live under the rule of the Great King Vaiśravaṇa.

Several members of this class have been deified as gods of wealth (these include the just-mentioned Vaiśravaṇa) or as bodhisattva generals of yakṣa armies, and have entered the Buddhist pantheon in a variety of forms, including, in tantric Buddhism, those of wrathful deities.

g.­756

yakṣiṇī

  • gnod sbyin mo
  • གནོད་སྦྱིན་མོ།
  • yakṣiṇī

Female yakṣas, a class of semidivine beings that haunt or protect natural places and cities. They can be malevolent or benevolent, and are known for bestowing wealth and worldly boons.

g.­757

Yāma

  • ’thab bral
  • འཐབ་བྲལ།
  • yāma

A class of gods who inhabit the third of the six heavens of the desire realm, characterized by freedom from difficulty.

g.­758

Yama

  • gshin rje
  • གཤིན་རྗེ།
  • yama

The god of death.

g.­759

Yamunā

  • ya mu na
  • ཡ་མུ་ན།
  • yamunā

A river.

g.­760

Yaśas

  • grags pa
  • གྲགས་པ།
  • yaśas

(1) A disciple of the Buddha who was a son of a wealthy householder. (2) A disciple of the Buddha whose right hand was impaired. (3) A lay brother living in Nādikā.

g.­761

Yaśodatta

  • grags byin
  • གྲགས་བྱིན།
  • yaśodatta

A lay brother living in Nādikā.

g.­762

Yaśottara

  • grags mchog
  • གྲགས་མཆོག
  • yaśottara

(1) A buddha in the past. (2) A lay brother living in Nādikā.

g.­763

Yavana

  • yul nas can
  • ཡུལ་ནས་ཅན།
  • yavanaviṣaya

A country of Greeks.

g.­764

Yijing

  • —
  • —
  • —

A seventh-century Chinese Buddhist monk, who studied in Nālandā monastery in India and translated many texts including the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya.

g.­765

yojana

  • dpag tshad
  • དཔག་ཚད།
  • yojana

An Indian measure of distance equal to 16,000 cubits, or about 4.5 miles (7.4 km), or approximately 4000 fathoms (Rangjung Yeshe Dictionary).

g.­766

Yugandhara

  • gnya’ shing ’dzin
  • གཉའ་ཤིང་འཛིན།
  • yugandhara

One of the seven golden mountains.

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84000. The Chapter on Medicines (Bhaiṣajya­vastu, sman gyi gzhi, Toh 1-6). Translated by Bhaiṣajyavastu Translation Team. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2025. https://84000.co/translation/toh1-6/UT22084-001-006-glossary.Copy
84000. The Chapter on Medicines (Bhaiṣajya­vastu, sman gyi gzhi, Toh 1-6). Translated by Bhaiṣajyavastu Translation Team, online publication, 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2025, 84000.co/translation/toh1-6/UT22084-001-006-glossary.Copy
84000. (2025) The Chapter on Medicines (Bhaiṣajya­vastu, sman gyi gzhi, Toh 1-6). (Bhaiṣajyavastu Translation Team, Trans.). Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. https://84000.co/translation/toh1-6/UT22084-001-006-glossary.Copy
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