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སྨན་གྱི་གཞི།

The Chapter on Medicines
Chapter Ten

Bhaiṣajya­vastu
འདུལ་བ་གཞི་ལས། སྨན་གྱི་གཞི།
’dul ba gzhi las/ sman gyi gzhi
“The Chapter on Medicines” from The Chapters on Monastic Discipline
Vinaya­vastuni Bhaiṣajya­vastu

Toh 1-6

Degé Kangyur vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 277.b–311.a; vol. 2 (’dul ba, kha), folios 1.a–317.a; and vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 1.a–50.a

ᴛʀᴀɴsʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴛɪʙᴇᴛᴀɴ ʙʏ
  • Palgyi Lhünpo
  • Sarvajñādeva
  • Vidyākaraprabha
  • Dharmākara
  • Paltsek

Imprint

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Translated by the Bhaiṣajyavastu Translation Team
under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha

First published 2021

Current version v 1.1.5 (2025)

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co.

Table of Contents

ti. Title
im. Imprint
co. Contents
s. Summary
ac. Acknowledgements
i. Introduction
tr. The Translation
+ 11 chapters- 11 chapters
p. General Summary of the Contents of the Chapter on Medicines
1. Chapter One
+ 8 sections- 8 sections
· I. The Authorization of Medicines
· II. Fat
· III. Scabies
· IV. Collyrium
· V. A Man Gone Mad
· VI. Pilinda
· VII. Revata
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. Rice Flour and Guḍa
· B. Barley Flour and Guḍa
· VIII. Sauvīraka
2. Chapter Two
+ 6 sections- 6 sections
· I. Mahāsenā
· II. Flesh
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. Elephant Flesh
· B. Nāga Flesh
· III. Hemorrhoids
· IV. One Who Has a Wind Illness
· V. Pūrṇa
· VI. Agnidatta
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. The Story of the Two Nāga Kings and King Bimbisāra
· B. The Quarrel between the Brahmin Agnidatta and the Citizens of Rājagṛha
3. Chapter Three
+ 7 sections- 7 sections
· I. Rājagṛha
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. The Disaster of Rājagṛha and Its End
· B. The Epidemic in Vaiśālī
· II. Nālandā
· III. Veṇuyaṣṭikā
· IV. Pāṭali Village
+ 4 sections- 4 sections
· A. The Sermon at Pāṭali Village
· B. The Donation by the Brahmin Varśākāra
· C. The Donation of Parasols
· D. A Story of a Former Life of the Buddha: King Mahāsudarśana
· V. The Ganges
· VI. Mahāpraṇāda
+ 7 sections- 7 sections
· A. The Appearance of King Mahāpraṇāda’s Pillar
· B. The Former Life of the Monk Bhaddālin
· C. The Prediction of the Appearance of the Buddha Maitreya and the Wheel-Turning King Śaṅkha
· D. The Former Lives of the Buddha Maitreya and the Wheel-Turning King Śaṅkha
· E. The Sermon in Kuṭi Village
· F. The Sermon in Nādikā
· G. The Invitation by Āmrapālī
· VII. Vaiśālī
+ 5 sections- 5 sections
· A. The Visit of Āmrapālī
· B. The Visit of the Licchavis
· C. The Sermon to Āmrapālī
· D. The Former Lives of the Licchavis
· E. The End of the Epidemic in Vaiśālī
4. Chapter Four
+ 13 sections- 13 sections
· I. Veṇu
· II. Middle Village
· III. Mithilā
· IV. Videha
· V. Sālā
· VI. The Well
· VII. Bhārgava
· VIII. Kāṣāya
· IX. Crown of the Head
· X. Kanthaka
· XI. Gośālaka
· XII. Pāpā
· XIII. Kuśinagarī
5. Chapter Five
+ 10 sections- 10 sections
· I. The Axe
· II. Devadṛśa
· III. Lumbinī
· IV. Kapila
· V. Where There Is Cotton
· VI. Kanakamuni
· VII. Kārṣaka
· VIII. A Robe
· IX. Bath
· X. Sikatin
6. Chapter Six
+ 12 sections- 12 sections
· I. Icchānaṅgalā
· II. Utkaṭā
· III. Saptaparṇa
· IV. Sunrise
· V. Śrāvastī
· VI. Valaya
· VII. Where There Is Ground
· VIII. Lion Village
· IX. New Village
· X. City
· XI. Pīṭha
· XII. Nyagrodhikā
7. Chapter Seven
+ 12 sections- 12 sections
· I. Kimpilā
· II. Ahicchattra
· III. Mathurā
· IV. Rāṣṭrapāla
· V. Hastināpura
· VI. The Great City
· VII. Śrughnā
· VIII. Brahmin Village
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. A Fire Caused by an Old Man from the Śākya Clan
· B. The Former Life of the Old Man
· IX. The City of Kāla
· X. Rohitaka
+ 12 sections- 12 sections
· A. Offerings of the Yakṣa Elephant Power
· B. Departure to the Northern Region
· C. Awakened Power in Heaped Up
· D. Dharma Power in Retuka
· E. Great Cup in the Indus, Feet
· F. Having a Shaved Head and Water Jar
· G. Apalāla
· H. The Nāga Huluḍa
· I. Bhraṣṭolā, Ṛṣi, Āpannaka
· J. Kanthā
· K. In Dhānyapura, Converting the Mother of Best Army
· L. The Potter in Naitarī
· XI. Śādvalā
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. The Great Yakṣa of Śādvalā
· B. Pālitakūṭa
· XII. Nandivardhana
+ 5 sections- 5 sections
· A. Bhavadeva’s, Caṇḍālī’s Seven Sons’, and the Yakṣa Earth-Protector’s Conversion in Nandivardhana
· B. Giving an Image to Nāgas, Aśvaka, and Punarvasuka
· C. Converting Nāḍikā and Naḍadaryā
· D. In the City of Kuntī, the Yakṣiṇī Named Kuntī
· E. Kharjūrikā and the Stūpa Made of Dirt
8. Chapter Eight
+ 9 sections- 9 sections
· I. Ādirājya
· II. Bhadrāśva
· III. Mathurā
+ 5 sections- 5 sections
· A. The Prediction about Upagupta
· B. The Former Life of Upagupta
· C. The Brahmin Nīlabhūti
· D. The Obstruction of the Buddha’s Way by a Goddess
· E. The Yakṣa Gardabha
· IV. Otalā Park
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. The Visit of the Brahmin Otalāyana
· B. Kacaṅgalā
· V. Vairambhya
+ 4 sections- 4 sections
· A. The Brahmin in a Park
· B. King Agnidatta’s Offer
· C. Breaking a Hut
· D. A Brahmin Who Abused the Buddha Vipaśyin
· VI. Ayodhyā
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. The Simile of a Log and the Going Forth of Nanda, the Herdsman
· B. The Former Lives of Nanda and the Frog
· VII. The Ganges
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. Haṃsas, Fish, and Turtles
· B. The Former Lives of the Haṃsas, Fish, and Turtles
· VIII. Hungry Ghosts
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. The Conversation with the Five Hundred Hungry Ghosts
· B. The Previous Lives of the Five Hundred Hungry Ghosts
· IX. Velāma
9. Chapter Nine
+ 13 sections- 13 sections
· I. Kumāravardhana
· II. Krauñcāna
· III. Aṅgadikā
· IV. Maṇivatī
· V. Sālabalā
· VI. Sālibalā
· VII. Suvarṇaprastha
· VIII. Sāketā
· IX. Rice Soup
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· A. The Peasants’ Going Forth and the Oxen’s Rebirth in Heaven
· B. The Former Lives of the Peasants and Oxen
· C. Toyikā
· X. Śrāvastī
+ 13 sections- 13 sections
· A. A Leprous Beggar Woman’s Offering of Water Used for Boiling Rice
· B. The Offerings by King Prasenajit
· C. The Former Life of King Prasenajit
· D. The Offering of a Lamp by a Beggar Woman
· E. The Question of King Prasenajit: The Offerings Made by the Buddha in His Former Lives
· F. Former Life Stories I
+ 11 sections- 11 sections
· 1. Māndhātṛ
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· a. The Story of King Māndhātṛ
· b. A Former Life of King Māndhātṛ: The Son of the Head of a Guild
· c. A Former Life of King Māndhātṛ: A Grain Merchant
· 2. Mahāsudarśana
· 3. Velāma
· 4. Kuśa
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· a. The Story of Prince Kuśa
· b. The Former Life of Prince Kuśa
· 5. Triśaṅku
· 6. Mahādeva
· 7. King Nimi
· 8. Ādarśamukha
· 9. Sudhana
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· a. The Story of King Sudhana
· b. The Story of Prince Sudhana
· 10. Viśvantara
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· a. Viśvantara’s Story I
· b. Viśvantara’s Story II
· 11. Saṃdhāna
· G. Former Life Stories II
+ 10 sections- 10 sections
· 1. Bālāha
· 2. A King
· 3. The Snake
· 4. Two Heads
· 5. The Lapwing
· 6. The Parrot
· 7. The Banquet
· 8. The Turtle
· 9. Susena
· 10. Merchants
· H. Former Life Stories III
+ 8 sections- 8 sections
· 1. Six Tusks
· 2. The Rabbit
· 3. Parents
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· a. The Story of Śyāma
· b. Breaking Wrong Laws
· 4. Water Born
· 5. Words of the Forest
· 6. The Elephant
· 7. The Nāga
· 8. Dhṛtarāṣṭra
· I. The Bodhisattva as Four Teachers
+ 4 sections- 4 sections
· 1. The Story of the Teacher Sunetra
· 2. The Story of the Teacher Mūkapaṅgu
· 3. The Story of the Teacher Araṇemi
· 4. The Story of the Teacher Govinda
· J. The First Resolution and the First Veneration of a Buddha
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· 5. The Story of King Prabhāsa
· 6. The Story of the Potter Bṛhaddyuti
· K. The Question of King Prasenajit: The Veneration of Past Buddhas
· L. The Question of Ānanda or Section of Many Buddhas
· M. The Insult by the Brahmin Girl Cañcā
· XI. Anavatapta
+ 7 sections- 7 sections
· A. The Buddha’s Visit to Lake Anavatapta
· B. The Contest of Magical Power between Śāriputra and Mahā­maudgalyāyana
+ 6 sections- 6 sections
· 1. A Story of the Present
· 2. A Story of the Past: The Painter and the Mechanic
· 3. A Story of the Past: The Two Painters
· 4. A Story of the Past: The Ṛṣis Śaṅkha and Likhita (1)
· 5. A Story of the Past: The Ṛṣis Śaṅkha and Likhita (2)
· 6. A Story of the Past: The Ivory Carver and the Painter
· C. Verses of the Elders I
+ 10 sections- 10 sections
· 1. Kāśyapa
· 2. Śāriputra
· 3. Maudgalyāyana
· 4. Śobhita
· 5. Sumanas
· 6. Koṭīviṃśa
· 7. Vāgīśa
· 8. Piṇḍola
· 9. Svāgata
· 10. Nandika
· D. Verses of the Elders II
+ 10 sections- 10 sections
· 1. Yaśas (1)
· 2. Śaivala
· 3. Bakkula
· 4. Sthavira
· 5. The Three
· 6. Yaśas (2)
· 7. Jyotiṣka
· 8. Rāṣṭrapāla
· 9. Svāti
· 10. Jaṅghākāśyapa
· E. Verses of the Elders III
+ 10 sections- 10 sections
· 1. Panthaka
· 2. Sarpadāsa
· 3. Aniruddha
· 4. Kāla
· 5. Rāhula
· 6. Nanda
· 7. Dravya
· 8. Upasena
· 9. Bhadrika
· 10. Lavaṇabhadrika
· F. Verses of the Elders IV
+ 8 sections- 8 sections
· 1. Madhuvāsiṣṭha
· 2. Hetu
· 3. Kauṇḍinya
· 4. Upālin
· 5. Prabhākara
· 6. Revata
· 7. The Sugata (prose)
+ 10 sections- 10 sections
· a. The Son of a Householder
· b. A Caravan Leader
· c. A Young Brahmin
· d. Bharadvāja
· e. The Cause of the False Slander by Cañcā
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· I) A Brahmin
· II) Mṛṇāla
· f. A Brahmin Who Falsely Accused a Buddha
· g. Uttara
· h. A Physician
· i. The Son of a Fisherman
· j. A Wrestler
· 8. The Sugata (verse)
+ 12 sections- 12 sections
· a. Introduction
· b. Mṛṇāla
· c. A Brahmin
· d. Bharadvāja
· e. The Son of a Householder
· f. A Caravan Leader
· g. The Son of a Fisherman
· h. A Brahmin Who Falsely Accused a Buddha
· i. A Physician
· j. A Wrestler
· k. Uttara
· l. Conclusion
· G. The Invitation by Viśākhā
· XII. Nagarabindu
· XIII. Vaiśālī
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· A. The Invitation by Dhanika and His Family
· B. The Former Lives of Dhanika and His Family
· C. The Rules on Food
10. Chapter Ten
+ 8 sections- 8 sections
· I. The Sick
· II. Foods
· III. Breakfast
· IV. Leftovers
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· A. Alms-Food Obtained Previously
· B. Leftovers Taken by Monks to the Monastery
· C. Leftovers Brought by Laymen
· V. Fruits Growing in the Forest
· VI. Lotus
· VII. Lotus Roots
· VIII. Miṇḍhaka
+ 5 sections- 5 sections
· A. The Conversion of Miṇḍhaka
· B. Invitation after Mealtime
· C. The Acceptance of Money
· D. The Acceptance of Guḍa
· E. The Former Lives of the Miṇḍhaka Family
11. Chapter Eleven
+ 5 sections- 5 sections
· I. The Drink Offered by Kaineya Was Received
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. The Conversion of Kaineya and Śaila (Prose)
+ 6 sections- 6 sections
· 1. The Sermon to the Four Great Kings
· 2. The Former Lives of the Four Great Kings
· 3. Kaineya Offers Drinks to the Blessed One
· 4. Śaila and Kaineya Go Forth
· 5. The Instruction by Three Disciples of the Buddha
· 6. The Former Lives of the Three Disciples
· B. The Conversion of Kaineya and Śaila (Verse)
· II. The Town of Kāśi, Barley Porridge
· III. Khādyaka in Pāpā
· IV. Doubts
· V. Foul Foods
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· A. A Story of the Present about the Great Peacock Charm
· B. Stories of the Buddha’s Former Lives Related to the Great Peacock Charm
ab. Abbreviations
n. Notes
b. Bibliography
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· 1. A Work Referred to in the Bhaiṣajyavastu
· 2. Works Related to the Bhaiṣajyavastu
· 3. Works Referred to in the Introduction, Notes, etc.
g. Glossary

s.

Summary

s.­1

The Bhaiṣajyavastu, “The Chapter on Medicines,” is a part of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, the corpus of monastic law of one of the most influential Buddhist schools in India. This chapter deals with monastic regulations about medicines. At the same time, it also includes various elements not restricted to such rules: stories of the Buddha and his disciples, a lengthy story of the Buddha’s journey for the purpose of quelling an epidemic and converting a nāga, a number of stories of the Buddha’s former lives narrated by the Buddha himself, and a series of verses recited by the Buddha and his disciples about their former lives. Thus, this chapter preserves not only interesting information about medical knowledge shared by ancient Indian Buddhist monastics but also an abundance of Buddhist narrative literature.


ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

This text was translated by the Bhaiṣajyavastu Translation Team. Fumi Yao translated the Tibetan text into English and prepared the ancillary materials. Shayne Clarke proofread the translation and ancillary materials.

The translation has been completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.


ac.­2

We gratefully acknowledge the generous sponsorship of Leo Tong Chen and his family; Zhang Wei, Li Mo, Zhang Mo Tong and Zhang Mo Lin; (Chi Xian Ren) Mao Gui Rong and Chi Mei; and Joseph Tse 謝偉傑, Patricia Tse 鄒碧玲 and family, in dedication to all eczema sufferers. Their support has helped make the work on this translation possible.


i.

Introduction

i.­1

The Bhaiṣajyavastu, “The Chapter on Medicines,” is the sixth chapter of the Vinayavastu, “The Chapters on Monastic Discipline,” of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya. The Mūlasarvāstivāda was one of the most influential Buddhist schools in India, and its Vinaya, the corpus of monastic law, is reported to have circulated not only in various parts of the Indian subcontinent but also in Southeast Asia, at least in the late seventh century. When this Vinaya was composed is an unresolved question, and we are presently unable to say more than that the corpus seems to have taken its present shape in the first few centuries of the common era.1


Text Body

The Translation
From The Chapters on Monastic Discipline
The Chapter on Medicines

p.

General Summary of the Contents of the Chapter on Medicines

[V1] [F.277.b]


p.­1
Medicines, Mahāsenā,
Rājagṛha, Veṇu,
Carpenter, Icchānaṅgalā,
Kimpilā, Ādirājya,
Kumāravardhana, Sick People, and Kaineya.
p.­2

The entire chapter is thus summarized.


1.

Chapter One

1.­1

Summary of Contents:

The Authorization of Medicines,
Fat, Scabies, Collyrium,
A Man Gone Mad, Pilinda,
Revata, and Sauvīraka.

I. The Authorization of Medicines

1.­2

The Buddha, the Blessed One, was staying in the Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park. On that occasion some monks [F.278.a] caught an autumn disease. Because they had caught an autumn disease, they turned pale, became emaciated, lost their strength, and were weakened.

II. Fat

III. Scabies

IV. Collyrium

V. A Man Gone Mad32

VI. Pilinda33

VII. Revata

A. Rice Flour and Guḍa

B. Barley Flour and Guḍa

VIII. Sauvīraka


2.

Chapter Two

2.­1

Summary of Contents:

Mahāsenā, Flesh, Hemorrhoids,
One Who Has a Wind Illness, Pūrṇa,
Agnidatta, be’i ra to,
One Who Has Clouds, and Crows.38

I. Mahāsenā

2.­2

The Buddha, the Blessed One, was once traveling through the country of Kāśi and arrived in Vārāṇasī. He stayed in the Deer Park at Ṛṣivadana near Vārāṇasī.


2.­3

A householder named Mahāsena was living in Vārāṇasī. He was rich and had great wealth and many possessions. His wife’s name was Mahāsenā. Both he and his wife were pious and good and had virtuous dispositions. Mahāsena heard that the Buddha, the Blessed One, had arrived in Vārāṇasī, having traveled through the country of Kāśi, and that he was staying in the Deer Park at Ṛṣivadana near Vārāṇasī. When Mahāsena heard that, he thought, “Although the Blessed One has been invited to my house many times and has had meals, he has never been offered all the requisites. Now I will offer the Blessed One all the requisites for three months.” [F.284.b]

II. Flesh41

A. Elephant Flesh

B. Nāga Flesh

III. Hemorrhoids

IV. One Who Has a Wind Illness

V. Pūrṇa60

VI. Agnidatta

A. The Story of the Two Nāga Kings and King Bimbisāra108

B. The Quarrel between the Brahmin Agnidatta and the Citizens of Rājagṛha114


3.

Chapter Three

3.­1

Summary of Contents:119

Rājagṛha, Nālandā,
Veṇuyaṣṭikā, Pāṭali Village,120
The Ganges, Massed Cloud,121
Mahāpraṇāda, and Vaiśālī, which is the last.

I. Rājagṛha

A. The Disaster of Rājagṛha and Its End

3.­2

The Buddha, the Blessed One, was once staying in Kalandaka­nivāpa Bamboo Grove near Rājagṛha.


3.­3

When Prince Ajātaśatru was enticed by Devadatta to kill his own father, who was a righteous Dharma king, and crown himself king, he began to perform a number of disrespectful acts toward the Blessed One [F.13.b] and set the elephant Dhanapālaka122 and a fierce dog on the Blessed One in order to kill him.

B. The Epidemic in Vaiśālī126

II. Nālandā131

III. Veṇuyaṣṭikā135

IV. Pāṭali Village

A. The Sermon at Pāṭali Village

B. The Donation by the Brahmin Varśākāra

C. The Donation of Parasols

D. A Story of a Former Life of the Buddha: King Mahāsudarśana144

V. The Ganges145

VI. Mahāpraṇāda149

A. The Appearance of King Mahāpraṇāda’s Pillar150

B. The Former Life of the Monk Bhaddālin151

C. The Prediction of the Appearance of the Buddha Maitreya and the Wheel-Turning King Śaṅkha152

D. The Former Lives of the Buddha Maitreya and the Wheel-Turning King Śaṅkha156

E. The Sermon in Kuṭi Village159

F. The Sermon in Nādikā160

G. The Invitation by Āmrapālī165

VII. Vaiśālī

A. The Visit of Āmrapālī169

B. The Visit of the Licchavis172

C. The Sermon to Āmrapālī

D. The Former Lives of the Licchavis

E. The End of the Epidemic in Vaiśālī178


4.

Chapter Four

4.­1

Summary of Contents:185

Veṇu, Middle Village,
Mithilā, Videha,
Sālā, The Well, Bhārgava,
Kāṣāya, Crown of the Head, Kanthaka,
Gośālaka, Pāpā,
And Kuśinagarī, which is the last.

I. Veṇu

4.­2

Thereupon the Blessed One said to the venerable Ānanda, “Ānanda, let us go to Veṇu Village.”

“Certainly, O Honored One,” replied the venerable Ānanda to the Blessed One.

4.­3

Thereupon the Blessed One, traveling through the country of Vṛji, arrived in Veṇu Village, and he stayed in a śiṃśapā forest to the north of Veṇu Village. At that time a famine broke out, a calamity in which it became difficult for a beggar to find food. The Blessed One said to the monks, “Monks, now here a famine has broken out, a calamity in which it has become difficult for a beggar to find food.186 Therefore, monks, those of you who have any acquaintances, who have any allies, who have any friends in the villages of Vṛji near Vaiśālī, should enter the rainy-season retreat there. [F.49.b] I will enter the rainy-season retreat, too, in this Veṇu Village with my attendant monk, Ānanda. None of you should want for almsfood.”

II. Middle Village

III. Mithilā194

IV. Videha205

V. Sālā208

VI. The Well210

VII. Bhārgava213

VIII. Kāṣāya214

IX. Crown of the Head215

X. Kanthaka216

XI. Gośālaka218

XII. Pāpā219

XIII. Kuśinagarī


5.

Chapter Five

5.­1

Summary of Contents:227

The Axe, Devadṛśa, Lumbinī,
Kapila, Where There Is Cotton,
Kanakamuni, Kārṣaka, A Robe,
Bath, Sikatin.228 These are the group of ten.

I. The Axe229

5.­2

The Blessed One stayed in Kalmāṣadamya, a village of the people of Kuru. At that time the Blessed One said to the monks, “Monks, having known and seen that defilements had been exhausted, I said . . . .” (Here the Sūtra of the Parable of the Axe in the section on the aggregates in the Saṃyuktāgama is to be recited in detail).230

II. Devadṛśa231

III. Lumbinī233

IV. Kapila234

V. Where There Is Cotton

VI. Kanakamuni

VII. Kārṣaka

VIII. A Robe

IX. Bath

X. Sikatin


6.

Chapter Six

6.­1

Summary of Contents:237

Icchānaṅgalā, Utkaṭā,
Saptaparṇa, Sunrise, [F.62.b]
Śrāvastī, Valaya, Where There Is Ground,
Lion Village, New Village,
City, Pīṭha,
And Nyagrodhikā, which is the last.
These twelve cities are explained.

I. Icchānaṅgalā238

6.­2

In Icchānaṅgalā, the Blessed One stayed in the Icchānaṅgalā Forest. At one point the Blessed One said to the monks, “Monks, I will go into seclusion here for three months.239 No monks should come to me except when someone brings me almsfood or when it is the day of poṣadha, which is held every fifteen days.”

II. Utkaṭā242

III. Saptaparṇa

IV. Sunrise316

V. Śrāvastī331

VI. Valaya

VII. Where There Is Ground

VIII. Lion Village

IX. New Village

X. City340

XI. Pīṭha342

XII. Nyagrodhikā349


7.

Chapter Seven

7.­1

Summary of Contents:353

Kimpilā, Ahicchattra,
Mathurā, Rāṣṭrapāla,
Hastināpura, The Great City,
Śrughnā, Brahmin Village,
The City of Kāla, Rohitaka,
Śādvalā, and
Nandivardhana.
These are correctly explained.

I. Kimpilā354

7.­2

The Blessed One arrived in Kimpilā and stayed in Kimpilā Forest.355


7.­3

Thereupon the Blessed One said to the venerable Kimpila, “O Kimpila, I will teach you to meditate on the four applications of mindfulness. Listen to it well and keep it in mind; I shall teach it.”

II. Ahicchattra

III. Mathurā360

IV. Rāṣṭrapāla366

V. Hastināpura378

VI. The Great City

VII. Śrughnā383

VIII. Brahmin Village386

A. A Fire Caused by an Old Man from the Śākya Clan387

B. The Former Life of the Old Man392

IX. The City of Kāla

X. Rohitaka

A. Offerings of the Yakṣa Elephant Power394

B. Departure to the Northern Region401

C. Awakened Power in Heaped Up409

D. Dharma Power in Retuka413

E. Great Cup in the Indus, Feet415

F. Having a Shaved Head and Water Jar416

G. Apalāla418

H. The Nāga Huluḍa426

I. Bhraṣṭolā, Ṛṣi, Āpannaka430

J. Kanthā432

K. In Dhānyapura, Converting the Mother of Best Army433

L. The Potter in Naitarī434

XI. Śādvalā

A. The Great Yakṣa of Śādvalā

B. Pālitakūṭa

XII. Nandivardhana

A. Bhavadeva’s, Caṇḍālī’s Seven Sons’, and the Yakṣa Earth-Protector’s Conversion in Nandivardhana

B. Giving an Image to Nāgas, Aśvaka, and Punarvasuka440

C. Converting Nāḍikā and Naḍadaryā

D. In the City of Kuntī, the Yakṣiṇī Named Kuntī

E. Kharjūrikā and the Stūpa Made of Dirt


8.

Chapter Eight

8.­1

Summary of Contents:451

Ādirājya, Bhadrāśva,
Mathurā, Otalā Park,
Vairambhya,
Ayodhyā, The Ganges,
Hungry Ghosts, and Velāma.

I. Ādirājya

8.­2

Traveling through the country of Śūrasena, the Blessed One then went to Ādirājya. There the Blessed One said to the venerable Ānanda, “Ānanda, in this place King Mahāsammata, who was the first king, was anointed. Therefore, this place was named Ādirājya (first kingship).”452

II. Bhadrāśva

III. Mathurā

A. The Prediction about Upagupta454

B. The Former Life of Upagupta457

C. The Brahmin Nīlabhūti459

D. The Obstruction of the Buddha’s Way by a Goddess

E. The Yakṣa Gardabha

IV. Otalā Park

A. The Visit of the Brahmin Otalāyana476

B. Kacaṅgalā486

V. Vairambhya

A. The Brahmin in a Park

B. King Agnidatta’s Offer496

C. Breaking a Hut521

D. A Brahmin Who Abused the Buddha Vipaśyin524

VI. Ayodhyā

A. The Simile of a Log and the Going Forth of Nanda, the Herdsman525

B. The Former Lives of Nanda and the Frog

VII. The Ganges

A. Haṃsas, Fish, and Turtles

B. The Former Lives of the Haṃsas, Fish, and Turtles

VIII. Hungry Ghosts

A. The Conversation with the Five Hundred Hungry Ghosts

B. The Previous Lives of the Five Hundred Hungry Ghosts

IX. Velāma552


9.

Chapter Nine

9.­1

Summary of Contents:560

Kumāravardhana, Krauñcāna,
Aṅgadikā, Maṇivatī
Sālabalā, Sālibalā,
Suvarṇaprastha, Sāketā
Rice Soup,561 Śrāvastī,
Anavatapta, Nagarabindu,
And Vaiśālī.

I. Kumāravardhana

9.­2

Thereupon the Blessed One arrived in the country of Kumāravardhana, where he said to the venerable Ānanda, “Ānanda, in this place a king named Upoṣadha was born and grew up.562 Therefore, this city was named Kumāravardhana.”563

II. Krauñcāna

III. Aṅgadikā

IV. Maṇivatī

V. Sālabalā567

VI. Sālibalā

VII. Suvarṇaprastha

VIII. Sāketā568

IX. Rice Soup574

A. The Peasants’ Going Forth and the Oxen’s Rebirth in Heaven577

B. The Former Lives of the Peasants and Oxen581

C. Toyikā584

X. Śrāvastī

A. A Leprous Beggar Woman’s Offering of Water Used for Boiling Rice598

B. The Offerings by King Prasenajit604

C. The Former Life of King Prasenajit605

D. The Offering of a Lamp by a Beggar Woman610

E. The Question of King Prasenajit: The Offerings Made by the Buddha in His Former Lives613

F. Former Life Stories I618

1. Māndhātṛ620

a. The Story of King Māndhātṛ621

b. A Former Life of King Māndhātṛ: The Son of the Head of a Guild656

c. A Former Life of King Māndhātṛ: A Grain Merchant661

2. Mahāsudarśana662

3. Velāma668

4. Kuśa672

a. The Story of Prince Kuśa673

b. The Former Life of Prince Kuśa683

5. Triśaṅku685

6. Mahādeva687

7. King Nimi691

8. Ādarśamukha696

9. Sudhana706

a. The Story of King Sudhana707

b. The Story of Prince Sudhana708

10. Viśvantara769

a. Viśvantara’s Story I770

b. Viśvantara’s Story II808

11. Saṃdhāna814

G. Former Life Stories II817

1. Bālāha819

2. A King825

3. The Snake828

4. Two Heads833

5. The Lapwing835

6. The Parrot837

7. The Banquet839

8. The Turtle841

9. Susena842

10. Merchants844

H. Former Life Stories III846

1. Six Tusks848

2. The Rabbit857

3. Parents860

a. The Story of Śyāma861

b. Breaking Wrong Laws864

4. Water Born866

5. Words of the Forest874

6. The Elephant876

7. The Nāga878

8. Dhṛtarāṣṭra880

I. The Bodhisattva as Four Teachers882

1. The Story of the Teacher Sunetra883

2. The Story of the Teacher Mūkapaṅgu884

3. The Story of the Teacher Araṇemi885

4. The Story of the Teacher Govinda895

J. The First Resolution and the First Veneration of a Buddha

5. The Story of King Prabhāsa901

6. The Story of the Potter Bṛhaddyuti903

K. The Question of King Prasenajit: The Veneration of Past Buddhas904

L. The Question of Ānanda or Section of Many Buddhas909

M. The Insult by the Brahmin Girl Cañcā934

XI. Anavatapta938

A. The Buddha’s Visit to Lake Anavatapta939

B. The Contest of Magical Power between Śāriputra and Mahā­maudgalyāyana943

1. A Story of the Present944

2. A Story of the Past: The Painter and the Mechanic947

3. A Story of the Past: The Two Painters950

4. A Story of the Past: The Ṛṣis Śaṅkha and Likhita (1)951

5. A Story of the Past: The Ṛṣis Śaṅkha and Likhita (2)952

6. A Story of the Past: The Ivory Carver and the Painter953

C. Verses of the Elders I957

1. Kāśyapa958

2. Śāriputra961

3. Maudgalyāyana964

4. Śobhita966

5. Sumanas967

6. Koṭīviṃśa969

7. Vāgīśa970

8. Piṇḍola972

9. Svāgata974

10. Nandika976

D. Verses of the Elders II980

1. Yaśas (1)981

2. Śaivala982

3. Bakkula984

4. Sthavira986

5. The Three987

6. Yaśas (2)988

7. Jyotiṣka991

8. Rāṣṭrapāla992

9. Svāti996

10. Jaṅghākāśyapa998

E. Verses of the Elders III1001

1. Panthaka1002

2. Sarpadāsa1004

3. Aniruddha1005

4. Kāla1013

5. Rāhula1015

6. Nanda1017

7. Dravya1019

8. Upasena1020

9. Bhadrika1021

10. Lavaṇabhadrika1022

F. Verses of the Elders IV1024

1. Madhuvāsiṣṭha1025

2. Hetu1026

3. Kauṇḍinya1027

4. Upālin1030

5. Prabhākara1033

6. Revata1034

7. The Sugata (prose)1036

a. The Son of a Householder1037

b. A Caravan Leader1040

c. A Young Brahmin1042

d. Bharadvāja1044

e. The Cause of the False Slander by Cañcā

I) A Brahmin1049

II) Mṛṇāla1050

f. A Brahmin Who Falsely Accused a Buddha1053

g. Uttara1054

h. A Physician1063

i. The Son of a Fisherman1065

j. A Wrestler1066

8. The Sugata (verse)1067

a. Introduction

b. Mṛṇāla

c. A Brahmin

d. Bharadvāja

e. The Son of a Householder

f. A Caravan Leader

g. The Son of a Fisherman

h. A Brahmin Who Falsely Accused a Buddha

i. A Physician

j. A Wrestler

k. Uttara

l. Conclusion

G. The Invitation by Viśākhā

XII. Nagarabindu

XIII. Vaiśālī

A. The Invitation by Dhanika and His Family1075

B. The Former Lives of Dhanika and His Family

C. The Rules on Food


10.

Chapter Ten

10.­1

Summary of Contents:1077

The Sick, Foods,
Breakfast, Leftovers,
Fruits from Forests, Lotus,
Lotus Roots, and Miṇḍhaka.

I. The Sick

10.­2

The following took place in Śrāvastī.


10.­3

There once was a sick monk in Śrāvastī. He requested a doctor, “Sir, prescribe medicine for me.”

Having asked the cause of the disease, the doctor said, “O noble one, have rice soup, and you will recover your health.”

10.­4

“Sir,” he replied, “the Blessed One has not authorized that.”

“O noble one,” said the doctor, “since your Teacher is compassionate, it is likely that he will authorize it on this occasion.”

10.­5

He related this matter to other monks, and then those monks reported it to the Blessed One. The Blessed One said, “If a doctor tells you to have rice soup, you can have rice soup as the doctor has prescribed. You should not have any regrets about this.”

10.­6

When the Blessed One said, “You can have rice soup as the doctor has prescribed,” the sick monk’s attendant brought cold rice soup and gave it to him. Thereupon the doctor came and asked, “O noble one, are you well?”

“Sir, I am not well,” he answered.

10.­7

“Did you not have rice soup?”

“I did.”

10.­8

“How did you have it?”

“I had it cold.”

10.­9

“O noble one, it wasn’t good to do that. Tomorrow, have some that’s warm.”

Then the attendant received rice soup again. Having obtained some that was cold, he heated it and gave it to the sick monk. When the doctor came and asked in the same way, he answered, “I am not well.”

10.­10

“Did you not have rice soup?”

“I did.”

10.­11

“How did you have it?”

“I had it after heating some that was cold.”

10.­12

“O noble one, it wasn’t good to do that. Since that food had been cold and was heated, tomorrow have some that is warm from the beginning.”

10.­13

“Then the attendant, having procured rice and a pot, began to cook the rice under a tree outside the monastery. [F.24.b] However, the food was ruined by a crow’s excrement, and the monk’s condition became worse. He related this matter to other monks, and those monks reported it to the Blessed One. The Blessed One said, “Monks, in such a case, you can demarcate a place for what is allowable.”

10.­14

When the Blessed One said that they could demarcate a place for what is allowable, the monks did not know what such a place was and how large it should be. The Blessed One said, “Places for what is allowable are fivefold:1078 those related to erecting, those related to drawing attention, those like cowsheds, empty places, and those demarcated.

10.­15

“Among these, those related to erecting are as follows: When dwellings are built, there the monk in charge of construction1079 first says, ‘This place will become the community’s place for what is allowable,’ making up his mind and performing the recitation. This is a place for what is allowable related to erecting.

10.­16

“What are those related to drawing attention? When a stone is first set, the monk in charge of construction says to the neighboring monks, ‘Venerable ones, understand that this place will become the community’s place for what is allowable.’ Since the word ‘understand’ is said, this is called one related to drawing attention.

10.­17

“What are those like cowsheds? Those where there are separate doors are called ones like cowsheds.

10.­18

“What are empty places? Places that have been abandoned are called empty places.

“What are those demarcated? They have been demarcated with a formal act consisting of one motion and one proclamation.”

10.­19

Since the monks did not know how to demarcate those, the Blessed One instructed them:1080 “If the community wishes, a place all forms of which are well fixed, which is within the boundary, and which has a fathom of space outside should be demarcated. Demarcation should be done as follows. When seats have been prepared, the gong has been struck, the monks have been questioned with the words of inquiry, [F.25.a] and all the members of the community are gathered and seated, one monk should propose a motion and perform the formal act: ‘May the community of honored ones listen. This place, all forms of which are well fixed, which is within the boundary, and which has a fathom of space outside, will be demarcated as the community’s place for what is allowable. If it is the right time for the community and the community permits it, may the community consent to demarcating this place …1081 as the community’s place for what is allowable.’ This is the motion.

10.­20

“The formal act should be done as follows: ‘May the community of honored ones listen. This place …1082 is wished to be demarcated as the community’s place for what is allowable. If this place …1083 is to be demarcated by the community as the community’s place for what is allowable, those among you, venerable ones, who consent to demarcating this place …1084 as the community’s place for what is allowable should remain silent. Those who do not consent should speak.’

10.­21

“ ‘Having authorized and consented to this, the community demarcated this place …1085 as the community’s place for what is allowable. I thus take it to be settled on account of your silence.’

10.­22

“In the demarcated place for what is allowable, two things are allowed: what is cooked within the boundary and what has been kept for a night within the boundary.”1086

II. Foods1087

10.­23

The Buddha, the Blessed One, was staying in Kūṭāgāraśālā on the bank of Markaṭa Pond near Vaiśālī.

10.­24

There lived a general named Siṃha in Vaiśālī. His neighbors [F.25.b] used to bring him meat, which he would eat. After he had seen the truth in the presence of the Blessed One, he did not eat meat but had what was brought to him given to monks. When the monks ate it, non-Buddhist ascetics criticized, insulted, and disparaged them: “Sirs, although we have procured meat for the general Siṃha and brought it, he did not eat it but gave it to the śramaṇas, the sons of the Śākyans. The śramaṇas, the sons of the Śākyans, ate the meat intentionally procured.”

10.­25

When the monks reported this matter to the Blessed One, the Blessed One said, “I said that meat that is unallowable for three reasons should not be eaten. What are the three? I said that meat that was actually seen by oneself to have been procured for oneself is unallowable meat and should not be eaten; meat about which one has heard from someone reliable, ‘This has been procured for you,’ is unallowable meat and should not be eaten; and meat, about which a conjecture such as ‘This may have been procured for me by some means’ comes to one’s mind, is unallowable meat and should not be eaten.

10.­26

“Monks, I said meat that is allowable for three reasons can be eaten. What are the three? I said that meat that was not actually seen by oneself to have been procured for oneself is allowable meat and can be eaten; meat, about which one hears from someone reliable, ‘This was not procured for you,’ is allowable meat and can be eaten; and meat, about which a conjecture such as ‘This was procured for me by some means’ does not come to one’s mind, is allowable meat and can be eaten.”

III. Breakfast

10.­27

The following took place in Śrāvastī.


10.­28

When a famine broke out, the monks were lying on their sides because of hunger. Brahmins and householders said to them, “O noble ones, [F.26.a] the teachings must be practiced devotedly. Why are you lying on your sides, not being intent on good morals?”

10.­29

“Since a famine has broken out and we do not obtain enough almsfood, we are hungry and weak. That is why we are lying on our sides,” they replied.

10.­30

The brahmins and householders asked, “Why do you not have breakfast?”1088

“The Blessed One has not authorized it.”

10.­31

“Since your Teacher has great compassion, it is likely that he will authorize it on this occasion.”

10.­32

The monks reported this matter to the Blessed One. The Blessed One said, “Monks, on account of that, I authorize monks to have breakfast at a time of famine, which is such a calamity and difficulty.”

IV. Leftovers

A. Alms-Food Obtained Previously

10.­33

The following took place in Śrāvastī.


10.­34

When a famine broke out, pious brahmins and householders said to the monks, “O noble ones, please have a meal here.”

10.­35

Having had a meal, they went to the monastery, carrying almsfood that they had obtained previously. They wished to eat it because of the disaster of a famine. However, they did not because of some doubts. When the monks reported this matter to the Blessed One, the Blessed One said, “Monks, on account of that, I authorize you to eat what you have obtained previously, with the thought that it was received previously, if you so wish, at the time of a famine, which is such a calamity and difficulty. You should not have any regrets about this.”

B. Leftovers Taken by Monks to the Monastery

10.­36

The following took place in Śrāvastī.


10.­37

When a famine broke out, pious brahmins and householders invited monks to a meal in their house. They ate but left some khādyaka.1089 The brahmins and householders said, “O noble ones, as we prepared it for you, please take it with you.” [F.26.b]

10.­38

They departed, carrying it. After they departed, they wished to eat the food, but they did not eat it because of some doubts. When the monks reported this matter to the Blessed One, the Blessed One said, “Monks, on account of that, I authorize you to eat with the thought that it was given in a famine, which is such a calamity and difficulty. You should not have any regrets about this.”

C. Leftovers Brought by Laymen

10.­39

The following took place in Śrāvastī.


10.­40

When a famine broke out, pious brahmins and householders invited monks to a meal. After they had eaten, some food including khādyaka was left. When the monks departed, the brahmins and householders said, “We presented this only to you, noble ones. Since you came for it, we offer it only to you.” Thus, they took it away. Although the monks wished to eat it, they did not because of some doubts. When the monks reported this matter to the Blessed One, the Blessed One said, “Monks, on account of that, I authorize you, in the case of a famine, which is such a calamity and difficulty, to eat with the thought that it was presented earlier.”

V. Fruits Growing in the Forest

10.­41

The following took place in Śrāvastī.


10.­42

Pious brahmins and householders obtained fruits that had grown in the western forest.1090 They thought, “Since these are difficult to obtain, we will offer them to the noble ones.” They gave them to monks who had already eaten and finished their meal. The monks did not eat them because they had some doubts, thinking that they had finished their meal.1091 The pious brahmins and householders said, “Noble ones, although when the Blessed One does not appear in the world, we have non-Buddhist ascetics as our fields of merit, now the Blessed One has appeared in the world, and you too are now our fields of merit. If [F.27.a] you do not take the fruits, should we go from this world to another, leaving aside provisions for traveling on the good path? So please, have compassion and take them.”1092

10.­43

When the monks reported this matter to the Blessed One, the Blessed One said, “On account of that, I authorize you to eat them with the thought that they are difficult to obtain. You should not have any regrets about this. Here, fruits that grow in forests are as follows: grapes, pomegranates, kharjūra, chestnuts, almonds, urumāṇa, kurumāyikā, nikoca, babhū, and sin tsi ka.”1093

VI. Lotus

10.­44

The following took place in Śrāvastī.


10.­45

Pious brahmins and householders offered lotuses to monks when they had finished having their meal. Although the monks wished to eat them, they did not because they had some doubts, thinking that they had finished their meal. When the monks reported the matter to the Blessed One, the Blessed One said, “You can eat them with the thought that they are difficult to obtain. You should not have any regrets about this. Here, the types of lotus are as follows: roots of utpala, roots of padma, seeds of kumuda, and seeds of padma.”

VII. Lotus Roots

10.­46

The following took place in Śrāvastī.


10.­47

The venerable Śāriputra’s bodily elements became unbalanced, and thus his blood and phlegm were disturbed. The venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana, who was attending him, thought, “Although I have attended the venerable Śāriputra at my own discretion many times, I have never asked a doctor for advice. Now I will ask for advice.”1094 He requested a doctor, “Sir, since the venerable Śāriputra’s blood and phlegm are disturbed, prescribe medicine for him.”

10.­48

“O noble one,” answered the doctor, “offer him bisakṣīla, and he will recover his health.”

10.­49

The venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana thought, “If I attend the venerable Śāriputra with the juice of ordinary padma roots, [F.27.b] that would not be right of me.” He entered a state of meditation through which, settling his mind, he disappeared from Śrāvastī, went to the bank of a lotus pond called Mandākinī, and approached the residence of the nāga king Supratiṣṭhita. The nāga king Supratiṣṭhita saw him and asked, “O noble one, for what business have you come?”

10.­50

He replied, “The venerable Śāriputra’s blood and phlegm are disturbed, and a doctor prescribed the juice of padma roots for him.”

“O noble one, then please wait for a moment,” said the nāga king Supratiṣṭhita.

10.­51

He then dove into Mandākinī Lotus Pond, pulled out some padma roots that were as large as a human, squeezed out the juice of the padma roots onto a padma leaf, and filled the venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana’s bowl. The venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana examined the crushed padma roots. The nāga king Supratiṣṭhita asked him, “O noble one, what are you looking at? Do you wish me to give you the padma roots?”

10.­52

He remained silent. The nāga king said, “O noble one, please depart, and I will send them.”

10.­53

Thereupon the venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana, carrying the bowl filled with the juice of the padma roots, disappeared from the bank of Mandākinī Lotus Pond and went to the Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park near Śrāvastī. The venerable Śāriputra then drank the juice of the padma roots as the doctor had prescribed, and his health returned.

10.­54

The nāga king Supratiṣṭhita ordered the elephant Wearing a Black Costume, “Carry these padma roots, go to the Jetavana near Śrāvastī, and leave them in the yard of the monastery.” The elephant went as fast as the wind to the monastery in the Jetavana near Śrāvastī, put the padma roots in the yard, and returned. On the way home, it mated with a she-elephant in the forest. [F.28.a] Later, the she-elephant bore an elephant calf. As soon as it was born, it gave a lion’s roar. Frightened, the she-elephant defecated, urinated, and ran away, abandoning the elephant calf. Then a certain carpenter living in Rājagṛha went to the forest to cut some trees and saw the elephant calf. He took it home and fed it. As it was protected (pālita) with wealth (dhana), the elephant calf was named Dhanapālaka.1095

10.­55

Other people relate that it was called Dhanapālaka because King Prasenajit sent it to King Bimbisāra as a gift, and it had been protected with wealth by people living in Śrāvastī.1096

10.­56

The venerable Mahā­maudgalyāyana ate one padma root, the venerable Śāriputra another, and the rest were distributed to the community, but some were left over. Then, after having thrown them away, the monks wished to eat them, but they did not, considering that they had thrown them away. When the monks reported this matter to the Blessed One, the Blessed One said, “Monks, divine padma roots are difficult for humans to obtain. Therefore, I authorize you to eat them with the thought that they are padma roots that are difficult to obtain. You should not have any regrets about this.”

VIII. Miṇḍhaka1097

A. The Conversion of Miṇḍhaka

10.­57

The following took place in Śrāvastī.


10.­58

At that time, there lived six people who were famous in the city of Bhadraṃkara for their great merit: namely, a householder named Miṇḍhaka and his wife, son, daughter-in-law, male slave, and female slave.

10.­59

How was the householder Miṇḍhaka famous for his great merit? If he looked at empty storehouses, they became full as soon as he looked at them. Thus the householder Miṇḍhaka was famous for his great merit.

10.­60

And Miṇḍhaka’s wife? If she cooked for one person, the food became servings for a hundred or a thousand people.1098 Such was Miṇḍhaka’s wife.

10.­61

And Miṇḍhaka’s son? To his waist was tied a purse containing five hundred coins. [F.28.b] When he had spent a hundred or a thousand, it became full just as it had been and never became empty. Such was Miṇḍhaka’s son.

10.­62

And Miṇḍhaka’s daughter-in-law? If she prepared incense for one person, a hundred or a thousand people were satisfied. Such was Miṇḍhaka’s daughter-in-law.

10.­63

And Miṇḍhaka’s male slave? When he plowed a furrow in a field, seven furrows were plowed in the field. Such was Miṇḍhaka’s male slave.

10.­64

And Miṇḍhaka’s female slave famous for her great merit? When she hulled some grain in a mortar, it became sevenfold. Thus Miṇḍhaka’s female slave was famous for her great merit.

10.­65

At a certain point the Blessed One, knowing it was the time to convert the householder Miṇḍhaka, said to the venerable Ānanda, “Ānanda, go and announce to the monks, ‘Monks, the Tathāgata will travel through the country to the city of Bhadraṃkara. Those among you who will travel in the country to the city of Bhadraṃkara with the Tathāgata should take their robes.’ ”

10.­66

“Certainly, O Honored One,” replied the venerable Ānanda to the Blessed One, and he said to the monks, “O venerable ones, the Blessed One will travel through the country to the city of Bhadraṃkara. Those among you who will travel in the country to the city of Bhadraṃkara with the Tathāgata should take their robes.”

“Certainly, O venerable one,” replied the monks to the venerable Ānanda.

10.­67

Thereupon the Blessed One traveled through the country to the city of Bhadraṃkara, himself self-controlled and his assembly self-controlled, himself pacified and his assembly pacified, himself an arhat and his assembly arhats.

10.­68

When the Blessed One had shown a great miracle in Śrāvastī, the non-Buddhist ascetics had gone to the borderlands, and some of them had gone to the city of Bhadraṃkara and [F.29.a] settled there. When they heard that the śramaṇa Gautama was coming, they panicked and thought, “We were once expelled from the midland region by the śramaṇa Gautama. Since, if he comes here, we will certainly be expelled from here too, we must devise a plan regarding this.” They went to the houses that had provided them meals and said, “May the Dharma be attained! May the Dharma be attained!”1099

10.­69

“O noble ones, what’s wrong?”

“Farewell, we are going.”1100

10.­70

“Why?”

“Since we have seen your prosperity, we will leave before we see your decline.”

10.­71

“O noble ones, what decline will there be for us?”

“Sirs, the śramaṇa Gautama will come, causing hail like razors and making many people sonless or husbandless.”

10.­72

“O noble ones, if that is the case, are you abandoning us at the very moment when you should stay? Please stay. Please do not leave.”

“Why should we stay? You are incapable of listening to us,” they said.

10.­73

“O noble ones, please tell us. We will listen to you.”

“Sirs,” they said, “flush out all the people near the city of Bhadraṃkara from their houses and lead them into the city of Bhadraṃkara. Cut the green grass. Destroy their residences. Cut down trees that bear flowers and fruits. Pour poison in the water.”

10.­74

“O noble ones,” they replied, “please stay and we will do all of that.”

They then did flush out all the people near the city of Bhadraṃkara from their houses and led them into the city of Bhadraṃkara, cut the green grass, destroyed residences, cut down the flower and fruit trees, and poured poison in the water.

10.­75

Then Śakra, Lord of the Gods, thought, “It would not be right for me to ignore disrespectful acts done against the Blessed One. [F.29.b] The Blessed One has attained supreme wisdom because he completed the six perfections through hundreds of thousands of austerities for three incalculably long eons. Should that Blessed One, who is excellent throughout the whole world, travel in an empty country?1101 I will now strive for the comfort of the Blessed One together with the community of disciples.”

10.­76

He ordered the sons of the gods who send wind, “Go and dry up the poisoned waters.”

10.­77

He ordered the sons of the gods who cause rain, “Fill the places they have dried up with water with the eight good qualities.”

10.­78

He also ordered the gods attendant on the Four Great Kings, “Lead people to live near the city of Bhadraṃkara.”

10.­79

Thereupon the sons of the gods who send wind dried up the poisoned waters. The sons of the gods who cause rain filled those places with water with the eight good qualities. The gods attendant on the Four Great Kings led people to live near the city of Bhadraṃkara, and the country became prosperous.

10.­80

The non-Buddhist ascetics gathered people who had lived in the city of Bhadraṃkara and sent spies to see how the country was. They went and saw that the country was very prosperous. They returned and said, “Sirs, we have never seen the country in such prosperity.”

10.­81

“Sirs, do you see?” replied the non-Buddhist ascetics. “Will he who converts even the land not convert you too? We bid you our final farewell. This will be the last we see of you. We are leaving.”

10.­82

“O noble ones, please stay,” they implored them. “What harm will the śramaṇa Gautama do to you? He is a mendicant, and you are mendicants who live on alms, too. [F.30.a] Why would he prevent you from begging for alms?”

10.­83

The non-Buddhist ascetics said, “We will stay if you promise us to make an agreement that none of you will go to see the śramaṇa Gautama, and that if anyone goes, a fine of sixty kārṣāpaṇas shall be imposed on him.”

They agreed and made that promise.

10.­84

Thereupon the Blessed One, traveling through the country, arrived in due course at the city of Bhadraṃkara, and stayed in a certain place south of Bhadraṃkara. At that time, a daughter of a brahmin in Kapilavastu was living in Bhadraṃkara after her marriage. Standing on a wall, she saw the Blessed One in the dark and thought, “This is that Blessed One, the joy of the lineage of the Śākyans, who abandoned the throne belonging to the lineage of the Śākyans and went forth. If I had a ladder here, I would descend, holding a lamp.”

10.­85

Then the Blessed One, knowing her mind with his own mind, created a ladder. Pleased in her mind, delighted, and gratified, she descended the ladder, holding a lamp, and went to the Blessed One. When she arrived, she put the lamp in front of the Blessed One, bowed low until her forehead touched the Blessed One’s feet, and sat down to hear the Dharma. The Blessed One knew her thinking, proclivity, disposition, and nature and preached the Dharma that was appropriate for her and that caused her to penetrate the four truths of the noble ones. . . . “I embrace my faith as one who seeks refuge.”

10.­86

The Blessed One then said to the girl, “Girl, now you should go to the householder Miṇḍhaka. When you have arrived, greet him on my behalf and say, ‘Householder, it is for your sake that I have come here, but you keep your door shut. Is it appropriate to act in such a manner as you do to a guest?’ If [F.30.b] he says that the group of people has made an agreement, say, ‘To your son’s waist is tied a purse containing five hundred coins. When he has spent a hundred or a thousand, it becomes just as it was and never becomes empty. Why can you not pay the sixty kārṣāpaṇas and come?’ ”

10.­87

“Certainly, O Honored One,” replied the girl, who then departed. The Blessed One exercised his magical power so that she went to the householder Miṇḍhaka without being noticed by anyone. When she arrived, she said, “O householder, the Blessed One greets you.”

“Girl, I bow to the Buddha, the Blessed One,” he replied.

10.­88

“O householder, the Blessed One said, ‘For your sake I have come here, but you keep your door shut. Is it reasonable to act in such a manner as you do to a guest?’ ”

10.­89

“Girl,” he replied, “people have made an agreement and made a promise that no one should go to see the śramaṇa Gautama, and that if anyone goes, a fine of sixty kārṣāpaṇas shall be imposed on him.”

10.­90

“O householder, the Blessed One said, ‘To your son’s waist is tied a purse containing five hundred coins. When he has spent a hundred or a thousand, it becomes just as it was and never becomes empty. Why can you not pay the sixty kārṣāpaṇas and come?’ ’’

He thought, “Since no one knows this, he, the Blessed One, must be omniscient. I will go.”

10.­91

He put sixty kārṣāpaṇas at his door, descended the ladder as the brahmin girl had told him, and went to the Blessed One. When he arrived, he bowed low until his forehead touched the Blessed One’s feet, and then sat before the Blessed One to hear the Dharma. The Blessed One knew the householder Miṇḍhaka’s thinking, proclivity, disposition, and nature and [F.31.a] preached the Dharma that caused him to penetrate the four truths of the noble ones. Having heard it, the householder Miṇḍhaka … actualized the fruit of stream-entry.

10.­92

Having seen the truth, he asked, “O Blessed One, will these people living in Bhadraṃkara attain such good qualities?”

“Householder,” the Blessed One answered, “it depends on you whether many people will do so.”

10.­93

Thereupon the householder Miṇḍhaka bowed low until his forehead touched the Blessed One’s feet, and then departed from the Blessed One’s presence. He went home, arranged a mountain of kārṣāpaṇas in the middle of the city, and spoke a verse:

10.­94
“Whoever wishes to see the Victor, who has conquered the fault of desire
And is undisputed, incomparable, and golden-colored,
Should go quickly with their minds fearless and well determined.
I will pay their fines.”
10.­95

People asked, “O householder, will it be good to see the śramaṇa Gautama?”

“It will be good,” he answered.

10.­96

“If so,” they said, “let us all break the agreement that we made. Is there any objection to this?”

10.­97

They broke the agreement and began to leave. They jostled one another, however, and were not able to go out. The yakṣa Vajrapāṇi, out of compassion for these people to be led, hurled his vajra and broke the wall, allowing hundreds of thousands of beings to go out, some prompted by curiosity and others spurred by their previous roots of merit. Many people gathered and sat down in an area of one yojana around the Blessed One.

10.­98

Then the Blessed One overwhelmed the assembly with his splendor.1102 He sat on the seat prepared for him in front of the community of monks and preached the Dharma, which generated roots of merit in the personal continuums of many beings. [F.31.b] Upon hearing it, some actualized the fruit of stream-entry … and some sought refuge and accepted the rules of training. [B58]

B. Invitation after Mealtime

10.­99

As the Blessed One preached the Dharma for a very long time, the mealtime passed. The householder Miṇḍhaka said, “O Blessed One, please have a meal.”

10.­100

“Householder, the mealtime has passed,” answered the Blessed One.

“O Blessed One, what is appropriate after the mealtime?” he asked.

10.­101

The Blessed One answered, “Ghee, guḍa, khaṇḍa, śarkarā, and drinks.”1103

Then the householder Miṇḍhaka called his cooks and said, “Sirs, quickly prepare the khādyaka1104 to be eaten after the mealtime.”

10.­102

They prepared the khādyaka to be eaten after the mealtime. Then the householder Miṇḍhaka satisfied the community of monks headed by the Buddha with the khādyaka to be eaten after the mealtime and drinks to be drunk after the mealtime. Thereupon the Blessed One established the householder Miṇḍhaka, along with his attendants, in the truths, converted also the inhabitants of the hamlet, and departed.1105

C. The Acceptance of Money

10.­103

“O Blessed One,” said the householder Miṇḍhaka, “please accept kārṣāpaṇas for provisions for illness while traveling.”

“They may be accepted,” replied the Blessed One.

10.­104

When the Blessed One had said that kārṣāpaṇas may be accepted, the monks did not know who should accept them. The Blessed One said, “A person who makes things allowable1106 should do so.”

Since there was no one who makes things allowable, the Blessed One said, “A novice should do so.”

10.­105

The venerable Upālin asked the Buddha, the Blessed One, “O Honored One, although the Blessed One has prohibited acceptance of gold and silver in the tenth rule of training for novices,1107 [F.32.a] the Blessed One has now said, ‘A novice should accept them.’ What does this mean?”

10.­106

“Upālin,” replied the Blessed One, “I meant ‘keeping’ when I prohibited it, not ‘accepting.’ Thus, novices may accept kārṣāpaṇas, but they should not keep the kārṣāpaṇas for their personal use.”1108

D. The Acceptance of Guḍa

10.­107

“O Blessed One, please accept guḍa,” offered the householder Miṇḍhaka.1109

The Blessed One replied, “It may be accepted.”

10.­108

The monks did not know who should accept it and how. The Blessed One explained, “If there is no layman or novice, a monk should carry it by himself after having taken formal possession of it as medicine to be consumed within seven days.”

10.­109

The monks did not know how to take formal possession of it. The Blessed One instructed them,1110 “After having washed one’s hands, one should take it, place it on the left hand, cover it with the right hand, sit before another monk, and say, ‘O venerable one, pay attention, please. I, named So-and-so (the monk says his name), take formal possession of this medicine as medicine to be consumed within seven days for myself and my fellow monks.’ He should then say this a second and a third time.”

10.­110

The venerable Upālin asked the Buddha, the Blessed One, “O Honored One, the Blessed One has said that one may take formal possession of guḍa as medicine to be consumed within seven days. Who should eat it?”

10.­111

“Upālin, five kinds of people should: those who are traveling, those who have fasted, the sick, the one responsible for monastic property, and the one in charge of construction.”1111

10.­112

Monks traveling through the country put guḍa in rice and barley groats. Although they wished to eat it as they were fatigued from traveling, they did not because of some doubts. When the monks reported this matter to the Blessed One, the Blessed One said, “Monks, since it would be insubstantial as a meal, you may eat some that has been put in rice after shaking the rice grains off [F.32.b] and some that has been put in barley groats after washing it in water.”

10.­113

They were not able to wash some that had melted, and it became mixed with the meal. The Blessed One said, “You should cut it with a piece of bamboo and wash it in water.”

10.­114

Still, they were not able to separate it from food for a meal. The Blessed One said, “You should carefully remove the food for a meal. Rubbing it in water, you should make the guḍa into a drink, strain it with a strainer, and drink it. You should not have any regrets about this.”

E. The Former Lives of the Miṇḍhaka Family1112

10.­115

The monks, feeling doubtful, inquired of the Buddha, the Blessed One, the one who severs all doubts, “O Honored One, what karma did Miṇḍhaka and his wife, son, daughter-in-law, male slave, and female slave create that matured to cause these six to have great merit, see the truth in the presence of the Blessed One, and please the Blessed One and not displease him?”


10.­116

“Monks,” the Blessed one replied, “the actions were performed and accumulated by these people themselves, accruing a heap of karma, . . . .

“… 
They bear fruit in embodied beings.1113
10.­117

“Monks, once in the city of Vārāṇasī a king named Brahmadatta was ruling over the country.1114 At that time, astrologers predicted a twelve-year drought in Vārāṇasī, saying, ‘There will be a great famine of “living by means of a stick.” ’

10.­118

“There are three types of famine, namely, ‘basket,’ ‘white bones,’ and ‘living by means of a stick.’1115 Among these, ‘basket’ means that people fill a basket with seeds and put it aside for the sake of future beings and think, ‘After our death, these seeds will help those people.’ As this type of famine is related to a basket, it is called ‘basket.’ What is ‘white bones’? At that time people collect bones, boil them until they become white, [F.33.a] and then drink the liquid. As this type of famine is related to white bones, it is called ‘white bones.’ What is ‘living by means of a stick’? At that time people dig lumps of grains with a stick out of a hole in a granary, boil them in a pot filled with much water, and drink the water. As this type of famine is related to a stick, it is called ‘living by means of a stick.’

10.­119

“Thereupon King Brahmadatta proclaimed with the ringing of bells in Vārāṇasī, ‘Listen, citizens living in my country! Astrologers have predicted that because of a twelve-year drought there will be a great famine of “basket,” “white bones,” and “living by means of a stick.”1116 Whoever among you has food for twelve years should stay. Those who do not should go anywhere they like and come back when there is no famine but an abundant harvest.’

10.­120

“At that time there was a householder in Vārāṇasī who was rich and had great wealth, many possessions, and a large family. He called the storehouse keeper and asked, ‘My good man, is there enough food for me and my attendants to survive for twelve years?’

“ ‘Yes, there is, Master,’ the storehouse keeper answered.

10.­121

“And so he stayed. However, famines occurred continuously, and his storehouses became exhausted. All his attendants died, and only six people including himself survived. When the householder then swept his storehouses, he obtained one prastha of grains. His wife poured it into a pot and boiled it.

10.­122

“When the buddhas do not appear, there appear self-awakened ones as the only fields of merit in the world . . . .1117 At that time a certain self-awakened one arrived at Vārāṇasī, having traveled in the country. He dressed in the morning, took his bowl and his robe, and entered Vārāṇasī for alms. The householder was then preparing his meal. Begging for alms, the self-awakened one [F.33.b] arrived in due course at his house. When the householder saw him, whose body was attractive and whose mind was pure, he thought, ‘Even if I eat this now, I will certainly die. I will give my portion of this to this mendicant.’ He said to his wife, ‘Good lady, I will offer my portion to this mendicant.’

10.­123

“ ‘Why should I eat, while my husband does not?’ she thought, and she said, ‘My dear, I will also offer my portion to him.’

10.­124

“His son, daughter-in-law, male slave, and female slave also considered likewise and gave up their portions. Thereupon they all met together and offered almsfood to the self-awakened one. Since such great people do not show things by words but with their bodies, he soared high into the air as if a haṃsa king had stretched its wings to fly, and began to display miracles, namely, blazing fire, radiating light, causing rain to fall, and causing lightning to strike in their presence. Since ordinary people tend to be swiftly attracted by magical powers, they bowed down to his feet like trees that had been cut at the roots and uttered their aspirations.

10.­125

“The householder made this aspiration: ‘By this root of merit from my serving a man who is truly worthy of offerings, when I look at empty warehouses and storehouses, may they become full as soon as I look at them! Having attained such qualities, may I please a teacher who is nobler even than this man and not displease him!’

10.­126

“The wife made this aspiration: ‘By this root of merit…,1118 when I cook for one person, may the food be eaten by a hundred or a thousand people and never be exhausted until I stop preparing it…!’1119 [F.34.a]

10.­127

“The son made this aspiration: ‘By this root of merit…, may a purse containing five hundred coins tied to my waist, when I spend a hundred or a thousand of them, become full just as it was and never become empty…!’

10.­128

“The daughter-in-law made this aspiration: ‘By this root of merit…, when I prepare incense for one person, may a hundred or a thousand people enjoy it and may it not be exhausted until I stop preparing it…!’

10.­129

“Their male slave made this aspiration: ‘By this root of merit…, when I plow one furrow in a field, may seven furrows be plowed…!’

10.­130

“Their female slave made this aspiration: ‘By this root of merit…, when I hull some grains in a vessel, may they fill seven vessels…!’

10.­131

“When they had all made such aspirations, that great man, the self-awakened one, having entertained compassion for them, departed through his magical power. At that time, King Brahmadatta had gone up to the terrace and was sitting there. The shadow of the one flying with his magical power fell on King Brahmadatta. [F.34.b] He looked up and saw the self-awakened one and wondered, ‘Whose root of poverty was removed by a large plow, which is this great man’s magical power?’

10.­132

“Thereafter, when that householder looked at his warehouses and storehouses with great hope,1120 he saw them full. He said to his wife, ‘Since my wish has been fulfilled first, now we should see yours.’ Indeed, when the female slave hulled some grains in a mortar, they increased sevenfold. When the wife cooked food in a pot for one person, it became food to be eaten by all of them, along with a thousand neighboring beings.

10.­133

“Thereupon the householder proclaimed with the ringing of bells in Vārāṇasī, ‘Sirs, whoever among you has a need should come!’

10.­134

“There was then a loud, noisy cry in Vārāṇasī. Upon hearing that, the king asked, ‘Sirs, what is this loud, noisy cry?’

“ ‘Your Majesty,’ his ministers replied, ‘a householder named So-and-so has opened his warehouses and storehouses.’

10.­135

“ ‘Did the householder open his warehouses and storehouses only after everyone in the world has died?’ asked the king. ‘Sirs, summon that householder.’

10.­136

“They summoned him, and then the king asked him, ‘Householder, did you open your warehouses and storehouses only after everyone in the world has died?’

10.­137

“ ‘Your Majesty, whose warehouses and storehouses were opened? (It is not the case that I opened my warehouses and storehouses after concealing foods there for a long time, but seeds sowed today bore fruit just today.)’

“ ‘What does that mean?’ demanded the king.

10.­138

“He then explained what had happened in detail. The king asked, ‘Householder, did you offer a meal to that great man?’

“ ‘Your Majesty, I did.’


10.­139

“He became more pious and spoke a verse:

“How great the field is, which was
Born from merit and is free from all faults‍—
From seeds sowed there,
Fruit was harvested just today.1121 [F.35.a]
10.­140

“What do you think, monks? The householder and his wife, son, daughter-in-law, male slave, and female slave were indeed this householder Miṇḍhaka and his wife, son, daughter-in-law, male slave, and female slave. Because of the maturation of that karma, namely, their performing services for a self-awakened one and making aspirations, these six became possessors of great merit, saw the truth in my presence, who is a teacher nobler than a hundred billion self-awakened ones. They pleased me and did not displease me.

10.­141

“Therefore, monks, the maturation of entirely negative actions is entirely negative; the maturation of entirely positive actions is entirely positive … you should seek . . . . Monks, that is how you must train.”


11.

Chapter Eleven

11.­1

Summary of Contents:1122

The Drink Offered by Kaineya Was Received,1123 The Town of Kāśi, Barley Porridge,1124
Khādyaka in Pāpā,1125 Doubts, and Foul Foods.

I. The Drink Offered by Kaineya Was Received1126

A. The Conversion of Kaineya and Śaila (Prose)

11.­2

The Blessed One was once staying in the dwelling place in Ādumā.

1. The Sermon to the Four Great Kings1127

2. The Former Lives of the Four Great Kings1144

3. Kaineya Offers Drinks to the Blessed One

4. Śaila and Kaineya Go Forth

5. The Instruction by Three Disciples of the Buddha

6. The Former Lives of the Three Disciples

B. The Conversion of Kaineya and Śaila (Verse)1153

II. The Town of Kāśi, Barley Porridge

III. Khādyaka in Pāpā

IV. Doubts

V. Foul Foods1184

A. A Story of the Present about the Great Peacock Charm

B. Stories of the Buddha’s Former Lives Related to the Great Peacock Charm


ab.

Abbreviations

AA Aṅguttara­nikāya-Aṭṭhakathā. Edited by Walleser and Kopp (1924–56).
AG Anavatapta­gāthā.
AKBh Abhidharma­kośa­bhāṣya. Edited by Pradhan = Pradhan 1967.
AKUp Abhidharma­kośopāyikā-ṭīkā. (Section numbers are based on Honjō 1984 and 2014.)
AN Aṅguttara­nikāya = Morris et al. 1885–1961.
AdhvG Adhikaraṇa­vastu. Edited by Gnoli (1978).
Ap Apadāna = Lilley 2000.
BAK Bodhisattvāvadāna­kalpalatā = Chandra Das and Vidyābhūshana 1940.
BHSD Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. Vol. II Dictionary = Edgerton 1953.
Bhv Bhaiṣajya­vastu.
BhvY Bhaiṣajya­vastu. Japanese translation by Yao = Yao 2013a.
CPD The Critical Pāli Dictionary = Trenckner et al. 1924–92.
Ch. Chinese translation.
ChDas Tibetan English Dictionary = Das 1902.
Crv Carma­vastu.
Cīv Cīvara­vastu.
D Degé xylograph (scanned and published by the Buddhist Digital Resource Center).
DA Dīgha­nikāya-Aṭṭhakathā = Rhys Davids et al. 1968–71.
DN Dīgha­nikāya = Rhys Davids and Carpenter 1890–1911.
DPPN Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names = Malalasekera 1937.
DhpA Dhamma­padattha­kathā = Norman 1906.
Divy Divyāvadāna = Cowell and Neil [1886] 1987.
DĀ Dīrghāgama.
DĀ 35 Ambāṣṭha­sūtra. Edited by Melzer (2010a).
DĀc Dīrghāgama. Chinese translation (Taishō no. 1 Chang ahan jing 長阿含經).
EĀc Ekottarikāgama Chinese translation (Taishō no. 125 Zengyi ahan jing 増壹阿含經).
GBhv The Bhaiṣajya­vastu in the Gilgit manuscript = GMNAI i, 46–134.
GM Gilgit manuscripts of the Vinaya­vastu edited by Dutt = Dutt 1942–50 (page numbers of Bhv, which is in part i, is referred to just with “GM,” and those of other vastus with “GM ii, iii, and iv,” with part numbers).
GMNAI i Gilgit Manuscripts in the National Archives of India: Facsimile Edition vol. 1, Vinaya Texts = Clarke 2014.
H Hemis manuscript.
J Jātaka = Fausbøll [1877–96] 1962–64.
Jäschke Tibetan English Dictionary = Jäschke 1881.
KA Kaṭhināvadāna = Degener 1990.
Kṣv Kṣudraka­vastu.
MN Majjhima­nikāya = Trenckner et al. [1888–1925] 1974–79.
MPS Mahā­parinirvāṇa-sūtra = Waldschmidt 1950–51.
MSA Mahā­sudarśanāvadāna in the Gilgit manuscripts.
MSV Mūla­sarvāstivāda Vinaya.
MW A Sanskrit-English Dictionary = Monier-Williams 1899.
MdhA Māndhātāvadāna in the Gilgit manuscripts.
Merv-av Avadāna anthology from Merv = Karashima and Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya 2015.
Mma Mahā­mantrānusāriṇī-sūtra = Skilling 1994–97, 608–22.
Mmvr Mahā­māyūrī­vidyā­rajñī = Takubo 1972.
Mv Mahā­vastu = Senart 1882–97.
Mvy Mahā­vyutpatti = Sakaki 1916.
MĀc Madhyamāgama Chinese translation (Taishō no. 26 Zhong ahan jing 中阿含經).
N Narthang xylograph.
NBhv The newly identified Bhaiṣajya­vastu fragments held in a private collection, Virginia, and the Schøyen Collection.
Negi Tibetan–Sanskrit Dictionary = Negi 1993–2005.
P Peking xylograph.
PLv Pāṇḍulohitaka­vastu.
PTSD PTS’s Pāli–English Dictionary = Rhys Davids and Stede 1921–25.
Ph phug brag manuscript.
Prjv Pravrajyāvastu. Translation in Miller 2018.
PrjvVW Pravrajyāvastu edited by Vogel and Wille. I: Vogel and Wille 1984; II: 1992; III: 1996; IV: 2002 (all these files are now available in one pdf file online, Vogel and Wille 2014).
R Ragya printed Kangyur.
S Stok Palace Manuscript.
SHT Sanskrithandschriften aus den Turfanfunden.
SN Saṃyutta­nikāya = Feer [1884–98] 1975–2006.
SWTF Sanskrit-Wörterbuch der buddhistischen Texte aus den Turfan-Funden = Waldschmidt et al. 1973–2018.
Sbhv Saṅghabheda­vastu.
SbhvG Saṅghabheda­vastu. edited by Gnoli (1977–78).
Sh Shey Palace manuscript.
Skt. Sanskrit.
Sn Sutta­nipāta = Andersen and Smith [1913] 1984.
Sumav Sumāgadhāvadāna = Iwamoto 1979.
SĀc Saṃyuktāgama Chinese translation (Taishō no. 99 Za ahan jing 雜阿含經).
SĀc2 Saṃyuktāgama Chinese translation (Taishō no. 100 Bieyi za ahan jing 別譯雜阿含經).
SĀc3 Saṃyuktāgama Chinese translation (Taishō no. 101 Za ahan jing 雜阿含經).
T Tokyo manuscript.
Taishō Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經. 100 vols. Tokyo: Taishō Issaikyō Kankōkai 大正一切經刊行會, 1924–34.
TheraG Theragāthā = Oldenberg and Pischel 1883.
Tib. Tibetan translation.
U Urga printed Kangyur .
Ud  Udāna = Steinthal 1982.
Ug Uttara­grantha.
Uv Udāna­varga = Bernhard 1965–68, i.
UvTib Udāna­varga in Tibetan translation = Champa Thupten Zongtse 1990.
VS Vinaya­sūtra transliterated by Study Group of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Tibetan dBu med Script.
Vin Vinayapiṭaka in Pāli = Oldenberg [1879–83] 1982–1997.
Viś I The first story of Viśvantara in the Bhv.
Viś II The second story of Viśvantara in the Bhv.
Viś III The story of Viśvantara in the Sbhv.
Viś IV Viśvantarāvadāna in the Gilgit manuscripts.
Vvbh Vinaya­vibhaṅga.
ms Manuscript.
Śav Śayanāsana­vastu.
ŚavG Śayanāsana­vastu. Edited by Gnoli (1978).

n.

Notes

n.­1
For an overview of the entire Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, see Clarke 2015, 73–81.
n.­2
Folios 91–293: GM i; GMNAI i plates 46–134.
n.­3
For details, see Yao 2018 and literature referred to therein.
n.­4
8.­22–8.­61 in the Tibetan version; see note to the corresponding translation.
n.­5
See Hiraoka 1998.
n.­6
Taishō no. 1448, Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye yaoshi 根本説一切有部毘奈耶藥事, Taishō 24.1a1–97a24.
n.­7
See the Pedurma edition, bka’ ’gyur ii 745, 867n14–15.
n.­8
Csoma [1836] 1984.
n.­32
Cf. the Nidāna in the Ug, pa F.81.a.6–81.b.1; Taishō no. 1456, 24.420a7–12 (Kishino 2013, 144–45).
n.­33
Cf. Kṣv, tha F.181.b–182.b; Taishō no. 1451, 24.269c.
n.­38
The last words of this summary, be’i ra to// sprin can bya rog rnams yin no, cannot be identified in the following passages. GBhv is damaged here.
n.­41
Whereas this section of the Bhv prohibits only eating the flesh of elephants and nāgas, the Muktaka of the Ug prohibits the flesh of other kinds of beings such as crows, dogs, raptors, mules, foxes, and monkeys (pa F.157.a.2–158.b.7; Taishō no. 1456, 24.439b21–24). Cf. Kishino 2016, 242.
n.­60
This story of Pūrṇa has a parallel in the Pūrṇāvadāna, chapter 2 of the Divy (English trsl. Tatelman 2000; Rotman 2008–17, i).
n.­108
This story has a parallel in the Vvbh, D ja F.221.a–F.224.a, Taishō no. 1442, 23.842c–844a). It explains the origin of a festival held for two nāga kings, which is also mentioned in the Prjv (1.144), the Bhikṣuṇī­vinaya­vibhaṅga, and the Avadāna­śataka (Schopen 2007, 218ff.).
n.­114
Here, the story of the nāga king Apalāla begins. See n.­128. The series of episodes including that of a brahmin’s rebirth as Apalāla, his conversion by the Buddha, the competition between Magadha and Vaiśālī at the occasion of the Buddha’s crossing the Ganges, the quelling of an epidemic by the Buddha in Vaiśālī, etc. have parallels in Taishō no. 155 Foshuo pusa benhang jing 佛説菩薩本行經.
n.­119
Tib. sdom la; Ch. nei she song yue 内攝頌曰: “said in the internal summary of contents (i.e., “section index” in the present translation).” We opt for Tib.
n.­120
Ch. bo zha zhu zhang lin 波吒竹仗林 (*Pāṭali, *Veṇuyaṣṭikā). Despite this Summary of Contents, Ch. does not include the episode of the Buddha’s stay in Nālandā and Veṇuyaṣṭikā.
n.­121
Strangely, neither this word nor the corresponding episode appears in the following story.
n.­122
This event is explained in detail in the Sbhv (SbhvG ii 186ff.; nga F.238.a ff.; Taishō no. 1450, 24.197b28ff.). The Bhv presents the story of the birth of this elephant in a later part (10.­54).
n.­126
In this section, the story of how the Buddha was asked to end the epidemic that had swept through Vaiśālī is recounted. The subject of the epidemic fades away and then suddenly reappears at the end of the section about Vaiśālī, ending with the quelling of the epidemic.
n.­131
This section corresponds to SĀc 987 and SĀc2 212.
n.­135
This section corresponds to SĀc 403.
n.­144
This story has a parallel in EĀc 38.11. Cf. Kuan 2013, 611. The Bhv presents in a later part (2. Mahāsudarśana) another story of King Mahāsudarśana, the content of which is totally different from that in this section.
n.­145
The story extending from this section (“The Ganges”) to the next section (“Mahāpraṇāda”) has a parallel in the Maitreyāvadāna, chapter 3 of the Divy (English trsl. Rotman 2008–17, i 119–33).
n.­149
Cf. J 264 (ii 333) and J 489 (iv 325).
n.­150
BhvY 3.6.1 (p. 102).
n.­151
BhvY 3.6.2 (p. 102ff.).
n.­152
BhvY 3.6.3 (p. 105ff.). For variations of the story of King Śaṅkha (and the Buddha Maitreya), see Anālayo [2014b] 2017, 349–91.
n.­156
BhvY 3.6.4 (p. 107ff.).
n.­159
BhvY 3.a (p. 110ff.). Hereafter the story corresponds to the MPS (p. 160ff.).
n.­160
BhvY 3.b (p. 111ff.). This section corresponds to SĀc 854, SN 55.10, and AKUp 9035. Cf. Honjō 2014, ii 921–23; Yao 2010, 3.2.7.
n.­165
BhvY 3.c (p. 114ff.). This section corresponds to AKUp 2051. See Honjō 2014, i 225–28.
n.­169
This and the following sections (A to E) have been divided by the present translator for convenience. This section (VII.A) and the third section (C. The Sermon to Āmrapālī) correspond to SĀc 622. See Yao 2010, 3.2.8. For parallels to this sūtra and a Sanskrit text of this part of the MPS revised with later identified manuscript fragments, see Hosoda 2014, 115–21.
n.­172
This section has a parallel in AN 5.195. SĀc 1149 is also close to this story. See Yao 2010, 3.2.9.
n.­178
This section has parallels in the Vaiśālī­praveśa­mahā­sūtra, which survives in Tibetan translation, and the Mahā­mantrānusāriṇī­sūtra, which survives in Sanskrit. See Yao 2010, 3.2.10 and n.­126. See Bhaiṣajyavastu Translation Team, trans., The Mahāsūtra “On Entering the City of Vaiśālī”, Toh 312.
n.­185
Ch. lacks this summary of contents. It is unknown whether NBhv included it, due to the damage to the corresponding folio.
n.­186
Here Ch. abbreviates the section with the statement: “As explained in detail in the teachings of the Jijian jing 飢儉經, the Sūtra of Famine, and also as in the Daopin chuanlai jing 道品傳來經, the Sūtra of the Tradition of the *Mārgavarga, Liuji jing 六集經, the Sūtra of the group of six, and Daniepan jing 大涅槃經, the *Mahā­parinirvāṇa­sūtra.” On the other hand, the contents of this section in Tib. (Chapter 4. I) correspond to SN 47.9 and, presumably, a missing sūtra in the SĀc, the contents of which are included in the MPS (see Yao 2010, 3.2.11). NBhv provides a sentence that, in spite of the manuscript’s damaged state, seems to be similar to the original Skt. that Yijing translated. The manuscript reads: “…as in the Sūtra of Famine in the *Mārga­varga­nipāta, in the Ṣaṭsūtrika­nipāta…” This proves that “The Sūtra of the Tradition of the *Mārgavarga” in Ch. is, properly speaking, the title of a chapter of the Saṃyuktāgama that includes the Sūtra of Famine. In addition, “The Sūtra of the Group of Six” is the title of a chapter of the Dīrghāgama that includes the Mahā­parinirvāṇa­sūtra. To sum up, NBhv and Ch. both state that they abbreviate this section, which corresponds to the Sūtra of Famine in the *Mārga­varga­nipāta in the Saṃyuktāgama and also to the Mahā­parinirvāṇa­sūtra in the Ṣaṭsūtrikanipāta in the Dīrghāgama. See Yao 2013b.
n.­194
The following passage corresponds to MĀc 67, MN 83, EĀc 50.4, and the introductory section of the EĀc, AKUp 2050, etc. The story of King Mahādeva and Nimi appears again in the Bhv (6. Mahādeva and 7. King Nimi). While the story here follows exactly the Mahādevasūtra in the Madhyamāgama of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins, the second story mentioned above has been slightly changed from the Madhyamāgama version in accord with the context of the Bhv (Yao 2007; Forthcoming b). For a study of parallels to this story based on the EĀc version, see Anālayo 2011a, i 466–74; 2016b, 113–214.
n.­205
Ch. lacks this section. NBhv corresponds to Tib.
n.­208
Ch. lacks this section. The following story corresponds to SĀc 1095, etc. (cf. Yao 2011, 3.2.13). A story related to this encounter between the Buddha and Māra in Sālā appears in the Bhv (c. A Young Brahmin).
n.­210
Panglung mentions Taishō no. 2121 as a parallel to this story. But the parallel story in Taishō no. 2121, Jinglü yixiang 經律異相 (more precisely, sūtra no. 45.14, Taishō 53.237c19ff.) is an extract from Taishō no. 212, Chuyao jing 出曜經 (Taishō 4.626c29ff.).
n.­213
The following four sections, from VII. Bhārgava to X. Kanthaka, are related to a series of episodes in the life story of the Buddha in the Sbhv. For the ṛṣi Bhārgava, see SbhvG i 93; nga F.15.b.
n.­214
Cf. SbhvG i.92–93; nga F.14.b–15.a.
n.­215
Cf. SbhvG i. 91; nga F.13.b.
n.­216
Cf. SbhvG i 91; nga F.14.a.
n.­218
The Sbhv does not mention this place name.
n.­219
The following story corresponds to a part of the MPS (Waldschmidt 1948) and a part of EĀc 42.3 (cf. Yao 2011, 3.2.14). The story is depicted in reliefs from Gandhāra, where it is clearly connected to the Buddha’s nirvāṇa (Zin 2006b).
n.­227
Ch. lacks this summary of contents.
n.­228
D bya can; S byed can. This entry indicates a place name bye ma can (*Sikatin), which later appears in the corresponding section ( X. Sikatin).
n.­229
In this short section, a sūtra abbreviated in Tib. is fully narrated in Ch., which is a rather rare occurrence. The sūtra in question, the title of which is not mentioned in Ch., corresponds to SĀc 263, SN 22.101 (mistakenly referred to as SN 47.19 in BhvY 149), etc. Cf. Salomon 2018, 121ff., 149ff.; Yao 2011, 3.2.15. Both SĀc 263 and SN 22.101 include a parable of a carpenter using an axe, which explains the two different ways of referring to this section in the General Summary of the Contents of the Chapter on Medicines and the Summary of Contents of Chapter Five: “The Carpenter” and “The Axe.”
n.­230
This sentence is an editorial insertion in the text.
n.­231
This passage is related to a part of the Buddha’s life story in the Sbhv (SbhvG i 32–33; ga F.273.a–b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.105a–b).
n.­233
Cf. SbhvG i 45; ga F.280.b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.108a.
n.­234
For the related passage in the Sbhv, see n.­232.
n.­237
Ch. lacks this summary of contents.
n.­238
This section corresponds to SĀc 807, SN 54.11, etc. Cf. Yao 2011, 3.2.17, Yao forthcoming a, and Anālayo [2007] 2015, 333–45.
n.­239
Ch. “two months.”
n.­242
This section corresponds to the Ambāṣṭhasūtra, the thirty-fifth sūtra of the Dīrghāgama manuscript identified at the end of the twentieth century (DĀ 35), manuscript fragments of a sūtra found in Central Asia, a part of the Kṣv, DĀc 20, and DN 3. For a detailed study of DĀ 35, including a comparison with the Bhv and Kṣv, see Melzer 2010a, 93–281. The present translation generally follows Melzer in DĀ 35 regarding the restoration of proper names in this section.
n.­316
The following passage corresponds to MĀc 212, MN 90. Cf. Yao 2011, 3.2.9. Ch. abbreviates the section with this statement: 復至日出聚落. 爲二姊妹女人, 一名賢喜, 二名明月, 廣説如經, “Again (the Blessed One departed and) arrived at Sunrise Village. For two sisters named Excellent Pleasure and Bright Moon‍—as explained in detail in the sūtra.”
n.­331
This section has a parallel in the Chuyao jing 出曜経 32 (Taishō no. 212, 4.760a–b).
n.­340
Although the place name mentioned in this section is “Where There Is a City,” the section is referred to as “City” in the summary of contents.
n.­342
Most of this section corresponds to SĀc 971 and SĀc2 205, with a number of differences. See Yao 2011, 3.2.20. The story is employed as an explanation of the rule that is established at the end of this section.
n.­349
This section corresponds to Divy 4 Brāhmaṇa­dārikāvadāna (English trsl. Rotman 2008–17, i 135–42). There is also a parallel in the Dazhidulun 大智度論, Taishō no. 1509, 25.115a–b (Hiraoka 2009, 43). The present translation follows Divy 4 regarding the restoration of proper names in this section.
n.­353
Ch. lacks this summary of contents.
n.­354
This section corresponds to SĀc 813 and SN 54.10. The text in the Bhv is too abbreviated to make adequate sense. See Yao 2011, 3.2.21 and forthcoming a. Regarding the mindfulness of breathing in and breathing out explained in this section, see Choong 2000, 225–27.
n.­355
Here Ch. abbreviates this section with the statement 此經廣説如雜阿笈摩, “This sūtra should be recited as explained in detail in the Saṃyuktāgama.”
n.­360
The first half of this section corresponds to the first half of SĀc 36 and SN 22.43 (this part has been translated into English in Dhammadinnā 2014), and the second half of the section corresponds to the second half of SĀc 813 (see I. Kimpilā in this chapter). See Yao 2011, 3.2.22 and Yao forthcoming a. Cf., also, SĀc 639, which includes the teachings about “the island that is yourself,” etc., and is set in the same place.
n.­366
This section parallels MĀc 132, MN 82, and the Rāṣṭra­pāla­sūtra that survives in Skt. manuscript (Waldschmidt 1980). For a comparative text of the Rāṣṭra­pāla­sūtra and Bhv Tib., see Matsumura 1985. Cf., also, Anālayo 2011a, i 451–66; ii 1047–48. The story of Rāṣṭrapāla is narrated in verse in a later part of the Bhv, in the Anavatapta­gāthā section (9.­1875).
n.­378
The story in this section has a parallel in the Stuti­brāhmaṇāvadāna, chapter 5 of the Divy (English trsl., Rotman 2008–17, i 143–49). Étienne Lamotte has identified the place names that appear in this and the following sections, although he has not given in full the grounds for his identifications (Lamotte 1951, 152–58).
n.­383
The first half of the Indra­nāma­brāhmaṇāvadāna, chapter 6 of the Divy, is parallel to this section (English trsl., Rotman 2008–17, i 151–59; for other parallels, see Hiraoka 2011, 236–37).
n.­386
The beginning of the following story resembles a part of the story of Miṇḍhaka in the Bhv (10.­68–10.­72).
n.­387
Cf. Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, XLII (English trsl. from Bhv Tib.); Chavannes 1910–11, ii 420–24 (French trsl. from Bhv Ch.); Merv-av 295.
n.­392
English trsl. from Tib., Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, XLII. Parallel stories: J 177; Merv-av, 295.
n.­394
BhvY 7.10.1 (p. 227ff.). This story has a parallel in the Muktaka in the Ug: pa F.198.b.1–199.a.4; Taishō no. 1452, 24.454b–c.
n.­401
BhvY 7.10.2 (p. 228ff.). The following story of the Buddha’s travel to the north to convert the nāga king Apalāla is narrated in different texts (Ono 1916, 91–100, 482–89; Lamotte 1966, 130–36). Place names vary considerably in these sources.
n.­409
BhvY 7.10.3 (p. 230).
n.­413
BhvY 7.10.4 (p. 231).
n.­415
BhvY 7.10.5 (p. 231).
n.­416
BhvY 7.10.6 (p. 231).
n.­418
BhvY 7.10.7 (p. 231ff.).
n.­426
BhvY 7.10.8 (p. 233).
n.­430
BhvY 7.10.9 (p. 233ff.).
n.­432
BhvY 7.10.10 (p. 234).
n.­433
BhvY 7.10.11 (p. 234).
n.­434
BhvY 7.10.12 (p. 234).
n.­440
This story has parallels in the Binaiye 鼻奈耶 (Taishō no. 1464, 24.858a) and the Apidamo dapiposha lun 阿毘達磨大毘婆沙論 (Taishō no. 1545, 27.28b–29b).
n.­451
Ch. lacks this summary of contents.
n.­452
The Sbhv gives the story of the beginnings of kingship, in which the first king in the world is called Mahāsammata (SbhvG i 15; ga F.262.b). However, in the story in the Sbhv there is no mention of either the place name or the anointing of the king.
n.­454
This prediction has parallels in Divy 26 and 27, SĀc 604 and 640. Cf., also, AKBh 183.10, AKUp 3097 (Honjō 2014, i 467). In the Kṣv, the prediction is repeated by Ānanda to Śāṇakavāsin after the nirvāṇa of the Buddha and Mahākāśyapa (da F.320.b.1–4; Taishō no. 1451, 24.410b).
n.­457
Cf. Strong 1992, 44–45 (English trsl. from Skt. Bhv); Deeg 2007, 46–47 (English trsl. from the Divy).
n.­459
For Skt. parallels to this story, see Wille 2014a, 193; 2014b, 230.
n.­476
This story is entitled Otalāyanasūtra in Skt., in which the story is abbreviated, and corresponds to SN 48.42 and AKUp 9005. Fumio Enomoto has suggested that the SĀc once included a parallel sūtra to this in a fascicle that is lost today (Enomoto 1984). See Yao 2011, 3.2.25, and forthcoming a.
n.­486
For comparative studies of the parallel stories of Kacaṅgalā, see Durt 2005, Muldoon-Hules 2009, and Matsumoto 2010. In addition to the parallels referred to by Durt, see Merv-av, 210–11.
n.­496
This story, in which the Buddha and his monks have to eat horse-fodder barley during the rainy-season retreat despite a brahmin king’s promise to provide food for them, has parallels in different vinayas and other sources. Hirakawa has noted that the story’s subject and location in vinaya s differ: in the Pāli Vinaya, the Sifen lü (Dharmaguptaka Vinaya), and the Wufen lü (Mahīśāsaka Vinaya), this story is located in the introductory section of the entire vinaya as the account of the event that caused the Buddha to declare the general principle that each regulation should be established only after some practical problem has arisen. In the Shisong lü (the so-called Sarvāstivāda Vinaya) and the MSV (Bhv), utterly unrelated to the above principle, the story is focused on a karmic teaching about the Buddha’s evil action in his former life and its result in the present (Hirakawa 1993–95, i 107–115). The following is the plot of these parallels (proper names, etc., based on the Bhv): 1. The Buddha arrives at Vairambhya (Pā; Si; Wu; Shi; Bhv). 2. A brahmin (king) asks the Buddha questions (Pā = AN 8.11; MĀc 157, etc.). 3. The brahmin (king) offers food, etc., for the rainy-season retreat (Pā; Si; Wu; Shi; Bhv). 4. The brahmin fails to carry out the above offer and the Buddha and monks experience difficulty in obtaining food (Pā; Si; Wu; Shi; Bhv). 5. A caravan leader offers horse-fodder barley to the Buddha (Pā; Si; Wu; Shi; Bhv). 6. Mahā­maudgalyāyana offers to resolve the matter using his magical power, but the Buddha refuses (Pā; Si; Wu; Shi = EĀc 42.3; MPS 31.56–83). 7. A woman cooks the barley (Shi; Bhv = SĀc 722 [parallel only to Bhv]). 8. Śāriputra requests the Buddha to establish the rules of training, but the Buddha refuses (Pā; Si; Wu). 9. Only after the rainy-season retreat, the brahmin (king) realizes that the food has not been provided. He repents and offers food to the Buddha (Pā; Wu; Shi; Bhv). Park 2012 also gives a comparison of the parallel stories. For another parallel, see Rosen 1959, 165–68.
n.­521
Skt. and Ch. abbreviate the main content of this section, referring to “the Vairambhya­sūtra in the chapter of the fours (catuṣkanipāta) in the Ekottarikāgama” and “the fourth chapter (第四品) of the Ekottarikāgama (増一阿笈摩),” respectively. The abbreviated part, the Buddha’s teaching to the monks, corresponds to AN 4.51; however, AN 4.51 does not include the conversation about whether the hut should be broken or not and has a different location for the narrative. In contrast, AKUp 4010 corresponds to this entire section (Honjō 2014, ii 524–26). Although the AKUp does not mention any sūtra title, it is likely to be quoting a sūtra, not the vinaya, since the relevant part of the AKBh on which the AKUp comments states “said in the sūtra,” quoting a few lines. Waldschmidt, basing himself on the place name Vairambhya, assumes AN 8.11 and MĀc 157 to be parallels to the sūtra abbreviated here, but this has to be rejected on the basis of Tib. (Waldschmidt 1980, 141–42; Schopen 2000, 94, 136n16). For the connections between these sūtras and the story of the Buddha’s eating horse-fodder barley, see n.­496.
n.­524
This story is narrated again later in the Bhv, in the “Tathāgata chapter” in the Anavatapta­gāthā section (f. A Brahmin Who Falsely Accused a Buddha).
n.­525
This section corresponds to SĀc 1174, SN 35.200, and EĀc 43.3 (cf. Yao 2011, 3.2.28). SĀc 1174 consists only of the conversation between the Buddha and a monk and the story of Nanda’s going forth, with neither the episode of the frog nor that of Nanda’s cry of fear. The SN and EĀc versions are more concise. Due to the lack of any other evidence, it is not particularly clear which part of this section belongs to “a sūtra.” For a Gāndhārī parallel, see Glass 2007, 14; for parallels to stock passages, see Chung 2008, 82. For the reference to the story in the Vyākhyāyukti, see Skilling 2000, 346.
n.­552
This story, narrating a king’s encounter with an old man, a sick man, and a dead man, resembles a part of the Buddha’s biography. Cf. SbhvG ii 65–71; ga F.291.b–nga F.5.a.
n.­560
Ch. lacks this summary of contents.
n.­561
In the text, a story about “rice soup” is followed by a story of five hundred peasants, but the latter is not mentioned in the summaries of contents in either Skt. or Tib. Further, there is an episode located in Toyikā before the scene moves to “Śrāvastī.” Although the summary of contents in Skt. gives the entry “Toyikā” before “Śrāvastī,” Tib. lacks the former.
n.­562
Upoṣadha is the father of King Māndhātṛ, whose story is narrated later in the Bhv (Chapter Nine, VIII. Sāketā).
n.­563
The name Kumāravardhana is a compound consisting of kumāra (“prince”) and vardhana (“growth”). It seems that this and the next episode have been conflated here in Ch.: “Then the Blessed One arrived at the city of Kumāravardhana (tongchang 童長) and said to the venerable Ānanda, ‘Once a king was born and grew up in this city. His name was Upoṣadha. Therefore this city was named Krauñcāna (xiangsheng 象聲).’ ”
n.­567
The episode of Sālabalā is absent in the Degé edition, probably as a result of confusion of the two episodes of Sālabalā and Sālibalā. In contrast, Ch. gives only Sālabalā, suoluolishu 娑羅力樹, and lacks Sālibalā. Skt. gives both.
n.­568
The story of King Māndhātṛ in this section, VIII. Sāketā, partially corresponds to the Māndhātṛsūtra narrated in the Buddha’s sermon to King Prasenajit later in the Bhv (9.­138 ff.) with many differences. See the notes there for parallels and comparisons.
n.­574
Only Ch. has a summary of contents just before this section: “The cause of the well of gruel and golden barley, of peasants and oxen, of a leprous woman’s water used for washing rice, of King Prasenajit, of a poor woman’s lamp, and of King Māndhātṛ.”The series of stories from Rice Soup to C. Toyikā corresponds to Divy 31. According to Hiraoka, Sudhana­kumārāvadānam, the title given at the end of Divy 31, is incorrect and should be corrected to Pañca­kārṣaka­śatāvadānam (Hiraoka 2007, ii 275n56). A story somewhat similar to the story of Rice Soup is found in Merv-av 219.
n.­577
Section label 9.a.1 in BhvY (p. 286ff.). This section does not appear in the summary of contents in Skt. and Tib. (9.­1), but is mentioned there in Ch.
n.­581
Section label 9.a.2 in BhvY (p. 287ff.). This section does not appear in the summary of contents (9.­1).
n.­584
Section label 9.b in BhvY (p. 288ff.). This section is not referred to in the summary of contents (9.­1) and corresponds to the second half of Divy 6 and the second half of Divy 31 (English trsl. Rotman 2008–17, i 154–59, 419–20). The parallel in Divy 6 seems to have been caused erroneously (Hiraoka 2007, i 160). André Bareau has summarized parallel stories of the stūpa of the Buddha Kāśyapa in the Sifen lü (Dharmaguptaka Vinaya), Wufen lü (Mahīśāsaka Vinaya), Mahāsāṅghika Vinaya, Binaiye, and the Kṣv (1962, 257ff.). Takushū Sugimoto has also listed the first three of these stories and the story of Toyikā in the Bhv along with other materials, including the DhpA, and has pointed out reports about the Buddha Kāśyapa’s stūpa made by Faxian and Xuanzang (Gaoseng Faxian zhuan 高僧法顕伝, Taishō no. 2085, 51.861a; Datang xiyuji 大唐西域記, Taishō no. 2087, 51.900c; Sugimoto 1978). Whereas Bareau considered the stories in the Sifen lü, Wufen lü, and Mahāsāṅghika Vinaya to originate from an old common source, Gregory Schopen proposed the opposite view, introducing the stories in the Bhv and Divy ([1985] 1997, 28–29). Schopen regarded this version in the Bhv and Divy as an old account preceding the other parallel stories, based on his observations that the version does not have the subplots found in the other versions and knows nothing about a stūpa at Toyikā, only about relics.
n.­598
Section number 9.10.1 in BhvY (p. 292ff.). The series of stories from here to D. The Offering of a Lamp by a Beggar Woman corresponds to Divy 7 Nagarāvarambikāvadāna (English trsl., Rotman 2008–17, i 161–75, 420–22). Cf. TheraG 1054–56. Cf., also, BAK 17 Ādarśa­mukhāvadāna (Straube 2009, 108–21, 254–59), which summarizes the series of stories from this section to F. 8. Ādarśamukha in the Bhv. There is another parallel in the Gilgit manuscripts (Hinüber 2014, 97).
n.­604
Section number 9.10.2 in BhvY (p. 296ff.). For parallels, see n.­598.
n.­605
Section number 9.10.3 in BhvY (p. 297ff.). For parallels, see n.­598.
n.­610
Section number 9.10.4 in BhvY (p. 299ff.). For parallels, see n.­598. Cf., also, Xian’yu jing 賢愚経 (Taishō no. 202, 4.370c–371c).
n.­613
Section number 9.10.5 in BhvY (p. 301). A story somewhat similar to this episode, in which the Buddha remonstrates with King Prasenajit for expecting a great result from his offerings, is in EĀc 23.1 (Taishō no. 125, 2.609a ff.). Cf. Anālayo [2014a] 2016b, 392–93.
n.­618
Section number 9.10.6 in BhvY (p. 301ff.).
n.­620
Section number 9.10.6.1 in BhvY (p. 302ff.). Cf. VIII. Sāketā in this chapter. This section was translated from Tib. by Schiefner (tr. by Ralston, 1882, chap. I). Although the story is referred to as “the Māndhātṛsūtra in the Section Connected to Kings in the Madhyamāgama” in Skt. and Ch., which abbreviate the story after the first few lines, it is not entirely clear which part of the story in the Bhv corresponds to the sūtra. The story has parallels in MĀc 60 Sizhou jing 四洲経, Divy 17 Māndhātāvadāna (English trsl. Rotman 2008–17, i 336–71, 438–43), and the Māndhātāvadāna in the Gilgit manuscripts (MdhA; see Matsumura 1980, 163–97, 348–54). For further parallels, see Hiraoka 2007, i 398; Wille 2014a, 197. For Māndhātṛ’s story in art, see Zin 2012.
n.­621
Section number 9.10.6.1.1 in BhvY (p. 302ff.).
n.­656
Section number 9.10.6.1.2 in BhvY (p. 317ff.). The following two stories of the former lives of King Māndhātṛ appear in Tib., Divy 17, and MdhA, whereas Skt. and Ch. lack them.
n.­661
Section number 9.10.6.1.3 in BhvY (p. 308).
n.­662
Section number 9.10.6.2 in BhvY (p. 318ff.). The following story corresponds to the Mahā­sudarśanāvadāna from Gilgit (ms no. 1550–67, hereafter MSA), the first half of the story of Mahāsudarśana in the Mahā­parinirvāṇa­sūtra, and its parallel in the Kṣv (D da F.266.a–274.b; Taishō no.1451, 24.393a–394.b; see also Matsumura 1988b, 3–29 and 86–128), the first half of MĀc 68 Dashanjianwang jing 大善見王経 (Taishō no. 26, 1.515b–516c), a part of DN 17 Mahā­sudassana­suttanta (ii 169–85), and so on. Cf., also, the story of King Mahāsudarśana and his son in the Bhv (D. A Story of a Former Life of the Buddha: King Mahāsudarśana).
n.­668
Section number 9.10.6.3 in BhvY (p. 323ff.). This story has parallels in MĀc 155 Xudaduo jing 須達哆經, AKUp 3079, Taishō no. 72 Foshuo sangui wujie cixin yanli gongde jing 佛説三歸五戒慈心厭離功徳經, Taishō no. 73 Foshuo xuda jing 佛説須達經, Taishō no. 74 Foshuo zhangzhe shibao jing 佛説長者施報經, EĀc 27.3, and AN 9.20. Cf. Anālayo 2010, 70–71. The story in AKUp 3079 mostly corresponds to MĀc 155, including its introduction, the Buddha’s conversation with the householder Anāthapiṇḍada, which is absent in our Bhv version. Probably the redactors of the Bhv borrowed the story of Velāma from their Velāmasūtra, ignoring its introduction, for the purpose of fitting the story into the framework of the Bhv.
n.­672
Section number 9.10.6.4 in BhvY (p. 326ff.).
n.­673
Section number 9.10.6.4.1 in BhvY (p. 326ff.). This story was translated from Tib. by Schiefner (tr. by Ralston, 1882, chap. II). The story has parallels in J 531 Kusajātaka, Mv ii 420–96 and iii 1–25, Pusa bensheng manlun 菩薩本生鬘論 (Taishō no. 160, 3.336b–c), Xian’yu jing 賢愚經 14 (Taishō no. 202, 4.364b–365b), and Liudu jijing 六度集經 84 (Taishō no. 152, 3.46b–47b).
n.­683
Section number 9.10.6.4.2 in BhvY (p. 332ff.). This story is narrated only in Skt. and Tib., being absent in Ch.
n.­685
Section number 9.10.6.5 in BhvY (p. 333ff.).
n.­687
Section number 9.10.6.6 in BhvY (p. 334ff.). The stories in this and the next section are partially different from the stories of the kings Mahādeva and Nimi already narrated in the Bhv, Chapter 4, III. Mithilā (for other parallels, see n.­194). The difference between these two sets of stories seems to be mainly due to the editorial transformation of their common source (the Mahādevasūtra in the Madhyamāgama) into stories included in the sermon to King Prasenajit, which we are now reading. The first set of stories seems to preserve the exact contents of the sūtra. For a detailed discussion, see Yao 2007.
n.­691
Section number 9.10.6.7 in BhvY (p. 336ff.). See n.­687.
n.­696
Section number 9.10.6.8 in BhvY (p. 339ff.). English trsl. from Tib., Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, III. Parallel stories: J 257 Gāmaṇicaṇḍajātaka, Xianyu jing 賢愚經 53 (Taishō no. 202, 4.237c ff.); D no. 341 mdzangs blun zhes bya ba’i mdo, chap. 39 (mdo sde A.F.270.b ff.); BAK 17 (including a summary of the preceding part; see Straube 2009, 108–21, 341); and Haribhaṭṭa’s Jātakamālā 30 (cf. Panglung 1981, 39). For a Jaina parallel of the story of Daṇḍin, see Wu 2017.
n.­706
Section number 9.10.6.9 in BhvY (p. 344ff.).
n.­707
Section number 9.10.6.9.1 in BhvY (p. 344ff.). This story is narrated in both Tib. and Skt., but is absent in Ch.
n.­708
Section number 9.10.6.9.2 in BhvY (p. 345ff.). English trsl. from Tib., Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, V; German trsl. from Ch., Li 2012. Parallel stories: Divy 30 Sudhana­kumārāvadāna (English trsl., Tatelman 2005, 219–307); fragments of the Sudhana­kumārāvadāna in the Gilgit manuscripts (Kudō 2015, 255–58); Mv ii 94–105; Haribhaṭṭa’s Jātakamālā 25 (Khoroche 2017, 147ff.); BAK 64 (Straube 2006); the Sudhanajātaka in the Paññāsajātaka (Tanabe 1981, 1983); Liudu jijing 六度集經 83 (Taishō no. 152, 3.44b–46b); and the Khotanese Sudhanāvadāna (de Chiara 2013).
n.­769
Section number 9.10.6.10 in BhvY (p. 369ff.). Strangely enough, the famous story of Prince Viśvantara appears twice in succession in Tib. and NBhv here, and these two stories (Viś I and Viś II) share a rough outline with differences in many details. Ch. has only Viś I. Each of the two stories has some elements absent in the other (scenes, conversations, proper names, etc.), and therefore neither is simply an abbreviated or expanded version of the other. Among various editions of Tib., the Stok Palace manuscript (S) shows a unique recension in which Viś I is absent and two passages from Viś I have been inserted in Viś II (Yao 2012b).There are further parallels in the Sbhv (Viś III: SbhvG ii 119–33; Degé nga F.192.a–200.b; Taishō no. 1450 24.181a–184b. English trsl. from Tib. Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882: XVI), the Viśvantarāvadāna in the Gilgit manuscripts (Viś IV: Das Gupta 1978; Matsumura 1980, 119–18 and 272–333. Cf., also, Tsai 2000), and BAK 23, etc. (Lamotte (1944–80, ii 713–15n1; Hikata 1978, appendix 116; Panglung 1981, 40–41; Murakami 1984, 35 and 47n31). Cf. Panglung 1980, 229, Durt 1999 and 2000, and Anālayo 2017, 113–41.
n.­770
Section number 9.10.6.10.1 in BhvY (p. 369ff.). For the absence of this story in S and some other manuscripts belonging to the same lineage, see Yao 2012b and Clarke 2018.
n.­808
Section number 9.10.6.10.2 in BhvY (p. 381ff.).
n.­814
Section number 9.10.6.11 in BhvY (p. 388ff.). The story has parallels in the Vvbh (D nya F.195.a–b; Taishō no. 1442, 23.892c27–28), a part of Divy 36 Mākandikāvadāna (the chapter itself is parallel to the Vvbh; the correspondence with the present story is in 540.1–14), Sbhv (SbhvG ii 14–16; nga F.119.a–120.b; Ch. missing), Xianyu jing 賢愚経 30 (Taishō no. 202, 4.386aff.), and D no. 341 mdzangs blun zhes bya ba’i mdo, chap. 34 (mdo sde a F.247.a ff.). The story also has parts in common with the story of Triśaṅku and that of Miṇḍhaka in the Bhv (5. Triśaṅku and E. The Former Lives of the Miṇḍhaka Family, respectively).
n.­817
Section number 9.10.7 in BhvY (p. 391ff.). The order of the stories in this section generally corresponds to that in the Merv-av. See notes to the title of each story. Cf., also, Yao forthcoming b.
n.­819
Section number 9.10.7.1 in BhvY (p. 391ff.). Parallel stories: Vvbh (D nya F.176.a–183.b; Taishō no. 1442, 23.888a–889c), MĀc 136 商人求財経, EĀc 45.1, J 196, etc. A brief mention in Merv-av, 156. Divy 36, which corresponds to a part of the Vvbh listed above, abbreviates this story, referring to the Rākṣasīsūtra (524.20). Cf., also, Divy 8, which is a story partially corresponding to the present section.
n.­825
Section number 9.10.7.2 in BhvY (p. 396ff.). Parallel story: Merv-av, 156.
n.­828
Section number 9.10.7.3 in BhvY (p. 397ff.). For parallel stories, see Merv-av, 159n7.
n.­833
Section number 9.10.7.4 in BhvY (p. 398ff.). This story has a parallel in SbhvG ii 177–178; nga F.232.b–233.a; Taishō no. 1450, 24.195b. For other parallels, see Merv-av 159n8.
n.­835
Section number 9.10.7.5 in BhvY (p. 398ff.). For parallels, see Merv-av 161n10.
n.­837
Section number 9.10.7.6 in BhvY (p. 399ff.). The Merv-av gives a story of a parrot in the same order as the Bhv, but the story is quite different from the present one in the Bhv. See Merv-av 160n13. The story in the Bhv has parallels in J 329 and the Mahāsāṅghika Vinaya (Taishō no. 1425, 22.258b–c).
n.­839
Section number 9.10.7.7 in BhvY (p. 399ff.). Parallel: Merv-av 162.
n.­841
Section number 9.10.7.8 in BhvY (p. 400ff.). For parallels, see Merv-av 163n16.
n.­842
Section number 9.10.7.9 in BhvY (p. 401ff.). For parallels, see Merv-av 163n17.
n.­844
Section number 9.10.7.10 in BhvY (p. 401ff.). For parallels, see Yao 2012a, 3.2.34 and Merv-av 167n21. Cf., also, Anālayo 2017, 294ff.
n.­846
Section number 9.10.8 in BhvY (p. 403ff.). The order of the stories in this section generally corresponds to that in Merv-av.
n.­848
Section number 9.10.8.1 in BhvY (p. 403ff.). For parallels, see Merv-av 153n1. This story is related to the story of the brahmin girl Cañcā in the Bhv (M. The Insult by the Brahmin Girl Cañcā). Cf., also, BAK 49 (Straube 2009, 319–22).
n.­857
Section number 9.10.8.2 in BhvY (p. 409ff.). This story has many parallels, including J 316 and BAK 104 (see Straube 2009, 335–37). Cf. Panglung 1981, 45; Hikata 1978, appendix 104–5.
n.­860
Section number 9.10.8.3 in BhvY (p. 410ff.).
n.­861
Section number 9.10.8.3.1 in BhvY (p. 410ff.). This story has many parallels, including J 540 and BAK 101 (see Straube 2009, 332–35). Cf. Panglung 1981, 45–46; Hikata 1978, appendix 115. Merv-av mentions this story only in a summary of contents (Merv-av 176n126). For parallels in Chinese materials, see Hashimoto 2002; Andō 2008, 45. Cf., also, Brockington 2010, 95–100. For an edition and German translation of the story in the Bhv, see Demoto and Hahn 2010, 238–45. Schlingloff 1985 has pointed out the close relationship between the depiction of this story in Gandharan relief and the Bhv. Cf., also, Schlingloff 2000, 31 (Eng. 2013, 31).
n.­864
Section number 9.10.8.3.2 in BhvY (p. 413ff.).
n.­866
Section number 9.10.8.4 in BhvY (p. 414ff.). This story is absent in Ch. and NBhv. Instead, Ch. mentions the title of a sūtra, Najia yaocha jing 那迦藥叉經 (Sūtra of the Yakṣa *Naka (?)), and then gives a brief summary of the next story, which is a story of the leader of the monkeys (parallel to J 407). NBhv agrees with Ch. in mentioning the leader of the monkeys. Due to the fragmentary state of NBhv, it is unknown if there was a title corresponding to the Najia yaocha jing in the manuscript. The following story of Prince Mūkapaṅgu has been translated into English from Tib. in Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, XIV. The story has parallels in J 538, etc. See Panglung 1981, 46 (note that Panglung seems to be confusing Taishō no. 1444 and Taishō no. 1442); Hikata 1978, appendix, 115; Zin 2004; Tamai 2017. There is a parallel in the Vvbh (cha F.89.a–95.a; Taishō no. 1442, 23.723c–725c). The story in the Vvbh consists of two parts: the story of the prince’s birth, growth, and going forth (parallel to the following story in the Bhv) and the story of the same person as a teacher instructing disciples (parallel to another story in the Bhv: 2. The Story of the Teacher Mūkapaṅgu).
n.­874
Section number 9.10.8.5 in BhvY (p. 420ff.). For parallels, see Panglung 1981, 46–47; Hikata 1978, appendix 93–94.
n.­876
Section number 9.10.8.6 in BhvY (p. 421ff.). For parallels, see Panglung 1981, 47.
n.­878
Section number 9.10.8.7 in BhvY (p. 423ff.). For parallels, see Okada 1993. Cf. the rule against eating nāga flesh in the Bhv (Chapter Two. II. B. Nāga Flesh).
n.­880
Section number 9.10.8.8 in BhvY (p. 423ff.). For parallels, see Panglung 1981, 48; Hikata 1978, appendix 113; Merv-av 155n3.
n.­882
Section number 9.10.9 in BhvY (p. 426ff.). This part of Tib. lacks a summary of contents. However, only S and the Shey Palace manuscript among the other editions the present translator examined (D, London, N, P, T) give a summary of contents (S kha F.348.a.6–7; Shey kha F.329.a.2–3). On the peculiarity of S and the Bhutanese recension, see Clarke 2018. Cf., also, Yao 2011. Ch. is completely silent about the four stories constituting this part. NBhv does not give the stories but only a list of protagonists, in which only the name of Govinda (the protagonist of the fourth story) is legible in a broken folio. For details, see Yao forthcoming b.
n.­883
Section number 9.10.9.1 in BhvY (p. 426ff.). This story has a parallel in MĀc 130 Jiao tanmi jing 教曇彌經. This sūtra is mentioned in the story of Araṇemi (3. The Story of the Teacher Araṇemi). For other parallels, see Yao 2012a, 3.2.35. Cf., also, Skilling 2000, 343 and Anālayo 2010, 70n52.
n.­884
Section number 9.10.9.2 in BhvY (p. 427ff.). In the Vvbh, this story follows the story of Mūkapaṅgu’s going forth (cha F.95.a–96.b; Taishō no. 1442, 23.725c–726b). See n.­866.
n.­885
Section number 9.10.9.3 in BhvY (p. 429ff.). For parallels, see Ogihara 2011 and Yao 2012a, 3.2.36. Cf., also, Merv-av 168.
n.­895
Section number 9.10.9.4 in BhvY (p. 432ff.). This story has a parallel in DĀ 14 Govindasūtra (see Hartmann and Wille 2014, 140). For other parallels, see Yao 2012a, 3.2.37.
n.­901
Section number 9.10.9.5 in BhvY (p. 441ff.). For parallels, see Panglung 1981, 49–50; Sugimoto 1993, 260; Murakami 1984; Hikata 1978, appendix 42. For an edition and German translation of this story in Tib., see Schlingloff 1977. Cf., also, BAK 1 and BAK 100 in Straube 2009; Bingposha lun 鞞婆沙論 (Taishō no. 1547, 28.506b ff.).
n.­903
Section number 9.10.9.6 in BhvY (p. 443ff.). For parallels, see Murakami 1984, 35, 45n24, 277–78, 280n17–20; Ogihara 2010.
n.­904
Section number 9.10.10 in BhvY (p. 444ff.). For the names of the buddhas in the past mentioned in this section and the next, see Murakami 1984, 273–76, 283. Cf. AKBh 266.14.
n.­909
Section number 9.10.11 in BhvY (p. 445ff.). For the murals in Bezeklik, Turfan (eleventh to twelfth c.), representing the verses in this section of the Bhv, see Murakami 1984. The title of this section, “Section of Many Buddhas,” is given at the end of the section. For parallels, see Ogihara 2015a and 2016a; Tournier 2017, esp. Chap. 2. Some of the reconstructions of Skt. names of buddhas in the present translation are based on their Tocharian parallels given in Ogihara 2015a.
n.­934
Section number 9.10.12 in BhvY (p. 454ff.). This story is related to “Section of the Tathāgata” in the Anavatapta­gāthā (kha F.316.b–317.a) and was translated into English by Hisashi Matsumura (1989b). For parallels, see Akanuma 1931, 131b. Cf., also, BAK 49 (Straube 2009, 319–22) and BAK 50 (Okano 2007).
n.­938
Section number 9.11 in BhvY (p. 456ff.). This part of the Bhv, which consists of verses of the Buddha and his disciples and some prose concerned with their past lives, is called Anavatapta­gāthā (AG) and has parallels in the Fo wubaidizi zishuo benqi jing 佛五百弟子自説本起經 (Taishō no. 199), the Apadāna, and the Gāndhārī Anavatapta­gāthā, which was studied in Salomon 2008. For the research history of the AG, see Salomon ibid., 18–22. Tib. has been edited and translated into French by Hofinger (1954, the chapters of disciples; 1990, the chapter of the Tathāgata). In the following notes, some other modern translations are also mentioned. Skt. (GBhv) was transliterated by Bechert (1961) and Wille (1990). The framework of the entire story of the AG and some of its episodes are borrowed by the Kaṭhināvadāna (Degener 1990, 1991; Salomon ibid., 32–33). Parts of a Mahāyāna sūtra, The Precious Discourse on the Blessed One’s Extensive Wisdom That Leads to Infinite Certainty (Niṣṭhā­gata­bhagavajjñāna­vaipulya­sūtra­ratnānanta, Toh 99), echo the Anavatapta­gāthā in some respects; see 2.­24 ff. and Introduction i.­14.
n.­939
Section number 9.11.1 in BhvY (pp. 456–57).
n.­943
Section number 9.11.2 in BhvY (p. 457ff.). The stories included in this part are not found in either the Gāndhārī Anavatapta­gāthā or Taishō no. 199.
n.­944
Section number 9.11.2.1 in BhvY (pp. 457–58). This part has a parallel in BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 207–13) and KA §23. A parallel also appears in a Mahāyāna sūtra, The Precious Discourse on the Blessed One’s Extensive Wisdom That Leads to Infinite Certainty (Niṣṭhā­gata­bhagavajjñāna­vaipulya­sūtra­ratnānanta, Toh 99), 2.­26 ff., in a longer passage that echoes in some respects the Anavatapta­gāthā.
n.­947
Section number 9.11.2.2 in BhvY (p. 459). English trsl. from Tib., Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, L 2; German trsl. from Ch., Ji 1943, 323–24. The story has parallels in the Za piyu jing 雜譬喩經 8 (Taishō no. 205, 4.523c–524a); KA § 24, 25; a Tocharian manuscript (Pinaut 2008, 251–68; Melanie Malzahn, “A Comparative Edition of Tocharian Manuscripts,” accessed January 31, 2018‍—see A5–A10, including bibliography).
n.­950
Section number 9.11.2.3 in BhvY (p. 460). English trsl. from Tib., Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, L 3. The story has a parallel in KA §26.
n.­951
Section number 9.11.2.4 in BhvY (pp. 460–61). The story has a parallel in KA § 27 and is briefly mentioned in BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 214).
n.­952
Section number 9.11.2.5 in BhvY (p. 461). The story has parallels in BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 214–16) and the Liuduji jing 六度集經 82 (Taishō no. 152, 3.43c–44b). Cf., also, the second half of J 497.
n.­953
Section number 9.11.2.6 in BhvY (pp. 461–62). English trsl. from Tib., Schiefner (tr. by Ralston) 1882, L 1.
n.­957
Section number 9.11.3 in BhvY (p. 462ff.).
n.­958
Section number 9.11.3.1 in BhvY (pp. 462–63). Cf. Salomon 2008, 405–12 (comparative texts of Skt. and Tib.; English trsl.). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (1), 4.190a–b. The story is quoted in the Nettippakaraṇa 141.12–142.5 (Salomon 2008, 30). Whereas the verses in all the other sections in the AG are written in śloka, the verses in this section are written in various meters (Salomon ibid., 350 and 67–70). Related stories are found in the Bhikṣuṇī­vinaya­vibhaṅga: D ta F.39.b–41.a, Taishō no. 1443, 23.911b–c (Kāśyapa’s going forth); D ta F.71.b.6–73.a.5, Taishō 23.917b–c (his former life).
n.­961
Section number 9.11.3.2 in BhvY (pp.463–64). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (2), 4.190b–c. A related story is found in the Prjv (Skt. missing; D ka 1.333–44.a; Taishō no. 1444, 23.1029b–c).
n.­964
Section number 9.11.3.3 in BhvY (pp. 464–65). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (3), 4.190c–191a. The story of Mahā­maudgalyāyana’s wish made in his past life is narrated in the Prjv (Skt. missing; D 1.353–1.360; Taishō no.1444, 23.1030a–b). The stories of his death and its cause in the past are narrated in the Kṣv (tha F.237.b ff.; Taishō no.1451, 24.287a ff.), with some differences from this section.
n.­966
Section number 9.11.3.4 in BhvY (pp. 465–66). This section has a parallel in Taishō no. 199 (4), 4.191a–b.
n.­967
Section number 9.11.3.5 in BhvY (pp. 466–67). This section has a parallel in Taishō no. 199 (5), 4.191b–c. For other parallels, see Kudō 2004, 320–23. Cf., also, Salomon 2008, 36, 62–63.
n.­969
Section number 9.11.3.6 in BhvY (p. 468). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (6), 4.191c–192a; Ap i 298 Soṇakoṭivīsa (Salomon 2008, 28–29, 64–67). Related stories are narrated in the Sbhv: SbhvG ii 134–49; D nga F.200.b–211.b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.184b–187c.
n.­970
Section number 9.11.3.7 in BhvY (p. 469). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (7), 4.192a–b.
n.­972
Section number 9.11.3.8 in BhvY (pp.469–70). This section has a parallel in Taishō no. 199 (8), 4.192b.
n.­974
Section number 9.11.3.9 in BhvY (pp. 470–72). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (9), 4.192b–193a. A related story is in the Vvbh (nya F.19.a ff.; Taishō no. 1442, 23.857a14ff.) and Divy 13 Svāgatāvadāna.
n.­976
Section number 9.11.3.10 in BhvY (p. 472). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (10), 4.193a–b.
n.­980
Section number 9.11.4 in BhvY (p. 473ff.).
n.­981
Section number 9.11.4.1 in BhvY (pp. 473–74). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (11) 4.193b–194a. Related stories are narrated in SbhvG i 139–46; D nga F.45.b–50.b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.128c–129c (Ch. lacks the story of the former life). For other parallels, see Akanuma 1931, s.v. “Yasa.”
n.­982
Section number 9.11.4.2 in BhvY (pp. 474–76). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (12), 4.194a–b; EĀc 33.2. Cf. Kuan 2013, 612.
n.­984
Section number 9.11.4.3 in BhvY (p. 476). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (13), 4.194b–c. For other parallels, see Kudō 2004, 297–300. Cf., also, MĀc 34 Bojuluo jing 薄拘羅經, esp. Taishō no. 26, 1.475b29–c2.
n.­986
Section number 9.11.4.4 in BhvY (p. 477). This section has a parallel in Taishō no. 199 (14), 4.194c–195a.
n.­987
Section number 9.11.4.5 in BhvY (p. 478). Verses in this section and part of the next section, 6. Yaśas (2), are translated with seven syllables in Ch., whereas they are written in śloka in Skt. and seven syllables in Tib., as are the other verses. The Sbhv provides the story of the three Kāśyapas’ former lives (SbhvG i 162–63; D nga F.76.a–77.a; Taishō no.1450, 24.137b–c) and their conversion (Skt. missing [cf. SbhvG i 217–31]; D nga F.55.b–67.b; Taishō 24.131a–134b). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (15), 4.195a. This section of Taishō no. 199 mentions only Uruvilvā-Kāśyapa and Nadī-Kāśyapa, and the name Gayā-Kāśyapa appears in the next section, which corresponds to the section of Yaśas in the AG.
n.­988
Section number 9.11.4.6 in BhvY (pp. 478–79). This section has a parallel in Taishō no. 199 (16), 4.195a–b. See n.­987.
n.­991
Section number 9.11.4.7 in BhvY (pp. 480–82). Related stories are found in the Kṣv (D tha F.25.b–31.a; Taishō no. 1451, 24.215c–217b) and Divy 19 Jyotiṣkāvadāna. Cf. Taishō no. 199 (17), 4.195b–196a. For other parallels, see Hikata 1978, Appendix 25.
n.­992
Section number 9.11.4.8 in BhvY (pp. 482–83). Unlike Skt. and Tib., Ch. does not narrate Rāṣṭrapāla’s going forth. The story of Rāṣṭrapāla’s going forth is narrated in the Bhv: Chapter Seven, IV. Rāṣṭrapāla. Cf. Taishō no. 199 (18), 4.196b–c.
n.­996
Section number 9.11.4.9 in BhvY (pp.483–85). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (19), 4.196c–197b.
n.­998
Section number 9.11.4.10 in BhvY (pp. 485–86). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (20), 4.197b–c. For other parallels, see Kudō 2004, 295–97.
n.­1001
Section number 9.11.5 in BhvY (p. 486ff.).
n.­1002
Section number 9.11.5.1 in BhvY (pp. 486–87). Related stories are found in the Vvbh (D ja F.79.b–80.b; Taishō no.1442, 23.799b–c) and Divy 35 Cūḍā­pakṣāvadāna. Cf. Taishō no. 199 (21), 4.197c–198a. For other parallels, see Kudō 2004, 243–46.
n.­1004
Section number 9.11.5.2 in BhvY (pp. 487–89). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (22), 4.198a–b. For other parallels, see Kudō 2004, 245.
n.­1005
Section number 9.11.5.3 in BhvY (pp. 489–90). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (23), 4.198c. For other parallels, see Kudō 2004, 274–77, 300–303; Salomon 2008, 29. A related story is found in SbhvG i 200ff.; D nga F.102.a ff.; Taishō no. 1450, 24.144b ff.
n.­1013
Section number 9.11.5.4 in BhvY (pp. 490–91). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (24), 4.198c–199a.
n.­1015
Section number 9.11.5.5 in BhvY (p. 492). A related story is in SbhvG ii 43–44; D nga F.139.b–140.b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.162b–c. Cf. Taishō no. 199 (25), 4.199a–b. For other parallels, see Salomon 2008, 36.
n.­1017
Section number 9.11.5.6 in BhvY (pp. 493–94). This section has a parallel in the Kṣv: D tha F.153.a–158.a; Taishō no. 1451, 24.260c–262a. Cf. Taishō no. 199 (26), 4.199b–c and, also, Wille 1990, 107.
n.­1019
Section number 9.11.5.7 in BhvY (pp. 494–96). No parallel in Taishō no. 199. Related stories are in the Vvbh (ca F.252.a ff.; Taishō no. 1442, 23.691b ff.), with some differences from the AG.
n.­1020
Section number 9.11.5.8 in BhvY (pp. 496–97). No parallel in Taishō no. 199. Related stories are in the Vvbh (D ca F.126.b ff.; Taishō no. 1442, 23.656c ff.). For other parallels, including SĀc 252, see Hikata 1978, Appendix 70.
n.­1021
Section number 9.11.5.9 in BhvY (pp. 497–99). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (27), 4.199c–200a. A related story is found in SbhvG ii 4–47; nga F.141.a–143.a; Taishō no. 1450, 24.162c–163c.
n.­1022
Section number 9.11.5.10 in BhvY (pp. 499–500). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (28), 4.200a–b.
n.­1024
Section number 9.11.6 in BhvY (p. 500ff.).
n.­1025
Section number 9.11.6.1 in BhvY (pp. 500–501). Cf. Taishō no. 199 (29), 4.200b–201a. Related stories are in the Sbhv (SbhvG ii 47ff.; nga F.143.a ff.; Taishō no. 1450, 24.163c ff.) and MĀc 32 Weicengyoufa jing 未曾有法經. Cf. Deeg 2007, 46ff.
n.­1026
Section number 9.11.6.2 in BhvY (pp. 501–3). No parallel in Taishō no. 199.
n.­1027
Section number 9.11.6.3 in BhvY (pp. 504–5). No parallel in Taishō no. 199. Related stories are narrated in SbhvG i 136–38; nga F.43.b–44.b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.128a–b and SbhvG ii 2–4; nga F.110.a–111.b (Ch. absent).
n.­1030
Section number 9.11.6.4 in BhvY (pp. 505–7). No parallel in Taishō no. 199. Related stories are found in the Sbhv (SbhvG i 204–211; D nga F.105.a–109.b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.145b–147b).
n.­1033
Section number 9.11.6.5 in BhvY (pp. 507–9). No parallel in Taishō no. 199. Ap 333 (i 269–70) gives a parallel. The end of the Section of Upālin and the beginning of the Section of Prabhākara are different from those of other sections.
n.­1034
Section number 9.11.6.6 in BhvY (pp. 509–11). No parallel in Taishō no. 199.
n.­1036
Section number 9.11.6.7 in BhvY (pp. 511–26). This section and the next section provide the same stories of the Buddha’s former lives in prose and verse, respectively, in different order. However, the third story of the former, c. A Young Brahmin, is not shared by the latter. Cf. Hofinger 1990 (Tibetan text and French trsl.). For the history of the formation of these sections, see Okano 2006. Parallels to the verses are found in Taishō no. 199 (30), 4.201a–202a; parallels to the verses and prose in Taishō no. 197 Foshuo xingqixing jing 仏説興起行経. Cf., also, BAK 50 (see n.­934). According to the Saṃskṛtā­saṃskṛta­viniścaya, the Sāṃmitīyas too transmitted stories of evil acts performed by the Buddha in his former lives (Namikawa 2011, 371ff.).
n.­1037
This story has a parallel in SbhvG ii 184–85; nga F.237.a; Taishō no. 1450, 24.197a–b (Panglung 1981, 53). Cf. Taishō no. 197 (7), 4.170b–c; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 226–37); KA 32 (Degener 1990, 37–38). BAK 66 provides a completely different story regarding the injury to the Buddha’s foot.
n.­1040
Cf. Taishō no. 197 (6), 4.168a–170b; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 237–39); KA 33 (Degener 1990, 38).
n.­1042
This story is related to the story of Māra and the Buddha in Sālā in the Bhv (Chapter Four, V. Sālā) and has a parallel in BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 239–41). This story is not narrated in verse.
n.­1044
Cf. Taishō no. 197 (8), 4.170c–172a; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 241–47); KA 34 (Degener 1990, 38–39).
n.­1049
Cf. Taishō no. 197 (2), 4.166a–c; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 247).
n.­1050
A similar story is found in SbhvG i 22ff.; ga F.267.a ff.; Taishō no. 1450, 24.102b ff. (Panglung 1981, 55), with some differences. There, however, the story is not related to the Buddha’s former life. Cf. Taishō no. 197 (1), 4.164b–166a; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 247–76).
n.­1053
This story has already been narrated in the Bhv (Chapter Eight, V. Vairambhya, D. A Brahmin Who Abused the Buddha Vipaśyin). Cf. Taishō no. 197 (9), 4.172a–c; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 277–79).
n.­1054
According to Skt. and Ch. (see n.­1055), this story corresponds to the Nandīpālasūtra in the Rājasaṃyuktakanipāta of the Madhyamāgama, which is parallel with MĀc 63 Bingpolingqi jing 鞞婆陵耆経 and MN 81 Ghaṭikārasutta. The Sbhv also includes a parallel (SbhvG ii 22.1–30.22; nga F.124.b–131.b; Taishō no. 1450, 24.156c–158c). Cf. Yao 2012a, 3.2.38. For comparative studies, see Anālayo 2010, 71–84; 2011a, i 441–51; 2012a, 155–74. Note, however, that in these works the Bhv version of the story (Tib.) is erroneously connected to the Sbhv version (Skt.). Cf., also, Taishō no. 197 (10), 4.172c–174b; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 279–81) and SĀc 595 (Taishō no. 99, 2.159c); SĀc2 189 (Taishō no. 100, 2.442c); SN 1.5.10; SN 2.3.4; Tocharian fragments (Ogihara 2016a; 2016b).
n.­1063
Cf. Taishō no. 197 (4), 4.167a–b; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 281–89).
n.­1065
A related story is narrated in the Kṣv, where the story of the massacre of the Śākyans is narrated (tha F.95.a–b; Taishō no. 1451, 24.242a–b). Cf. Taishō no. 197 (3), 4.166c–167a; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 289–90). Cf., also, the final part of EĀc 34.2 (Taishō no. 125, 2.693b–c).
n.­1066
Cf. Taishō no. 197 (5), 4.167c–168a; BAK 50 (Okano 2007, 290–92).
n.­1067
Section number 9.11.6.8 in BhvY (pp. 527–30). Cf. Okano 2007, appendix (Japanese trsl. from Tib.). This section is absent in Ch. Although the stories narrated in the previous section are given here in verse, the story of the young brahmin who abused a self-awakened one (7. Sugata [prose] c. A Young Brahmin) is missing. Cf. Taishō no. 199 (30), 4.201a–202a, with the stories in the same order; Ap 299–301 (Salomon 2008, 28–29).
n.­1075
There is a parallel story in BAK 90 (Panglung 1981, 57–58). There is also a Tocharian fragment of another parallel (Ogihara 2015b, 302).
n.­1077
It is unknown if GBhv included this uddāna due to damage to the folio.
n.­1078
For the following explanations, cf. Yijing’s Nanhai jiqui neifa zhuan 南海寄歸内法傳, Taishō no. 2125, 54.216c–217a; his translation of the Ekottara­karma­śataka, Taishō no. 1453, 24.494c–495a. Cf., also, Yamagiwa 2001, 320–22; Silk 2008, 246–47.
n.­1079
Tib. dge slong lag gi blas; Skt. nava­karmika­bhikṣu. Cf. Silk 2008, 75–99; Kieffer-Pülz 2010, 77–78.
n.­1080
The following instructions on how to demarcate a place for what is allowable are similar to the instructions on how to demarcate a place for the poṣadha ceremony in the Poṣadhavastu (Poṣv 298–303).
n.­1081
The text repeats the phrase “all forms of which are well fixed, which is within the boundary, and which has a fathom of space outside” in full. The same applies in the following formulas.
n.­1082
See n.­1081.
n.­1083
See previous note, n.­1081.
n.­1084
See n.­1081.
n.­1085
See n.­1081.
n.­1086
This is the conditioned cancellation of the rule established in Chapter 2, IV. One Who Has a Wind Illness, which prohibits cooking or keeping food overnight within the boundary of the community.
n.­1087
For the three kinds of allowable meat, see Shimoda 1997, 401–4, 668–69.
n.­1088
Tib. zhal tshus (non-honorific form: g.yal tshus); Skt. prātarāśika/prātarāśā (cf. 8.­160, 8.­166). In the Vvbh, monks are permitted to have zhal tshus/xiaoshi 小食 when they are sick or tired from labor or travel Vvbh (D ja F.124.b; Taishō no. 1442, 23.815a). According to Yijing, the Chinese translator, it was permitted to have xiaoshi in a monastery before the main meal in the morning (Taishō no. 2125, 54.222a, 223b. Cf. also, Hirakawa 1993–95, iii 499–501), and a similar custom is seen in other vinayas, too (Sasaki 1999, 270n53).
n.­1089
It is unclear to the present translator what the word khādyaka indicates. Although its Tib. translation bca’ ba, “what is to be chewed,” is also used as a translation for another word, khādanīya, there is a difference in usage between khādanīya and khādyaka, at least in the part where Skt. is available: the former always appears together with the word bhojanīya, whereas the latter appears independently.
n.­1090
Skt. auttarāpathikāni (“of the northern country”).
n.­1091
Monks are prohibited from eating after the main meal (Vvbh D ja F.141.a–149.a; Taishō no. 1442, 23.821a–822c). For this rule, see Hirakawa 1993–95, iii 387–402.
n.­1092
Cf. Vvbh (D ja F.156.b; Taishō no. 1442, 23.826a).
n.­1093
(1) rgun ’brum (Skt. mṛdvīkā), (2) bal po se’u (dāḍima), (3) ’bra go, (4) sta rga (akṣoṭa), (5) yon tshe (vātāma), (6) shing tog u ra ma na, (7) shing tog ku (D u) ru ma yi ka, (8) shing tog ni ko tsa, (9) shing tog ba bhu, (10) shing tog sin tsi ka. The corresponding part is lost in both Skt. manuscripts, and the Skt. terms provided in the present translation are only tentative, except the first and the third, which have already appeared in the Bhv (1.­12), the second, which is confirmed in Mvy 4211, and the fourth, for which the meanings in Skt. in the VS and in Tib. coincide. Cf. VS § 8 Bhaiṣajya­vastu, 203 tadyathā drākṣyadāḍima­kharjūrākṣoṣṭau vātāma urumāna­rāmāpikā­kurumāyikā­nikocobabhūḥ piñcitikā­puṣkarañ ca tadākhyam.
n.­1094
Cf. 1.­97.
n.­1095
This elephant, Dhanapālaka, appears in the Sbhv, where its conversion by the Buddha is narrated (SbhvG ii 186ff.; nga F.238.a ff.; Taishō 1450, 24.197b ff.).
n.­1096
Cf. the Pāli Jātaka, which gives an explanation very different from the two in the Bhv: When the elephant, which was originally named Nārāgiri, was converted by the Buddha, people threw ornaments on its body, and as its body was covered with the ornaments, it was named Dhanapālaka (J v 336–37).
n.­1097
The story of Miṇḍhaka and his family and the story of their former lives have parallels in Divy 9 Meṇḍhaka­gṛha­pati­vibhūti­pariccheda and Divy 10 Meṇḍhakāvadāna and other vinayas (see Hiraoka 2007, i 235–56. For Eng. trsl., see Rotman 2008–17, i 223–41). The Bhv’s Miṇḍhaka stories are generally briefer than the Divy’s Meṇḍhaka stories.
n.­1098
Skt. śatāni sahasrāṇi ca; Tib. brgya stong (“a hundred thousand”). Cf. brgya ’am stong in the wish Miṇḍhaka’s wife made in her former life (10.­126). The same applies to Miṇḍhaka’s daughter-in-law.
n.­1099
For this greeting, see n.­389.
n.­1100
Tib. shes ldan dag bltas zin gyis ’gro’o (lit., “Because [we] have seen [you], sirs, [we] will leave”); Skt. avalokitā bhavata: gamiṣyāmah. It seems Tib. (or the Skt. manuscript Tib. was based on) confused bhavata, imp. 2nd pl. of √bhū, with bhavantaḥ, nom./voc. pl. of bhavat. For the farewell phrase consisting of pp., nom. of ava√loc, and imp. of √bhū (in the Bhv, e.g., 8.­199; 152r avalokito bhava), see BHSD s.v. avalokayati.
n.­1101
bcom ldan ’das de ’jig rten thams cad med pa’i yul stong rgyu zhing gshegs par bya ’am (lit., “Should that Blessed One travel in an empty country where no worldly beings exist”). The present translation is partially based on the Divy: sa nāma bhagavān sarva­loka­prativiśiṣṭaḥ sarva­vāda­vijayī śūnye jana­pade cārikaṃ cariṣyati.
n.­1102
Tib. ’khor de rnams zil gyis mnan te; Skt. tāṃ parṣadam abhya­vagāhya (“having gone into that assembly”) (SWTF s.v. abhyavagāh-). Cf. Hiraoka 2007, i 252n47.
n.­1103
This list of foods partially overlaps with those of “medicines to be consumed at night” and “medicines to be consumed within seven days” (see 1.­9). Ghee (Tib. mar; Skt. ghṛta) may be the same as sarpis, which is one of the “medicines to be consumed within seven days” (cf. Einoo 1988, 26–27n169 for ājya, ghṛta, and sarpis as synonyms in the Śrautasūtra). Thickened juice of the sugarcane (Tib. bu ram; Skt. guḍa) is, according to the Vvbh, the same as phāṇita, which is also included among “medicines to be consumed within seven days” (see n.­35). Khaṇḍa, which does not appear either in Skt. or in the Divy, is a tentative reconstruction from Tib. hwags based on Mvy 5838. Śarkarā is also one of the “medicines to be consumed within seven days.” “Drinks” (Tib. btung ba; Skt. pānaka) correspond to “medicines to be consumed at night.”
n.­1104
See n.­1089.
n.­1105
Although this sentence continues until the first part of the next episode in Tib. (… gshegs pa na khyim bdag lug gis gsol pa “when [the Blessed One] … departed, the householder Miṇḍhaka said…”), the sentence stops here in Skt. Divy 9 ends here. The following two episodes do not exist in the Divy, and E. The Former Lives of the Miṇḍhaka Family corresponds to Divy 10.
n.­1106
Kalpikāra. For this term, see Clarke 2009, 27n86.
n.­1107
The rules of training for novices appear in a part of the Prjv (1.405) for which Skt. is missing. In Ch., the rules are abbreviated in the Prjv (Taishō no. 1444, 23.1030c2–3), but they are found in the Ekottara­karma­śataka (Taishō no. 1453, 24.456b–c).
n.­1108
Cf. Schopen [2004b] 2014, 346, 357n50.
n.­1109
Preceding this sentence, Skt. has the sentence śrāmaṇerako nāsti (230r4), “There was no novice,” which is omitted in Dutt’s edition.
n.­1110
Cf. the procedure for taking formal possession of medicines to be consumed throughout one’s life (1.­22).
n.­1111
Cf. VS 8.9, 8.10.
n.­1112
This episode corresponds to Divy 10 Meṇḍhakāvadāna and a folio of an avadāna manuscript from Gilgit (Kudō 2017, xxxii; Plate 43).
n.­1113
The Divy and the avadāna from Gilgit do not abbreviate this verse.
n.­1114
The Divy and the avadāna from Gilgit give a stock phrase about a peaceful kingdom, whereas in the Bhv, GBhv abbreviates it with the phrase pūrvavad yāvat “as before” and Tib. does not have any trace of the stock phrase.
n.­1115
Tib. (1) za ma tog, (2) rus gong dkar po, (3) thur mas ’tsho ba; Skt. (1) cañca (Divy cañcu), (2) śvetāsthi, (3) śalākāvṛtti. Cf. AKBh 188.6–15.
n.­1116
This sentence does not tally with the preceding part of the story, where only a famine of “living by means of a stick” is said to occur.
n.­1117
This stock phrase is not abbreviated but given in full in GBhv, whereas it is abbreviated in NBhv and Tib.
n.­1118
The text repeats “from my serving a man who is truly worthy of offerings” as it appears in Miṇḍhaka’s words. The same applies in the following words of the other family members.
n.­1119
The text repeats “Having attained such qualities, may I please a teacher who is even nobler than this man and not displease him!” as it appears in Miṇḍhaka’s words. The same applies in the following words of the other family members.
n.­1120
Skt. balavatī āśā tato ’sau gṛha­patiẖ kośa­koṣṭhāgārāṇi pratya­vekṣitum ārabdho … (231v2) “(Hope is powerful.) Then this householder began to look at his warehouses and storehouses . . . .”
n.­1121
Cf. 9.­26.
n.­1122
Skt. from here to the end of I. A. 3. Kaineya Offers Drinks to the Blessed One is edited in Chung and Wille 2002, 119–24.
n.­1123
Tib. ke na’i bu yis btud ba blangs (lit., “Drinks were received by Kaineya”); Skt. kaineyapānam ādāya (Chung and Wille 2002, 119 reads kaineya<ḥ> pānam). Tib. seems problematic because, in the following story, Kaineya is not the recipient of the drink but the donor. Skt. might be translated “Having received Kaineya’s drink (i.e., the drink offered by Kaineya).” Hence the present translation, which supplies the word “offered.” Among the eleven uddānas in the Bhv, only this final uddāna includes gerund phrases in Skt., “…ādāya” and “… kṛtvā” (see the note after next), whereas the others simply list nouns.
n.­1124
Tib. ka shi’i tshong rdal nas thug; Skt. kāśipaṭṭaṃ ca yavāgvā (“cloth from Kāśi, by barley porridge”). Edgerton suggests that paṭṭa is an error for paṭṭana (“city”) (BHSD s.v. paṭṭa). Cf. Mvy 5531: tshong rdal = pattana.
n.­1125
Tib. sdig can du ni bca’ ba dang; Skt. pāpāyāṃ khādyakaṃ kṛtvā (“having made khādyaka in Pāpā”). Cf. n.­1089.
n.­1126
This story has a parallel in MN 92 Selasutta (= Sn 3.7), etc. Cf. Anālayo 2011a, ii 545–49 and Yao 2012, 3.2.39. Kōgen Mizuno identified the story in the Bhv with Śailagāthā, a title included in the list of texts to be recited in times of danger which appears several times in the Mūla­sarvāstivādin literature (Mizuno 1992, 23–24). Cf. 2.­198 and n.­73. For a parallel in EĀ 49.6, see Anālayo [2011b] 2016b, 325–43. Cf., also, BAK 77 (Okano 2010, 62ff.), Merv-av 210ff., Karmaśataka 34 (See “The Story of Kaineya” in Jamspal and Fischer, trans. The Hundred Deeds, Toh 340).
n.­1127
This episode is discussed in the Apidamo dapiposha lun 阿毘達磨大毘婆沙論 (Taishō no. 1545, 27.410a5ff.).
n.­1144
This story has a parallel in Merv-av 210–13. Cf., also, SHT X 3827.
n.­1153
Cf. Mizuno 1992; Yao 2012a, 3.2.39.
n.­1184
This episode corresponds to the Mahā­māyūrī­vidyārājñī and some other texts. Cf. Pathak 1989; Yao 2012b, 3.2.40. For a related passage in the Muktaka in the Ug, see Kishino 2016, 237, 243 (§1.10.2).

b.

Bibliography

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Bhaiṣajya­vastu in the Gilgit manuscripts. Dutt 1942–50, pt. 1 (1947).

Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye yaoshi 根本説一切有部毘奈耶藥事, Taishō no. 1448, 24.1a1–97a24.

1. A Work Referred to in the Bhaiṣajyavastu

yang dag par ldan pa’i lung (Saṃyuktāgama). Not included in the Kangyur. Cf. Za ahan jing 雜阿含經, Taishō no. 99, 2.1a1–373b18.

2. Works Related to the Bhaiṣajyavastu

’dul ba gzhi (Vinayavastu). Toh 1, 17 chaps. Degé Kangyur vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 1.a1–311.a; vol. 2 (’dul ba, kha), folios 1.a–317.a; vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 1.a–293.a; and vol. 4 (’dul ba, nga), folios 1.a–302.a5.

’dul ba rnam par ’byed pa (Vinayavibhaṅga). Toh 3, Degé Kangyur vol. 5 (’dul ba, ca), folios 21.a1–292.a; vol. 6 (’dul ba, cha) folios 1.a–287.a; vol. 7 (’dul ba, ja) folios 1.a–287.a; and vol. 8 (’dul ba, nya) folios 1.a–269.a6.

’dul ba phran tshegs kyi gzhi (Vinaya­kṣudraka­vastu). Toh 6, Degé Kangyur vol. 10 (’dul ba, tha), folios 1.a1–310.a; vol. 11 (’dul ba, da), folios 1.a–333.a7.

’dul ba gzhung bla ma (Vinayottara­grantha). Toh 7, Degé Kangyur vol. 12 (’dul ba, na), folios 1.a1–302.a; vol. 13 (’dul ba, pa) 1.a–313.a5.

ko lpags kyi gzhi (Carmavastu). Toh 1-5, Degé Kangyur vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 251.a–277.b.

dge slong ma’i ’dul ba rnam par ’byed pa (Bhikṣuṇī­vinaya­vibhaṅga). Toh 5, Degé Kangyur vol. 9 (’dul ba, ta), folios 25.b–328.a.

dge ’dun gyi dbyen gyi gzhi (Saṅgha­bheda­vastu). Toh 1, ch. 17, Degé Kangyur vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 255.b–293.a; vol. 4 (’dul ba, nga), folios 1.a–302.a.

gos kyi gzhi (Cīvaravastu). Toh 1-7, Degé Kangyur vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 50.a–115.b.

rgya cher rol pa (Lalita­vistara). Toh 95, Degé Kangyur vol. 46 (mdo sde, kha), folios 1.b–216.b. English translation in the Dharmachakra Translation Committee (2013).

’dul ba gzhung dam pa (Vinayottara­grantha). Toh 7a, Degé Kangyur vol. 12 (’dul ba, na), folios 92.b–302.a; vol. 13 (’dul ba, pa), folios 1.b–313.a.

’dul ba’i mdo (Vinayasūtra). Toh 4117, Degé Tengyur vol. 261 (’dul ba, wu) folios 1.a1–100.a7.

don rnam par nges pa chos kyi rnam grangs (Arthaviniścaya­dharma­paryāya). Toh 317, Degé Kangyur vol. 72 (mdo sde, sa), folios 170.b–188.a. English translation in Dharmachakra Translation Committee 2021.

gnas lam gyi gzhi (Śayanāsana­vastu). Toh 1-15, Degé Kangyur vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 187.a–222.a.

bye brag tu rtogs par byed pa chen po (Mahāvyutpatti). Toh 4346, Degé Tengyur vol. 204 (sna tshogs, co), folios 1.b–131.a.

ma ga d+hA bzang mo’i rtogs pa brjod pa (Sumāgadhāvadāna). Toh 346, vol. 75 (mdo sde, aM), folios 291.b–298.a. English translation The Exemplary Tale of Sumāgadhā 2024.

dmar ser can gyi gzhi (Pāṇḍulohitaka­vastu). Toh 1-11, Degé Kangyur vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 140.a–165.b.

rtsod pa’i gzhi (Adhikaraṇa­vastu). Toh 1-16, Degé Kangyur vol. 3 (’dul ba, ga), folios 222.a–255.b.

mdzangs blun zhes bya ba’i mdo (Damamūkasūtra). Toh 341, vol. 74 (mdo sde, a), folios 129.a–298.a.

gzhang ’brum rab tu zhi bar byed pa’i mdo (Arśapraśamana­sūtra). Toh 621, Degé Kangyur vol. 91 (rgyud, ba), folios 61.a–61.b; Toh 1020, vol. 101 (gzungs, waM), folios 181.b–183.a.

yangs pa’i grong khyer du ’jug pa’i mdo chen po (Vaiśālī­praveśa­mahā­sūtra). Toh 312, Degé Kangyur vol. 72 (mdo sde, sa) folios 157.b–161.b. English translation in the Bhaiṣajyavastu Translation Team (2020).

yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa chen po’i mdo. Toh 119, Degé Kangyur vol. 52 (mdo sde, nya), folios 1.b–343.a; vol. 53 (mdo sde, ta), folios 1.b–339.a.

rab tu ’byung ba’ gzhi (Pravrjyāvastu). Toh 1, chap. 1. Degé Kangyur vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 1.a–131.a. English translation in Miller (2018).

rig sngags kyi rgyal mo rma bya chen mo (Mahā­māyūrī­vidyā­rājñi). Toh 559, Degé Kangyur, vol. 90 (rgyud ’bum, pha), folios 87.b–117.a. English translation in Dharmachakra Translation Committee 2023.

las brgya pa (Karmaśataka). Toh 340, Degé Kangyur vol. 73 (mdo sde, ha), folios 1.b–309.a; vol. 74 (mdo sde, a), folios 1.b–128.b. English translation in Jamspal and Fischer 2020.

gsang sngags kyi rjes su ’brang ba chen mo’i sgrub thabs (Mahā­mantrānusāriṇī­sādhana). Toh 3254, Degé Tengyur vol. 76 (rgyud, bu), folio 15.b.

so sor thar pa’i mdo (Prātimokṣa­sūtra). Toh 2, Degé Kangyur vol. 5 (’dul ba, ca), folios 1.a–20.b.

Kalyāṇamitra. lung phran tshegs kyi rnam par bshad pa (Āgama­kṣudraka­vyākhyāna). Toh 4115, Degé Tengyur vol. 158 (’dul ba, dzu), folios 1.b–232.a.

Śamathadeva. chos mngon pa’i mdzod kyi ’grel bshad nye bar mkho ba (Abhidharma­kośa­ṭīkopāyikā). Toh 4094, Degé Tengyur vol. 146 (mngon pa, ja), folios 1.b–287.a; vol 147 (mngon pa, ngu), folios 1.b–95.a.

Vasubandhu. chos mngon pa’i mdzod kyi bshad pa (Abhidharma­kośa­bhāṣya). Toh 4090, Degé Tengyur vol. 140 (mngon pa, ku), folios 26.b–258.a; vol. 141 (mngon pa, khu), folios 1.b–95.a.

Vasubandhu. rnam par bshad pa’i rigs pa (Vyākhyāyukti). Toh 4061, Degé Tengyur vol. 136 (sems tsam, shi), folios 29.a–134.b.

Yaśomitra. chos mngon pa’i mdzod kyi ’grel bshad (Abhidharma­kośa­ṭīkā). Toh 4092, Degé Tengyur vol. 142 (mngon pa, gu), folios 1.b–330.a; vol. 143 (mngon pa, ngu), folios 1.b–333.a.

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Yamagiwa, Nobuyuki 山極 伸之. “Shoki bukkyō kyōdan ni okeru shoku no juyō 初期仏教教団における食の受容–-浄地をめぐる諸問題–- [The acceptance of food in the early Buddhist monastic community: problems about kappiyabhūmi/kalpikaśālā].” In Ishigami Zennō kyōju koki kinen ronbunshū: bukkyō bunka no kichō to tenkai 石上善應教授古稀記念論文集 仏教文化の基調と展開 [“Festschrift for Professor Zennō Ishigami on the occasion of his seventieth birthday: the basis and development of Buddhist culture”], 307–22, Tokyo: Sankibō busshorin 山喜房佛書林, 2001.

Yamanaka, Yukio 山中 行雄, Tsutomu Yamashita 山下 勤, Ritsu Akahane 赤羽 律, and Yasutaka Muroya 室屋 安孝 (2011). “Bukkyō bunken ‘Ryōjibyō kyō’ to sono kanren bunken ni tsuite 仏教文献『療痔病経』とその関連文献について [A study of ‘The Sūtra of the Tranquilization of Hemorrhoids’ and other relevant material].” Nihon ishigaku zasshi 日本医史学雑誌 57, no. 3: 293–304.

Yamanaka, Yukio (2012). “Bukkyō bunken ‘Ryōjibyō kyō’ no haikei ni tsuite 仏教文献『療痔病経』の背景について [A study of the Arśapraśamaṇisūtra: Analysis].” Nihon ishigaku zasshi 日本医史学雑誌 58, no. 1: 39–51.

Yao, Fumi 八尾 史 (2007). “Konponsetsuissaiuburitsu ni okeru kyōten inyō no mondai: Mahādevasūtra no jirei, 根本説一切有部律における経典引用の問題―Mahādevasūtraの事例 [On the Mahādevasūtra quoted in the Mūla­sarvāstivāda-vinaya].” Buddhist Studies 佛教研究 (國際佛教徒協會) 35: 195–215.

Yao, Fumi (2010). “ ‘Konponsetsuissaiuburitsu’ yakuji ni okeru kyōten ‘inyō’ no shosō: ‘Nehangyō’ taiō bubun wo chūshin ni 『根本説一切有部律』「薬事」における経典「引用」の諸相―「涅槃経」対応部分を中心に, [Sutras quoted in the Bhaiṣajyavastu of the Mūla­sarvāstivāda-vinaya: with a focus on the parallel part to the Mahā­parinirvāṇa­sūtra].” Buddhist Studies 佛教研究 (國際佛教徒協會) 38: 251–79.

Yao, Fumi (2011). ‘Konponsetsuissaiuburitsu’ yakuji ni okeru kyōten ‘inyō’ no shosō 2, 『 根本説一切有部律』「薬事」における経典「引用」の諸相(二) [Sutras quoted in the Bhaiṣajyavastu of the Mūla­sarvāstivāda-vinaya (2)].” Buddhist Studies 佛教研究 (國際佛教徒協會) 39: 179–99.

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g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for names and terms of the corresponding source language

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in a manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other manuscripts with a parallel or similar context.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in dictionaries matching Tibetan to the corresponding language.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where the relationship between the Tibetan and source language is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

a person who makes things allowable

Wylie:
  • rung ba byed pa
Tibetan:
  • རུང་བ་བྱེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kalpikāra

A layperson who makes things legally permissible in the context of Buddhist monastic law, doing tasks that are not allowed for monks.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 10.­104
g.­2

Ābhāsvara

Wylie:
  • ’od gsal
Tibetan:
  • འོད་གསལ།
Sanskrit:
  • ābhāsvara

The sixth heaven of the realm of form; also the name of the gods living there.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­58
  • 4.­19
g.­3

Abṛha

Wylie:
  • mi che ba
Tibetan:
  • མི་ཆེ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • abṛha

The first of the “pure abodes;” also the name of the gods living there.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­58
  • 4.­19
g.­9

Ādirājya

Wylie:
  • dang po’i rgyal srid
Tibetan:
  • དང་པོའི་རྒྱལ་སྲིད།
Sanskrit:
  • ādirājya

A place in Śūrasena.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­269-270
  • 8.­2
g.­10

Ādumā

Wylie:
  • yul a du ma
  • a du ma
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་ཨ་དུ་མ།
  • ཨ་དུ་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • ādumā

A village.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 11.­2-3
  • 11.­11
  • 11.­44
g.­12

aggregate

Wylie:
  • phung po
Tibetan:
  • ཕུང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • skandha

The basic components out of which the world and the personal self are formed, usually listed as a set of five.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­344
  • 2.­352
  • 3.­265
  • 5.­2
  • 8.­110
  • 8.­276
  • 9.­403
  • 9.­961-962
  • 11.­157
  • n.­263
  • n.­502
  • g.­649
g.­13

Agnidatta

Wylie:
  • me sbyin
Tibetan:
  • མེ་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • agnidatta

(1) A brahmin. (2) A brahmin king.

Located in 37 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­391
  • 2.­393
  • 2.­395
  • 2.­397
  • 2.­399
  • 2.­405-408
  • 2.­410
  • 2.­420
  • 8.­120
  • 8.­127-129
  • 8.­189-190
  • 8.­193
  • 8.­199-202
  • 8.­204
  • 8.­210
  • 8.­212
  • 8.­215-216
  • 8.­219
  • 8.­222
  • n.­115
  • n.­515
  • n.­738
  • g.­34
  • g.­192
  • g.­224
  • g.­340
  • g.­411
g.­17

Ajātaśatru

Wylie:
  • ma skyes dgra
Tibetan:
  • མ་སྐྱེས་དགྲ།
Sanskrit:
  • ajātaśatru

The son of King Śreṇya Bimbisāra, who later becomes the king of Magadha.

Located in 31 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 3.­3
  • 3.­6-7
  • 3.­9
  • 3.­13-15
  • 3.­19-22
  • 3.­26-27
  • 3.­33
  • 3.­37-38
  • 3.­41
  • 3.­48-50
  • 3.­52-53
  • 3.­107-108
  • 3.­134-136
  • n.­124
  • n.­128
  • g.­697
g.­25

Ānanda

Wylie:
  • kun dga’ bo
Tibetan:
  • ཀུན་དགའ་བོ།
Sanskrit:
  • ānanda

(1) A disciple of the Buddha. (2) A disciple of a former Buddha. (3) A disciple of a future Buddha. (4) A king in the past.

Located in 233 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­3-5
  • 1.­7-9
  • 2.­62
  • 2.­64
  • 2.­67
  • 2.­76-79
  • 2.­82
  • 2.­86-88
  • 2.­269-272
  • 2.­276
  • 2.­280-281
  • 3.­52
  • 3.­54
  • 3.­76
  • 3.­81
  • 3.­98-99
  • 3.­135-136
  • 3.­139
  • 3.­203
  • 3.­206
  • 3.­229
  • 3.­272
  • 3.­298
  • 3.­324
  • 4.­2-4
  • 4.­7-9
  • 4.­11-16
  • 4.­23
  • 4.­25
  • 4.­28-32
  • 4.­34-36
  • 4.­46-47
  • 4.­55
  • 4.­58-59
  • 4.­63-72
  • 4.­82
  • 4.­85
  • 4.­87-91
  • 4.­112-113
  • 5.­3-5
  • 5.­10-13
  • 6.­162-163
  • 6.­183-184
  • 6.­221
  • 6.­227-228
  • 6.­246-247
  • 6.­257-258
  • 6.­278-280
  • 7.­4-6
  • 7.­8
  • 7.­11
  • 7.­15
  • 7.­17
  • 7.­41
  • 7.­45
  • 7.­47
  • 7.­149-150
  • 7.­207
  • 7.­239
  • 7.­269-271
  • 8.­2-4
  • 8.­6
  • 8.­69-70
  • 8.­95-96
  • 8.­112-113
  • 8.­128
  • 8.­130
  • 8.­132-134
  • 8.­136-137
  • 8.­139-140
  • 8.­143-144
  • 8.­146
  • 8.­148
  • 8.­173-178
  • 8.­180
  • 8.­182-183
  • 8.­185-186
  • 8.­188
  • 8.­192-194
  • 8.­199-205
  • 8.­207
  • 8.­240
  • 9.­2-3
  • 9.­5
  • 9.­8-9
  • 9.­17
  • 9.­41
  • 9.­43-44
  • 9.­108-109
  • 9.­130
  • 9.­132-133
  • 9.­135
  • 9.­465-466
  • 9.­1386-1388
  • 9.­1392
  • 9.­1403
  • 9.­1405
  • 9.­1427
  • 9.­1435
  • 9.­1440
  • 9.­2532-2533
  • 9.­2544-2545
  • 9.­2551-2552
  • 9.­2558-2559
  • 9.­2569-2570
  • 10.­65-66
  • 11.­29
  • 11.­198
  • 11.­202
  • 11.­204-205
  • 11.­224
  • 11.­227
  • n.­57
  • n.­130
  • n.­365
  • n.­429
  • n.­447
  • n.­454
  • n.­502
  • n.­508-509
  • n.­511
  • n.­563-564
  • n.­622
  • n.­697
  • n.­940
  • n.­960
  • n.­1180
  • g.­532
g.­27

Anāthapiṇḍada

Wylie:
  • mgon med zas sbyin
Tibetan:
  • མགོན་མེད་ཟས་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • anāthapiṇḍada

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A wealthy merchant in the town of Śrāvastī, famous for his generosity to the poor, who became a patron of the Buddha Śākyamuni. He bought Prince Jeta’s Grove (Skt. Jetavana), to be the Buddha’s first monastery, a place where the monks could stay during the monsoon.

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­91
  • 2.­207-213
  • 6.­239
  • 8.­191
  • 8.­193
  • 9.­48
  • 9.­71-74
  • 9.­76-77
  • n.­668
  • g.­625
g.­34

Apalāla

Wylie:
  • sog ma med
Tibetan:
  • སོག་མ་མེད།
Sanskrit:
  • apalāla

Lit. “Without a Straw.” A nāga king, who was the brahmin Agnidatta in a former life.

Located in 24 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 2.­422
  • 3.­9
  • 3.­51-52
  • 7.­212-213
  • 7.­225-228
  • 7.­234-235
  • 7.­237
  • 7.­268
  • 7.­270-271
  • n.­114
  • n.­128
  • n.­343
  • n.­401
  • n.­423
  • n.­429
  • g.­411
g.­41

Araṇemi

Wylie:
  • rtsibs kyi mu khyud
Tibetan:
  • རྩིབས་ཀྱི་མུ་ཁྱུད།
Sanskrit:
  • araṇemi

A teacher who was the Buddha in a former life.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1257-1258
  • 9.­1260-1261
  • 9.­1263
  • 9.­1276-1277
  • n.­883
  • n.­886
g.­43

arhat

Wylie:
  • dgra bcom pa
Tibetan:
  • དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • arhat

One who has achieved the fourth and final level of attainment on the śrāvaka path and attained liberation with the cessation of all afflictive emotions.

Located in 115 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­10
  • 2.­16
  • 2.­24
  • 2.­67
  • 2.­236
  • 2.­256
  • 2.­292
  • 2.­315
  • 2.­343
  • 2.­346-347
  • 2.­349-350
  • 2.­352
  • 2.­365
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­75
  • 3.­127
  • 3.­174
  • 3.­197
  • 3.­200-201
  • 3.­250-255
  • 3.­267
  • 3.­273
  • 3.­296
  • 3.­299
  • 3.­322
  • 4.­28
  • 4.­34-35
  • 4.­66
  • 4.­102
  • 6.­6
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­57
  • 7.­66
  • 7.­113
  • 7.­117
  • 7.­122
  • 7.­126
  • 7.­130-131
  • 7.­150
  • 8.­6
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­110
  • 8.­118
  • 8.­232
  • 8.­248
  • 8.­262
  • 8.­268
  • 8.­276
  • 9.­36
  • 9.­39
  • 9.­69
  • 9.­92
  • 9.­135
  • 9.­263
  • 9.­323-325
  • 9.­329
  • 9.­1527
  • 9.­1532
  • 9.­1587
  • 9.­1606
  • 9.­1619
  • 9.­1637-1638
  • 9.­1655
  • 9.­1661
  • 9.­1675
  • 9.­1683
  • 9.­1697
  • 9.­1735
  • 9.­1830
  • 9.­1871
  • 9.­1900
  • 9.­1941
  • 9.­2006
  • 9.­2016
  • 9.­2023
  • 9.­2049
  • 9.­2074
  • 9.­2107
  • 9.­2132
  • 9.­2145
  • 9.­2164-2165
  • 9.­2267
  • 9.­2317
  • 9.­2321
  • 9.­2355
  • 9.­2361
  • 9.­2506-2507
  • 9.­2534
  • 10.­67
  • 11.­35
  • 11.­50
  • 11.­57-58
  • 11.­93
  • 11.­159
  • n.­40
  • n.­491
  • g.­42
  • g.­640
  • g.­668
g.­60

Ātreya

Wylie:
  • rgyun shes kyi bu
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱུན་ཤེས་ཀྱི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • ātreya

(1) The physician of King Prasenajit. (2) The name of Prince Kuśa disguised as a physician.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­44
  • 2.­46-47
  • 2.­50-54
  • 2.­67-69
  • 2.­71
  • 9.­375
  • g.­551
g.­71

Bamboo Grove

Wylie:
  • ’od ma’i tshal
Tibetan:
  • འོད་མའི་ཚལ།
Sanskrit:
  • veṇuvana

A grove near Rājagṛha in Magadha.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­40-41
  • 2.­412
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­25
  • 9.­2071
  • n.­935
g.­83

Bhadraṃkara

Wylie:
  • bzang byed
Tibetan:
  • བཟང་བྱེད།
Sanskrit:
  • bhadraṃkara

A city.

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 10.­58
  • 10.­65-68
  • 10.­73-74
  • 10.­78-80
  • 10.­84
  • 10.­92
g.­90

Bhārgava

Wylie:
  • ngan spong
Tibetan:
  • ངན་སྤོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • bhārgava

A ṛṣi.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­87
  • n.­213
g.­100

bisakṣīla

Wylie:
  • pad ma’i rtsa ba’i ’o ma
Tibetan:
  • པད་མའི་རྩ་བའི་འོ་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • bisakṣīla

The juice of lotus roots.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 10.­48
g.­105

Brahmadatta

Wylie:
  • tshangs sbyin
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • brahmadatta

(1) A king of Kāśi in the past. (2) A buddha in the past. (3) One of the seven kings mentioned in the story of Govinda.

Located in 55 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­154
  • 9.­414-415
  • 9.­418
  • 9.­916-917
  • 9.­1000
  • 9.­1004-1005
  • 9.­1007-1008
  • 9.­1016
  • 9.­1033
  • 9.­1035
  • 9.­1106-1108
  • 9.­1112
  • 9.­1122
  • 9.­1125
  • 9.­1134-1135
  • 9.­1143
  • 9.­1145
  • 9.­1149
  • 9.­1151-1152
  • 9.­1155-1158
  • 9.­1160-1161
  • 9.­1163-1164
  • 9.­1170
  • 9.­1173
  • 9.­1192
  • 9.­1208
  • 9.­1224
  • 9.­1350
  • 9.­1440
  • 9.­1506
  • 9.­1562
  • 9.­1564
  • 9.­2228
  • 9.­2240
  • 9.­2242
  • 9.­2244
  • 9.­2247
  • 9.­2368
  • 10.­117
  • 10.­119
  • 10.­131
  • g.­109
g.­115

breakfast

Wylie:
  • g.yar tshus
  • zhal tshus
Tibetan:
  • གཡར་ཚུས།
  • ཞལ་ཚུས།
Sanskrit:
  • purobhaktikā

Simple food to be eaten before the main meal. See also n.­1088.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­160
  • 8.­166
  • 10.­30
  • 10.­32
g.­124

Cañcā

Wylie:
  • rtswa mi
Tibetan:
  • རྩྭ་མི།
Sanskrit:
  • cañcā

A female mendicant who falsely accuses the Buddha.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1511
  • 9.­1513-1514
  • 9.­1517-1518
  • 9.­1521
  • 9.­1523
  • 9.­2362
  • 9.­2367
  • 9.­2382
  • 9.­2482
  • n.­848
  • n.­937
g.­140

continent of Jambu

Wylie:
  • ’dzam bu’i gling
Tibetan:
  • འཛམ་བུའི་གླིང་།
Sanskrit:
  • jambudvīpa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The name of the southern continent in Buddhist cosmology, which can signify either the known human world, or more specifically the Indian subcontinent, literally “the jambu island/continent.” Jambu is the name used for a range of plum-like fruits from trees belonging to the genus Szygium, particularly Szygium jambos and Szygium cumini, and it has commonly been rendered “rose apple,” although “black plum” may be a less misleading term. Among various explanations given for the continent being so named, one (in the Abhidharmakośa) is that a jambu tree grows in its northern mountains beside Lake Anavatapta, mythically considered the source of the four great rivers of India, and that the continent is therefore named from the tree or the fruit. Jambudvīpa has the Vajrāsana at its center and is the only continent upon which buddhas attain awakening.

Located in 41 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­71
  • 2.­244
  • 2.­291
  • 2.­326
  • 2.­400
  • 3.­162-163
  • 3.­268
  • 4.­35
  • 9.­171
  • 9.­173
  • 9.­176
  • 9.­179
  • 9.­182
  • 9.­193
  • 9.­246-247
  • 9.­258
  • 9.­260
  • 9.­941-942
  • 9.­946-948
  • 9.­950-960
  • 9.­1257
  • 9.­1639-1641
  • 9.­1996
  • g.­396
g.­143

Daṇḍin

Wylie:
  • dbyug gu can
Tibetan:
  • དབྱུག་གུ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • daṇḍin

A brahmin.

Located in 27 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­473-474
  • 9.­476
  • 9.­480
  • 9.­482-483
  • 9.­485
  • 9.­487
  • 9.­490
  • 9.­497
  • 9.­499-505
  • 9.­507-512
  • 9.­518
  • n.­696
  • n.­700
  • n.­705
g.­146

Deer Park

Wylie:
  • ri dags kyi nags
Tibetan:
  • རི་དགས་ཀྱི་ནགས།
Sanskrit:
  • mṛgadāva

A park near Vārāṇasī where the Buddha gave the first sermon.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­2-3
  • 3.­267
  • 8.­270
  • 8.­286
  • 8.­296
  • 9.­38
  • 9.­2347
  • 9.­2350
  • 9.­2408
g.­149

Devadatta

Wylie:
  • lha sbyin
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • devadatta

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­3
  • 9.­988
  • 9.­2485
  • n.­232
  • n.­1039
  • n.­1068
g.­152

Dhanapālaka

Wylie:
  • nor skyong
Tibetan:
  • ནོར་སྐྱོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • dhanapālaka

An elephant who was sent to kill the Buddha.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­3
  • 10.­54-55
  • n.­1095-1096
g.­159

Dhṛtarāṣṭra

Wylie:
  • yul ’khor skyong
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་འཁོར་སྐྱོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • dhṛtarāṣṭra

(1) The name common to two of the seven kings mentioned in the story of Govinda. (2) A buddha in the past. (3) One of the Four Great Kings. (4) A haṃsa.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­22
  • 9.­1222
  • 9.­1350
  • 9.­1394
  • 9.­1420-1421
  • 9.­1506
  • 11.­12
  • 11.­16-17
  • 11.­24
  • 11.­36
  • g.­185
  • g.­187
g.­175

element

Wylie:
  • khams
Tibetan:
  • ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • dhātu

One way of describing experience and the world in terms of eighteen elements (eye and form, ear and sound, nose and smell, tongue and taste, body and physical objects, and mind and mental phenomena, to which the six consciousnesses are added). Also refers here to the four elements of earth, water, fire, and wind.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­344
  • 2.­352
  • 3.­214
  • 3.­265
  • 6.­115
  • 7.­228
  • 8.­110
  • 8.­137
  • 8.­276
  • 9.­403
  • 9.­961
  • 9.­1723
  • 9.­2588
  • 10.­47
g.­183

four applications of mindfulness

Wylie:
  • dran pa nye bar gzhag pa bzhi pa
Tibetan:
  • དྲན་པ་ཉེ་བར་གཞག་པ་བཞི་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • catvāri smṛtyupasthānāni

The meditative application of awareness to the body, perception, mind, and dharmas; part of the thirty-seven aspects of awakening.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­8
  • 7.­3
  • 7.­5
  • 7.­17
  • 7.­47
  • 8.­87-88
  • n.­188
g.­185

Four Great Kings

Wylie:
  • rgyal po chen po bzhi
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་པོ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • catvāro mahārājāḥ

Divine guardians of the four directions, namely, Dhṛtarāṣṭra, Virūḍhaka, Virūpākṣa, and Vaiśravaṇa. Also referred to as the Four Protectors of the World.

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­170
  • 9.­205
  • 9.­215
  • 9.­222
  • 9.­224
  • 9.­1238
  • 11.­28
  • 11.­30
  • n.­153
  • n.­329
  • n.­645
  • n.­1134
  • g.­159
  • g.­187
  • g.­206
  • g.­666
  • g.­667
  • g.­701
  • g.­731
  • g.­732
g.­187

Four Protectors of the World

Wylie:
  • ’jig rten skyong ba bzhi
Tibetan:
  • འཇིག་རྟེན་སྐྱོང་བ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • catvāraḥ loka­pālāḥ

Four deities guarding the four quarters, namely, Dhṛtarāṣṭra in the east, Virūḍhaka in the south, Virūpākṣa in the west, and Vaiśravaṇa in the north. Also referred to as the Four Great Kings.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­276
  • 3.­302
  • 8.­266-267
  • 11.­4-5
  • 11.­34-36
  • g.­185
g.­190

four truths of the noble ones

Wylie:
  • ’phags pa’i bden pa bzhi
Tibetan:
  • འཕགས་པའི་བདེན་པ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • caturāryasatya

The Buddha’s first teaching, which explains suffering, the origin of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the path to the cessation of suffering.

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­293
  • 2.­296
  • 2.­332
  • 3.­77-78
  • 3.­227
  • 6.­174
  • 6.­253
  • 6.­272
  • 7.­182
  • 8.­101
  • 8.­264
  • 8.­282
  • 9.­24
  • 9.­31
  • 9.­2581
  • 10.­85
  • 10.­91
  • 11.­37
  • g.­148
g.­193

fruit of stream-entry

Wylie:
  • rgyun du zhugs pa’i ’bras bu
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱུན་དུ་ཞུགས་པའི་འབྲས་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • srotāpatti­phala

The first of the four spiritual achievements, which is considered to be entering “the stream” of the noble ones that flows inexorably toward awakening.

Located in 27 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­293
  • 2.­296
  • 2.­315
  • 2.­332
  • 3.­227
  • 4.­86
  • 4.­111
  • 6.­253
  • 6.­272
  • 6.­294
  • 7.­166
  • 7.­182
  • 8.­101
  • 8.­264
  • 8.­282
  • 9.­24
  • 9.­31
  • 9.­69
  • 9.­316
  • 9.­318
  • 9.­329
  • 9.­2581
  • 10.­91
  • 10.­98
  • 11.­57-58
  • n.­543
g.­197

Ganges

Wylie:
  • chu bo gang gA
Tibetan:
  • ཆུ་བོ་གང་གཱ།
Sanskrit:
  • gaṅgā

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Gaṅgā, or Ganges in English, is considered to be the most sacred river of India, particularly within the Hindu tradition. It starts in the Himalayas, flows through the northern plains of India, bathing the holy city of Vārāṇasī, and meets the sea at the Bay of Bengal, in Bangladesh. In the sūtras, however, this river is mostly mentioned not for its sacredness but for its abundant sands‍—noticeable still today on its many sandy banks and at its delta‍—which serve as a common metaphor for infinitely large numbers.

According to Buddhist cosmology, as explained in the Abhidharmakośa, it is one of the four rivers that flow from Lake Anavatapta and cross the southern continent of Jambudvīpa‍—the known human world or more specifically the Indian subcontinent.

Located in 30 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­53
  • 3.­105-106
  • 3.­134-135
  • 3.­139
  • 3.­166
  • 3.­181-183
  • 7.­81
  • 8.­227
  • 8.­241
  • 8.­243
  • 8.­264
  • 8.­280
  • 8.­287-288
  • 8.­290-291
  • 8.­300-301
  • 9.­35
  • 9.­1529
  • n.­114
  • n.­145
  • n.­251
  • g.­28
  • g.­87
  • g.­134
g.­200

Gautama

Wylie:
  • gau ta ma
Tibetan:
  • གཽ་ཏ་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • gautama

(1) Family name of the Buddha Śākyamuni. (2) A nāga king.

Located in 159 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­201
  • 2.­277
  • 2.­318
  • 2.­320
  • 2.­322
  • 3.­35-36
  • 3.­60-61
  • 3.­74
  • 3.­96
  • 3.­100
  • 3.­105
  • 4.­74
  • 4.­81
  • 6.­3
  • 6.­6
  • 6.­11-12
  • 6.­14
  • 6.­16
  • 6.­18-19
  • 6.­21
  • 6.­23
  • 6.­25
  • 6.­27
  • 6.­32
  • 6.­37-38
  • 6.­41-48
  • 6.­53
  • 6.­56
  • 6.­136
  • 6.­140-145
  • 6.­147-148
  • 6.­151
  • 6.­155
  • 6.­157-161
  • 6.­167-171
  • 6.­180
  • 6.­182
  • 6.­186
  • 6.­190-192
  • 6.­196-199
  • 6.­201
  • 6.­203
  • 6.­205-206
  • 6.­208
  • 6.­213
  • 6.­215-216
  • 6.­219-220
  • 6.­227
  • 6.­229-231
  • 6.­233
  • 6.­236
  • 6.­271
  • 6.­282-284
  • 6.­286-289
  • 6.­292
  • 7.­162-163
  • 7.­166
  • 7.­170
  • 7.­172
  • 7.­174
  • 7.­176
  • 7.­178
  • 8.­18-19
  • 8.­33
  • 8.­62-64
  • 8.­83-84
  • 8.­86-92
  • 8.­113-114
  • 8.­120-121
  • 8.­123
  • 8.­134
  • 8.­192
  • 9.­21
  • 9.­42
  • 9.­1508
  • 9.­1510
  • 9.­1512-1516
  • 9.­1721-1722
  • 9.­1763
  • 9.­1820
  • 9.­2522-2524
  • 9.­2526-2528
  • 10.­68
  • 10.­71
  • 10.­82-83
  • 10.­89
  • 10.­95
  • 11.­10
  • 11.­49
  • 11.­92
  • 11.­128
  • 11.­163
  • 11.­166
  • n.­295
  • n.­481
g.­201

Gayā-Kāśyapa

Wylie:
  • ga yA ’od srung
Tibetan:
  • ག་ཡཱ་འོད་སྲུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • gayā-kāśyapa

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1822-1824
  • n.­987
g.­206

(gods) attendant on the Four Great Kings

Wylie:
  • rgyal chen bzhi’i ris
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་ཆེན་བཞིའི་རིས།
Sanskrit:
  • cātur­mahā­rājika

A class of gods who inhabit the lowest among the six heavens of the desire realm, the dwelling place of the Four Great Kings.

Located in 17 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­58
  • 3.­110
  • 3.­224-225
  • 4.­19
  • 8.­80
  • 8.­249
  • 8.­263
  • 8.­267
  • 8.­278
  • 8.­281-282
  • 9.­84
  • 9.­214
  • 9.­216
  • 10.­78-79
g.­210

Govinda

Wylie:
  • gnag lhas skyes
Tibetan:
  • གནག་ལྷས་སྐྱེས།
Sanskrit:
  • govinda

A brahmin.

Located in 43 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1281-1293
  • 9.­1295-1300
  • 9.­1302-1303
  • 9.­1308
  • 9.­1311-1313
  • 9.­1325-1326
  • 9.­1330
  • 9.­1348-1349
  • 9.­1352-1353
  • 9.­1495
  • n.­882
  • n.­887
  • n.­894
  • n.­898
  • g.­105
  • g.­159
  • g.­170
  • g.­526
  • g.­582
  • g.­737
g.­217

guḍa

Wylie:
  • bu ram
Tibetan:
  • བུ་རམ།
Sanskrit:
  • guḍa

Thickened sugarcane juice, which is the same as phāṇita.

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­83-85
  • 1.­91
  • 2.­134
  • 9.­1439
  • 9.­2010-2011
  • 9.­2014
  • 9.­2018-2022
  • 9.­2524-2528
  • 9.­2531
  • 10.­101
  • 10.­107
  • 10.­110
  • 10.­112
  • 10.­114
  • n.­35
  • n.­1074
  • n.­1103
g.­222

Gupta

Wylie:
  • sbas pa
Tibetan:
  • སྦས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • gupta

A perfumer, the father of Upagupta.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­6
  • n.­769
g.­225

haṃsa

Wylie:
  • ngang pa
Tibetan:
  • ངང་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • haṃsa

A kind of bird, which is identified with the swan or goose.

Located in 32 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­22
  • 3.­126-127
  • 8.­280
  • 8.­283-286
  • 8.­303
  • 9.­35
  • 9.­535
  • 9.­544
  • 9.­581
  • 9.­723
  • 9.­1120
  • 9.­1222-1223
  • 9.­1225-1232
  • 9.­1234
  • 10.­124
  • n.­582
  • n.­710
  • g.­159
  • g.­511
  • g.­513
g.­243

Icchānaṅgalā

Wylie:
  • ’dod pa mthun pa
Tibetan:
  • འདོད་པ་མཐུན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • icchānaṅgalā

A village.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­2
  • 6.­9
  • 6.­11-12
  • 6.­162-163
  • n.­243
  • n.­314
  • n.­357
  • g.­244
g.­244

Icchānaṅgalā Forest

Wylie:
  • ’dod pa mthun pa’i nags khrod
Tibetan:
  • འདོད་པ་མཐུན་པའི་ནགས་ཁྲོད།
Sanskrit:
  • icchānaṅgalaṃ vanaṣaṇḍam

A forest near the village Icchānaṅgalā.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­2
  • 6.­9
  • 6.­11-12
  • n.­243
g.­247

Indra

Wylie:
  • dbang po
Tibetan:
  • དབང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • indra

(1) A god, also known as “Śakra.” (2) A brahmin. (3) A buddha in the past.

Located in 29 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­10
  • 2.­236
  • 2.­247
  • 2.­306
  • 3.­262
  • 3.­273
  • 3.­276
  • 3.­299
  • 3.­302
  • 7.­161-162
  • 7.­164-165
  • 7.­167-168
  • 9.­233
  • 9.­592
  • 9.­827
  • 9.­1506
  • n.­40
  • n.­625
  • n.­787
  • n.­930
  • g.­15
  • g.­390
  • g.­432
  • g.­542
  • g.­552
  • g.­688
g.­262

jātaka

Wylie:
  • skyes rabs
Tibetan:
  • སྐྱེས་རབས།
Sanskrit:
  • jātaka

A story of one of the Buddha’ s former lives.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1494
  • 11.­148
  • n.­875
  • n.­877
  • n.­879
  • n.­881
  • n.­1096
g.­263

Jetavana

Wylie:
  • rgyal bu rgyal byed kyi tshal
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་བུ་རྒྱལ་བྱེད་ཀྱི་ཚལ།
Sanskrit:
  • jetavana

See “Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park.”

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­53
  • 2.­91
  • 2.­267
  • 2.­269
  • 2.­293
  • 2.­298-299
  • 2.­339
  • 9.­74
  • 9.­1516-1517
  • 10.­54
g.­264

Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park

Wylie:
  • rgyal bu rgyal byed kyi tshal mgon med zas sbyin gyi kun dga’ ra ba
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་བུ་རྒྱལ་བྱེད་ཀྱི་ཚལ་མགོན་མེད་ཟས་སྦྱིན་གྱི་ཀུན་དགའ་ར་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • jetavanam anāthapiṇḍadasyārāmaḥ AO

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the first Buddhist monasteries, located in a park outside Śrāvastī, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Kośala in northern India. This park was originally owned by Prince Jeta, hence the name Jetavana, meaning Jeta’s grove. The wealthy merchant Anāthapiṇḍada, wishing to offer it to the Buddha, sought to buy it from him, but the prince, not wishing to sell, said he would only do so if Anāthapiṇḍada covered the entire property with gold coins. Anāthapiṇḍada agreed, and managed to cover all of the park except the entrance, hence the name Anāthapiṇḍadasyārāmaḥ, meaning Anāthapiṇḍada’s park. The place is usually referred to in the sūtras as “Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s park,” and according to the Saṃghabhedavastu the Buddha used Prince Jeta’s name in first place because that was Prince Jeta’s own unspoken wish while Anāthapiṇḍada was offering the park. Inspired by the occasion and the Buddha’s use of his name, Prince Jeta then offered the rest of the property and had an entrance gate built. The Buddha specifically instructed those who recite the sūtras to use Prince Jeta’s name in first place to commemorate the mutual effort of both benefactors.

Anāthapiṇḍada built residences for the monks, to house them during the monsoon season, thus creating the first Buddhist monastery. It was one of the Buddha’s main residences, where he spent around nineteen rainy season retreats, and it was therefore the setting for many of the Buddha’s discourses and events. According to the travel accounts of Chinese monks, it was still in use as a Buddhist monastery in the early fifth century ᴄᴇ, but by the sixth century it had been reduced to ruins.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 2.­45-46
  • 2.­202
  • 3.­6
  • 6.­238
  • 7.­65
  • 9.­71
  • 9.­1508
  • 10.­53
  • g.­263
g.­271

Kacaṅgalā

Wylie:
  • ka tsang ga la
Tibetan:
  • ཀ་ཙང་ག་ལ།
Sanskrit:
  • kacaṅgalā

A woman who was the Buddha’s mother in a former life.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­95-97
  • 8.­101
  • 8.­105
  • 8.­107-109
  • n.­486
  • n.­489
  • n.­492
g.­273

Kaineya

Wylie:
  • ke na’i bu
Tibetan:
  • ཀེ་ནའི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • kaineya

A ṛṣi.

Located in 27 passages in the translation:

  • 11.­3-6
  • 11.­10
  • 11.­37
  • 11.­39
  • 11.­43-46
  • 11.­50
  • 11.­52
  • 11.­54-55
  • 11.­66-68
  • 11.­71
  • 11.­112-113
  • 11.­188
  • n.­302
  • n.­305
  • n.­1123
  • n.­1150
  • g.­548
g.­278

Kalandaka­nivāpa

Wylie:
  • ka lan da ka gnas pa
Tibetan:
  • ཀ་ལན་ད་ཀ་གནས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kalandaka­nivāpa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A place where the Buddha often resided, within the Bamboo Park (Veṇuvana) outside Rajagṛha that had been donated to him. The name is said to have arisen when, one day, King Bimbisāra fell asleep after a romantic liaison in the Bamboo Park. While the king rested, his consort wandered off. A snake (the reincarnation of the park’s previous owner, who still resented the king’s acquisition of the park) approached with malign intentions. Through the king’s tremendous merit, a gathering of kalandaka‍—crows or other birds according to Tibetan renderings, but some Sanskrit and Pali sources suggest flying squirrels‍—miraculously appeared and began squawking. Their clamor alerted the king’s consort to the danger, who rushed back and hacked the snake to pieces, thereby saving the king’s life. King Bimbisāra then named the spot Kalandakanivāpa (“Kalandakas’ Feeding Ground”), sometimes (though not in the Vinayavastu) given as Kalandakanivāsa (“Kalandakas’ Abode”) in their honor. The story is told in the Saṃghabhedavastu (Toh 1, ch.17, Degé Kangyur vol.4, folio 77.b et seq.). For more details and other origin stories, see the 84000 Knowledge Base article Veṇuvana and Kalandakanivāpa.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­40-41
  • 3.­2
  • n.­44
  • n.­935
g.­280

Kalmāṣadamya

Wylie:
  • khra bo ’dul
Tibetan:
  • ཁྲ་བོ་འདུལ།
Sanskrit:
  • kalmāṣadamya

A village.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 5.­2
g.­287

Kanthaka

Wylie:
  • bsngags ldan
Tibetan:
  • བསྔགས་ལྡན།
Sanskrit:
  • kanthaka

A horse of the Bodhisattva.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­90
  • n.­213
g.­292

Kapilavastu

Wylie:
  • ser skye’i gnas
  • ser skya’i gnas
  • ser skya’i gzhi
Tibetan:
  • སེར་སྐྱེའི་གནས།
  • སེར་སྐྱའི་གནས།
  • སེར་སྐྱའི་གཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • kapilavastu

The city of the Śākyans.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­5
  • 6.­19-20
  • 6.­276
  • 9.­130
  • 9.­135
  • 9.­1968
  • 9.­2219
  • 9.­2257
  • 10.­84
g.­296

kārṣāpaṇa

Wylie:
  • kAr ShA pa Na
Tibetan:
  • ཀཱར་ཥཱ་པ་ཎ།
Sanskrit:
  • kārṣāpaṇa

A coin.

Located in 25 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­101
  • 2.­149
  • 2.­153-154
  • 2.­157-158
  • 2.­166
  • 2.­260
  • 9.­171-172
  • 9.­250
  • 9.­2368-2369
  • 10.­83
  • 10.­86
  • 10.­89-91
  • 10.­93
  • 10.­103-104
  • 10.­106
  • 11.­198
  • 11.­202
  • n.­657
g.­297

Kāśi

Wylie:
  • ka shi
Tibetan:
  • ཀ་ཤི།
Sanskrit:
  • kāśi

A country or a city named the same.

Located in 19 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­2-3
  • 2.­76
  • 2.­130-132
  • 4.­88
  • 9.­313
  • 9.­1004
  • 9.­1033
  • 9.­1352
  • 9.­1639
  • 9.­1876
  • 9.­2044
  • 9.­2408
  • 11.­189
  • n.­1124
  • g.­105
  • g.­712
g.­299

Kāśyapa

Wylie:
  • ’drob skyong gi bu
  • ’od srung
Tibetan:
  • འདྲོབ་སྐྱོང་གི་བུ།
  • འོད་སྲུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • kāśyapa

(1) A ṛṣi in the past (’drob skyong gi bu). (2) A ṛṣi (’od srung). (3) A buddha in the past (’od srung). (4) Another name of Mahākāśyapa (’od srung).

Located in 87 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­346
  • 2.­349
  • 3.­173
  • 3.­267-270
  • 6.­141
  • 8.­82
  • 8.­110
  • 8.­270
  • 8.­276-278
  • 8.­286
  • 8.­296-298
  • 9.­38-40
  • 9.­43-48
  • 9.­86-87
  • 9.­260
  • 9.­1398
  • 9.­1485
  • 9.­1487
  • 9.­1506
  • 9.­1580
  • 9.­1589
  • 9.­1595-1596
  • 9.­1768
  • 9.­1815
  • 9.­1877
  • 9.­1944
  • 9.­1959
  • 9.­2045
  • 9.­2141
  • 9.­2210-2211
  • 9.­2224
  • 9.­2391
  • 9.­2393
  • 9.­2395-2397
  • 9.­2400
  • 9.­2402-2413
  • 9.­2416
  • 9.­2418-2419
  • 9.­2422
  • 9.­2424-2425
  • 9.­2428
  • 9.­2431-2433
  • 11.­24
  • 11.­32-36
  • n.­584
  • n.­908
  • n.­958
  • n.­1000
  • g.­675
g.­306

khaṇḍa

Wylie:
  • hwags
Tibetan:
  • ཧྭགས།
Sanskrit:
  • khaṇḍa

A kind of sugar.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 10.­101
  • n.­1103
g.­308

Kimpila

Wylie:
  • kim pi la
Tibetan:
  • ཀིམ་པི་ལ།
Sanskrit:
  • kimpila

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­3-4
g.­309

Kimpilā

Wylie:
  • kim pi la
Tibetan:
  • ཀིམ་པི་ལ།
Sanskrit:
  • kimpilā

(1) A village. (2) A forest near the village of Kimpilā.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 7.­2
g.­312

Kolita

Wylie:
  • pang nas skyes
Tibetan:
  • པང་ནས་སྐྱེས།
Sanskrit:
  • kolita

Another name of Mahā­maudgalyāyana.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1628-1630
  • g.­358
g.­314

Kosala

Wylie:
  • ko sa la
Tibetan:
  • ཀོ་ས་ལ།
Sanskrit:
  • kosala

A country that the Buddha frequently visited.

Located in 70 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 2.­27
  • 2.­44
  • 2.­46-49
  • 2.­273
  • 6.­9-12
  • 6.­146-147
  • 6.­179-183
  • 6.­186-189
  • 6.­193-196
  • 6.­220-225
  • 6.­227
  • 6.­229
  • 6.­232-233
  • 6.­235-239
  • 7.­170
  • 9.­71
  • 9.­97-98
  • 9.­100
  • 9.­106
  • 9.­108-110
  • 9.­123
  • 9.­125-126
  • 9.­128-129
  • 9.­137
  • 9.­139
  • 9.­1402
  • 9.­1524
  • 9.­2509
  • n.­314
  • n.­960
  • g.­114
  • g.­285
  • g.­347
  • g.­426
  • g.­499
  • g.­604
  • g.­639
g.­317

Krauñcāna

Wylie:
  • krung krung sgra can
Tibetan:
  • ཀྲུང་ཀྲུང་སྒྲ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • krauñcāna

A village or town. See also n.­564.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­3
  • n.­563-564
g.­326

Kumāravardhana

Wylie:
  • yul gzhon nu bskyed pa
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་གཞོན་ནུ་བསྐྱེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kumāravardhana

A country. See also n.­563.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­2
  • n.­563
g.­331

Kuru

Wylie:
  • sgra ngan
  • sgra mi snyan
Tibetan:
  • སྒྲ་ངན།
  • སྒྲ་མི་སྙན།
Sanskrit:
  • kuru

(1) A country (sgra ngan). (2) A continent in the north (sgra mi snyan).

Located in 24 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­2
  • 7.­48-49
  • 7.­127-128
  • 9.­181-182
  • 9.­184
  • 9.­186
  • 9.­188
  • 9.­190-191
  • 9.­193
  • 9.­246
  • 9.­258
  • 9.­1582-1583
  • 9.­1585
  • 9.­2417
  • n.­629
  • n.­1058
  • g.­302
  • g.­616
  • g.­617
g.­332

Kuśa

Wylie:
  • ku sha
Tibetan:
  • ཀུ་ཤ།
Sanskrit:
  • kuśa

A prince who was the Buddha in a former life.

Located in 33 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­168
  • 9.­340
  • 9.­342
  • 9.­344
  • 9.­346-347
  • 9.­350-353
  • 9.­357-358
  • 9.­361
  • 9.­364
  • 9.­368-369
  • 9.­376
  • 9.­379-381
  • 9.­384-385
  • 9.­388
  • 9.­394-396
  • 9.­400
  • 9.­402-403
  • 9.­410
  • g.­60
  • g.­612
  • g.­743
g.­335

Kūṭāgāraśālā

Wylie:
  • khang pa brtsegs pa’i gnas
Tibetan:
  • ཁང་པ་བརྩེགས་པའི་གནས།
Sanskrit:
  • kūṭāgāraśālā

A hall near Vaiśālī where the Buddha frequently stayed.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­2538-2540
  • 10.­23
g.­339

Licchavi

Wylie:
  • lits+tsha bI
Tibetan:
  • ལིཙྪ་བཱི།
Sanskrit:
  • licchavi

A tribe or clan based in Vaiśālī.

Located in 19 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­31
  • 3.­53
  • 3.­108
  • 3.­134-136
  • 3.­219
  • 3.­239-241
  • 3.­246
  • 3.­248-249
  • 3.­264-265
  • 3.­270
  • n.­177
  • n.­1183
  • g.­700
g.­352

Magadha

Wylie:
  • ma ga dhA
Tibetan:
  • མ་ག་དྷཱ།
Sanskrit:
  • magadha

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

An ancient Indian kingdom that lay to the south of the Ganges River in what today is the state of Bihar. Magadha was the largest of the sixteen “great states” (mahājanapada) that flourished between the sixth and third centuries ʙᴄᴇ in northern India. During the life of the Buddha Śākyamuni, it was ruled by King Bimbisāra and later by Bimbisāra's son, Ajātaśatru. Its capital was initially Rājagṛha (modern-day Rajgir) but was later moved to Pāṭaliputra (modern-day Patna). Over the centuries, with the expansion of the Magadha’s might, it became the capital of the vast Mauryan empire and seat of the great King Aśoka.

This region is home to many of the most important Buddhist sites, including Bodh Gayā, where the Buddha attained awakening; Vulture Peak (Gṛdhra­kūṭa), where the Buddha bestowed many well-known Mahāyāna sūtras; and the Buddhist university of Nālandā that flourished between the fifth and twelfth centuries ᴄᴇ, among many others.

Located in 64 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 2.­40-44
  • 2.­386-387
  • 2.­390
  • 2.­422
  • 3.­4
  • 3.­13-15
  • 3.­17
  • 3.­19-22
  • 3.­26-27
  • 3.­33
  • 3.­37-38
  • 3.­41
  • 3.­48-50
  • 3.­52-53
  • 3.­55
  • 3.­82-83
  • 3.­96-100
  • 3.­104-106
  • 3.­134-136
  • 3.­243
  • 7.­231-232
  • 9.­2071
  • 9.­2185
  • 11.­46-47
  • n.­114
  • n.­123
  • n.­173
  • n.­546
  • g.­17
  • g.­71
  • g.­134
  • g.­211
  • g.­430
  • g.­477
  • g.­516
  • g.­605
  • g.­713
g.­356

Mahādeva

Wylie:
  • lha chen po
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahādeva

A wheel-turning king who was the Buddha in a former life. It is also the name of his eldest son and the other eighty-four thousand eldest sons in his line of succession.

Located in 35 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­33
  • 4.­36-40
  • 4.­42
  • 4.­45-47
  • 4.­63-64
  • 9.­426-430
  • 9.­433
  • 9.­436-438
  • 9.­440
  • n.­194
  • n.­197-198
  • n.­200
  • n.­203-204
  • n.­503
  • n.­671
  • n.­687
  • n.­690
  • n.­692
  • n.­697
  • g.­447
g.­357

Mahākāśyapa

Wylie:
  • ’od srung chen po
Tibetan:
  • འོད་སྲུང་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahākāśyapa

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 23 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­74-75
  • 9.­78-83
  • 9.­88
  • 9.­90
  • 9.­93
  • 9.­95-97
  • 9.­137
  • 9.­1578
  • 11.­29
  • n.­117
  • n.­154
  • n.­454
  • n.­600
  • n.­602
  • g.­299
g.­358

Mahā­maudgalyāyana

Wylie:
  • maud gal gyi bu chen po
Tibetan:
  • མཽད་གལ་གྱི་བུ་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahā­maudgalyāyana

A disciple of the Buddha. He is also referred to as “Maudgalyāyana” and “Kolita.”

Located in 56 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­97-100
  • 2.­318-320
  • 2.­324-327
  • 2.­329-331
  • 2.­336-337
  • 2.­341
  • 7.­18-20
  • 7.­22
  • 7.­25-27
  • 7.­29
  • 7.­32
  • 8.­141-142
  • 8.­292-293
  • 9.­1531-1538
  • 9.­1540-1541
  • 9.­1543
  • 9.­1610-1611
  • 10.­47
  • 10.­49
  • 10.­51
  • 10.­53
  • 10.­56
  • 11.­57-58
  • n.­101
  • n.­496
  • n.­964
  • g.­82
  • g.­312
  • g.­386
g.­361

Mahāpraṇāda

Wylie:
  • sgra chen
Tibetan:
  • སྒྲ་ཆེན།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāpraṇāda

A king in the past.

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­139
  • 3.­154-155
  • 3.­157
  • 3.­160-162
  • 3.­166-167
  • n.­145
  • g.­51
  • g.­498
g.­363

Mahāsammata

Wylie:
  • mang pos bkur ba
Tibetan:
  • མང་པོས་བཀུར་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāsammata

The first king of the world.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­67
  • 8.­2-3
  • n.­250
  • n.­452
  • n.­896
g.­364

Mahāsena

Wylie:
  • sde chen
Tibetan:
  • སྡེ་ཆེན།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāsena

(1) A householder and lay follower of the Buddha. (2) A householder in a former life of a person with the same name.

Located in 18 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­3-9
  • 2.­11-12
  • 2.­14
  • 2.­16
  • 2.­18-22
  • 2.­24
  • g.­365
g.­365

Mahāsenā

Wylie:
  • sde chen ma
Tibetan:
  • སྡེ་ཆེན་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāsenā

(1) The wife of the householder Mahāsena and lay follower of the Buddha. (2) The wife of a householder in a former life of a person with the same name.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­3
  • 2.­11
  • 2.­16
  • 2.­18
g.­366

Mahāsudarśana

Wylie:
  • legs mthong chen po
Tibetan:
  • ལེགས་མཐོང་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāsudarśana

A wheel-turning king who was the Buddha in a former life.

Located in 29 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­116
  • 3.­118-119
  • 3.­127
  • 3.­131
  • 9.­267
  • 9.­275-281
  • 9.­283-288
  • 9.­300-302
  • 9.­305
  • n.­144
  • n.­370
  • n.­662-663
  • n.­667
  • n.­671
g.­373

Maitreya

Wylie:
  • byams pa
Tibetan:
  • བྱམས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • maitreya

(1) A buddha in the future. (2) A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­169
  • 3.­171-173
  • 3.­201
  • 9.­1486
  • 9.­1506
  • n.­152
  • n.­154
  • n.­157
g.­379

Mandākinī

Wylie:
  • dal gyis ’bab
Tibetan:
  • དལ་གྱིས་འབབ།
Sanskrit:
  • mandākinī

A lotus pond where the nāga king Supratiṣṭhita lives.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 10.­49
g.­380

Mandākinī Lotus Pond

Wylie:
  • rdzing bu dal gyis ’bab
Tibetan:
  • རྫིང་བུ་དལ་གྱིས་འབབ།
Sanskrit:
  • mandākinī puṣkariṇī

A lotus pond where the nāga king Supratiṣṭhita lives.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 10.­51
  • 10.­53
  • 11.­3-6
  • 11.­11
  • 11.­35
  • 11.­44
g.­381

Māndhātṛ

Wylie:
  • nga las nu
Tibetan:
  • ང་ལས་ནུ།
Sanskrit:
  • māndhātṛ

A wheel-turning king who was the Buddha in a former life.

Located in 79 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­10-11
  • 9.­13
  • 9.­16
  • 9.­143-145
  • 9.­147
  • 9.­149
  • 9.­157
  • 9.­160-161
  • 9.­163-164
  • 9.­167
  • 9.­169-170
  • 9.­172
  • 9.­174-185
  • 9.­187
  • 9.­189
  • 9.­191-192
  • 9.­194-195
  • 9.­199-200
  • 9.­204
  • 9.­206
  • 9.­208-210
  • 9.­217
  • 9.­219
  • 9.­221
  • 9.­223
  • 9.­233-237
  • 9.­240-243
  • 9.­245-249
  • 9.­255
  • 9.­257-258
  • 9.­260-262
  • 9.­269
  • 9.­273
  • n.­562
  • n.­568
  • n.­574
  • n.­620
  • n.­656-657
  • g.­164
  • g.­419
  • g.­551
  • g.­689
g.­384

Māra

Wylie:
  • bdud
Tibetan:
  • བདུད།
Sanskrit:
  • māra

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Māra, literally “death” or “maker of death,” is the name of the deva who tried to prevent the Buddha from achieving awakening, the name given to the class of beings he leads, and also an impersonal term for the destructive forces that keep beings imprisoned in saṃsāra:

(1) As a deva, Māra is said to be the principal deity in the Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations (paranirmitavaśavartin), the highest paradise in the desire realm. He famously attempted to prevent the Buddha’s awakening under the Bodhi tree‍—see The Play in Full (Toh 95), 21.1‍—and later sought many times to thwart the Buddha’s activity. In the sūtras, he often also creates obstacles to the progress of śrāvakas and bodhisattvas. (2) The devas ruled over by Māra are collectively called mārakāyika or mārakāyikadevatā, the “deities of Māra’s family or class.” In general, these māras too do not wish any being to escape from saṃsāra, but can also change their ways and even end up developing faith in the Buddha, as exemplified by Sārthavāha; see The Play in Full (Toh 95), 21.14 and 21.43. (3) The term māra can also be understood as personifying four defects that prevent awakening, called (i) the divine māra (devaputra­māra), which is the distraction of pleasures; (ii) the māra of Death (mṛtyumāra), which is having one’s life interrupted; (iii) the māra of the aggregates (skandhamāra), which is identifying with the five aggregates; and (iv) the māra of the afflictions (kleśamāra), which is being under the sway of the negative emotions of desire, hatred, and ignorance.

Located in 19 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­288
  • 3.­314
  • 4.­104
  • 6.­11
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­195
  • 9.­1453
  • 9.­1473
  • 9.­1866
  • 9.­2191
  • 9.­2318-2319
  • 11.­77
  • 11.­142
  • 11.­150
  • 11.­156
  • n.­208
  • n.­1042
  • g.­385
g.­388

Markaṭa Pond

Wylie:
  • spre’u rdzing
Tibetan:
  • སྤྲེའུ་རྫིང་།
Sanskrit:
  • markaṭahrada

A pond.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­2538-2540
  • 10.­23
g.­393

Maudgalyāyana

Wylie:
  • maud gal gyi bu
Tibetan:
  • མཽད་གལ་གྱི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • maudgalyāyana

(1) A disciple of the Buddha Śākyamuni. (2) A disciple of a buddha in the past. (3) A disciple of a buddha in the future.

Located in 32 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­100
  • 2.­318
  • 2.­324
  • 2.­328
  • 2.­337
  • 2.­340-341
  • 7.­18
  • 8.­196-197
  • 8.­230
  • 8.­238
  • 8.­292
  • 9.­130
  • 9.­135
  • 9.­1386
  • 9.­1531
  • 9.­1550
  • 9.­1559
  • 9.­1565
  • 9.­1570
  • 9.­1576-1577
  • 9.­2383
  • 9.­2387
  • 11.­59
  • 11.­64-65
  • 11.­180
  • n.­117
  • n.­547
  • g.­358
g.­394

meditation

Wylie:
  • ting nge ’dzin
Tibetan:
  • ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན།
Sanskrit:
  • samādhi

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In a general sense, samādhi can describe a number of different meditative states. In the Mahāyāna literature, in particular in the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, we find extensive lists of different samādhis, numbering over one hundred.

In a more restricted sense, and when understood as a mental state, samādhi is defined as the one-pointedness of the mind (cittaikāgratā), the ability to remain on the same object over long periods of time. The Drajor Bamponyipa (sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa) commentary on the Mahāvyutpatti explains the term samādhi as referring to the instrument through which mind and mental states “get collected,” i.e., it is by the force of samādhi that the continuum of mind and mental states becomes collected on a single point of reference without getting distracted.

In this text:

Also rendered in this translation as “samādhi.”

Located in 34 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­204
  • 4.­5-6
  • 4.­9-10
  • 4.­67
  • 4.­96
  • 4.­100
  • 4.­104-107
  • 6.­108-109
  • 8.­24
  • 8.­225
  • 9.­1742-1743
  • 9.­1747
  • 9.­1998-1999
  • 10.­49
  • 11.­11
  • 11.­104
  • 11.­144
  • 11.­184
  • n.­221-222
  • n.­225
  • n.­462
  • n.­955
  • n.­1009
  • g.­160
  • g.­560
g.­396

midland region

Wylie:
  • yul dbus
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་དབུས།
Sanskrit:
  • madhyadeśa

The central part of the continent of Jambu.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­176
  • 3.­180-182
  • 9.­1545
  • 9.­1547
  • 9.­1572
  • 10.­68
  • n.­408
g.­397

Miṇḍhaka

Wylie:
  • lug
Tibetan:
  • ལུག
Sanskrit:
  • miṇḍhaka

A householder.

Located in 27 passages in the translation:

  • 10.­58-65
  • 10.­86-87
  • 10.­91
  • 10.­93
  • 10.­99
  • 10.­101-103
  • 10.­107
  • 10.­115
  • 10.­140
  • n.­386
  • n.­575
  • n.­814
  • n.­1097-1098
  • n.­1105
  • n.­1118-1119
g.­399

monk in charge of construction

Wylie:
  • dge slong lag gi blas
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་སློང་ལག་གི་བླས།
Sanskrit:
  • nava­karmika­bhikṣu

One of the monastic administrative titles.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 10.­15-16
  • 10.­111
g.­400

monk responsible for monastic property

Wylie:
  • dge skos
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་སྐོས།
Sanskrit:
  • upadhivārika

One of the monastic administrative titles. See also n.­103

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­318-319
  • 2.­347-348
  • 9.­74
  • 10.­111
  • n.­103
g.­406

Mount Sumeru

Wylie:
  • ri rab
Tibetan:
  • རི་རབ།
Sanskrit:
  • sumeru

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

According to ancient Buddhist cosmology, this is the great mountain forming the axis of the universe. At its summit is Sudarśana, home of Śakra and his thirty-two gods, and on its flanks live the asuras. The mount has four sides facing the cardinal directions, each of which is made of a different precious stone. Surrounding it are several mountain ranges and the great ocean where the four principal island continents lie: in the south, Jambudvīpa (our world); in the west, Godānīya; in the north, Uttarakuru; and in the east, Pūrvavideha. Above it are the abodes of the desire realm gods. It is variously referred to as Meru, Mount Meru, Sumeru, and Mount Sumeru.

Located in 25 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­253
  • 2.­329
  • 2.­357
  • 7.­164
  • 9.­156
  • 9.­184
  • 9.­187
  • 9.­195
  • 9.­197
  • 9.­205
  • 9.­217
  • 9.­221
  • 9.­704
  • 9.­1538
  • 9.­1540
  • 9.­2320
  • 11.­32
  • n.­637-639
  • g.­140
  • g.­375
  • g.­401
  • g.­404
  • g.­543
g.­416

Mūkapaṅgu

Wylie:
  • lkugs ’phye
Tibetan:
  • ལྐུགས་འཕྱེ།
Sanskrit:
  • mūkapaṅgu

(1) Another name of Prince Water Born. (2) A non-Buddhist ascetic teacher.

Located in 32 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1151
  • 9.­1155-1165
  • 9.­1168
  • 9.­1173
  • 9.­1180
  • 9.­1182
  • 9.­1184
  • 9.­1192
  • 9.­1195-1197
  • 9.­1243
  • 9.­1245-1246
  • 9.­1248-1249
  • 9.­1251-1254
  • n.­866
  • n.­884
g.­422

Nadī-Kāśyapa

Wylie:
  • chu klung ’od srung
Tibetan:
  • ཆུ་ཀླུང་འོད་སྲུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • nadī-kāśyapa

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1822-1824
  • n.­987
g.­424

Nādikā

Wylie:
  • sgra can
Tibetan:
  • སྒྲ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • nādikā

A village.

Located in 25 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­206-209
  • 3.­211-213
  • 3.­218
  • 3.­226
  • n.­166
  • g.­44
  • g.­81
  • g.­130
  • g.­221
  • g.­272
  • g.­294
  • g.­300
  • g.­445
  • g.­537
  • g.­620
  • g.­681
  • g.­685
  • g.­760
  • g.­761
  • g.­762
g.­425

nāga

Wylie:
  • klu
Tibetan:
  • ཀླུ།
Sanskrit:
  • nāga

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who live in subterranean aquatic environments, where they guard wealth and sometimes also teachings. Nāgas are associated with serpents and have a snakelike appearance. In Buddhist art and in written accounts, they are regularly portrayed as half human and half snake, and they are also said to have the ability to change into human form. Some nāgas are Dharma protectors, but they can also bring retribution if they are disturbed. They may likewise fight one another, wage war, and destroy the lands of others by causing lightning, hail, and flooding.

Located in 154 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­3
  • 2.­31
  • 2.­34-39
  • 2.­287
  • 2.­318
  • 2.­320-323
  • 2.­356-357
  • 2.­359-360
  • 2.­364-365
  • 2.­374-375
  • 2.­379
  • 2.­383-384
  • 2.­389-391
  • 2.­399-402
  • 2.­404
  • 2.­416-417
  • 2.­420-422
  • 3.­9
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­51-52
  • 3.­109
  • 3.­134-136
  • 3.­142
  • 7.­25
  • 7.­32
  • 7.­213
  • 7.­225-228
  • 7.­230
  • 7.­233-234
  • 7.­239
  • 7.­249
  • 7.­251-253
  • 7.­259
  • 7.­268
  • 7.­270-271
  • 8.­71
  • 8.­194
  • 9.­47
  • 9.­205-211
  • 9.­420-421
  • 9.­535
  • 9.­544-549
  • 9.­551
  • 9.­553-554
  • 9.­557
  • 9.­560-561
  • 9.­563-564
  • 9.­566
  • 9.­584
  • 9.­1217-1219
  • 9.­1530
  • 9.­1538
  • 9.­2458
  • 9.­2466
  • 10.­49-52
  • 10.­54
  • 11.­14
  • 11.­21
  • 11.­32
  • 11.­34-36
  • n.­41
  • n.­101
  • n.­108-109
  • n.­114
  • n.­128
  • n.­153
  • n.­343
  • n.­401
  • n.­423
  • n.­429
  • n.­443
  • n.­636
  • n.­645
  • n.­878-879
  • n.­1139
  • g.­34
  • g.­56
  • g.­123
  • g.­199
  • g.­200
  • g.­203
  • g.­207
  • g.­241
  • g.­261
  • g.­319
  • g.­367
  • g.­379
  • g.­380
  • g.­411
  • g.­431
  • g.­507
  • g.­591
  • g.­635
  • g.­643
  • g.­655
  • g.­664
  • g.­684
  • g.­708
g.­430

Nālandā

Wylie:
  • na lan da
Tibetan:
  • ན་ལན་ད།
Sanskrit:
  • nālandā

A village in Magadha.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­54-55
  • n.­120
  • n.­129
  • g.­525
g.­431

Nanda

Wylie:
  • dga’ bo
Tibetan:
  • དགའ་བོ།
Sanskrit:
  • nanda

(1) A disciple of the Buddha. (2) A herdsman. (3) A nāga king.

Located in 30 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­357
  • 7.­25
  • 8.­249-253
  • 8.­259-262
  • 8.­267-268
  • 8.­271
  • 8.­276
  • 9.­1530
  • 9.­1538-1539
  • 9.­2037-2038
  • 9.­2051-2053
  • n.­109
  • n.­525
  • n.­529
  • n.­539
  • n.­636
  • n.­983
  • g.­215
g.­447

Nimi

Wylie:
  • mu khyud
Tibetan:
  • མུ་ཁྱུད།
Sanskrit:
  • nimi

A wheel-turning king who is a descendant of Mahādeva and a former life of the Buddha.

Located in 39 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­48-55
  • 4.­57-61
  • 9.­443-450
  • 9.­452-456
  • 9.­463
  • 9.­465
  • n.­194
  • n.­200
  • n.­202-203
  • n.­643
  • n.­687
  • n.­692-695
  • n.­697
g.­467

Pāpā

Wylie:
  • sdig can
Tibetan:
  • སྡིག་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • pāpā

A city.

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 4.­92
  • 4.­113
  • 11.­198-201
  • 11.­205-207
  • 11.­212-214
  • n.­1125
  • n.­1179
g.­477

Pāṭali

Wylie:
  • dmar bu can
Tibetan:
  • དམར་བུ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • pāṭali

A village which eventually became Pāṭaliputra, the capital of Magadha.

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­76
  • 3.­81-83
  • 3.­94-96
  • 3.­98-100
  • 3.­105-106
  • n.­120
  • n.­129
  • g.­476
g.­482

phāṇita

Wylie:
  • bu ram gyi dbu ba
Tibetan:
  • བུ་རམ་གྱི་དབུ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • phāṇita

Thickened sugarcane juice.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­13
  • n.­35
  • n.­1103
  • g.­217
g.­485

Piṇḍavaṃśa

Wylie:
  • smyug sbams
Tibetan:
  • སྨྱུག་སྦམས།
Sanskrit:
  • piṇḍavaṃśa

A wheel-turning king in the past.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­302
  • 8.­313
  • n.­559
  • n.­566
  • g.­719
g.­488

place for what is allowable

Wylie:
  • rung ba’i gnas
Tibetan:
  • རུང་བའི་གནས།
Sanskrit:
  • kalpikaśālā

For an explanation of this term, see 10.­2–10.­22. See also Yamagiwa 2001.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­2602
  • 10.­13-16
  • 10.­19-22
  • n.­1080
g.­489

poṣadha

Wylie:
  • gso sbyong
Tibetan:
  • གསོ་སྦྱོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • poṣadha

A meeting of the community of monks held twice a month to recite the vinaya rules and confirm that the community is properly functioning in accordance with them.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­2-3
  • 8.­149
  • 9.­952
  • 9.­955
  • 9.­1217
  • 9.­1246-1248
  • n.­1080
g.­493

Prabhākara

Wylie:
  • ’od byed
Tibetan:
  • འོད་བྱེད།
Sanskrit:
  • prabhākara

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­2270
  • 9.­2290-2292
  • 9.­2504
  • n.­1033
g.­499

Prasenajit

Wylie:
  • gsal rgyal
Tibetan:
  • གསལ་རྒྱལ།
Sanskrit:
  • prasenajit

The king of Kosala.

Located in 71 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 2.­27
  • 2.­44
  • 2.­46-49
  • 2.­68
  • 6.­10
  • 6.­146-147
  • 6.­180-183
  • 6.­186-189
  • 6.­193-196
  • 6.­220-223
  • 6.­225
  • 6.­227
  • 6.­229
  • 6.­232-233
  • 6.­235-237
  • 9.­48
  • 9.­97-98
  • 9.­100
  • 9.­106
  • 9.­108-110
  • 9.­123
  • 9.­125-126
  • 9.­128-129
  • 9.­137
  • 9.­139
  • 9.­1402
  • 9.­1524
  • 10.­55
  • n.­321
  • n.­329
  • n.­568-570
  • n.­572
  • n.­574
  • n.­613
  • n.­616
  • n.­619
  • n.­622
  • n.­687
  • n.­690
  • n.­697
  • n.­940
  • n.­960
  • g.­60
  • g.­731
g.­501

prastha

Wylie:
  • bre’u chung
Tibetan:
  • བྲེའུ་ཆུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • prastha

A measure of volume.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­136
  • 8.­142
  • 9.­8
  • 9.­1572
  • 9.­1582
  • 10.­121
g.­502

prātimokṣa

Wylie:
  • so sor thar pa
Tibetan:
  • སོ་སོར་ཐར་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • prātimokṣa

The collection of monastic rules, which is supposed to be recited at the formal meeting of monastics every fortnight.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­58
  • g.­541
g.­505

primary defilement

Wylie:
  • nyon mongs pa
Tibetan:
  • ཉོན་མོངས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kleśa

The afflictions that hold one back from awakening, often listed as desire (rāga), anger (pratigha), pride (māna), ignorance (avidyā), wrong views (kudṛṣti), and indecision (vicikitsā).

Located in 60 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­10
  • 2.­16
  • 2.­24
  • 2.­275
  • 2.­315
  • 2.­343
  • 2.­352
  • 3.­204
  • 4.­105
  • 5.­2
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­120-130
  • 6.­132-133
  • 6.­173
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­106
  • 8.­110
  • 8.­118
  • 8.­268
  • 8.­276
  • 9.­36
  • 9.­39
  • 9.­69
  • 9.­594
  • 9.­1044
  • 9.­1048
  • 9.­1050-1051
  • 9.­1379
  • 9.­1581
  • 9.­1593
  • 9.­1633
  • 9.­1638
  • 9.­1661
  • 9.­1698
  • 9.­1990
  • 9.­2039
  • 9.­2055
  • 9.­2213
  • 9.­2347
  • 9.­2355
  • 9.­2534
  • 11.­57
  • 11.­147
  • 11.­151
  • 11.­155
  • n.­369
  • g.­338
  • g.­640
g.­511

Pūrṇa

Wylie:
  • gang po
  • gang ba
  • rdzogs ldan
Tibetan:
  • གང་པོ།
  • གང་བ།
  • རྫོགས་ལྡན།
Sanskrit:
  • pūrṇa

(1) A disciple of the Buddha from Sūrpāraka (gang po). (2) A disciple of the Buddha from Kuṇḍopadhāna (gang po). (3) A haṃsa (gang ba). (4) A buddha in the past (rdzogs ldan).

Located in 137 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 2.­103-104
  • 2.­110-113
  • 2.­118
  • 2.­121-123
  • 2.­126-128
  • 2.­130-131
  • 2.­134
  • 2.­137
  • 2.­140-142
  • 2.­145
  • 2.­147-156
  • 2.­158-161
  • 2.­163-165
  • 2.­167-168
  • 2.­170-171
  • 2.­175-176
  • 2.­179-180
  • 2.­182
  • 2.­184-198
  • 2.­200
  • 2.­203-207
  • 2.­209
  • 2.­211-213
  • 2.­215-222
  • 2.­224
  • 2.­226
  • 2.­228
  • 2.­230-234
  • 2.­236
  • 2.­238
  • 2.­250-256
  • 2.­258-260
  • 2.­262-263
  • 2.­267
  • 2.­272
  • 2.­274-276
  • 2.­279
  • 2.­283-286
  • 2.­289-291
  • 2.­313
  • 2.­343-344
  • 2.­347
  • 9.­1222-1223
  • 9.­1225
  • 9.­1506
  • n.­60
  • n.­80
  • n.­84
  • n.­92
  • n.­420
  • n.­699
  • g.­92
  • g.­94
  • g.­95
  • g.­96
  • g.­145
  • g.­610
  • g.­676
g.­516

Rājagṛha

Wylie:
  • rgyal po’i khab
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་པོའི་ཁབ།
Sanskrit:
  • rājagṛha

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The ancient capital of Magadha prior to its relocation to Pāṭaliputra during the Mauryan dynasty, Rājagṛha is one of the most important locations in Buddhist history. The literature tells us that the Buddha and his saṅgha spent a considerable amount of time in residence in and around Rājagṛha‍—in nearby places, such as the Vulture Peak Mountain (Gṛdhrakūṭaparvata), a major site of the Mahāyāna sūtras, and the Bamboo Grove (Veṇuvana)‍—enjoying the patronage of King Bimbisāra and then of his son King Ajātaśatru. Rājagṛha is also remembered as the location where the first Buddhist monastic council was held after the Buddha Śākyamuni passed into parinirvāṇa. Now known as Rajgir and located in the modern Indian state of Bihar.

Located in 51 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 1.­70
  • 2.­40-41
  • 2.­45
  • 2.­71
  • 2.­355-356
  • 2.­375
  • 2.­390-391
  • 2.­393
  • 2.­396
  • 2.­405
  • 2.­409-410
  • 2.­416-417
  • 2.­421
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­4
  • 3.­7-8
  • 3.­10
  • 3.­13
  • 3.­15
  • 3.­17-19
  • 3.­22-23
  • 3.­25
  • 3.­28
  • 3.­35
  • 3.­53
  • 6.­265
  • 6.­275
  • 9.­1621
  • 9.­1727
  • 9.­1859
  • 9.­1862-1863
  • 9.­1905
  • 10.­54
  • n.­314
  • n.­343
  • n.­450
  • n.­935
  • g.­71
  • g.­134
  • g.­278
g.­521

Rāṣṭrapāla

Wylie:
  • yul ’khor skyong
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་འཁོར་སྐྱོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • rāṣṭrapāla

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 74 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­50
  • 7.­52
  • 7.­55-75
  • 7.­77-80
  • 7.­82-83
  • 7.­85-86
  • 7.­92-96
  • 7.­98-100
  • 7.­102-112
  • 7.­114
  • 7.­116-119
  • 7.­121-123
  • 7.­125-127
  • 7.­129-131
  • 7.­146
  • 9.­1875-1876
  • 9.­1902-1904
  • n.­366
  • n.­370
  • n.­983
  • n.­992
g.­539

Ṛṣivadana

Wylie:
  • drang srong smra ba
Tibetan:
  • དྲང་སྲོང་སྨྲ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • ṛṣivadana

A park near Vārāṇasī where the Buddha gave the first sermon.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­2-3
  • 3.­267
  • 8.­270
  • 8.­286
  • 8.­296
  • 9.­38
  • 9.­2347
  • 9.­2350
  • 9.­2408
g.­541

rule of training

Wylie:
  • bslab pa’i gzhi
Tibetan:
  • བསླབ་པའི་གཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • sikṣāpada

The prātimokṣa rules for monks and nuns, ten rules for novices, six rules for female probationers, and five rules for laypeople.

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­85
  • 2.­236
  • 2.­322
  • 2.­358
  • 2.­386
  • 6.­58
  • 7.­220
  • 7.­231-234
  • 7.­248
  • 8.­82
  • 8.­246
  • 8.­286
  • 8.­298
  • 9.­40
  • 9.­328-329
  • 10.­98
  • 10.­105
  • 11.­32-33
  • 11.­35-36
  • n.­423
  • n.­496
  • n.­1107
g.­549

Śailagāthā

Wylie:
  • ri gnas pa’i tshigs su bcad pa
Tibetan:
  • རི་གནས་པའི་ཚིགས་སུ་བཅད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • śailagāthā

A verse text possibly included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins and preserved in the Bhaiṣajyavastu of the Mūla­sarvāstivāda Vinaya.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­198
  • n.­73
  • n.­1126
g.­551

Sāketā

Wylie:
  • gnas bcas
Tibetan:
  • གནས་བཅས།
Sanskrit:
  • sāketā

A country mentioned in the story of the physician Ātreya and the story of King Māndhātṛ.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­71
  • 9.­9
  • 9.­16
  • 9.­149
  • n.­568-569
g.­552

Śakra

Wylie:
  • brgya byin
Tibetan:
  • བརྒྱ་བྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • śakra

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The lord of the gods in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three (trāyastriṃśa). Alternatively known as Indra, the deity that is called “lord of the gods” dwells on the summit of Mount Sumeru and wields the thunderbolt. The Tibetan translation brgya byin (meaning “one hundred sacrifices”) is based on an etymology that śakra is an abbreviation of śata-kratu, one who has performed a hundred sacrifices. Each world with a central Sumeru has a Śakra. Also known by other names such as Kauśika, Devendra, and Śacipati.

Located in 105 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­22
  • 3.­146-148
  • 3.­150-151
  • 3.­157-158
  • 3.­160
  • 3.­183
  • 3.­185-187
  • 3.­291
  • 3.­317
  • 4.­49
  • 4.­51-54
  • 4.­58-60
  • 4.­88-89
  • 8.­142
  • 8.­266-267
  • 9.­84-85
  • 9.­88
  • 9.­90
  • 9.­92
  • 9.­95
  • 9.­144
  • 9.­174
  • 9.­177
  • 9.­180
  • 9.­191
  • 9.­195
  • 9.­233
  • 9.­235-237
  • 9.­239-240
  • 9.­246
  • 9.­258-260
  • 9.­337-339
  • 9.­347
  • 9.­392-393
  • 9.­396
  • 9.­444
  • 9.­446-449
  • 9.­453-454
  • 9.­456
  • 9.­463
  • 9.­811
  • 9.­813
  • 9.­824-826
  • 9.­829
  • 9.­835
  • 9.­895
  • 9.­902-903
  • 9.­905-907
  • 9.­930-931
  • 9.­937
  • 9.­1099
  • 9.­1129
  • 9.­1135
  • 9.­1203-1204
  • 9.­1523
  • 9.­1852
  • 9.­2190
  • 10.­75
  • 11.­5
  • n.­625
  • n.­629
  • n.­632
  • n.­643
  • n.­654
  • n.­675
  • n.­694
  • n.­716
  • n.­793
  • n.­803
  • g.­247
  • g.­303
  • g.­390
g.­554

Śākya

Wylie:
  • shAkya
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱཀྱ།
Sanskrit:
  • śākya

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Name of the ancient tribe in which the Buddha was born as a prince; their kingdom was based to the east of Kośala, in the foothills near the present-day border of India and Nepal, with Kapilavastu as its capital.

Located in 65 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­62
  • 2.­39
  • 2.­201
  • 3.­30
  • 5.­3
  • 6.­11-12
  • 6.­18-24
  • 6.­32
  • 6.­38
  • 6.­141
  • 6.­242
  • 6.­276
  • 7.­175
  • 7.­183
  • 7.­198
  • 8.­39
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­92
  • 9.­78
  • 9.­1390
  • 9.­1605
  • 9.­1619
  • 9.­1697
  • 9.­1735
  • 9.­1774
  • 9.­1968
  • 9.­1987
  • 9.­1991
  • 9.­2016
  • 9.­2047
  • 9.­2049
  • 9.­2070
  • 9.­2129-2130
  • 9.­2134-2135
  • 9.­2145
  • 9.­2164
  • 9.­2217
  • 9.­2257-2258
  • 9.­2264
  • 9.­2266
  • 9.­2317
  • 9.­2441
  • 9.­2444
  • 9.­2490
  • 10.­24
  • 10.­84
  • 11.­49
  • 11.­72
  • 11.­80
  • 11.­117
  • 11.­220
  • n.­250
  • n.­1065
  • g.­245
  • g.­292
g.­555

Śākyamuni

Wylie:
  • shAkya thub pa
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • śākyamuni

(1) The present Buddha. (2) A buddha in the past. (3) A buddha in the future.

Located in 26 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­173
  • 8.­110
  • 9.­130
  • 9.­135
  • 9.­1386
  • 9.­1388
  • 9.­1392
  • 9.­1394
  • 9.­1408
  • 9.­1421
  • 9.­1443
  • 9.­1506
  • 9.­2106
  • 9.­2223
  • 11.­35
  • n.­157
  • n.­916
  • g.­200
  • g.­359
  • g.­384
  • g.­393
  • g.­417
  • g.­515
  • g.­554
  • g.­626
  • g.­631
g.­556

Sālā

Wylie:
  • sa la
Tibetan:
  • ས་ལ།
Sanskrit:
  • sālā

A village.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­71
  • 4.­73-75
  • 4.­78
  • 9.­2345
  • 9.­2351
  • n.­208
  • n.­1042
g.­557

Sālabalā

Wylie:
  • sa la stobs
Tibetan:
  • ས་ལ་སྟོབས།
Sanskrit:
  • sālabalā

A village. See also n.­567.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­6
  • n.­567
g.­558

Sālibalā

Wylie:
  • sa la’i stobs
Tibetan:
  • ས་ལའི་སྟོབས།
Sanskrit:
  • sālibalā

A village.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­7
  • n.­567
g.­560

samādhi

Wylie:
  • ting nge ’dzin
Tibetan:
  • ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན།
Sanskrit:
  • samādhi

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In a general sense, samādhi can describe a number of different meditative states. In the Mahāyāna literature, in particular in the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, we find extensive lists of different samādhis, numbering over one hundred.

In a more restricted sense, and when understood as a mental state, samādhi is defined as the one-pointedness of the mind (cittaikāgratā), the ability to remain on the same object over long periods of time. The Drajor Bamponyipa (sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa) commentary on the Mahāvyutpatti explains the term samādhi as referring to the instrument through which mind and mental states “get collected,” i.e., it is by the force of samādhi that the continuum of mind and mental states becomes collected on a single point of reference without getting distracted.

In this text:

Also rendered in this translation as “meditation.”

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1576
  • n.­955
  • n.­1009
  • g.­394
g.­568

Saṃyuktāgama

Wylie:
  • yang dag par ldan pa’i lung
Tibetan:
  • ཡང་དག་པར་ལྡན་པའི་ལུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • saṃyuktāgama

The Connected Discourses, one of the four divisions of the Sūtrapiṭaka.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­2
  • n.­186
  • n.­240-241
  • n.­344
  • n.­355
  • n.­361
  • n.­481
  • g.­648
  • g.­649
g.­570

Śaṅkha

Wylie:
  • dung
Tibetan:
  • དུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • śaṅkha

(1) A king in the future. (2) A ṛṣi.

Located in 16 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­168-172
  • 3.­195
  • 9.­1561
  • 9.­1565
  • 9.­1567-1570
  • n.­152-153
  • g.­111
  • g.­733
g.­575

Śāriputra

Wylie:
  • shA ri’i bu
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱ་རིའི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • śāriputra

(1) A disciple of the Buddha. (2) A disciple of a buddha in the past. (3) A disciple of a Buddha in the future.

Located in 50 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­97
  • 1.­99
  • 8.­141-142
  • 8.­196-197
  • 8.­230
  • 8.­238
  • 8.­259-260
  • 9.­130
  • 9.­135
  • 9.­1386
  • 9.­1531-1533
  • 9.­1535-1538
  • 9.­1540-1541
  • 9.­1543
  • 9.­1550
  • 9.­1559
  • 9.­1565
  • 9.­1570
  • 9.­1576-1577
  • 9.­1597
  • 9.­1608-1610
  • 9.­2383
  • 9.­2387
  • 10.­47
  • 10.­49-50
  • 10.­53
  • 10.­56
  • 11.­57-59
  • 11.­64-65
  • 11.­168
  • 11.­180
  • n.­117
  • n.­496
  • g.­687
g.­576

śarkarā

Wylie:
  • sha kha ra
Tibetan:
  • ཤ་ཁ་ར།
Sanskrit:
  • śarkarā

Candied sugar.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­13
  • 2.­133-134
  • 10.­101
  • n.­1103
g.­588

self-awakened one

Wylie:
  • rang sangs rgyas
Tibetan:
  • རང་སངས་རྒྱས།
Sanskrit:
  • pratyekabuddha

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Literally, “buddha for oneself” or “solitary realizer.” Someone who, in his or her last life, attains awakening entirely through their own contemplation, without relying on a teacher. Unlike the awakening of a fully realized buddha (samyaksambuddha), the accomplishment of a pratyeka­buddha is not regarded as final or ultimate. They attain realization of the nature of dependent origination, the selflessness of the person, and a partial realization of the selflessness of phenomena, by observing the suchness of all that arises through interdependence. This is the result of progress in previous lives but, unlike a buddha, they do not have the necessary merit, compassion or motivation to teach others. They are named as “rhinoceros-like” (khaḍgaviṣāṇakalpa) for their preference for staying in solitude or as “congregators” (vargacārin) when their preference is to stay among peers.

Located in 87 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­61
  • 2.­315
  • 3.­123
  • 3.­125
  • 3.­130-131
  • 3.­273
  • 3.­296
  • 3.­299
  • 3.­322
  • 4.­22
  • 6.­280-283
  • 7.­151-152
  • 7.­159
  • 8.­9-13
  • 8.­15-17
  • 9.­69
  • 9.­120-123
  • 9.­302
  • 9.­406-410
  • 9.­920
  • 9.­922-923
  • 9.­926-928
  • 9.­930-933
  • 9.­937
  • 9.­1576
  • 9.­1582
  • 9.­1598
  • 9.­1614
  • 9.­1728
  • 9.­1773
  • 9.­1917
  • 9.­1924
  • 9.­1934
  • 9.­2010
  • 9.­2042
  • 9.­2055
  • 9.­2090
  • 9.­2102
  • 9.­2120
  • 9.­2347-2351
  • 9.­2377
  • 9.­2382
  • 9.­2470
  • 9.­2587-2589
  • 9.­2592
  • 9.­2595
  • 10.­122
  • 10.­124
  • 10.­131
  • 10.­140
  • n.­608
  • n.­667
  • n.­1067
  • g.­139
  • g.­611
  • g.­642
  • g.­646
g.­595

Sikatin

Wylie:
  • bye ma can
Tibetan:
  • བྱེ་མ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • sikatin

A village.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­14
  • n.­228
g.­597

Siṃha

Wylie:
  • seng ge
Tibetan:
  • སེང་གེ
Sanskrit:
  • siṃha

(1) A buddha in the past. (2) A general.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1427
  • 10.­24
  • n.­929
g.­600

six perfections

Wylie:
  • pha rol tu phyin pa drug
Tibetan:
  • ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ་དྲུག
Sanskrit:
  • ṣaṭ pāramitāḥ

The practice of the bodhisattva, which consists of giving, morality, patience, effort, concentration, and wisdom.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­745
  • 9.­1497
  • 10.­75
g.­603

śramaṇa

Wylie:
  • dge sbyong
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་སྦྱོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • śramaṇa

A term used broadly to denote a spiritual practitioner.

Located in 168 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­62
  • 2.­53-54
  • 2.­201
  • 2.­234
  • 2.­296
  • 3.­60-61
  • 3.­74
  • 3.­86
  • 3.­91
  • 3.­96
  • 3.­227
  • 4.­74-75
  • 4.­78
  • 4.­81
  • 4.­86
  • 4.­111
  • 6.­3
  • 6.­6
  • 6.­11-12
  • 6.­14
  • 6.­16
  • 6.­18
  • 6.­76-96
  • 6.­136-139
  • 6.­155
  • 6.­180
  • 6.­186
  • 6.­192
  • 6.­197
  • 6.­220-221
  • 6.­223-225
  • 6.­227
  • 6.­233
  • 6.­242
  • 6.­271
  • 6.­282
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­24
  • 7.­71
  • 7.­145
  • 7.­162-163
  • 7.­166
  • 7.­170
  • 7.­172
  • 7.­174
  • 7.­176
  • 7.­178
  • 8.­18-19
  • 8.­62-64
  • 8.­83-84
  • 8.­92
  • 8.­95
  • 8.­113-114
  • 8.­120-121
  • 8.­123
  • 8.­132-134
  • 8.­192
  • 8.­235-236
  • 8.­246
  • 8.­277
  • 8.­282
  • 8.­297
  • 9.­78
  • 9.­114-115
  • 9.­301
  • 9.­515
  • 9.­522
  • 9.­535
  • 9.­540
  • 9.­568
  • 9.­578
  • 9.­757
  • 9.­835
  • 9.­839
  • 9.­894
  • 9.­910
  • 9.­1508
  • 9.­1510
  • 9.­1512-1516
  • 9.­1598
  • 9.­1625
  • 9.­1707-1708
  • 9.­1729
  • 9.­1758-1759
  • 9.­1772
  • 9.­1803-1804
  • 9.­1913
  • 9.­1990
  • 9.­2091
  • 9.­2122
  • 9.­2198
  • 9.­2321
  • 9.­2385-2386
  • 9.­2396-2397
  • 9.­2472
  • 9.­2480
  • 9.­2522-2523
  • 9.­2527-2528
  • 10.­24
  • 10.­68
  • 10.­71
  • 10.­82-83
  • 10.­89
  • 10.­95
  • 11.­10
  • 11.­49
  • 11.­139
  • 11.­220
  • n.­34
  • n.­267
  • n.­323
  • n.­481
  • n.­667
  • n.­806
  • n.­1162
g.­604

Śrāvastī

Wylie:
  • mnyan yod
Tibetan:
  • མཉན་ཡོད།
Sanskrit:
  • śrāvastī

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

During the life of the Buddha, Śrāvastī was the capital city of the powerful kingdom of Kośala, ruled by King Prasenajit, who became a follower and patron of the Buddha. It was also the hometown of Anāthapiṇḍada, the wealthy patron who first invited the Buddha there, and then offered him a park known as Jetavana, Prince Jeta’s Grove, which became one of the first Buddhist monasteries. The Buddha is said to have spent about twenty-five rainy seasons with his disciples in Śrāvastī, thus it is named as the setting of numerous events and teachings. It is located in present-day Uttar Pradesh in northern India.

Located in 61 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 1.­23
  • 1.­37
  • 1.­52
  • 1.­60
  • 1.­82-83
  • 1.­90-91
  • 1.­96
  • 2.­26-27
  • 2.­44-46
  • 2.­83
  • 2.­195
  • 2.­202
  • 2.­207
  • 2.­232
  • 2.­263-264
  • 3.­6-7
  • 3.­14
  • 3.­17
  • 6.­238-239
  • 6.­244
  • 6.­248-249
  • 7.­65
  • 7.­70
  • 7.­169
  • 9.­17-18
  • 9.­71
  • 9.­123
  • 9.­1508
  • 9.­1526-1527
  • 9.­1930
  • 9.­2506-2507
  • 10.­2-3
  • 10.­27
  • 10.­33
  • 10.­36
  • 10.­39
  • 10.­41
  • 10.­44
  • 10.­46
  • 10.­49
  • 10.­53-55
  • 10.­57
  • 10.­68
  • 11.­217
  • n.­561
g.­605

Śreṇya Bimbisāra

Wylie:
  • bzo sbyangs gzugs can snying po
Tibetan:
  • བཟོ་སྦྱངས་གཟུགས་ཅན་སྙིང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • śreṇya bimbisāra

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The king of Magadha and a great patron of the Buddha. His birth coincided with the Buddha’s, and his father, King Mahāpadma, named him “Essence of Gold” after mistakenly attributing the brilliant light that marked the Buddha’s birth to the birth of his son by Queen Bimbī (“Goldie”). Accounts of Bimbisāra’s youth and life can be found in The Chapter on Going Forth (Toh 1-1, Pravrajyāvastu).

King Śreṇya Bimbisāra first met with the Buddha early on, when the latter was the wandering mendicant known as Gautama. Impressed by his conduct, Bimbisāra offered to take Gautama into his court, but Gautama refused, and Bimbisāra wished him success in his quest for awakening and asked him to visit his palace after he had achieved his goal. One account of this episode can be found in the sixteenth chapter of The Play in Full (Toh 95, Lalitavistara). There are other accounts where the two meet earlier on in childhood; several episodes can be found, for example, in The Hundred Deeds (Toh 340, Karmaśataka). Later, after the Buddha’s awakening, Bimbisāra became one of his most famous patrons and donated to the saṅgha the Bamboo Grove, Veṇuvana, at the outskirts of the capital of Magadha, Rājagṛha, where he built residences for the monks. Bimbisāra was imprisoned and killed by his own son, the prince Ajātaśatru, who, influenced by Devadatta, sought to usurp his father’s throne.

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­41-44
  • 2.­361
  • 2.­363-364
  • 2.­376
  • 9.­1859-1860
  • 9.­2019
  • 9.­2021
  • 10.­55
  • 11.­46-47
  • n.­123
  • n.­173
  • g.­17
  • g.­266
  • g.­697
g.­631

sugata

Wylie:
  • bde bar gshegs pa
Tibetan:
  • བདེ་བར་གཤེགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • sugata

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the standard epithets of the buddhas. A recurrent explanation offers three different meanings for su- that are meant to show the special qualities of “accomplishment of one’s own purpose” (svārthasampad) for a complete buddha. Thus, the Sugata is “well” gone, as in the expression su-rūpa (“having a good form”); he is gone “in a way that he shall not come back,” as in the expression su-naṣṭa-jvara (“a fever that has utterly gone”); and he has gone “without any remainder” as in the expression su-pūrṇa-ghaṭa (“a pot that is completely full”). According to Buddhaghoṣa, the term means that the way the Buddha went (Skt. gata) is good (Skt. su) and where he went (Skt. gata) is good (Skt. su).

In this text:

Here it is used as an epithet for the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Located in 30 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­74
  • 2.­346
  • 3.­78
  • 3.­140
  • 3.­242
  • 3.­251
  • 3.­262
  • 3.­267
  • 4.­66
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­57
  • 7.­5
  • 7.­218
  • 7.­261
  • 7.­264
  • 8.­73
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­210
  • 8.­232
  • 8.­301
  • 9.­46
  • 9.­110
  • 9.­263
  • 9.­270
  • 9.­1642
  • 9.­1897
  • 9.­2158
  • 9.­2179
  • 9.­2504
  • n.­1067
g.­639

Sunrise

Wylie:
  • ’char ka
Tibetan:
  • འཆར་ཀ
Sanskrit:
  • —

A village or town in Kosala. See also n.­317.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­179-180
  • 6.­189
  • n.­314
  • n.­316
  • g.­75
  • g.­285
  • g.­638
g.­643

Supratiṣṭhita

Wylie:
  • rab brtan
  • shin tu rab gnas
Tibetan:
  • རབ་བརྟན།
  • ཤིན་ཏུ་རབ་གནས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

(1) A nāga king (rab brtan). (2) The king of banyan trees (shin tu rab gnas).

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1257
  • 10.­49-51
  • 10.­54
  • g.­379
  • g.­380
g.­644

Śūrasena

Wylie:
  • dpa’ sde
Tibetan:
  • དཔའ་སྡེ།
Sanskrit:
  • śūrasena

A country.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­2
  • 8.­18
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­119-120
  • g.­9
  • g.­421
g.­645

Sūrpāraka

Wylie:
  • slo ma lta bu
Tibetan:
  • སློ་མ་ལྟ་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • sūrpāraka

A city.

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­92
  • 2.­156
  • 2.­166
  • 2.­168
  • 2.­193-195
  • 2.­258
  • 2.­269-270
  • 2.­274
  • 2.­280
  • 2.­282-283
  • 2.­292
  • 2.­312-313
  • 2.­318
  • 2.­320-321
  • g.­92
  • g.­94
  • g.­95
  • g.­96
  • g.­145
  • g.­511
  • g.­610
  • g.­676
g.­649

Sūtra of the Parable of the Axe

Wylie:
  • ste’u lta bu’i mdo
Tibetan:
  • སྟེའུ་ལྟ་བུའི་མདོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A sūtra in the section of the aggregates in the Saṃyuktāgama, which corresponds to SĀc 263, SN 22.101, etc.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 5.­2
g.­658

take formal possession of

Wylie:
  • byin gyis rlob pa
Tibetan:
  • བྱིན་གྱིས་རློབ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • adhiṣṭhā-

The formal act of making something one’s own through pronouncement before another monastic.

Located in 17 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­22
  • 1.­28-32
  • 1.­98
  • 1.­100-101
  • 10.­108-110
  • 11.­39-41
  • n.­1110
  • n.­1147
g.­662

tathāgata

Wylie:
  • de bzhin gshegs pa
Tibetan:
  • དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • tathāgata

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A frequently used synonym for buddha. According to different explanations, it can be read as tathā-gata, literally meaning “one who has thus gone,” or as tathā-āgata, “one who has thus come.” Gata, though literally meaning “gone,” is a past passive participle used to describe a state or condition of existence. Tatha­(tā), often rendered as “suchness” or “thusness,” is the quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. Therefore, this epithet is interpreted in different ways, but in general it implies one who has departed in the wake of the buddhas of the past, or one who has manifested the supreme awakening dependent on the reality that does not abide in the two extremes of existence and quiescence. It is also often used as a specific epithet of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Located in 107 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­67
  • 2.­211
  • 2.­214
  • 2.­256
  • 2.­305
  • 2.­318
  • 2.­346
  • 3.­115
  • 3.­197
  • 3.­200-201
  • 3.­214
  • 3.­245
  • 3.­250-255
  • 3.­267
  • 4.­9-11
  • 4.­28
  • 4.­34-35
  • 4.­66
  • 4.­77
  • 4.­97
  • 4.­102
  • 4.­104-107
  • 4.­113
  • 6.­7
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­15
  • 6.­57
  • 6.­202-204
  • 6.­208
  • 6.­290
  • 6.­293
  • 7.­31
  • 7.­54
  • 7.­113
  • 7.­117
  • 7.­122
  • 7.­126
  • 7.­130
  • 7.­150
  • 7.­164
  • 7.­271
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­110
  • 8.­117
  • 8.­139
  • 8.­143-144
  • 8.­146
  • 8.­185
  • 8.­188
  • 8.­211
  • 8.­213
  • 8.­231-232
  • 8.­238
  • 9.­64
  • 9.­92
  • 9.­135
  • 9.­263
  • 9.­1503
  • 9.­1576
  • 9.­1592
  • 9.­1646
  • 9.­1659
  • 9.­2308
  • 9.­2328
  • 9.­2337
  • 9.­2339
  • 9.­2346
  • 9.­2353
  • 9.­2363
  • 9.­2367
  • 9.­2382
  • 9.­2384
  • 9.­2389
  • 9.­2437
  • 9.­2440
  • 9.­2442
  • 9.­2444
  • 9.­2446
  • 9.­2451
  • 9.­2503
  • 10.­65-66
  • 11.­35
  • 11.­50
  • 11.­77
  • 11.­110
  • 11.­149
  • 11.­166
  • n.­524
  • n.­934
  • n.­938
g.­665

thirty-seven aspects of awakening

Wylie:
  • byang chub kyi phyogs sum bcu rtsa bdun gyi chos
Tibetan:
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཕྱོགས་སུམ་བཅུ་རྩ་བདུན་གྱི་ཆོས།
Sanskrit:
  • sapta­triṃśad­bodhi­pakṣa­dharmāḥ

Thirty-seven kinds of practices to be accomplished by those who seek awakening.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­123
  • 8.­15
  • n.­188
  • g.­173
  • g.­179
  • g.­180
  • g.­183
  • g.­184
  • g.­189
  • g.­592
g.­675

Toyikā

Wylie:
  • chu mangs
Tibetan:
  • ཆུ་མངས།
Sanskrit:
  • toyikā

The place where the Buddha showed the skeleton of the Buddha Kāśyapa to monks.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­41-42
  • 9.­70
  • n.­561
  • n.­584
g.­677

Triśaṅku

Wylie:
  • phur bu gsum pa
Tibetan:
  • ཕུར་བུ་གསུམ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • triśaṅku

A king who was the Buddha in a former life.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­413
  • 9.­416
  • 9.­419
  • 9.­423
  • n.­814
g.­682

Upagupta

Wylie:
  • nye sbas
Tibetan:
  • ཉེ་སྦས།
Sanskrit:
  • upagupta

A monk who was predicted by the Buddha to appear in the future.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­6-7
  • 8.­17
  • n.­456
  • g.­222
g.­683

Upālin

Wylie:
  • nye ba ’khor
Tibetan:
  • ཉེ་བ་འཁོར།
Sanskrit:
  • upālin

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­2227-2228
  • 9.­2268-2269
  • 9.­2504
  • 10.­105-106
  • 10.­110-111
  • n.­1033
  • g.­196
g.­689

Upoṣadha

Wylie:
  • gso sbyong ’phags
Tibetan:
  • གསོ་སྦྱོང་འཕགས།
Sanskrit:
  • upoṣadha

A king, the father of King Māndhātṛ.

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­2-3
  • 9.­9-12
  • 9.­142-143
  • 9.­145-146
  • n.­562-563
g.­692

Uruvilvā-Kāśyapa

Wylie:
  • lteng rgyas ’od srung
Tibetan:
  • ལྟེང་རྒྱས་འོད་སྲུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • uruvilvā-kāśyapa

A disciple of the Buddha.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1814
  • 9.­1822-1824
  • n.­987
g.­698

Vairambhya

Wylie:
  • yul dgra mtha’
  • dgra mtha’
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་དགྲ་མཐའ།
  • དགྲ་མཐའ།
Sanskrit:
  • vairambhya

A country.

Located in 25 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­112
  • 8.­119-120
  • 8.­122
  • 8.­132-135
  • 8.­139
  • 8.­142
  • 8.­189
  • 8.­193
  • 8.­196
  • 8.­205
  • 8.­223
  • 8.­230
  • 8.­238
  • 9.­2383
  • 9.­2387
  • 9.­2493
  • n.­496
  • n.­512
  • n.­521
  • n.­1053
  • g.­421
g.­700

Vaiśālī

Wylie:
  • yangs pa can
Tibetan:
  • ཡངས་པ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • vaiśālī

The city of the Licchavis.

Located in 61 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 2.­71
  • 3.­28-32
  • 3.­35-36
  • 3.­38
  • 3.­41-43
  • 3.­45-46
  • 3.­53
  • 3.­108
  • 3.­134-136
  • 3.­218-219
  • 3.­223
  • 3.­229-231
  • 3.­239-241
  • 3.­246
  • 3.­248-249
  • 3.­264-265
  • 3.­272
  • 3.­298
  • 4.­3-4
  • 6.­259
  • 9.­152
  • 9.­2153
  • 9.­2538-2541
  • 9.­2565
  • 9.­2567
  • 9.­2574
  • 9.­2597-2599
  • 10.­23-24
  • n.­114
  • n.­126
  • n.­170
  • n.­177
  • g.­68
  • g.­335
  • g.­339
  • g.­674
g.­701

Vaiśravaṇa

Wylie:
  • rnam thos kyi bu
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་ཐོས་ཀྱི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • vaiśravaṇa

One of the Four Great Kings and god of wealth.

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­92
  • 3.­22
  • 9.­610
  • 9.­613
  • 9.­918
  • 11.­5
  • 11.­15-16
  • 11.­22-23
  • 11.­27
  • 11.­36
  • n.­1140
  • g.­185
  • g.­187
g.­704

Vajrapāṇi

Wylie:
  • lag na rdo rje
Tibetan:
  • ལག་ན་རྡོ་རྗེ།
Sanskrit:
  • vajrapāṇi

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Vajrapāṇi means “Wielder of the Vajra.” In the Pali canon, he appears as a yakṣa guardian in the retinue of the Buddha. In the Mahāyāna scriptures he is a bodhisattva and one of the “eight close sons of the Buddha.” In the tantras, he is also regarded as an important Buddhist deity and instrumental in the transmission of tantric scriptures.

Located in 22 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­36-37
  • 7.­207-208
  • 7.­213-214
  • 7.­225
  • 7.­227-228
  • 7.­235
  • 7.­238-239
  • 7.­266-267
  • 7.­271
  • 10.­97
  • n.­253
  • n.­403
  • n.­424
  • n.­429
  • n.­445
  • n.­447
g.­712

Vārāṇasī

Wylie:
  • bA rA Na sI
Tibetan:
  • བཱ་རཱ་ཎ་སཱི།
Sanskrit:
  • vārāṇasī

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Also known as Benares, one of the oldest cities of northeast India on the banks of the Ganges, in modern-day Uttar Pradesh. It was once the capital of the ancient kingdom of Kāśi, and in the Buddha’s time it had been absorbed into the kingdom of Kośala. It was an important religious center, as well as a major city, even during the time of the Buddha. The name may derive from being where the Varuna and Assi rivers flow into the Ganges. It was on the outskirts of Vārāṇasī that the Buddha first taught the Dharma, in the location known as Deer Park (Mṛgadāva). For numerous episodes set in Vārāṇasī, including its kings, see The Hundred Deeds, Toh 340.

Located in 65 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­2-3
  • 2.­18
  • 2.­71
  • 2.­346
  • 3.­170
  • 3.­267-268
  • 7.­154-155
  • 8.­270
  • 8.­286
  • 8.­296
  • 9.­38
  • 9.­414
  • 9.­422
  • 9.­916-918
  • 9.­920
  • 9.­933
  • 9.­968
  • 9.­1000
  • 9.­1016
  • 9.­1106
  • 9.­1134
  • 9.­1156
  • 9.­1159
  • 9.­1162
  • 9.­1185
  • 9.­1195
  • 9.­1208
  • 9.­1224
  • 9.­1226-1227
  • 9.­1232
  • 9.­1352
  • 9.­1561-1562
  • 9.­1751
  • 9.­1768
  • 9.­2044
  • 9.­2141
  • 9.­2228
  • 9.­2241
  • 9.­2243
  • 9.­2347
  • 9.­2364-2366
  • 9.­2368
  • 9.­2407-2408
  • 9.­2585
  • 9.­2588
  • 10.­117
  • 10.­119-120
  • 10.­122
  • 10.­133-134
  • 11.­78
  • 11.­233
  • g.­146
  • g.­539
g.­719

Velāma

Wylie:
  • dus dpog
Tibetan:
  • དུས་དཔོག
Sanskrit:
  • velāma

(1) A brahmin living in the country of King Piṇḍavaṃśa. (2) A brahmin who is the Buddha in a past life.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­313-315
  • 9.­308
  • 9.­314-316
  • 9.­329
  • 9.­331
  • 9.­334
  • 9.­1491
  • n.­557
  • n.­559
  • n.­668
g.­721

Veṇu

Wylie:
  • ’od ma can
Tibetan:
  • འོད་མ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • veṇu

A village.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­2-4
g.­722

Veṇuyaṣṭikā

Wylie:
  • ’od ma’i dbyug pa can
Tibetan:
  • འོད་མའི་དབྱུག་པ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • veṇuyaṣṭikā

The residence of a king.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­77
  • n.­120
  • n.­129
g.­731

Virūḍhaka

Wylie:
  • ’phags skyes po
  • lus ’phags po
Tibetan:
  • འཕགས་སྐྱེས་པོ།
  • ལུས་འཕགས་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • virūḍhaka

(1) A general, son of King Prasenajit. (2) One of the Four Great Kings. The Tib. lus ’phags po is probably erroneous; see n.­321 and n.­329.

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­22
  • 6.­193
  • 6.­220-221
  • 6.­234
  • 9.­48
  • 9.­2490
  • 11.­13
  • 11.­16
  • 11.­18-19
  • 11.­25
  • 11.­36
  • n.­321
  • n.­329
  • n.­590
  • n.­960
  • n.­1139
  • g.­185
  • g.­187
g.­732

Virūpākṣa

Wylie:
  • mig mi bzang
Tibetan:
  • མིག་མི་བཟང་།
Sanskrit:
  • virūpākṣa

One of the Four Great Kings.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­22
  • 11.­14
  • 11.­16
  • 11.­20-21
  • 11.­26
  • 11.­36
  • n.­1140
  • g.­185
  • g.­187
g.­740

Viśvantara

Wylie:
  • thams cad sgrol
Tibetan:
  • ཐམས་ཅད་སྒྲོལ།
Sanskrit:
  • viśvantara

A prince who was the Buddha in a former life.

Located in 48 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­717
  • 9.­719
  • 9.­721
  • 9.­724
  • 9.­728-729
  • 9.­748-749
  • 9.­751
  • 9.­753
  • 9.­757
  • 9.­759
  • 9.­763
  • 9.­769-770
  • 9.­788
  • 9.­816
  • 9.­835
  • 9.­839
  • 9.­843
  • 9.­846
  • 9.­848-851
  • 9.­855-857
  • 9.­868
  • 9.­872
  • 9.­883-885
  • 9.­889
  • 9.­913
  • n.­769
  • n.­775
  • n.­778
  • n.­781-782
  • n.­785
  • n.­791
  • n.­802
  • n.­813
  • g.­255
  • g.­319
  • g.­351
  • g.­580
g.­742

Vṛji

Wylie:
  • spong byed
Tibetan:
  • སྤོང་བྱེད།
Sanskrit:
  • vṛji

A country.

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­204
  • 3.­207
  • 3.­218
  • 3.­230-231
  • 3.­239
  • 4.­3-4
  • 4.­73
  • 9.­2538-2540
  • n.­166
  • g.­221
  • g.­537
g.­744

Water Born

Wylie:
  • chu skyes
Tibetan:
  • ཆུ་སྐྱེས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A prince who was the Buddha in a former life. See also n.­869.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­1146-1151
  • g.­416
g.­747

Wearing a Black Costume

Wylie:
  • nag po’i cha byad ’chang
Tibetan:
  • ནག་པོའི་ཆ་བྱད་འཆང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

An elephant.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 10.­54
g.­748

wheel-turning king

Wylie:
  • ’khor los sgyur ba’i rgyal po
Tibetan:
  • འཁོར་ལོས་སྒྱུར་བའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • cakravartin

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

An ideal monarch or emperor who, as the result of the merit accumulated in previous lifetimes, rules over a vast realm in accordance with the Dharma. Such a monarch is called a cakravartin because he bears a wheel (cakra) that rolls (vartate) across the earth, bringing all lands and kingdoms under his power. The cakravartin conquers his territory without causing harm, and his activity causes beings to enter the path of wholesome actions. According to Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakośa, just as with the buddhas, only one cakravartin appears in a world system at any given time. They are likewise endowed with the thirty-two major marks of a great being (mahāpuruṣalakṣaṇa), but a cakravartin’s marks are outshined by those of a buddha. They possess seven precious objects: the wheel, the elephant, the horse, the wish-fulfilling gem, the queen, the general, and the minister. An illustrative passage about the cakravartin and his possessions can be found in The Play in Full (Toh 95), 3.3–3.13.

Vasubandhu lists four types of cakravartins: (1) the cakravartin with a golden wheel (suvarṇacakravartin) rules over four continents and is invited by lesser kings to be their ruler; (2) the cakravartin with a silver wheel (rūpyacakravartin) rules over three continents and his opponents submit to him as he approaches; (3) the cakravartin with a copper wheel (tāmracakravartin) rules over two continents and his opponents submit themselves after preparing for battle; and (4) the cakravartin with an iron wheel (ayaścakravartin) rules over one continent and his opponents submit themselves after brandishing weapons.

Located in 84 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­61
  • 2.­256
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­116
  • 3.­131
  • 3.­168
  • 3.­175
  • 3.­191
  • 3.­194-197
  • 4.­22
  • 4.­36
  • 4.­46
  • 6.­11-12
  • 6.­276
  • 6.­284
  • 6.­292
  • 8.­148-151
  • 8.­153-154
  • 8.­156-173
  • 8.­179-181
  • 8.­184
  • 8.­187
  • 8.­197-198
  • 8.­315
  • 9.­275
  • 9.­305
  • 9.­426
  • 9.­437
  • 9.­440
  • 9.­463
  • 9.­527
  • 9.­531
  • 9.­570
  • 9.­971
  • 9.­973-974
  • 9.­1136
  • 11.­93
  • 11.­139
  • n.­48
  • n.­193
  • n.­197-198
  • n.­453
  • n.­501
  • n.­503
  • n.­674
  • n.­1163
  • g.­356
  • g.­366
  • g.­381
  • g.­419
  • g.­447
  • g.­485
  • g.­593
  • g.­749
g.­750

Where There Is a City

Wylie:
  • grong khyer can
Tibetan:
  • གྲོང་ཁྱེར་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A city. See also n.­341.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­264
  • n.­340
g.­755

yakṣa

Wylie:
  • gnod sbyin
Tibetan:
  • གནོད་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • yakṣa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who inhabit forests, mountainous areas, and other natural spaces, or serve as guardians of villages and towns, and may be propitiated for health, wealth, protection, and other boons, or controlled through magic. According to tradition, their homeland is in the north, where they live under the rule of the Great King Vaiśravaṇa.

Several members of this class have been deified as gods of wealth (these include the just-mentioned Vaiśravaṇa) or as bodhisattva generals of yakṣa armies, and have entered the Buddhist pantheon in a variety of forms, including, in tantric Buddhism, those of wrathful deities.

Located in 102 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­243-244
  • 2.­246
  • 2.­253-254
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­51
  • 6.­36-37
  • 7.­200-202
  • 7.­204
  • 7.­207-208
  • 7.­213-214
  • 7.­216-217
  • 7.­220
  • 7.­222-223
  • 7.­225
  • 7.­227-228
  • 7.­235
  • 7.­238
  • 7.­240
  • 7.­248
  • 7.­250
  • 7.­259
  • 7.­266
  • 8.­31-32
  • 8.­47
  • 8.­66-72
  • 8.­76-77
  • 8.­114
  • 8.­194
  • 9.­16
  • 9.­149
  • 9.­175
  • 9.­178
  • 9.­181
  • 9.­184
  • 9.­187
  • 9.­192
  • 9.­205
  • 9.­217
  • 9.­221
  • 9.­225
  • 9.­239
  • 9.­610
  • 9.­612-613
  • 9.­636
  • 9.­641
  • 9.­684
  • 9.­689
  • 9.­1024
  • 9.­1028
  • 9.­1528
  • 9.­1778
  • 9.­1916
  • 10.­97
  • 11.­5
  • 11.­15
  • 11.­23
  • n.­403
  • n.­411
  • n.­424
  • n.­436
  • n.­445
  • n.­471
  • n.­473-475
  • n.­634
  • n.­638
  • g.­35
  • g.­39
  • g.­66
  • g.­157
  • g.­164
  • g.­171
  • g.­176
  • g.­198
  • g.­212
  • g.­220
  • g.­370
  • g.­466
  • g.­572
  • g.­704
  • g.­711
  • g.­756
g.­760

Yaśas

Wylie:
  • grags pa
Tibetan:
  • གྲགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • yaśas

(1) A disciple of the Buddha who was a son of a wealthy householder. (2) A disciple of the Buddha whose right hand was impaired. (3) A lay brother living in Nādikā.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­208-210
  • 9.­1740-1741
  • 9.­1765-1767
  • 9.­1824-1825
  • 9.­1839-1841
  • n.­987
g.­764

Yijing

Wylie:
  • —
Tibetan:
  • —
Sanskrit:
  • —

A seventh-century Chinese Buddhist monk, who studied in Nālandā monastery in India and translated many texts including the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • i.­5
  • n.­186
  • n.­424
  • n.­485
  • n.­603
  • n.­1078
  • n.­1088
g.­765

yojana

Wylie:
  • dpag tshad
Tibetan:
  • དཔག་ཚད།
Sanskrit:
  • yojana

An Indian measure of distance equal to 16,000 cubits, or about 4.5 miles (7.4 km), or approximately 4000 fathoms (Rangjung Yeshe Dictionary).

Located in 23 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­264
  • 2.­270
  • 2.­274
  • 3.­19
  • 8.­169
  • 9.­205
  • 9.­225-226
  • 9.­233
  • 9.­289-290
  • 9.­293
  • 9.­298
  • 9.­717
  • 9.­743
  • 9.­1005
  • 9.­1446
  • 9.­2277
  • 9.­2318
  • 10.­97
  • n.­642
  • n.­783-784
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