One of the Four Mahārājas, he is the guardian of the southern direction and the lord of the kumbhāṇḍas.

One of the four great kings, the protectors of the world; guardian of the south.

One of the Four Great Kings, he presides over the southern quarter and rules over the kumbhāṇḍas.

One of the Four Great Kings, he presides over the southern quarter and rules over the kumbhāṇḍas.

One of the Four Great Kings, he presides over the southern quarter and rules over the kumbhāṇḍas.

One of the Four Great Kings.

One of the Four Great Kings, he is the guardian of the southern direction and the lord of the kumbhāṇḍas.

One of the four mahārājas. He is the guardian of the southern direction and the lord of the kumbhāṇḍas. There is one in each four-continent world.

One of the four mahārājas. He is the guardian of the southern direction and the lord of the kumbhāṇḍas.

One of the four mahārājas. He is the guardian of the southern direction and the lord of the kumbhāṇḍas.

One of the Four Great Kings.

One of the Four Great Kings, or guardians of the world, he presides over the southern quarter and rules over the preta kumbhāṇḍa spirits that live there.

One of the Four Great Kings (rgyal po chen po bzhi) ruling the four directions of the desire realm. Virūḍhaka rules the southern direction and the kumbhāṇḍas (grul bum) that reside there. In The Question of Mañjuśrī his image is the fifty-first of the eighty designs on the palms and soles of the Tathāgata.

One of the four great kings.

One of the Four Great Kings, the protector of the south.

One of the Four Great Kings, he presides over the southern quarter and rules over the kumbhāṇḍas.

One of the Four Great Kings, guardian of the south.

One of the four great kings, protector of the cardinal direction to the south of Mount Meru. (’phags skyes po, his name in Tibetan, is also the Tibetan name of Videha).

“Noble Birth” (Tib.) or “Sprouting/Growing Forth,” (Skt.) guardian of the southern direction. Also the name of a king of Kosala during the lifetime of Śākyamuni Buddha.

One of the Four Great Kings, he is the guardian of the southern direction and the lord of the kumbhāṇḍas.

The king of kumbhāṇḍas (one of the four great kings of the directions).

One of the Four Mahārājas, he is the guardian of the southern direction and the lord of the kumbhāṇḍas.

One of the Four Mahārājas, he is the guardian of the southern direction and the lord of the kumbhāṇḍas.

One of the Four Mahārājas, he is the guardian of the southern direction and the lord of the kumbhāṇḍas.

One of the “four great kings, guardians of the world,” he is held to dwell in the south, presiding over the preta kumbhāṇḍa spirits that live there.

One of the Four Great Kings, he rules over the kumbhaṇḍas.

One of the Four Great Kings, he presides over the southern quarter and rules over the kumbhāṇḍas.

One of the Four Great Kings, he presides over the south and rules over the kumbhāṇḍas.

One of the four great kings who guard the cardinal directions.

One of the Four Great Kings.

One of the great kings of the four cardinal directions, Virūḍhaka guards the southern quarter of the heavens.