A collective name for the realms of animals, hungry ghosts, and denizens of the hells.

A collective name for the realms of animals, hungry ghosts, and denizens of the hells.

The states of hell beings, hungry ghosts (pretas), and animals.

The states of hell beings, hungry ghosts, and animals.

See “bad rebirth.”

The realms of hell beings, pretas, and animals.

A collective name for the realms of animals, pretas, and hell beings.

Rebirth in one of the three lower states of existence, namely, the hell realm, the realm of hungry ghosts, or the animal realm.

Also translated as “lower rebirths.”

A collective name for the realms of animals, hungry ghosts, and denizens of the hells.

A collective name for the realms of animals, hungry ghosts, and denizens of the hells.

A synonym for “unfortunate rebirth-destiny.” A name for any of the three lower realms of existence, i.e., the realms of animals, ghosts, and hell beings. Occurs often in a formula together with its synonym and its near synonyms “the lower worlds” and “hell” (Pali niraya/naraka; Tib. sems can dmyal ba).

The three lower rebirths, into the realms of hell beings, pretas, and animals.

A collective name for the realms of animals, hungry ghosts, and denizens of the hells.

The states of hell beings, hungry ghosts (pretas), and animals.

Lower rebirths within cyclic existence.

Lower rebirths within cyclic existence.

The lower realms of hell beings, hungry ghosts (pretas), and animals.

The realms of animals, hungry ghosts, and hell beings.

A collective name for the realms of animals, anguished spirits (pretas), and denizens of the hells.

A collective name for the realms of animals, anguished spirits (pretas), and hell beings.

Literally “misery” or “misfortune,” a collective name for the three lower realms of existence, i.e., the realms of animals, ghosts, and hell beings. Occurs often in a formula together with its synonym apāya and its near synonyms “the lower worlds” and “hell” (Pali niraya/naraka; Tib. sems can dmyal ba).

A collective name for the realms of animals, pretas, and hell beings. The term is also referred to in this translation as “evil state.”

The states of hell beings, hungry ghosts (pretas), and animals.

The three bad migrations are those of (1) denizens of hells, (2) inhabitants of the “limbo” of the pretaloka, where one wanders as an insatiably hungry and thirsty wretch, and (3) animals, who are trapped in the pattern of mutual devouring (Tib. gcig la gcig za).

The three lower realms of animals, pretas, and hell beings. Also translated as “sad destinies” and “miserable destinies.”

A synonym of “unfortunate rebirth-destiny.”

Lower rebirths within cyclic existence.

Rebirth in the three lower realms of hell beings, pretas, and animals.

See “evil destinies.”

The so-called lower realms of rebirth (see “unfortunate rebirth destinies”).

Usually Tibetan ngan song [gsum] is an expression for the three lower realms of rebirth according to Buddhist cosmology: animals, ghosts, and hell beings. Here, however, the asuras are counted among lower rebirths too.

Rebirth in one of the three lower states of existence, namely, the hell realm, the realm of hungry ghosts, or the animal realm.