co.

Table of Contents

s.

Summary

s.­1

Recollecting the Name of Moonlight contains the dhāraṇī of the Buddha Moonlight. The benefits of recollecting the Buddha Moonlight’s name every morning after rising are that one will remember all one’s lives of the past forty thousand kalpas, one will not fall into the lower realms after death, and one will attain the attributes of awakening.

ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

This publication was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.

ac.­2

The text was translated, edited, and introduced by the 84000 translation team. Bruno Galasek-Hul produced the translation and wrote the introduction. Nathaniel Rich edited the translation and the introduction, and Dawn Collins copyedited the text. Martina Cotter was in charge of the digital publication process.

i.

Introduction

i.­1

Recollecting the Name of Moonlight is a short dhāraṇī preserved in the Degé Kangyur in two nearly identical versions, one in the Tantra section and the other in the Dhāraṇī section.

i.­2

Recollecting the Name of Moonlight opens with a brief homage to the buddha named Moonlight. It lacks the customary title (in Sanskrit and Tibetan) at the beginning and has no narrative frame or interlocutors. The dhāraṇī concludes with an enumeration of the benefits that accrue from reciting the dhāraṇī: a son or a daughter of good family who recites this invocation of the Buddha Moonlight every morning after rising will remember all their past lives during forty thousand kalpas. Furthermore, they will not fall into the lower realms after death and will attain the attributes of awakening.

i.­3

Recollecting the Name of Moonlight also lacks a translators’ colophon. Therefore, we do not know who the translators were or when it was translated. To our knowledge, no Sanskrit text of this dhāṛaṇī is extant and it does not appear to have been translated into Chinese. The catalogs of the early imperial translations, the Denkarma and Phangthangma, do not list it, but it is listed under the title zla ’od kyi mtshan rjes su dran pa in the catalog of translated works in the Kangyur that is included in Butön’s monumental fourteenth-century History of Buddhism.1 This gives us a very wide time frame for a possible date of its translation, namely, sometime between the ninth century and the first quarter of the fourteenth century.2

i.­4

Texts like Recollecting the Name of Moonlight can be understood in the context of the Mahāyāna doctrine of the parallel existence of countless buddhas in different universes, and the idea that hearing, remembering, and reciting the names of these buddhas can become a condition for attaining awakening.3 A buddha named Candraprabha (“Moonlight”) is mentioned in several important Mahāyāna sūtras, and that might be the figure intended here.4

i.­5

This English translation was prepared based on the two witnesses in the Degé Kangyur (Toh 5355 and Toh 8686), in consultation with the versions in the Narthang Kangyur, the Stok Palace Kangyur, and the Comparative Edition (dpe bsdur ma) of the Kangyur.

Text Body

Recollecting the Name of Moonlight
1.

The Translation

[F.82.b] [F.99.b]


1.­1

Homage to the thus-gone, worthy [F.83.a] [F.100.a], fully and perfectly awakened Moonlight!


1.­2

tadyathā| candre candre| sucandre| mati­candra candra­kiraṇa| siri siri| buddhādhiṣṭhite| kili kili| dharmādhiṣṭhite| kili kili| saṃghādhiṣṭhite svāhā.

1.­3

A son or daughter of good family who, every morning after rising, recollects the name of the tathāgata Moonlight, will remember all their former lives during forty thousand kalpas and will not fall into the lower realms. By recollecting Moonlight’s name, one will attain those attributes.

1.­4

Recollecting the Name of Moonlight is complete.

n.

Notes

n.­1
Butön Rinchen Drup, folio 175.a/ 980.
n.­2
Most scholars consider the Denkarma to have been completed sometime in the first half of the ninth century (for a discussion of the different possible dates, see Herrmann-Pfandt 2008, xvii–xxii). Bu ston completed his History of Buddhism sometime before the year 1326 (for a detailed discussion, see van der Kuijp 2016, pp. 227–35).
n.­3
See the introduction to Bouquet of Flowers (Kusumasañcaya, Toh 266), i.­1–i.­9, for a discussion of this. Other sūtras that similarly teach the efficacy of hearing, remembering, and reciting the names of various buddhas include The Questions of Guṇaratnasaṅkusumita (Guṇa­ratna­saṅkusumita­pari­pṛcchā, Toh 78), The Questions of Ratnajālin (Ratna­jāli­pari­pṛcchā, Toh 163), The Eight Buddhas (Aṣṭabuddhaka, Toh 271), and The Twelve Buddhas (Dvādaśa­buddhaka, Toh 273).
n.­4
See, e.g., Bouquet of Flowers (me tog gi tshogs, Toh 266), 1.­45, 1.­111 and Calling Witness with a Hundred Prostrations (dpang skong phyag brgya pa, Toh 267), 1.­11.
n.­5

Two sets of folio references have been included in this translation due to a discrepancy in volume 88 (rgyud, na) of the Degé Kangyur between the 1737 par phud printings and the late (post par phud) printings. In the latter case, an extra work, Bodhi­maṇḍasyālaṃkāra­lakṣa­dhāraṇī (Toh 508, byang chub snying po’i rgyan ’bum gyi gzungs), was added as the second text in the volume, thereby displacing the pagination of all the following texts in the same volume by 17 folios. Since the eKangyur follows the later printing, both references have been provided, with the highlighted one linking to the eKangyur viewer.

n.­6

Note that there is a discrepancy among various databases for cataloging the Toh 868 version of this text within vol. 100 or 101 of the Degé Kangyur. See Toh 868, n.­6, for details.

b.

Bibliography

Tibetan Sources

zla ba’i ’od kyi mtshan rjes su dran pa. Toh 535, Degé Kangyur vol. 88 (rgyud ’bum, na), folios 82.b–83.a.

zla ba’i ’od kyi mtshan rjes su dran pa. Toh 868, Degé Kangyur vol. 100 (gzungs, e), folios 88.b–89.a.

zla ba’i ’od kyi mtshan rjes su dran pa. Narthang Kangyur vol. 90 (rgyud, da), folio 77.a.

zla ba’i ’od kyi mtshan rjes su dran pa. Stok Palace Kangyur vol. 102 (rgyud, da), folio 102.b.

zla ba’i ’od kyi mtshan rjes su dran pa. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–9, vol. 88, pp. 320–21.

zla ba’i ’od kyi mtshan rjes su dran pa. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–9, vol. 97, pp. 253–54.

Butön Rinchen Drup (bu ston rin chen grub). chos ’byung (bde bar gshegs pa’i bstan pa’i gsal byed chos kyi ’byung gnas gsung rab rin po che’i gter mdzod). In The Collected Works of Bu-Ston, vol. 24 (ya), pp. 633–1055. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture, 1965–71. BDRC W22106.

Other Sources

84000. Bouquet of Flowers (Kusumasañcaya, me tog gi tshogs, Toh 266). Translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2021.

84000. Calling Witness with a Hundred Prostrations (dpang skong phyag brgya pa, Toh 267). Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2011.

84000. The Eight Buddhas (Aṣṭabuddhaka, sangs rgyas brgyad pa, Toh 271). Translated by Annie Bien. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2020.

84000. The Questions of Guṇaratnasaṅkusumita (Guṇa­ratna­saṅkusumita­pari­pṛcchā, yon tan rin chen me tog kun tu rgyas pas zhus pa, Toh 78). Translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2020.

84000. The Questions of Ratnajālin (Ratna­jāli­pari­pṛcchā, rin chen dra ba can gyis zhus pa, Toh 163). Translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2020.

84000. The Twelve Buddhas (Dvādaśa­buddhaka, sangs rgyas bcu gnyis pa, Toh 273). Translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2020.

84000. The White Lotus of the Good Dharma, (Saddharma­puṇḍarīka, dam pa’i chos pad ma dkar po, Toh 113). Translated by Peter Alan Roberts. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2018.

Davidson, Ronald M. “Studies in Dhāraṇī III: Seeking the Parameters of a Dhāraṇī-piṭaka, the Formation of the Dhāraṇī­saṃgrahas, and the Place of the Seven Buddhas.” In Scripture:Canon::Text:Context: Essays Honoring Lewis Lancaster, edited by Richard K. Payne, 119–80. Berkeley: Institute of Buddhist Studies and BDK America, 2014.

Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. Die lHan kar ma: ein früher Katalog der ins Tibetische übersetzten buddhistischen Texte. Vienna: Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2008.

Leonard W. J. van der Kuijp. “The Lives of Bu ston Rin chen grub and the Date and Sources of His Chos ‘byung, a Chronicle of Buddhism in India and Tibet.” Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 35 (April 2016): 203–308.

g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for names and terms of the corresponding source language

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in a manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other manuscripts with a parallel or similar context.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in dictionaries matching Tibetan to the corresponding language.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where the relationship between the Tibetan and source language is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

Daughter of good family

  • rigs kyi bu mo
  • རིགས་ཀྱི་བུ་མོ།
  • kuladuhitṛ

The female equivalent of the term Son of good family.

g.­2

kalpa

  • bskal pa
  • བསྐལ་པ།
  • kalpa AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A cosmic period of time, sometimes equivalent to the time when a world system appears, exists, and disappears. According to the traditional Abhidharma understanding of cyclical time, a great eon (mahākalpa) is divided into eighty lesser eons. In the course of one great eon, the universe takes form and later disappears. During the first twenty of the lesser eons, the universe is in the process of creation and expansion; during the next twenty it remains; during the third twenty, it is in the process of destruction; and during the last quarter of the cycle, it remains in a state of empty stasis. A fortunate, or good, eon (bhadrakalpa) refers to any eon in which more than one buddha appears.

g.­3

Lower realms

  • ngan song
  • ངན་སོང་།
  • apāya AO
  • durgati AO

Rebirth in one of the three lower states of existence, namely, the hell realm, the realm of hungry ghosts, or the animal realm.

g.­4

Son of good family

  • rigs kyi bu
  • རིགས་ཀྱི་བུ།
  • kulaputra AD

While this is usually a characteristic pertaining to Brahmins (i.e., born in the Brahmin caste to seven generations of Brahmin parents), the Buddha redefined noble birth as determined by an individual’s ethical conduct and integrity. Thus, someone who enters the Buddha’s Saṅgha is called a “son or daughter of noble family” and is in this sense “good” or “noble” and considered born again (dvija, or “twice born”).

g.­5

tathāgata

  • de bzhin gshegs pa
  • དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ།
  • tathāgata AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A frequently used synonym for buddha. According to different explanations, it can be read as tathā-gata, literally meaning “one who has thus gone,” or as tathā-āgata, “one who has thus come.” Gata, though literally meaning “gone,” is a past passive participle used to describe a state or condition of existence. Tatha­(tā), often rendered as “suchness” or “thusness,” is the quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. Therefore, this epithet is interpreted in different ways, but in general it implies one who has departed in the wake of the buddhas of the past, or one who has manifested the supreme awakening dependent on the reality that does not abide in the two extremes of existence and quiescence. It is also often used as a specific epithet of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

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84000. Recollecting the Name of Moonlight (zla ba’i ’od kyi mtshan rjes su dran pa, Toh 535). Translated by 84000 Associate Translators. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2025. https://84000.co/translation/toh535.Copy
84000. Recollecting the Name of Moonlight (zla ba’i ’od kyi mtshan rjes su dran pa, Toh 535). Translated by 84000 Associate Translators, online publication, 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2025, 84000.co/translation/toh535.Copy
84000. (2025) Recollecting the Name of Moonlight (zla ba’i ’od kyi mtshan rjes su dran pa, Toh 535). (84000 Associate Translators, Trans.). Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. https://84000.co/translation/toh535.Copy
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