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གསེར་འོད་དམ་པའི་མདོ།

The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light (1)
Chapter 27: The Praise from the Bodhisattvas in the Ten Directions

Suvarṇa­prabhāsottamasūtra
འཕགས་པ་གསེར་འོད་དམ་པ་མཆོག་ཏུ་རྣམ་པར་རྒྱལ་བའི་མདོ་སྡེའི་རྒྱལ་པོ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།
’phags pa gser ’od dam pa mchog tu rnam par rgyal ba’i mdo sde’i rgyal po theg pa chen po’i mdo
The Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra “The Supremely Victorious King of Sūtras, The Sublime Golden Light”

Toh 555

Degé Kangyur, vol. 89 (rgyud ’bum, pa), folios 19.a–151.a

ᴛʀᴀɴsʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴛɪʙᴇᴛᴀɴ ʙʏ
  • Chödrup

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Translated by Peter Alan Roberts and team
under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha

First published 2023

Current version v 1.2.8 (2025)

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co.

Table of Contents

ti. Title
im. Imprint
co. Contents
s. Summary
ac. Acknowledgements
i. Introduction
+ 7 sections- 7 sections
· Tantric Rituals
· The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light in India
· The Sūtra outside India
· The Sūtra in Tibet
· Comparing the Versions
· Translations into Western Languages
· Detailed Summary of The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light
+ 31 sections- 31 sections
· Chapter 1: The Introduction
· Chapter 2: The Teaching of the Lifespan of the Tathāgata
· Chapter 3: The Differentiation of the Three Kāyas
· Chapter 4: The Vision in a Dream of Purification Through Regret
· Chapter 5: The Purification of the Obscurations from Karma
· Chapter 6: The Dhāraṇīs of Complete Purification
· Chapter 7: A Praise Using the Analogy of a Lotus
· Chapter 8: The Dhāraṇī of Golden Victory
· Chapter 9: The Teaching on the Nature of Emptiness
· Chapter 10: The Fulfillment of Prayers on the Basis of Emptiness
· Chapter 11: The Four Mahārājas Look Upon Devas and Humans
· Chapter 12: The Four Mahārājas Protecting the Land
· Chapter 13: The Dhāraṇī of Nonattachment
· Chapter 14: The Precious Wish-Fulfilling Jewel Dhāraṇī
· Chapter 15: The Great Goddess Sarasvatī
· Chapter 16: The Great Goddess Śrī
· Chapter 17: The Increase of Wealth by the Great Goddess Śrī
· Chapter 18: Sthāvarā, the Goddess of the Earth
· Chapter 19: Saṃjñeya, the Great General of the Yakṣas
· Chapter 20: The Teaching of the King’s Treatise
· Chapter 21: King Susaṃbhava
· Chapter 22: Protection and Care from Devas and Yakṣas
· Chapter 23: The Prophecy
· Chapter 24: Completely Curing Illness
· Chapter 25: Jalavāhana, the Head Merchant’s Son
· Chapter 26: Giving Away the Body
· Chapter 27: The Praise from the Bodhisattvas in the Ten Directions
· Chapter 28: The Praise by the Bodhisattva Ruciraketu
· Chapter 29: The Praise by the Goddess of the Bodhi Tree
· Chapter 30: The Praise by the Great Goddess Sarasvatī
· Chapter 31: The Entrustment
tr. The Translation
+ 31 chapters- 31 chapters
1. Chapter 1: The Introduction
2. Chapter 2: The Teaching of the Lifespan of the Tathāgata
3. Chapter 3: The Differentiation of the Three Bodies
4. Chapter 4: The Vision in a Dream of Purification Through Regret
5. Chapter 5: The Purification of the Obscuration from Karma
6. Chapter 6: The Dhāraṇīs of Complete Purification
7. Chapter 7: A Praise Using the Analogy of a Lotus
8. Chapter 8: The Dhāraṇī of Golden Victory
9. Chapter 9: The Teaching on the Nature of Emptiness
10. Chapter 10: The Fulfillment of Prayers on the Basis of Emptiness
11. Chapter 11: The Four Mahārājas Look Upon Devas and Humans
12. Chapter 12: The Four Mahārājas Protecting the Land
13. Chapter 13: The Dhāraṇī of Nonattachment
14. Chapter 14: The Precious Wish-Fulfilling Jewel Dhāraṇī
15. Chapter 15: The Great Goddess Sarasvatī
16. Chapter 16: The Great Goddess Śrī
17. Chapter 17: The Increase of Wealth by the Great Goddess Śrī
18. Chapter 18: Sthāvarā, the Goddess of the Earth
19. Chapter 19: Saṃjñeya, the Great General of the Yakṣas
20. Chapter 20: The Teaching of the King’s Treatise
21. Chapter 21: King Susaṃbhava
22. Chapter 22: Protection and Care from Devas and Yakṣas
23. Chapter 23: The Prophecy
24. Chapter 24: Completely Curing Illness
25. Chapter 25: Jalavāhana, the Head Merchant’s Son
26. Chapter 26: Giving Away the Body
27. Chapter 27: The Praise from the Bodhisattvas in the Ten Directions
28. Chapter 28: The Praise by the Bodhisattva Ruciraketu
29. Chapter 29: The Praise by the Goddess of the Bodhi Tree
30. Chapter 30: The Praise by the Great Goddess Sarasvatī
31. Chapter 31: The Entrustment
c. Colophon
ab. Abbreviations
n. Notes
b. Bibliography
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· Primary Sources in Tibetan and Chinese
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· Secondary References‍—Kangyur
· Secondary References‍—Tengyur
· Other References in Tibetan
· Other References in English and Other Languages
· Translations
g. Glossary

s.

Summary

s.­1

The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light has held great importance in Buddhism for its instructions on the purification of karma. In particular, much of the sūtra is specifically addressed to monarchs and thus has been significant for rulers‍—not only in India but also in China, Japan, Mongolia, and elsewhere‍—who wished to ensure the well-being of their nations through such purification. Reciting and internalizing this sūtra is understood to be efficacious for personal purification and also for the welfare of a state and the world.

s.­2

In this sūtra, the bodhisattva Ruciraketu has a dream in which a prayer of confession emanates from a shining golden drum. He relates the prayer to the Buddha, and a number of deities then vow to protect it and its adherents. The ruler’s devotion to the sūtra is emphasized as important if the nation is to benefit. Toward the end of the sūtra are two well-known narratives of the Buddha’s previous lives: the account of the physician Jalavāhana, who saves and blesses numerous fish, and that of Prince Mahāsattva, who gives his body to a hungry tigress and her cubs.

s.­3

This is the longest version of The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light preserved in the Kangyur. It comprises thirty-one chapters and was translated into Tibetan primarily from Yijing’s Chinese translation in the early ninth century.


ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

This sūtra was translated into English by Peter Alan Roberts. Ling Lung Chen, Wang Chipan, Xiaolong Diao, Ting Lee Ling, and H. S. Sum Cheuk Shing were consultants for the Chinese versions of the sūtra. Emily Bower was the project manager and editor. Tracy Davis was the copyeditor. With thanks to Michael Radich for sharing his research on the sūtra.

ac.­2

The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.


ac.­3

The translation of this text has been made possible through the generous sponsorship of Zhang Da Da.


i.

Introduction

i.­1

The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light has held great importance in Buddhism for its instructions on the purification of karma. In particular, much of the sūtra is specifically addressed to monarchs, and therefore it has been significant for rulers‍—not only in India but also in China, Japan, Mongolia, and elsewhere‍—who wished to ensure the well-being of their nations. It is understood to be efficacious for personal purification and beneficial for the welfare of a state and of the world.

Tantric Rituals

The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light in India

The Sūtra outside India

The Sūtra in Tibet

Comparing the Versions

Translations into Western Languages

Detailed Summary of The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light

Chapter 1: The Introduction

Chapter 2: The Teaching of the Lifespan of the Tathāgata

Chapter 3: The Differentiation of the Three Kāyas

Chapter 4: The Vision in a Dream of Purification Through Regret

Chapter 5: The Purification of the Obscurations from Karma

Chapter 6: The Dhāraṇīs of Complete Purification

Chapter 7: A Praise Using the Analogy of a Lotus

Chapter 8: The Dhāraṇī of Golden Victory

Chapter 9: The Teaching on the Nature of Emptiness

Chapter 10: The Fulfillment of Prayers on the Basis of Emptiness

Chapter 11: The Four Mahārājas Look Upon Devas and Humans

Chapter 12: The Four Mahārājas Protecting the Land

Chapter 13: The Dhāraṇī of Nonattachment

Chapter 14: The Precious Wish-Fulfilling Jewel Dhāraṇī

Chapter 15: The Great Goddess Sarasvatī

Chapter 16: The Great Goddess Śrī

Chapter 17: The Increase of Wealth by the Great Goddess Śrī

Chapter 18: Sthāvarā, the Goddess of the Earth

Chapter 19: Saṃjñeya, the Great General of the Yakṣas

Chapter 20: The Teaching of the King’s Treatise

Chapter 21: King Susaṃbhava

Chapter 22: Protection and Care from Devas and Yakṣas

Chapter 23: The Prophecy

Chapter 24: Completely Curing Illness

Chapter 25: Jalavāhana, the Head Merchant’s Son

Chapter 26: Giving Away the Body

Chapter 27: The Praise from the Bodhisattvas in the Ten Directions

Chapter 28: The Praise by the Bodhisattva Ruciraketu

Chapter 29: The Praise by the Goddess of the Bodhi Tree

Chapter 30: The Praise by the Great Goddess Sarasvatī

Chapter 31: The Entrustment


Text Body

The Translation
The Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra
The Sublime Golden Light, the Supremely Victorious King of Sūtras

1.

Chapter 1: The Introduction

[B1] [F.19.a]25


1.­1

I pay homage to all the buddhas and bodhisattvas.


Thus did I hear at one time.26 The Bhagavat was within the profound, completely pure realm of the Dharma that is the field of activity of all the buddhas, dwelling at Vulture Peak Mountain27 at Rājagṛha together with a saṅgha of ten thousand times ninety-eight thousand great bhikṣus who were all without exception arhats, all of whom were purified28 like the king of elephants, all of whose defilements had ceased, all of whom were without kleśas, all of whom had liberated minds, all of whom had completely liberated wisdom, all of whom had done what had to be done, all of whom had put down their burden, all of whom had attained the goal,29 all of whom had ended engagement with existence, all of whom had attained supreme sublime power,30 all of whom maintained pure correct conduct, all of whom were adorned by skill in method and wisdom, all of whom possessed the eight liberations, and all of whom had reached the farther shore.


2.

Chapter 2: The Teaching of the Lifespan of the Tathāgata

2.­1

At that time, there dwelled in the great city of Rājagṛha a bodhisattva mahāsattva by the name of Ruciraketu.67 He had planted good roots by serving and attending upon countless hundreds of thousands of quintillions of buddhas.

2.­2

The bodhisattva Ruciraketu was staying alone in solitude then, and he was thinking, “Through what causes and through what conditions does the Bhagavat Śākyamuni have such a short lifespan of eighty years?”


3.

Chapter 3: The Differentiation of the Three Bodies

3.­1

147 Then the bodhisattva mahāsattva Ākāśagarbha rose from his seat among that great assembly and, with his upper robe over one shoulder, knelt on his right knee, reverently placed his palms together, and bowed his head to the Bhagavat’s feet. He made offerings of flowers made of gold and jewels, precious banners, flags, and sublime, supreme parasols, and then he asked the Bhagavat, “Bhagavat, how can bodhisattva mahāsattvas accomplish in accordance with the Dharma the extremely profound secret of the tathāgatas?”


4.

Chapter 4: The Vision in a Dream of Purification Through Regret

4.­1

208 Then the bodhisattva Ruciraketu was happy and overjoyed to have heard the extremely sublime Dharma directly from the Bhagavat. He contemplated it one-pointedly and returned to his home.209 While asleep that night, in a dream he saw a great golden drum that was shining brightly like the disk of the sun. From those light rays, he saw in the ten directions countless buddhas seated upon beryl thrones at the foot of precious trees, encircled by assemblies of many hundreds of thousands, and they were teaching the Dharma.


5.

Chapter 5: The Purification of the Obscuration from Karma

5.­1

310 Then the Bhagavat, residing in correct analysis, entered into an extremely profound, excellent samādhi. From the pores of his body there came many countless hundreds of thousands of great light rays of various colors, and the light rays illuminated buddha realms so numerous they could not be exemplified or measured even by the number of sand grains in all the Ganges Rivers in the ten directions.


6.

Chapter 6: The Dhāraṇīs of Complete Purification

6.­1

475 Then the bodhisattva mahāsattva Blazing Light Rays of Unhindered Traits of Lions,476 together with an entourage of countless millions,477 rose from his seat and, with his upper robe over one shoulder, knelt on his right knee, placed his palms together in homage, bowed his head down to the Bhagavat’s feet, and made an offering to the Bhagavat of a variety of flowers, perfumes, precious banners, flags, and parasols.


7.

Chapter 7: A Praise Using the Analogy of a Lotus

7.­1

595 Then the Bhagavat said to the virtuous goddess who is the goddess of the Bodhi tree,596 “Now know this, Goddess Śrī,597 you should listen well and remember this praise of the buddhas and purification through regret that came as a loud sound from a golden drum that was seen in the bodhisattva’s598 dream at night.599

7.­2

“In the past, there was a king by the name of Lord of Golden Nāgas,600 who always praised and extolled the buddhas in the ten directions and three times as being like a red lotus.”


8.

Chapter 8: The Dhāraṇī of Golden Victory

8.­1

671 Then the Bhagavat said to the bodhisattva mahāsattva Sukhavihāra within that vast assembly, “Noble one, there is a dhāraṇī called golden victory, and any noble man or noble woman who wishes to directly see, honor, and make offerings to the buddhas of the past, the future, and the present should possess it. Why is that? It is because this dhāraṇī is the mother of the past, future, and present buddhas.


9.

Chapter 9: The Teaching on the Nature of Emptiness

9.­1

684 Then the Bhagavat, having taught that dhāraṇī mantra, in order to benefit that vast assembly of bodhisattva mahāsattvas, devas, humans, and so on, and enable them to understand the very profound ultimate truth, and in order to teach685 them emptiness, recited these verses: [F.76.b]

9.­2
“I have taught the true686 Dharma of emptiness
Extensively in other profound sūtras.
At this time, in this king of sūtras,
I shall teach inconceivable emptiness in brief.

10.

Chapter 10: The Fulfillment of Prayers on the Basis of Emptiness

10.­1

Then the goddess Wish-Fulfilling Radiating Light, who was within the great assembly, was delighted and overjoyed on hearing that very profound Dharma teaching. She rose from her seat and, with her upper robe over one shoulder, knelt on her right knee, placed her palms together in homage, and said to the Bhagavat, “Bhagavat, what instruction do you give on a Dharma for the practice of meditation on the ways of profound meaning?”720


11.

Chapter 11: The Four Mahārājas Look Upon Devas and Humans

11.­1

749 Then the deva king Vaiśravaṇa, the deva king Dhṛtarāṣṭra, the deva king Virūḍhaka, and the deva king Virūpākṣa rose from their seats, and with their upper robes over one shoulder, knelt on their right knees and, facing the Bhagavat with palms together, bowed their heads to the Bhagavat’s feet and said to the Bhagavat, “Bhagavat, this Supremely Victorious King of Sūtras, the Sublime Golden Light is constantly regarded and seen by all buddhas; it is honored by all bodhisattvas; it is paid homage to by all the hosts of devas;750 it is constantly offered to by all devas and asuras;751 it is constantly rejoiced in by all the hosts of devas; it is constantly praised by all the protectors of the world; it is possessed by the śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas; it illuminates all the divine palaces of the devas; it bestows a superior happiness upon all beings; it ends the suffering of beings who are in the hells, are pretas, and are animals; it dispels all fear and terror; it repels all hostile enemies; it creates excellent harvests during the bad times of famine; it ends all the suffering from diseases; and it ends all bad omens and hundreds of thousands of harms from suffering.


12.

Chapter 12: The Four Mahārājas Protecting the Land

12.­1

757 Then the Bhagavat praised the Four Mahārājas, saying “excellent, excellent!” on hearing that they would defend and guard those who possessed the sūtra and those who honored and made offerings to the supremely victorious sūtra The Sublime Golden Light.

12.­2

He then said, “You Four Mahārājas have honored, served, made offerings to, venerated, and praised many hundreds of thousands of quintillions of buddhas in the past, and you have generated roots of merit, have truly accomplished the Dharma, and have always taught the Dharma; by guiding the world through the Dharma in this way, you have long had the motivation of great love to constantly benefit beings. Because of the cause and condition of aspiring to bring happiness, you are now enjoying its perfect ripening.


13.

Chapter 13: The Dhāraṇī of Nonattachment

13.­1

834 Then the Bhagavat said to Venerable Śāriputra, “Śāriputra, there is the Dharma teaching called The Dhāraṇī of Nonattachment. It is a Dharma that must be accomplished by the bodhisattvas. It was held by the bodhisattvas of the past. It is the mother of the bodhisattvas.”

13.­2

Venerable Śāriputra asked the Bhagavat, “Bhagavat, what is the word and the meaning835 of dhāraṇī? Bhagavat, that which is called dhāraṇī does not have a direction or location. Neither is it without a direction or location.”


14.

Chapter 14: The Precious Wish-Fulfilling Jewel Dhāraṇī

14.­1

Then the Bhagavat, in the midst of the great assembly, said to Venerable Ānanda, “You should know this: the dhāraṇī called the precious wish-fulfilling jewel will cast all harm far away; it will prevent and dispel all harmful thunder and lightning. That is the teaching of the bhagavat841 arhat samyaksaṃbuddhas of the past. Therefore, I also will teach it to you, this great assembly, in order to benefit devas and humans, to care for the world, so that all will be protected and attain happiness.”


15.

Chapter 15: The Great Goddess Sarasvatī

15.­1

868 Then, within that great assembly, the great goddess Sarasvatī rose from her seat, bowed down her head to the Bhagavat’s feet, and said to the Bhagavat, “Bhagavat, if a dharmabhāṇaka correctly teaches this Supremely Victorious King of Sūtras, The Sublime Golden Light, I will increase his wisdom and inspire poetic eloquence. If the dharmabhāṇaka preceptor omits a letter, a syllable, or the meaning of a word, [F.103.b] I will cause him to remember everything and have excellent comprehension and bestow upon him unimpeded, total possession of the power of mental retention.


16.

Chapter 16: The Great Goddess Śrī

16.­1

997 Then the great goddess Śrī rose from her seat, bowed down to the Bhagavat’s feet, reverently placed her palms together, and said to the Bhagavat, “Bhagavat, if I see any bhikṣu, bhikṣuṇī, upāsaka, or upāsikā who obtains, keeps, reads, recites, and teaches others this Supremely Victorious King of Sūtras, the Sublime Golden Light, I will single-mindedly, reverentially honor them and make offerings to them. For such a dharmabhāṇaka there will be provided a perfection of food, drink, clothing, bedding, medicine while ill, and any requisite that is needed; they will be free of want and need.


17.

Chapter 17: The Increase of Wealth by the Great Goddess Śrī

17.­1

1003 Then the great goddess Śrī said to the Bhagavat, “Bhagavat, in the north there is the city of Vaiśravaṇa, the king of devas, which is called Alakāvati. Not far from that city, there is a park called Puṇya­kusuma­prabha, in which there is an excellent divine palace made of the seven precious materials. [F.112.b]

17.­2

“Bhagavat, I always dwell there, so if anyone wishes to increase each day their accumulation of the five kinds of grain and wishes to increase and fill their treasuries, they should reverently develop a trusting mind and clean a room and plaster the floor with a circle of cow dung. They should paint a representation of my body beautified by various adornments and wash their bodies well. They should wear clean clothes and perfume themselves with excellent ointments, and then enter the clean room.


18.

Chapter 18: Sthāvarā, the Goddess of the Earth

18.­1

Then, within that great assembly, Sthāvarā, the goddess of the earth, rose from her seat and said to the Bhagavat, “Bhagavat, when this Supremely Victorious King of Sūtras, the Sublime Golden Light is being promulgated, whether it is in the present or the future, or whether in a village, a town, a market town, a king’s palace, or a wilderness, on a mountain, in a cave,1022 or in a forest, [F.114.b] Bhagavat, I will go there and make offerings to it, honor it, protect and defend it, and promulgate it widely.


19.

Chapter 19: Saṃjñeya, the Great General of the Yakṣas

19.­1

Then the great yakṣa general Saṃjñeya, together with twenty-eight yakṣa generals within that great assembly, rose from his seat, and with his robe over one shoulder, kneeling with his right knee on the ground, with palms together facing the Bhagavat, said to the Bhagavat, “Bhagavat, wherever this Supremely Victorious King of Sūtras, the Sublime Golden Light is taught and promulgated, in the present or in future times, whether in a village, in a town, in a market town, in a district, on a mountain, in a wilderness, in a forest, in a king’s palace, or in the dwelling place of the saṅgha, Bhagavat, I, the great yakṣa general Saṃjñeya, together with twenty-eight yakṣa generals, will go there. [F.117.b] Each of us will make our bodies invisible, and we will guard in every way that dharmabhāṇaka upādhyāya and the assembly that is listening to the Dharma so that harm will be eliminated, and they will always experience happiness.


20.

Chapter 20: The Teaching of the King’s Treatise

20.­1

Then Sthāvarā, the great goddess of the earth, rose from her seat within that great assembly, bowed down her head to the Bhagavat’s feet, and with her palms reverentially placed together said to the Bhagavat, “Bhagavat, if there is no true Dharma in lands with human kings, they will be unable to protect the land and care for many beings, and they themselves will not be able to remain long as superior sovereigns.


21.

Chapter 21: King Susaṃbhava

21.­1

Then the Bhagavat, having taught the treatise on kingship within that great assembly, [F.123.a] said, “You and all others, listen well, for I will teach you the past causes and conditions for the true practice of the Dharma.”

21.­2

He then recited these verses:

21.­3
“When in the past I was a cakravartin king,
I gave away the great earth with its oceans.
I offered all the four continents
Filled with jewels to the tathāgatas.
21.­4
“Throughout countless eons, all of them,
Because I sought the pure, true Dharma body,
My cherished wealth and even my own body and life
I gave away, with a mind that was without miserliness.

22.

Chapter 22: Protection and Care from Devas and Yakṣas

22.­1

Then the Bhagavat said to the great goddess Śrī, “Any noble man or noble woman who has a trusting mind and faith and wishes to make an inconceivable, vast, and great offering of requisites to the past, future, and present buddhas, and wishes to know and realize the profound field of activity of the buddhas of the three times, whether dwelling in a town, in a market town, or on a mountain, should without doubt and single-mindedly teach extensively and promulgate this king of sūtras there. Those who listen to the Dharma should avoid distraction and be single-minded.”


23.

Chapter 23: The Prophecy

23.­1

After the Tathāgata had taught the Dharma extensively in the midst of the great assembly, the bodhisattva Ruciraketu and his two sons, Rūpyaketu and Rūpyaprabha, requested the prophecy of their attainment of the highest, most complete enlightenment.

23.­2

At that time, ten thousand devas, chief among them Jvalanāntaratejorāja, descended together from the Trāyastriṃśa paradise. They came before the Bhagavat, bowed their heads to his feet in homage, seated themselves to one side, and listened to the Dharma that was taught by the Bhagavat.


24.

Chapter 24: Completely Curing Illness

24.­1

The Bhagavat said to the goddess of the Bodhi tree, “Noble goddess, listen well and retain this perfectly in your mind. Today I will teach you the past prayers of these ten thousand devas that were causes and conditions.

24.­2

“Noble goddess, in the past, in a time gone by, an uncountable, innumerable, inconceivable number of eons ago, at that time the tathāgata arhat samyaksaṃbuddha, the one with wisdom and virtuous conduct, the sugata, the one who knows the world’s beings, the unsurpassable guide who tames beings, the teacher of devas and humans, the buddha, the bhagavat by the name of Ratnaśikhin appeared in the world.


25.

Chapter 25: Jalavāhana, the Head Merchant’s Son

25.­1

Then the Bhagavat said to the goddess of the Bodhi tree, “Noble goddess, at that time, Jalavāhana, the head merchant’s son, had previously cured beings of all the suffering of illness in the kingdom of King Sureśvaraprabha, so that they had recovered and regained the health they had previously possessed. At that time, the many beings who had been cured of their illnesses accumulated many meritorious actions and accomplished vast acts of generosity, and they themselves prospered. Therefore, they all went together to the head merchant’s son, and with veneration they said, ‘Son of the great head merchant, it is excellent, excellent that you developed extremely excellent merit and benefited us and enabled us to live happily. You are a king of healing with great power and a bodhisattva with love and compassion. As you are completely skilled in medical treatments, you perfectly cured countless beings of the suffering of illness!’ In that way, they praised him throughout all the villages and towns. [F.133.a]


26.

Chapter 26: Giving Away the Body

26.­1

Then the Bhagavat, having taught that past cause and condition to the great assembly and those ten thousand devas, spoke again to the goddess of the Bodhi tree and that great assembly:

26.­2

“In the past, while I was practicing the path of the bodhisattva, I did not just give water and food to save the lives of those fish; I also gave away my cherished body. Regard together the cause and condition for that!1164 [F.137.b]

26.­3

“The Tathāgata Arhat Samyaksaṃbuddha,1165 who was supremely victorious and supremely venerable everywhere both above the paradises and below the paradises, who illuminated the world realms in ten directions with many hundreds of thousands of light rays, who had perfect omniscience, who had the completion of good qualities, went together with a great assembly to the Pañcala1166 land. They came to a forest that had level ground, was free of thorns, and was spread throughout with excellent flowers and soft grass.


27.

Chapter 27: The Praise from the Bodhisattvas in the Ten Directions

27.­1

1217 At that time, when the Tathāgata Śākyamuni gave this Dharma teaching, countless hundreds of thousands of quintillions of bodhisattvas from world realms in the ten directions each came individually from their own world realms to Vulture Peak Mountain. When they arrived before the Bhagavat, they touched the ground with the five points of their body, and, having paid homage to the Bhagavat, with one-pointed minds and palms together, in one voice they praised him with these verses:

27.­2
“Bhagavat, you have a perfect body the color of gold.
You shine with light rays like a mountain of gold.
You are pure and smooth1218 like an excellent lotus.
You have an array of countless sublime, supreme signs.
27.­3
“You are adorned by the thirty-two signs.
Your eighty excellent features are complete.
You shine with light rays, beyond any analogy.
You are stainless like a pure full moon.1219
27.­4
“You have a perfect and wonderful voice;
It roars with the sound of thunder, like a lion.
It has the eight1220 sublime aspects and accords with the senses,
And it is superior to all the songs of the kalaviṅka.
27.­5
“Your body is adorned by the signs of a hundred merits,
With a perfection of light rays, completely free of stain.
Your mind’s wisdom is completely clear and is like an ocean.
You have vast qualities that are as extensive as pure space.
27.­6
“Your light rays completely fill the worlds in the ten directions. [F.146.a]
You liberate beings in accordance with their circumstances.
You completely dispel the propensities for kleśas and craving.1221
You are a continuous eternal lamp of the Dharma.
27.­7
“With compassion you bring benefit to beings
And bestow happiness in the present and future.
You constantly teach sublime, supreme meanings
And bring others to the true detachment of nirvāṇa.
27.­8
“Bhagavat, you teach the supreme Dharma that is amṛta.
You bestow the meaning of the wonderful amṛta.
You lead beings to the city of amṛta.
You create a gathering of amṛta and bring them to happiness.
27.­9
“You liberate all beings from suffering,
Constantly saving them from the ocean of perpetual saṃsāra.
You lead them onto the path to happiness
And bestow on them the inconceivable happiness they wish for.
27.­10
“Bhagavat, the ocean of your qualities is vast and deep
And cannot be known even through numerous analogies.
Because you constantly look on all with great compassion,
You have continuous methods, wisdom, and diligence.
27.­11
“Bhagavat, there is no end to your ocean of qualities.1222
Even if all humans and devas were to calculate it
Together for a million million1223 eons,
They would still not know a fraction of it.
27.­12
“We have recited a praise of just a few drops
From the ocean of your qualities of buddhahood.
We completely dedicate that merit to beings,
Praying that they will all quickly attain the result of buddhahood.”
27.­13

Then the Bhagavat said to those bodhisattvas, “Well done! Well done! Through your praising the qualities of the Tathāgata in that way, you have benefited beings and caused buddha activities to increase, so that you have been purified of bad karma and have developed unquantifiable merit.”

27.­14

This concludes “The Praise from the Bodhisattvas in the Ten Directions,” the twenty-seventh chapter of “The Supremely Victorious King of Sūtras, the Sublime Golden Light.”


28.

Chapter 28: The Praise by the Bodhisattva Ruciraketu

28.­1

Then the bodhisattva Ruciraketu rose from his seat [F.146.b] and, with his upper robe over one shoulder, knelt on his right knee with palms together and made this praise through these verses:

28.­2
“Muni, you have the complete signs of a hundred merits.
Your body is adorned by qualities beyond measure.
Beings aspire to your vast purity.
You shine with light like a thousand suns.
28.­3
“You emit a vast light of infinite colors.
You are beautified by signs like a mass of precious lotuses.
You are like the sun shining in the sky,
A bright white light that outshines the color of gold.1224

29.

Chapter 29: The Praise by the Goddess of the Bodhi Tree

29.­1

Then the goddess of the Bodhi tree praised the Bhagavat with these verses:1228

29.­2
“I reverently pay homage to the Buddha who has pure knowledge.
I pay homage to the one with the knowledge that preserves1229 the pure Dharma.
I pay homage to the one with the knowledge that rejects what is not the Dharma.
I pay homage to the one with the knowledge that is not possessed of concepts.
29.­3
“Oh! The wonderful Buddha has infinite activity!
Oh! He is as difficult to see as a fig tree flower!
Oh! He is as wonderful as the ocean and the king of mountains!
Oh! The wonderful Tathāgata’s light is beyond measure!

30.

Chapter 30: The Praise by the Great Goddess Sarasvatī

30.­1

1239 Then the great goddess Sarasvatī rose from her seat and with veneration placed her palms together and praised the Bhagavat with these pure words:

30.­2

“I pay homage to the tathāgata arhat samyaksaṃbuddha Śākyamuni, who has a pure body the color of gold‍—his throat has the shape of a conch; his face is like a full moon and his eyes are like blue lotuses; his lips are red and beautiful, like the color of a bimba;1240 his nose is prominent and straight and like a carved piece of gold; his teeth are white, without gaps, and like white water lilies; he shines with light like a hundred thousand suns; his bright colors are vivid like the gold of Jambudvīpa; the words he speaks are free of mistakes and errors; he teaches the three gateways of liberation, opening the paths to the three enlightenments;1241 his mind is always pure and so is his aspiration; the places where the Bhagavat resides and his field of activity are always pure; he has forsaken that which should not be the conduct, so that there is no error whether he is moving or stationary; he undertook asceticism for six years and then turned the Dharma wheel three times; he liberated beings who are suffering, bringing them over to the other shore; the signs of a great being on his body are complete, like a banyan tree; through his meditation on the six perfections, his three kinds of activity1242 are faultless; he has omniscience and therefore accomplishes perfect benefit for himself and others; whatever it is that he says, [F.148.b] it will always benefit beings, so that he never says anything that is purposeless; he was a great lion from within the Śākya clan and therefore is unshakable and heroic; and he has the perfection of the eight liberations.


31.

Chapter 31: The Entrustment

31.­1

1244 Then the Bhagavat said to the entire assembly of all the bodhisattvas and the devas and humans, “You should know this: I have taught you the true cause of enlightenment, the extremely profound Dharma that I obtained through undergoing hardships with dedicated diligence throughout countless, innumerable eons.

31.­2

“You should develop a courageous mind,1245 and after my nirvāṇa you should, with veneration, protect this Dharma teaching, [F.149.a] promulgate it widely, and ensure that this Dharma will remain for a long time.”1246


c.

Colophon

c.­1

The senior editor and translator Chödrup, a monk in the tradition of the Bhagavat, translated this from a Chinese text and definitively revised it.


ab.

Abbreviations

BG Translation by Bao Gui 寶貴, titled 合部金光明經 (Taishō 664).
TWC Translation by Dharmakṣema, aka Tan Wuchen 曇無讖, titled 金光明經 (Taishō 663).
YJ Translation by Yijing 義淨, titled 金光明最勝王經 (Taishō 665).

n.

Notes

n.­1
The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light (3) (Suvarṇa­prabhāsottama­sūtra, Toh 557).
n.­2
The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light (2) (Suvarṇa­prabhāsottama­sūtra, Toh 556).
n.­3
dbu ma rin po che’i sgron ma (Madhyamaka­ratna­pradīpa), Toh 3854.
n.­4
(1) The Root Manual of the Rites of Mañjuśrī (Mañjuśrī­mūla­kalpa, Toh 543), 2.­129; (2) ral pa gyen brdzes kyi rtog pa chen po, byang chub sems dpa’ chen po’i rnam par ’phrul pa le’u rab ’byams las bcom ldan ’das ma ’phags ma sgrol ma’i rtsa ba’i rtog pa (Ūrdhvajaṭā-mahākalpa­mahābodhisattva­vikurvaṇapaṭalavisarā bhagavatī ārya­tārāmūlakalpa), Toh 724 vol. tsa, folio 239.a; (3) dkyil ’khor thams cad kyi spyi’i cho ga gsang ba’i rgyud (Sarva­maṇḍala­sāmānyavidhi­guhyatantra), Toh 806, folio 152.b. The citations in Toh 543 and 724 are identical, differing only in the terminology chosen by the texts’ respective Tibetan translators. In fact, significant portions of Toh 724 appear to be shared with Toh 543.
n.­5
(1) Vinayadatta, sgyu ’phrul chen po’i dkyil ’khor gyi cho ga bla ma’i zhal snga’i man ngag (Gurūpadeśa­nāma­mahā­māyāmaṇḍalopāyikā), Toh 1645, folio 209.a; (2) Bhavyakīrti, sgron ma gsal bar byed pa dgongs pa rab gsal zhes bya ba bshad pa’i ti ka (Pradīpoddyotanābhi­saṁdhi­prakāśikā­nāmavyākhyāṭīkā), Toh 1793, folio 201.a; (3) Pramuditā­karavarman, gsang ba ’dus pa rgyud kyi rgyal po’i bshad pa zla ba’i ’od zer (Guhya­samāja­tantra­rāja­ṭīkā­candra­prabhā), Toh 1852, folio 169.b; (4) Vitapāda, gsang ba ’dus pa’i dkyil ’khor gyi sgrub pa’i thabs rnam par bshad pa (Guhya­samāja­maṇḍalopāyikā­ṭīkā), Toh 1873, folio 209.a; (5) Ānandagarbha, rdo rje dbyings kyi dkyil ’khor chen po’i cho ga rdo rje thams cad ’byung ba (Vajra­dhātu­mahā­maṇḍalopāyikā­sarva­vajrodaya), Toh 2516, folio 50.a; (6) Anonymous,’jam pa’i rdo rje ’byung ba’i dkyil ’khor gyi cho ga sems can thams cad kyi bde ba bskyed pa (Mañju­vajrodaya­maṇḍalopāyikā­sarva­sattvahitāvahā). Toh 2590; (7) Kāmadhenu, ngan song thams cad yongs su sbyong ba gzi brjid kyi rgyal po zhes bya ba cho ga zhib mo’i rgyal po chen po’i rgya cher ’grel pa (Sarva­durgati­pariśodhana­tejo­rāja­nāma­mahākalpa­rājaṭīkā), Toh 2625; (8) Ānandagarbha, de bzhin gshegs pa dgra bcom pa yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas ngan song thams cad yongs su sbyong ba gzi brjid kyi rgyal po zhes bya ba’i bshad pa (Sarva­durgatipariśodhana­tejorāja­tathāgatārhatsamyak­saṃbuddha­nāmakalpaṭīkā), Toh 2628, folio 73.a; (9) Sthiramati, rgyan dam pa sna tshogs rim par phye ba bkod pa (Paramālaṃkāraviśva­paṭalavyūha), Toh 2661, folio 322.b; (10) Sahajalalita, kun nas sgor ’jug pa’i ’od zer gtsug tor dri ma med par snang ba de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi snying po dang dam tshig la rnam par lta ba zhes bya ba’i gzungs kyi rnam par bshad pa (Samanta­mukha­praveśaraśmivimaloṣṇīṣa­prabhāsa­sarva­tathāgatahṛdaya­samaya­vilokita­nāma­dhāraṇīvṛtti), Toh 2688, folio 292.b.
n.­6
(1) Bodhisattva, kun nas sgor ’jug pa’i ’od zer gtsug tor dri ma med par snang ba’i gzungs bklag cing chod rten brgya rtsa brgyad dam mchod rten lnga gdab pa’i cho ga mdo sde las btus pa (Samanta­mukha­praveśaraśmivimaloṣṇīṣa­prabhāsa­dhāraṇī­vacana­sūtrāntoddhṛtāṣṭottaraśata­caityāntarapañca­caityanirvapaṇavidhi), Toh 3068, folios 145.a, 151.b, 153.b; (2) Dīpaṁkaraśrījñāna, dbu ma’i man ngag rin po che’i za ma tog kha phye ba zhes bya ba (Ratna­karaṇḍodghāṭa­nāma­madhyamakopadeśa), Toh 3930, folios 99.a, 115.a; (3) Śāntideva, bslab pa kun las btus pa (Śikṣāsamuccaya), Toh 3940, folios 3.a–194.b, 90.a–91.b, 122.a–123.b; (4) Vairocanarakṣita, bslab pa me tog snye ma (Śikṣākusuma­mañjarī), Toh 3943, folio 200.a; (5) Dīpaṁkaraśrījñāna, byang chub lam gyi sgron ma’i dka’ ’grel (Bodhimārga­pradīpapañjikā), Toh 3948, folio 20.b.
n.­7
(1) Anonymous, gser ’od dam pa mdo sde dbang po’i smon lam (Suvarṇa­prabhāsottama­sūtrendra­praṇidhāna), Toh 4379; (2) Anonymous, rgyal po gser gyi lag pa’i smon lam (Rāja­suvarṇa­bhuja­praṇidhāna), Toh 4380.
n.­8
(1) Dīpaṁkaraśrījñāna, mngon par rtogs pa rnam par ’byed pa (Abhisamaya­vibhaṅga), Toh 1490, folio 201.a; (2) Āryadeva, spyod pa bsdud pa’i sgron ma (Caryāmelāpaka­pradīpa), Toh 1803, folio 106.a; (3) Mañjuśrīkīrti, ’jam dpal gyi mtshan yang dag par brjod pa’i rgya cher bshad pa (Mañjuśri­nāmasaṅgitiṭīka), Toh 2534, folio 217.b; (4) Haribhadra, shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa brgyad stong pa’i bshad pa mngon par rtogs pa’i rgyan gyi snang ba (Aṣṭa­sāha­srikā­prajñāpāramitā­vyākhyānābhi­samayālaṃkārāloka), Toh 3791, folio 84.b; (5) Dharmakīrtiśrī, shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa’i man ngag gi bstan bcos mngon par rtogs pa’i rgyan zhes bya ba’i ’grel pa rtogs par dka’ ba’i snang ba zhes bya ba’i ’grel bshad (Abhi­samayālaṃkāra­nāma­prajñā­pāramitopadeśa­śāstra­vṛttidurbodhāloka­nāmaṭīkā), Toh 3794, folio 152.b; (6) Dharmamitra, shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa’i man ngag gi bstan bcos mngon par rtogs pa’i rgyan gyi tshig le’ur byas pa’i ’grel bshad tshig rab tu gsal ba (Abhi­samayālaṃkāra­kārikā­prajñā­pāramitopadeśa­śāstra­ṭīkā prasphuṭapadā), Toh 3796, folio 104.a.
n.­25
In the eKangyur version that supports this web display, 19.a is a blank folio that corresponds to the blank folio found in the Degé edition, which is numbered 19.b.
n.­26
There have been two ways to interpret this traditional beginning of a sūtra, with Indian masters such as Kamalaśīla claiming that both are equally correct. The alternative interpretation is “Thus did I hear: at one time the Bhagavān …” and so on. The various arguments, both traditional and modern, for either side are given by Brian Galloway in “Thus Have I Heard: At one time…,” Indo-Iranian Journal 34, Issue 2 (April 1991): 87–104.
n.­27
In BG and TWC this is followed by a sentence not included in YJ. All details about the entourage are omitted; the chapter proceeds to verses.
n.­28
YJ has 能善調伏 (“good at taming”).
n.­29
YJ has 己利 (“benefit for oneself”).
n.­30
Narthang reads “who had reached great independence.”
n.­67
YJ translates Ruciraketu as 妙幢, while BG and TWC translate this name as 信相.
n.­147
This chapter is absent in TWC. The version of this chapter included in BG was translated by 真諦 (Paramārtha).
n.­208
YJ has 夢見金鼓懺悔品 (“Seeing a Golden Drum in a Dream: Regret and Repentance”). BG and TWC have 懺悔品 (“Regret and Repentance”).
n.­209
The first two sentences are present in YJ but absent in BG.
n.­310
This chapter is missing in TWC’s Chinese translation. In BG this chapter is translated by Paramārtha.
n.­475
The equivalent chapter in Toh 556 is called “The Purification of the Bhūmis.” YJ has “Dhāraṇīs”: 最淨地陀羅尼. BG has “Bhūmis”: 陀羅尼最淨地.
n.­476
In Toh 556, this is the bodhisattva Akṣayamati. YJ and BG match Toh 555: 師子相無礙光焰菩薩. Note that “mahāsattva” is omitted.
n.­477
Literally “ten million.” The Chinese versions have 億, which can denote 100,000 or higher numbers including 1,000,000, 10,000,000, and 100,000,000.
n.­595
For this title, BG and TWC have simply “praise.”
n.­596
In Toh 556, and in the Sanskrit and Tibetan of Toh 557, she is called the “noble goddess Bodhisattvasamuccayā.” In BG and TWC, her name is 地神堅牢 (“Goddess of Earth Solid and Firm”). YJ has 普提樹神, which is similar to Toh 555, but without reference to gender.
n.­597
Here rendering YJ’s 室唎天女 as Goddess Śrī, which translates as bzang dpal in Toh 555. In the Chinese, this could also be understood as “noble goddess,” equivalent to “noble man” when the Bhagavat spoke to a particular member of the assembly.
n.­598
Rather than “bodhisattva,” YJ has 妙幢 (“Ruciraketu”).
n.­599
YJ has 此之因緣我為汝等廣說其事 (“I will tell you extensively about the causes and conditions of this event”).
n.­600
Yongle and Kangxi have glu instead of klu. The Chinese versions also have “Lord of Golden Nāgas” or “Lord of Golden Dragons,” which YJ renders as 金龍主 and BG and TWC render as 金龍尊.
n.­671
This title is absent in BG and TWC.
n.­684
YJ has 重顯空性 (“Reiterating Emptiness”).
n.­685
Rather than simply “teach,” YJ has 重明 (“clarify once more”).
n.­686
YJ has 真空微妙 (“true and subtle”).
n.­720
YJ does not put this line in the form of a question. Instead it has 惟願為說於甚深理修行之法 (“I hope that you will teach the way to practice the profound truth”).
n.­749
BG and TWC have simply “The Four Mahārājas.”
n.­750
This line is absent in YJ.
n.­751
Rather than “devas and asuras,” YJ has 天龍 (“devas and nāgas”).
n.­757
The preceding chapter, this chapter, and the following chapter form one chapter in Toh 557, the twenty-one-chapter version. The titles in BG and TWC are the same as Toh 557, simply “The Four Mahārājas.” YJ matches Toh 555.
n.­834
This chapter is missing in TWC. BG includes the translation of this chapter by 闍那崛多 (Jñānagupta or Jinagupta) titled 銀主陀羅尼 (“The Dhāraṇī of Yinzhu”), in which 銀主 appears later in chapter 23 as the name of the second son of the bodhisattva Ruciraketu. YJ translates the title as 無染著陀羅尼, in which the dhāraṇī is described as 無染著 (“free from defilement and attachment”). According to Hui Zhao, this refers to the power of this dhāraṇī to free from the bondage of any defilement and establish bodhisattvas in an irreversible state. Hui Zhao also considers the previous translation as 銀主 to be inaccurate.
n.­835
Rather than “the word and the meaning,” YJ has 句義, which corresponds to padārtha in Sanskrit, which means “meaning of the word.”
n.­841
YJ has 如來 (“tathāgata”).
n.­868
TWC has only two paragraphs. Missing segments are translated by 闍那崛多 (Jñānagupta or Jinagupta) and included in BG. The title, “The Great Goddess,” is absent from BG.
n.­997
BG and TWC have 功德天, which usually translates as Lakṣmī. YJ has the alternative translation 大吉祥, which matches Toh 555 in translating as “the great goddess Śrī.”
n.­1003
This is the continuation of the preceding chapter in BG and TWC.
n.­1022
The Sanskrit girikandara is translated into Chinese as 山澤空處 (BG and TWC) and 山澤空林 (YJ). Toh 557 has ri’i sman ljongs (“herbal land in the mountains”). Toh 555 has “a mountain cave.”
n.­1164
In BG and TWC, it is the goddess of the Bodhi tree who requests the Buddha to teach on some of his deeds in past lifetimes.
n.­1165
Although this is presented as a narration by the Buddha, he is described in the third person.
n.­1166
According to the Tibetan lnga lan pa and in Toh 555, the transliterated pañcala. The Sanskrit has prañcala. YJ appears to transliterate this term with 般遮羅 (ban zhe luo).
n.­1217
Chapters 27, 28, and 29 are conjoined as chapter 18 in BG and TWC, which is titled 讚佛品 (“Praising the Buddha”).
n.­1218
The Degé version has mnyam. The Kangxi, Narthang, and Lhasa versions have mnyen, which matches 柔軟 in YJ, BG, and TWC. BG and TWC expand the verse into two and use “lotus of gold” as the analogy.
n.­1219
The Kangxi version has zla nyi (“moon and sun”). YJ, BG, and TWC match Toh 555 with 淨滿月.
n.­1220
Toh 556 and Toh 557 have sixty qualities of the Buddha’s speech, which is the usual number of qualities ascribed to the speech of the Buddha.
n.­1221
According to the Degé, which has sred pa. This also matches BG and TWC, which have 愛 (“craving”), and YJ, which has 愛染 (“desire”). The Narthang version has srid pa (“existence”).
n.­1222
YJ has 智 (“wisdom”).
n.­1223
Literally “one hundred thousand ten millions.” BG and TWC have 百千億 (“one hundred thousand 億”), in which 億 equals one hundred thousand. YJ has 千萬億 (“one hundred thousand ten millions”), which is in agreement with Toh 555.
n.­1224
Here YJ has 紅白分明間金色 (“its red and white colors are clear, and they are separated by the color gold”).
n.­1228
BG and TWC have more verses, with added lines and expanded content.
n.­1229
Rather than “preserves,” YJ has 常求 (“constantly pursues”).
n.­1239
This chapter is absent in BG and TWC.
n.­1240
The text actually has “moonstone” (chu shel), which is clearly an error. YJ has 赤好如頗梨色 (“red and beautiful like the color of 頗梨”), and it also uses this term in chapter 7, verse 5 (chapter 4 in BG and TWC) to describe the white ūrṇā hair. 頗梨 is normally taken to mean “crystal.” In chapter 7, verse 10, YJ has an additional line that is not present in the Tibetan or BG and TWC: 唇色赤好如頻婆 (“the color of his lips an excellent red like that of bimba fruit”). Here bimba is rendered as 頻婆 (pin po), referring to the bright red gourd bimba. This line is absent in TWC and BG. Comparing beautiful lips to the bimba is a standard description. As “moonstone” would not appear to make sense here, bimba has been used in the main body of the text.
n.­1241
YJ has 三菩提 (“the three kinds of enlightenment”), which refers to the enlightenment of śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and samyaksaṃbuddhas.
n.­1242
YJ has 三業 (“the three activities”), which refers to activities of word, thought, and deed.
n.­1244
This chapter is entitled 付囑 (“Entrust”) in BG and YJ. According to the foreword by Shi Bao Gui 釋寶貴, this chapter was missing in the TWC translation. At his request, 闍那崛多 (Skt. Jñānagupta) translated this and another missing chapter 銀主陀羅尼, which was equivalent to chapter 13 in YJ, from a newly available Sanskrit manuscript. At a later time, a short text was added to the TWC translation as the nineteenth chapter, which may have been translated by Jñānagupta.
n.­1245
Here following YJ, which has 勇猛心 (“courageous mind”). The Tibetan translates this Chinese phrasing as las su zhig rab tu brtul ba’i sems.
n.­1246
In YJ, this line takes the form of a question: 汝等誰能 (“Which of you could develop a mind…”).

b.

Bibliography

Primary Sources in Tibetan and Chinese

gser ’od dam pa’ i mdo. Toh 555, Degé Kangyur vol. 89 (rgyud ’bum, pa), folios 19.a–151a.

gser ’od dam pa mdo sde’i dbang po’i rgyal po zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Suvarṇa­prabhāsottama­sūtrendra­rāja­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra). Toh 556, Degé Kangyur vol. 89 (rgyud ’bum, pa), folios 151.b–273.a. English translation The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light (2) 2024.

gser ’od dam pa mdo sde’i dbang po’i rgyal po zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Suvarṇa­prabhāsottama­sūtrendra­rāja­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra). Toh 557, Degé Kangyur vol. 90 (rgyud ’bum, pha), folios 1.a–62.a. English translation The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light (3) 2024.

Hebu jin guangming 合部金光明經. Taishō 664 (CBETA, SAT). (Translation of Suvarṇa­prabhāsottama­sūtra by Bao Gui 寶貴).

Jin guangming jin 金光明經. Taishō 663 (CBETA, SAT). (Translation of Suvarṇa­prabhāsottama­sūtra by Dharmakṣema, a.k.a. Tan Wuchen 曇無讖).

Jin guangming zuisheng wang jin 金光明最勝王經. Taishō 665 (CBETA, SAT). (Translation of Suvarṇa­prabhāsottama­sūtra by Yijing 義淨).

Secondary References‍—Kangyur

dkyil ’khor thams cad kyi spyi’i cho gag sang ba’i rgyud (Sarva­maṇḍala­sāmānyavidhi­guhyatantra). Toh 806, Degé Kangyur vol. 96 (rgyud, wa), folios 141.a–167.b.

’jam dpal gyi rtsa ba’i rgyud (Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa). Toh 543, Degé Kangyur vol.88 (rgyud, na), folios 105.a–351.a. English translation The Root Manual of the Rites of Mañjuśrī 2020.

’od srung kyi le’u zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Kāśyapa­parivarta­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra). Toh 87, Degé Kangyur vol. 44 (dkon brtsegs, cha), folios 119.b–151.b.

ral pa gyen brdzes kyi rtog pa chen po byang chub sems dpa’ chen po’i rnam par ’phrul pa le’u rab ’byams las bcom ldan ’das ma ’phags ma sgrol ma’i rtsa ba’i rtog pa zhes bya ba (Ūrdhvajaṭā­mahā­kalpa­mahā­bodhisattva­vikurvaṇapaṭalavisarā bhagavatī ārya­tārā­mūlakalpa­nāma). Toh 724, Degé Kangyur vol. 93 (rgyud, tsa), folios 205.b–311.a, and vol. 94 (rgyud, tsha), folios 1.a–200.a.

blo gros mi zad pas zhus pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Akṣayamati­paripṛcchā­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra). Toh 89, Degé Kangyur vol. 44 (dkon brtsegs, cha), folios 175.b–182.b.

lang kar gshegs pa’i theg pa chen po’i mdo (Laṅkāvatāra­mahāyāna­sūtra). Toh 107, Degé Kangyur vol. 49 (mdo sde, ca), folios 56.a–191.b.

las kyi sgrib pa gcod pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Karmāvaraṇa­pratipraśrabdhi­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra) Toh 219, Degé Kangyur vol. 62 (mdo sde, tsha), folios 297.b–307.a. English translation Putting an End to Karmic Obscurations 2024.

Secondary References‍—Tengyur

Ajitaśrībhadra. dga’ ba’i bshes gnyen gyi rtogs pa (Nanda­mitrāvadāna). Toh 4146, Degé Tengyur vol. 269 (’dul ba, su), folios 240.a–244.b.

Ānandagarbha. rdo rje dbyings kyi dkyil ’khor chen po’i cho ga rdo rje thams cad ’byungs ba (Vajra­dhātu­mahā­maṇḍalopāyikā­sarva­vajrodaya). Toh 2516, Degé Tengyur vol. 62 (rgyud, ku), folios 1.a–50.a.

Anonymous. rgyal po gser gyi lag pa’i smon lam (Rāja­suvarṇa­bhuja­praṇidhāna). Toh 4380, Degé Tengyur vol. 309 (sna tshogs, nyo), folios 309b–310a.

Anonymous. ’jam pa’i rdo rje ’byung ba’i dkyil ’khor gyi cho ga sems can thams cad kyi bde ba bskyed pa (Mañju­vajrodaya­maṇḍalopāyikā­sarva­sattvahitāvahā). Toh 2590, Degé Tengyur vol. 65 (rgyud, ngu), folios 225.a–274.a.

Anonymous. gser ’od dam pa mdo sde dbang po’i smon lam (Suvarṇa­prabhāsottama­sūtrendra­praṇidhāna). Toh 4379, Degé Tengyur vol. 309 (sna tshogs, nyo), folios 304.b–309.b.

Āryadeva. spyod pa bsdud pa’i sgron ma (Caryāmelāpaka­pradīpa). Toh 1803, Degé Tengyur vol. 65 (rgyud, ngi), folios 57.a–106.b.

Bhavya. dbu ma rin po che’i sgron ma (Madhyamaka­ratna­pradīpa). Toh 3854, Degé Tengyur vol. 199 (dbu ma, tsha), folios 259.b–289.a.

Bhavyakīrti. sgron ma gsal bar byed pa dgongs pa rab gsal zhes bya ba bshad pa’i ti ka (Pradīpoddyotanābhi­saṁdhi­prakāśikā­nāmavyākhyāṭīkā). Toh 1793, Degé Tengyur vols. 32–33 (rgyud, ki), folios 1.b–292.a, and (rgyud, khi), folios 1.b–155.a.

Bodhisattva. kun nas sgor ’jug pa’i ’od zer gtsug tor dri ma med par snang ba’i gzungs bklag cing chod rten brgya rtsa brgyad dam mchod rten lnga gdab pa’i cho ga mdo sde las btus pa (Samanta­mukha­praveśaraśmivimaloṣṇīṣa­prabhāsa­dhāraṇī­vacana­sūtrāntoddhṛtāṣṭottaraśata­caityāntarapañca­caityanirvapaṇavidhi). Toh 3068, Degé Tengyur vol. 74 (rgyud, pu), folios 140.a–153.a.

Buddhānandagarbha. de bzhin gshegs pa dgra bcom pa yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas ngan song thams cad yongs su sbyong ba gzi brjid kyi rgyal po zhes bya ba’i bshad pa (Sarva­durgatipariśodhana­tejorāja­tathāgatārhatsamyak­saṃbuddha­nāmakalpaṭīkā). Toh 2628, Degé Tengyur vol. 68 (rgyud, ju), folios 1.a–97.a.

Dharmakīrtiśrī. shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa’i man ngag gi bstan bcos mngon par rtogs pa’i rgyan zhes bya ba’i ’grel pa rtogs par dka’ ba’i snang ba zhes bya ba’i ’grel bshad (Abhi­samayālaṃkāra­nāma­prajñā­pāramitopadeśa­śāstra­vṛttidurbodhāloka­nāmaṭīkā). Toh 3794, Degé Tengyur vol. 86 (sher phyin, ja), folios 140.b–254.a.

Dharmamitra. shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa’i man ngag gi bstan bcos mngon par rtogs pa’i rgyan gyi tshig le’ur byas pa’i ’grel bshad tshig rab tu gsal ba (Abhi­samayālaṃkāra­kārikā­prajñā­pāramitopadeśa­śāstra­ṭīkā­prasphuṭapadā). Toh 3796, Degé Tengyur vol. 87 (sher phyin, nya), folios 1.a–110.a.

Dīpaṁkaraśrījñāna. dbu ma’i man ngag rin po che’i za ma tog kha phye ba zhes bya ba (Ratna­karaṇḍodghāṭa­nāma­madhyamakopadeśa). Toh 3930, Degé Tengyur vol. 212 (dbu ma, ki), folios 96.b–116.b.

Dīpaṁkaraśrījñāna. byang chub lam gyi sgron ma’i dka’ ’grel (Bodhimārgapradīpapañjikā). Toh 3948, Degé Tengyur vol. 213 (mdo ’grel, khi), folios 241.a–293.a.

Dīpaṁkaraśrījñāna. mngon par rtogs pa rnam par ’byed pa (Abhisamaya­vibhaṅga). Toh 1490, Degé Tengyur vol. 22 (rgyud, zha), folios 186.a–202.b.

Ekādaśanirghoṣa. rdo rje ’chang chen po’i lam gyi rim pa’i man ngag bdud rtsi gsang ba (Mahā­vajra­dhara­pathakramopadeśāmṛta­guhya). Toh 1823, Degé Tengyur vol. 35 (rgyud, ngi), folios 267.b–278.a.

Haribhadra. shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa brgyad stong pa’i bshad pa mngon par rtogs pa’i rgyan gyi snang ba (Aṣṭa­sāha­srikā­prajñāpāramitā­vyākhyānābhi­samayālaṃkārāloka). Toh 3791, Degé Tengyur vol. 85 (sher phyin, cha), folios 1.a–341.a.

Kāmadhenu. ngan song thams cad yongs su sbyong ba gzi brjid kyi rgyal po zhes bya ba cho ga zhib mo’i rgyal po chen po’i rgya cher ’grel pa (Sarva­durgati­pariśodhana­tejo­rāja­nāma­mahākalpa­rājaṭīkā). Toh 2625, Degé Tengyur vol. 666 (rgyud, cu), folios 231.a–341.a.

Mañjuśrīkīrti. ’jam dpal gyi mtshan yang dag par brjod pa’i rgya cher bshad pa (Mañjuśrī­nāma­saṃgīti­ṭīkā). Toh 2534, Degé Tengyur vol. 63 (gyud, khu), folios 115.b–301.a.

Paltsek (dpal brtsegs). gsung rab rin po che’i gtam rgyud dang shA kya’i rabs rgyud. Toh 4357, Degé Tengyur vol. 306 (sna tshogs, co), folios 239.a–377.a.

Paltsek (dpal brtsegs). pho brang stod thang lhan dkar gyi chos ’gyur ro cog gi dkar chag (Buddhavacana­sūcilipi). Toh 4364, Degé Tengyur vol. 308 (sna tshogs, jo), folios 294.b–310.a.

Pramuditā­karavarman. gsang ba ’dus pa rgyud kyi rgyal po’i bshad pa zla ba’i ’od zer (Guhya­samāja­tantra­rāja­ṭīkā­candra­prabhā). Toh 1852, Degé Tengyur vol. 41 (rgyud, thi), folios 120.a–313.a.

Sahajalalita. kun nas sgor ’jug pa’i ’od zer gtsug tor dri ma med par snang ba de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi snying po dang dam tshig la rnam par blta ba zhes bya ba’i gzungs kyi rnam par bshad pa (Samanta­mukha­praveśaraśmivimaloṣṇīṣa­prabhāsa­sarva­tathāgatahṛdaya­samaya­vilokita­nāma­dhāraṇīvṛtti). Toh 2688, Degé Tengyur vol. 71 (rgyud, thu), folios 269.a–320.b.

Śāntideva. bslab pa kun las btus pa (Śikṣāsamuccaya). Toh 3940, Degé Tengyur vol. 111 (dbu ma, khi), folios 3.a–194.b.

Sthiramati. rgyan dam pa sna tshogs rim par phye ba bkod pa (Paramālaṃkāraviśva­paṭalavyūha). Toh 2661, Degé Tengyur vol. 68 (rgyud, ju), folios 317.a–339.a.

Vairocanarakṣita. bslab pa me tog snye ma (Śikṣākusuma­mañjarī). Toh 3943, Degé Tengyur vol. 213 (dbu ma, khi), folios 196.a–217.a.

Various authors. bye brag tu rtogs par byed pa [chen po] (Mahāvyutpatti*). Toh 4346, Degé Tengyur vol. 306 (sna tshogs, co), folios 1.a–131.a.

Various authors. sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa. Toh 4347, Degé Tengyur vol. 306 (sna tshogs, co), folios 131.b–160.a.

Vinayadatta. sgyu ’phrul chen mo’i dkyil ’khor gyi cho ga bla ma’i zhal snga’i man ngag (Gurūpadeśa­nāma­mahā­māyāmaṇḍalopāyikā). Toh 1645, Degé Tengyur vol. 25 (rgyud, ya), folios 290.a–309.a.

Vitapāda. gsang ba ’dus pa’i dkyil ’khor gyi sgrub pa’i thabs rnam par bshad pa (Guhya­samāja­maṇḍalopāyikā­ṭīkā). Toh 1873, Degé Tengyur vol. 43 (rgyud, ni), folios 178.b–219.a.

Wönch’ük (Wen tsheg). dgongs pa zab mo nges par ’grel pa’i mdo rgya cher ’grel pa (Gambhīra­saṁdhinirmocana­sūtraṭīkā). Toh 4016, Degé Tengyur vol. 220 (mdo ’grel, ti), folios 1.b–291.a; vol. 221 (mdo ’grel, thi), folios 1.b–272.a; and vol. 222 (mdo ’grel, di), folios 1.b–175.a.

Yeshe Dé (ye shes sde). lang kar gshegs pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo’i ’grel pa de bzhin gshegs pa’i snying po’i rgyan (Laṅkāvatāra­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra­vṛttitathāgata­hṛdayālaṃkāra), Toh 4019, Degé Tengyur vol. 224 (mdo ’grel, pi), folios 1.a–310.a.

Other References in Tibetan

Kalzang Dolma. (skal bzang sgrol ma). lo tsA ba ’gos chos grub dang khong gi ’gyur rtsom mdo mdzangs blun gyi lo tsA’i thabs rtsal skor la dpyad pa. In krung go’i bod kyi shes rig, vol. 77, pp. 31–53. Beijing: krung go’i bod kyi shes rig dus deb khang, 2007.

Lotsawa Gö Chödrup (lo tsā ba ’gos chos grub). In gangs ljongs skad gnyis smra ba du ma’i ’gyur byang blo gsal dga’ skyed, pp. 17–18. Xining: kan lho bod rigs rang skyong khul rtsom sgyur cu’u, 1983.

Ngawang Lobsang Choden (nga dbang blo bzang chos ldan). ’phags pa gser ’od dam pa mdo sde’i dbang po’i rgyal po’i ’don thabs cho ga (A Rite That is a Method for Reciting the Noble Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light), s.n. s.l. n.d.

Pema Karpo (pad ma dkar po). gser ’od dam pa nas gsungs pa’i bshags pa. In The Collected Works of Kun-mkhyen padma dkar po, vol. 9 (ta), pp. 519–24. Darjeeling: kargyu sungrab nyamso khang, 1973–74.

Other References in English and Other Languages

Bagchi, S., ed. Suvarṇa­prabhāsasūtram. Darbhanga: The Mithila Institute, 1967. Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon.

Banerjee, Radha. Suvarṇa­prabhāsottama­sūtra. London: British Library, 2006. http://idp.bl.uk/downloads/GoldenLight.pdf.

Buswell Jr., Robert E., and Donald Lopez Jr. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press, 2014.

Di, Guan. “The Sanskrit Fragments Preserved in Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Peking University.” Annual Report of the Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 2013, vol. XVII (Tokyo Soka University, 2014): 109–18.

Lewis, Todd T. “Contributions to the Study of Popular Buddhism: The Newar Buddhist Festival of Guṃlā Dharma.” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 16, no. 2 (Winter 1993): 309–54.

Nanjio Bunyiu, Idzumi Hokei. The Suvarṇa­prabhāsa Sūtra: A Mahāyāna Text Called “The Golden Splendour.” Kyoto: The Eastern Buddhist Society, 1931.

Nobel, Johannes (1937). Suvarṇa­bhāsottama­sūtra. Das Goldglanz-Sūtra: ein Sanskrit text des Mahāyāna-Buddhismus. Nach den Handschriften und mit Hilfe der tibetischen und chinesischen Übertragungen, Leipzig: Harrassowitz.

Nobel, Johannes (1944). Suvarṇa­bhāsottama­sūtra. Das Goldglanz-Sūtra: ein Sanskrit text des Mahāyāna-Buddhismus. Die Tibetischen Überstzungen mit einem Wörterbuch. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Nobel, Johannes (1944, 1950). Suvarṇa­bhāsottama­sūtra. Das Goldglanz-Sūtra: ein Sanskrit text des Mahāyāna-Buddhismus. Die Tibetischen Überstzungen mit einem Wörterbuch. 2 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Radich, Michael (2014). “On the Sources, Style and Authorship of Chapters of the Synoptic Suvarṇaprabhasa-sūtra T644 Ascribed to Paramārtha (Part 1).” Annual Report of the Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 2013, vol. XVII: 207–44. Tokyo Soka University.

Radich, Michael (2016). “Tibetan Evidence for the Sources of Chapters of the Synoptic Suvarṇa-prabhāsottama-sūtra T 664 A Ascribed to Paramārtha.” Buddhist Studies Review 32.2 (2015): 245–70. Sheffield, UK: Equinox Publishing.

Tanaka, Kimiaki. An Illustrated History of the Mandala From Its Genesis to the Kālacakratantra. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications, 2018.

Tyomkin, E. N. “Unique Sanskrit Fragments of ‘The Sūtra of Golden Light’ in the Manuscript Collection of the St. Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies.” In Manuscripta Orientalia vol. 1, no. 1 (July 1995): 29–38. St. Petersburg: Russian Academy of Sciences.

Yuyama, Akira. “The Golden Light in Central Asia.” In Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 2003 (Tokyo: Soka University, 2004) 3–32.

Translations

Emmerick, R. E. The Sūtra of Golden Light. Oxford: The Pali Text Society, 2004.

Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition (FPMT). Sutra of Golden Light, 21-Chapter.

Nobel, Johannes. Suvarṇaprabhāsottamasūtra, Das Goldglanz-Sutra, ein Sanskrittext des Mahayana Buddhismus. I-Tsing’s chinesische Version und ihre Übersetzung. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1958.


g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for names and terms of the corresponding source language

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in a manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other manuscripts with a parallel or similar context.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in dictionaries matching Tibetan to the corresponding language.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where the relationship between the Tibetan and source language is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

Abandoned Affliction

Wylie:
  • nyon mongs pa yongs su spangs pa
Tibetan:
  • ཉོན་མོངས་པ་ཡོངས་སུ་སྤངས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —
Chinese:
  • 除煩惱

A deva.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­6
g.­2

Ābhāsvara

Wylie:
  • ’od gsal
Tibetan:
  • འོད་གསལ།
Sanskrit:
  • ābhāsvara AD
Chinese:
  • 極光淨天

“Clear Light.” The highest of the three paradises that correspond to the second dhyāna in the form realm.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 5.­22
g.­3

Abhayakīrti

Wylie:
  • bsnyengs pa mi mnga’ ba’i grags pa
Tibetan:
  • བསྙེངས་པ་མི་མངའ་བའི་གྲགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • abhayakīrti AS
Chinese:
  • 無畏名稱

A buddha.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 8.­30
g.­6

affliction

Wylie:
  • nyon mongs
Tibetan:
  • ཉོན་མོངས།
Sanskrit:
  • kleśa
Chinese:
  • 煩惱

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The essentially pure nature of mind is obscured and afflicted by various psychological defilements, which destroy the mind’s peace and composure and lead to unwholesome deeds of body, speech, and mind, acting as causes for continued existence in saṃsāra. Included among them are the primary afflictions of desire (rāga), anger (dveṣa), and ignorance (avidyā). It is said that there are eighty-four thousand of these negative mental qualities, for which the eighty-four thousand categories of the Buddha’s teachings serve as the antidote.

Kleśa is also commonly translated as “negative emotions,” “disturbing emotions,” and so on. The Pāli kilesa, Middle Indic kileśa, and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit kleśa all primarily mean “stain” or “defilement.” The translation “affliction” is a secondary development that derives from the more general (non-Buddhist) classical understanding of √kliś (“to harm,“ “to afflict”). Both meanings are noted by Buddhist commentators.

In this text:

Also rendered here as “kleśa.”

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 12.­94
  • 14.­27
  • 15.­98
  • g.­149
  • g.­257
g.­12

Ākāśagarbha

Wylie:
  • nam mkha’i snying po
Tibetan:
  • ནམ་མཁའི་སྙིང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • ākāśagarbha AD
Chinese:
  • 虛空藏

A bodhisattva.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • i.­39-40
  • 1.­4
  • 3.­1
  • 3.­76
  • 8.­34
g.­13

Akṣayamati

Wylie:
  • blo gros mi zad pa’i yid
Tibetan:
  • བློ་གྲོས་མི་ཟད་པའི་ཡིད།
Sanskrit:
  • akṣayamati AD
Chinese:
  • 無盡意菩薩

A bodhisattva.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­38
  • n.­476
g.­15

Alakāvati

Wylie:
  • nor ldan
Tibetan:
  • ནོར་ལྡན།
Sanskrit:
  • alakāvati AS
Chinese:
  • 有財

The kingdom of yakṣas located on Mount Sumeru and ruled over by Kubera, also known as Vaiśravaṇa.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 17.­1
  • g.­177
  • g.­362
g.­20

amṛta

Wylie:
  • bdud rtsi
Tibetan:
  • བདུད་རྩི།
Sanskrit:
  • amṛta

The nectar of immortality possessed by the devas, it is used as a metaphor for the teaching that brings liberation.

Located in 16 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­74
  • 5.­65
  • 9.­23
  • 9.­26
  • 11.­2
  • 12.­18
  • 12.­40
  • 12.­44-45
  • 12.­48
  • 12.­51
  • 20.­71
  • 27.­8
  • 29.­10
  • 29.­13
  • n.­701
g.­23

Ānanda

Wylie:
  • kun dga’ bo
Tibetan:
  • ཀུན་དགའ་བོ།
Sanskrit:
  • ānanda AS
Chinese:
  • 阿難陀

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A major śrāvaka disciple and personal attendant of the Buddha Śākyamuni during the last twenty-five years of his life. He was a cousin of the Buddha (according to the Mahāvastu, he was a son of Śuklodana, one of the brothers of King Śuddhodana, which means he was a brother of Devadatta; other sources say he was a son of Amṛtodana, another brother of King Śuddhodana, which means he would have been a brother of Aniruddha).

Ānanda, having always been in the Buddha’s presence, is said to have memorized all the teachings he heard and is celebrated for having recited all the Buddha’s teachings by memory at the first council of the Buddhist saṅgha, thus preserving the teachings after the Buddha’s parinirvāṇa. The phrase “Thus did I hear at one time,” found at the beginning of the sūtras, usually stands for his recitation of the teachings. He became a patriarch after the passing of Mahākāśyapa.

Located in 21 passages in the translation:

  • i.­61
  • i.­77
  • 1.­2
  • 14.­1-2
  • 26.­4-5
  • 26.­8-11
  • 26.­15-19
  • 26.­85
  • 26.­143
  • 31.­40
  • n.­31
  • n.­1162
g.­30

arhat

Wylie:
  • dgra bcom pa
Tibetan:
  • དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • arhat
Chinese:
  • 阿羅漢

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

According to Buddhist tradition, one who is worthy of worship (pūjām arhati), or one who has conquered the enemies, the mental afflictions (kleśa-ari-hata-vat), and reached liberation from the cycle of rebirth and suffering. It is the fourth and highest of the four fruits attainable by śrāvakas. Also used as an epithet of the Buddha.

Located in 31 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­1
  • 2.­32
  • 2.­79
  • 2.­90
  • 2.­112
  • 5.­9
  • 5.­23
  • 5.­88
  • 5.­90-92
  • 5.­94
  • 10.­43
  • 12.­27
  • 12.­52
  • 14.­1
  • 15.­112
  • 16.­3-4
  • 23.­4-6
  • 24.­2
  • 25.­22
  • 26.­3
  • 30.­2
  • n.­92
  • g.­10
  • g.­148
  • g.­284
  • g.­439
g.­37

asura

Wylie:
  • lha ma yin
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ་མ་ཡིན།
Sanskrit:
  • asura

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A type of nonhuman being whose precise status is subject to different views, but is included as one of the six classes of beings in the sixfold classification of realms of rebirth. In the Buddhist context, asuras are powerful beings said to be dominated by envy, ambition, and hostility. They are also known in the pre-Buddhist and pre-Vedic mythologies of India and Iran, and feature prominently in Vedic and post-Vedic Brahmanical mythology, as well as in the Buddhist tradition. In these traditions, asuras are often described as being engaged in interminable conflict with the devas (gods).

Located in 37 passages in the translation:

  • i.­72
  • 1.­9
  • 1.­25
  • 2.­10
  • 2.­47
  • 3.­73
  • 5.­11
  • 11.­1
  • 11.­3
  • 12.­6
  • 12.­34
  • 15.­77
  • 15.­124
  • 20.­18
  • 20.­64
  • 20.­69
  • 21.­17
  • 22.­27
  • 22.­53
  • 31.­9
  • n.­65
  • n.­116
  • n.­443
  • n.­593
  • n.­605
  • n.­616
  • n.­751
  • n.­976-977
  • n.­1081
  • g.­48
  • g.­205
  • g.­248
  • g.­344
  • g.­368
  • g.­408
  • g.­516
g.­49

banyan

Wylie:
  • nya gro dha
Tibetan:
  • ཉ་གྲོ་དྷ།
Sanskrit:
  • nyagrodha
Chinese:
  • 拘陀樹

Ficus benghalensis. Its branches can spread widely, sending down multiple trunks, and it is therefore the most extensive of trees.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 30.­2
g.­54

Bhagavat

Wylie:
  • bcom ldan ’das
Tibetan:
  • བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས།
Sanskrit:
  • bhagavat AS
  • bhagavān

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In Buddhist literature, this is an epithet applied to buddhas, most often to Śākyamuni. The Sanskrit term generally means “possessing fortune,” but in specifically Buddhist contexts it implies that a buddha is in possession of six auspicious qualities (bhaga) associated with complete awakening. The Tibetan term‍—where bcom is said to refer to “subduing” the four māras, ldan to “possessing” the great qualities of buddhahood, and ’das to “going beyond” saṃsāra and nirvāṇa‍—possibly reflects the commentarial tradition where the Sanskrit bhagavat is interpreted, in addition, as “one who destroys the four māras.” This is achieved either by reading bhagavat as bhagnavat (“one who broke”), or by tracing the word bhaga to the root √bhañj (“to break”).

Located in 359 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­1-2
  • 1.­4-11
  • 1.­31
  • 2.­2-4
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­9-11
  • 2.­16
  • 2.­20-22
  • 2.­25
  • 2.­29-31
  • 2.­33
  • 2.­35-37
  • 2.­42-53
  • 2.­59-60
  • 2.­64-66
  • 2.­80
  • 2.­114
  • 2.­116
  • 3.­1-2
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­50
  • 3.­76-77
  • 3.­82-83
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­3-4
  • 4.­10-11
  • 4.­72
  • 4.­104
  • 5.­1
  • 5.­3-5
  • 5.­7-10
  • 5.­30
  • 5.­34-35
  • 5.­39
  • 5.­45-47
  • 5.­58-59
  • 5.­61
  • 5.­69
  • 5.­71
  • 5.­84-88
  • 5.­93-94
  • 5.­102-105
  • 5.­108-110
  • 6.­1-3
  • 6.­63
  • 6.­65
  • 6.­69
  • 6.­73
  • 6.­77
  • 6.­81
  • 6.­85
  • 6.­89
  • 6.­93
  • 6.­97
  • 6.­101
  • 6.­103
  • 6.­108-109
  • 6.­114-115
  • 6.­121
  • 6.­123
  • 6.­125
  • 7.­1
  • 8.­1-2
  • 8.­44
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­34-35
  • 10.­1
  • 10.­4
  • 10.­6
  • 10.­8
  • 10.­16
  • 10.­18
  • 10.­40-41
  • 10.­43
  • 10.­47
  • 10.­54-56
  • 11.­1-10
  • 12.­1
  • 12.­4
  • 12.­8-9
  • 12.­12
  • 12.­14
  • 12.­20
  • 12.­24-25
  • 12.­27
  • 12.­29
  • 12.­31-34
  • 12.­37
  • 12.­41
  • 12.­44-47
  • 12.­49
  • 12.­51
  • 12.­54-56
  • 12.­58
  • 12.­62
  • 12.­69
  • 12.­73
  • 12.­75-76
  • 12.­78-82
  • 12.­84
  • 12.­86
  • 12.­103
  • 12.­105
  • 13.­1-3
  • 13.­5-6
  • 13.­8
  • 13.­10
  • 14.­1-3
  • 14.­6
  • 14.­8
  • 14.­11
  • 14.­14-15
  • 14.­18-19
  • 14.­21
  • 14.­23-24
  • 14.­27-29
  • 15.­1
  • 15.­3
  • 15.­28
  • 15.­30
  • 15.­32-33
  • 15.­45-50
  • 15.­94
  • 15.­113
  • 15.­125
  • 15.­130
  • 16.­1-3
  • 16.­10
  • 17.­1-2
  • 17.­32-33
  • 17.­41
  • 18.­1
  • 18.­6-9
  • 18.­11-12
  • 18.­14-16
  • 18.­19-20
  • 18.­22
  • 18.­25
  • 18.­27
  • 19.­1
  • 19.­3-5
  • 19.­7
  • 19.­14
  • 20.­1-3
  • 20.­77
  • 21.­1
  • 22.­1-2
  • 22.­18
  • 22.­21
  • 22.­82
  • 23.­2-6
  • 23.­8-12
  • 24.­1-3
  • 25.­1
  • 25.­22
  • 25.­27
  • 25.­31
  • 25.­33
  • 25.­47
  • 26.­1
  • 26.­4-11
  • 26.­15-16
  • 26.­19
  • 26.­86
  • 26.­151
  • 26.­153
  • 27.­1-2
  • 27.­8
  • 27.­10-11
  • 27.­13
  • 28.­7-9
  • 28.­11
  • 29.­1
  • 29.­7-9
  • 29.­11
  • 29.­13
  • 30.­1-2
  • 30.­4
  • 31.­1
  • 31.­3-5
  • 31.­10-11
  • 31.­13
  • 31.­20-21
  • 31.­30-31
  • 31.­36
  • 31.­38
  • 31.­41-43
  • 31.­45
  • c.­1
  • n.­131
  • n.­215
  • n.­241
  • n.­244
  • n.­247
  • n.­315
  • n.­330
  • n.­369
  • n.­376
  • n.­456
  • n.­575
  • n.­597
  • n.­613
  • n.­667
  • n.­1174
  • n.­1231-1232
g.­56

bhikṣu

Wylie:
  • dge slong
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་སློང་།
Sanskrit:
  • bhikṣu
Chinese:
  • 苾芻

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The term bhikṣu, often translated as “monk,” refers to the highest among the eight types of prātimokṣa vows that make one part of the Buddhist assembly. The Sanskrit term literally means “beggar” or “mendicant,” referring to the fact that Buddhist monks and nuns‍—like other ascetics of the time‍—subsisted on alms (bhikṣā) begged from the laity.

In the Tibetan tradition, which follows the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, a monk follows 253 rules as part of his moral discipline. A nun (bhikṣuṇī; dge slong ma) follows 364 rules. A novice monk (śrāmaṇera; dge tshul) or nun (śrāmaṇerikā; dge tshul ma) follows thirty-six rules of moral discipline (although in other vinaya traditions novices typically follow only ten).

Located in 40 passages in the translation:

  • i.­35
  • i.­55
  • i.­60
  • i.­77
  • 1.­1
  • 5.­101
  • 6.­120
  • 10.­45-47
  • 11.­5-6
  • 11.­9
  • 12.­28
  • 12.­39
  • 12.­73
  • 15.­28-29
  • 16.­1
  • 19.­5
  • 21.­8
  • 21.­11-12
  • 21.­21
  • 21.­27
  • 25.­20
  • 26.­6
  • 26.­11
  • 26.­13-14
  • 26.­146
  • 31.­44
  • n.­747
  • n.­759
  • g.­57
  • g.­173
  • g.­255
  • g.­312
  • g.­502
  • g.­525
g.­57

bhikṣuṇī

Wylie:
  • dge slong ma
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་སློང་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • bhikṣuṇī AD
Chinese:
  • 苾芻尼

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The term bhikṣuṇī, often translated as “nun,” refers to the highest among the eight types of prātimokṣa vows that make one part of the Buddhist assembly. The Sanskrit term bhikṣu (to which the female grammatical ending ṇī is added) literally means “beggar” or “mendicant,” referring to the fact that Buddhist nuns and monks‍—like other ascetics of the time‍—subsisted on alms (bhikṣā) begged from the laity. In the Tibetan tradition, which follows the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, a bhikṣuṇī follows 364 rules and a bhikṣu follows 253 rules as part of their moral discipline.

For the first few years of the Buddha’s teachings in India, there was no ordination for women. It started at the persistent request and display of determination of Mahāprajāpatī, the Buddha’s stepmother and aunt, together with five hundred former wives of men of Kapilavastu, who had themselves become monks. Mahāprajāpatī is thus considered to be the founder of the nun’s order.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­101
  • 6.­120
  • 11.­9
  • 12.­28
  • 15.­28
  • 16.­1
  • 31.­44
  • n.­759
  • g.­287
g.­59

bhūmi

Wylie:
  • sa
Tibetan:
  • ས།
Sanskrit:
  • bhūmi
Chinese:
  • 地

Literally the “grounds” in which qualities grow, and also meaning “levels.” Here it refers specifically to levels of enlightenment, especially the ten levels of the bodhisattvas.

For the omens, the meaning of the names of each bhūmi, the obscurations that persist in each one, and their practices, see 6.­28–6.­59.

Located in 92 passages in the translation:

  • i.­6
  • i.­25
  • i.­39
  • i.­45
  • i.­47
  • 3.­4
  • 3.­36
  • 3.­42
  • 3.­51-53
  • 4.­38
  • 4.­44
  • 4.­56
  • 5.­98
  • 6.­28-59
  • 6.­62
  • 6.­65-67
  • 6.­69-71
  • 6.­73-75
  • 6.­77-79
  • 6.­81-83
  • 6.­85-87
  • 6.­89-91
  • 6.­93-95
  • 6.­97-99
  • 6.­101-102
  • 6.­116
  • 9.­29
  • n.­234
  • n.­475
  • n.­510
  • n.­512
  • n.­514
  • n.­517
  • n.­519
  • n.­521
  • n.­523-524
  • n.­526
  • n.­528
  • n.­530
g.­61

bimba

Wylie:
  • bim pa
Tibetan:
  • བིམ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • bimbā
Chinese:
  • 頻婆[果]

Momordica monadelpha. A perennial climbing plant, the fruit of which is a bright red gourd. Because of its color it is frequently used in poetry as a simile for lips.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­49
  • 30.­2
  • n.­617
  • n.­1240
g.­62

Blazing Light Rays of Unhindered Traits of Lions

Wylie:
  • seng ge’i mtshan thogs pa med pa’i ’od zer ’bar ba
Tibetan:
  • སེང་གེའི་མཚན་ཐོགས་པ་མེད་པའི་འོད་ཟེར་འབར་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • —
Chinese:
  • 師子相無礙光焰

A bodhisattva.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • i.­46
  • 6.­1
  • n.­572
g.­77

cakravartin

Wylie:
  • ’khor los sgyur ba
Tibetan:
  • འཁོར་ལོས་སྒྱུར་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • cakravartin
Chinese:
  • 轉輪王
  • 輪王

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

An ideal monarch or emperor who, as the result of the merit accumulated in previous lifetimes, rules over a vast realm in accordance with the Dharma. Such a monarch is called a cakravartin because he bears a wheel (cakra) that rolls (vartate) across the earth, bringing all lands and kingdoms under his power. The cakravartin conquers his territory without causing harm, and his activity causes beings to enter the path of wholesome actions. According to Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakośa, just as with the buddhas, only one cakravartin appears in a world system at any given time. They are likewise endowed with the thirty-two major marks of a great being (mahāpuruṣalakṣaṇa), but a cakravartin’s marks are outshined by those of a buddha. They possess seven precious objects: the wheel, the elephant, the horse, the wish-fulfilling gem, the queen, the general, and the minister. An illustrative passage about the cakravartin and his possessions can be found in The Play in Full (Toh 95), 3.3–3.13.

Vasubandhu lists four types of cakravartins: (1) the cakravartin with a golden wheel (suvarṇacakravartin) rules over four continents and is invited by lesser kings to be their ruler; (2) the cakravartin with a silver wheel (rūpyacakravartin) rules over three continents and his opponents submit to him as he approaches; (3) the cakravartin with a copper wheel (tāmracakravartin) rules over two continents and his opponents submit themselves after preparing for battle; and (4) the cakravartin with an iron wheel (ayaścakravartin) rules over one continent and his opponents submit themselves after brandishing weapons.

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • i.­71
  • 5.­20
  • 5.­95
  • 6.­14-15
  • 6.­36
  • 10.­52
  • 12.­25
  • 12.­27
  • 21.­3
  • 21.­6
  • 21.­32
  • g.­420
  • g.­444
  • g.­464
g.­96

Courageous

Wylie:
  • dpa’ ba
Tibetan:
  • དཔའ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • sattva AS
Chinese:
  • 勇猛

Short for Mahāsattva, dpa’ ba means “courage.” Elsewhere in the sūtra the prince’s name is translated as sems can chen po (“Great Being”) and in Toh 556 it is translated as snying stobs chen po (“Great Courage”). “Courage” and “being” are two possible meanings of sattva, which has a number of alternative meanings, such as “goodness” and “existence.”

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 26.­89
  • n.­1201
  • g.­290
g.­101

defilements

Wylie:
  • zag pa
Tibetan:
  • ཟག་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • āśrava
Chinese:
  • 漏

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Literally, “to flow” or “to ooze.” Mental defilements or contaminations that “flow out” toward the objects of cyclic existence, binding us to them. Vasubandhu offers two alternative explanations of this term: “They cause beings to remain (āsayanti) within saṃsāra” and “They flow from the Summit of Existence down to the Avīci hell, out of the six wounds that are the sense fields” (Abhidharma­kośa­bhāṣya 5.40; Pradhan 1967, p. 308). The Summit of Existence (bhavāgra, srid pa’i rtse mo) is the highest point within saṃsāra, while the hell called Avīci (mnar med) is the lowest; the six sense fields (āyatana, skye mched) here refer to the five sense faculties plus the mind, i.e., the six internal sense fields.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­1
  • 15.­98
  • n.­622
  • g.­480
g.­106

deva

Wylie:
  • lha
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ།
Sanskrit:
  • deva
Chinese:
  • 天

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In the most general sense the devas‍—the term is cognate with the English divine‍—are a class of celestial beings who frequently appear in Buddhist texts, often at the head of the assemblies of nonhuman beings who attend and celebrate the teachings of the Buddha Śākyamuni and other buddhas and bodhisattvas. In Buddhist cosmology the devas occupy the highest of the five or six “destinies” (gati) of saṃsāra among which beings take rebirth. The devas reside in the devalokas, “heavens” that traditionally number between twenty-six and twenty-eight and are divided between the desire realm (kāmadhātu), form realm (rūpadhātu), and formless realm (ārūpyadhātu). A being attains rebirth among the devas either through meritorious deeds (in the desire realm) or the attainment of subtle meditative states (in the form and formless realms). While rebirth among the devas is considered favorable, it is ultimately a transitory state from which beings will fall when the conditions that lead to rebirth there are exhausted. Thus, rebirth in the god realms is regarded as a diversion from the spiritual path.

Located in 239 passages in the translation:

  • i.­7
  • i.­56
  • i.­70-74
  • i.­76
  • 1.­3
  • 1.­6
  • 1.­9-10
  • 1.­17
  • 1.­29
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­9-10
  • 2.­31
  • 2.­37
  • 2.­39
  • 2.­62
  • 2.­65
  • 3.­73
  • 3.­76
  • 3.­81
  • 4.­17
  • 4.­19
  • 4.­85
  • 4.­102
  • 5.­3-5
  • 5.­21-22
  • 5.­34
  • 5.­45-46
  • 5.­58-59
  • 5.­69
  • 5.­84
  • 5.­86-87
  • 5.­89
  • 5.­94-95
  • 5.­102
  • 6.­124
  • 7.­11
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­15
  • 10.­20
  • 10.­43-44
  • 10.­54
  • 11.­1
  • 11.­3
  • 11.­12
  • 12.­6
  • 12.­25
  • 12.­32
  • 12.­34
  • 12.­43
  • 12.­45-46
  • 12.­48-51
  • 12.­55-56
  • 12.­58
  • 12.­60
  • 12.­62
  • 12.­67
  • 12.­79
  • 12.­96
  • 12.­99-100
  • 14.­1
  • 14.­8
  • 14.­11
  • 14.­15
  • 14.­19
  • 14.­21
  • 14.­23
  • 15.­25
  • 15.­34
  • 15.­36
  • 15.­41
  • 15.­43-44
  • 15.­48
  • 15.­61
  • 15.­72
  • 15.­77
  • 15.­92
  • 15.­100
  • 15.­116
  • 15.­119-124
  • 15.­126
  • 16.­2
  • 17.­1
  • 18.­15-16
  • 19.­6
  • 20.­6-10
  • 20.­13-16
  • 20.­19-20
  • 20.­23
  • 20.­29-31
  • 20.­33
  • 20.­52
  • 20.­54-56
  • 20.­59
  • 20.­64
  • 20.­67
  • 20.­69-70
  • 20.­72
  • 21.­14
  • 21.­17-18
  • 21.­20
  • 21.­31
  • 21.­33
  • 22.­10
  • 22.­20
  • 22.­27-28
  • 22.­30
  • 22.­36
  • 22.­38
  • 22.­53
  • 22.­65-66
  • 22.­75
  • 22.­82-83
  • 23.­2
  • 23.­4-9
  • 23.­11
  • 24.­1-2
  • 25.­22
  • 25.­27
  • 25.­34-36
  • 25.­39
  • 25.­43
  • 25.­47
  • 26.­1
  • 26.­24
  • 26.­44-45
  • 26.­50
  • 26.­85
  • 26.­150-151
  • 27.­11
  • 29.­9
  • 31.­1
  • 31.­3
  • 31.­16
  • 31.­19-20
  • 31.­22
  • 31.­31
  • 31.­33
  • 31.­36
  • 31.­43
  • n.­63
  • n.­65
  • n.­91
  • n.­284
  • n.­307
  • n.­324
  • n.­358
  • n.­369
  • n.­377
  • n.­435
  • n.­440
  • n.­456
  • n.­593
  • n.­605
  • n.­616
  • n.­751
  • n.­805
  • n.­815
  • n.­832
  • n.­852
  • n.­951
  • n.­976-977
  • n.­985
  • n.­1045
  • n.­1051
  • n.­1065
  • n.­1068
  • n.­1081
  • n.­1084
  • n.­1092
  • g.­1
  • g.­20
  • g.­48
  • g.­67
  • g.­107
  • g.­143
  • g.­299
  • g.­307
  • g.­333
  • g.­344
  • g.­345
  • g.­354
  • g.­431
  • g.­463
g.­108

dhāraṇī

Wylie:
  • gzungs
  • gzungs sngags
Tibetan:
  • གཟུངས།
  • གཟུངས་སྔགས།
Sanskrit:
  • dhāraṇī
Chinese:
  • 陀羅尼

Also rendered here as “retention.”

Located in 107 passages in the translation:

  • i.­9
  • i.­47-48
  • i.­50
  • i.­60
  • i.­62
  • 6.­62-63
  • 6.­65-67
  • 6.­69-71
  • 6.­73-75
  • 6.­77-79
  • 6.­81-83
  • 6.­85-87
  • 6.­89-91
  • 6.­93-95
  • 6.­97-99
  • 6.­101-103
  • 6.­118-119
  • 6.­126
  • 8.­1-2
  • 8.­42
  • 8.­44-45
  • 8.­47
  • 8.­50
  • 9.­1
  • 12.­56
  • 13.­2-8
  • 13.­10
  • 13.­12-15
  • 14.­1
  • 14.­6
  • 14.­8-9
  • 14.­11-12
  • 14.­14-16
  • 14.­18-19
  • 14.­21
  • 14.­23
  • 14.­25
  • 14.­28
  • 14.­30
  • 15.­37
  • 15.­39
  • 15.­41
  • 15.­47
  • 17.­32
  • 18.­16
  • 18.­20
  • 18.­25
  • 19.­7
  • 25.­25
  • 25.­34
  • 25.­47
  • n.­475
  • n.­542
  • n.­545
  • n.­548
  • n.­551
  • n.­554
  • n.­557
  • n.­560
  • n.­563-564
  • n.­566
  • n.­569
  • n.­790
  • n.­834
  • n.­1155
  • n.­1158
  • g.­382
g.­111

Dharma body

Wylie:
  • chos kyi sku
Tibetan:
  • ཆོས་ཀྱི་སྐུ།
Sanskrit:
  • dharmakāya
Chinese:
  • 法身

In its earliest use it generally meant that though the corporeal body of the Buddha had perished, his “body of the Dharma” continued. It also referred to the Buddha’s realization of reality, to his qualities as a whole, or to his teachings as embodying him. It later came to be synonymous with enlightenment or buddhahood, a “body” that can only be “seen” by a buddha.

Located in 48 passages in the translation:

  • i.­25
  • i.­39
  • 2.­57
  • 2.­61
  • 2.­72
  • 2.­82
  • 2.­89
  • 2.­100
  • 3.­3
  • 3.­6-7
  • 3.­17-20
  • 3.­25
  • 3.­28
  • 3.­32-33
  • 3.­38-39
  • 3.­41-43
  • 3.­47-48
  • 3.­54-55
  • 3.­58-61
  • 5.­51
  • 5.­55-57
  • 6.­47
  • 9.­27
  • 21.­4
  • 21.­34
  • 26.­38
  • 29.­13
  • n.­122
  • n.­126
  • n.­163
  • n.­168
  • g.­119
  • g.­476
g.­115

dharmabhāṇaka

Wylie:
  • chos smra ba
Tibetan:
  • ཆོས་སྨྲ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • dharmabhāṇaka
Chinese:
  • 說法師
  • 法師

In early Buddhism a section of the saṅgha would be bhāṇakas (“proclaimers”), who memorized the teachings. Particularly before the teachings were written down, and were transmitted orally, the bhāṇakas were the key means of preserving the teachings. Various groups of bhāṇakas specialized in memorizing and reciting specific sets of sūtras or the vinaya.

Located in 27 passages in the translation:

  • i.­67
  • i.­71
  • 11.­5-7
  • 12.­26
  • 12.­31
  • 12.­37
  • 12.­39
  • 12.­103
  • 15.­1
  • 16.­1
  • 18.­2
  • 18.­6
  • 18.­9
  • 18.­27
  • 19.­1
  • 19.­5
  • 21.­7
  • 21.­9-10
  • 21.­18-19
  • 21.­21
  • 22.­15
  • 22.­17-18
g.­121

Dhṛtarāṣṭra

Wylie:
  • yul ’khor srung
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་འཁོར་སྲུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • dhṛtarāṣṭra AS
Chinese:
  • 持國

One of the Four Mahārājas, he is the guardian deity for the east and lord of the gandharvas.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 11.­1
  • 14.­21
g.­127

drum

Wylie:
  • rnga
Tibetan:
  • རྔ།
Sanskrit:
  • bherī
Chinese:
  • 鼓

As specified in the Sanskrit, a conical or bowl-shaped kettledrum, with an upper surface that is beaten with sticks. The Tibetan and Chinese are not specific about the kind of drum it is.

Located in 31 passages in the translation:

  • s.­2
  • i.­3
  • i.­42
  • 1.­3
  • 4.­1-3
  • 4.­5
  • 4.­8-9
  • 4.­12
  • 4.­14
  • 4.­16-17
  • 4.­19
  • 4.­104
  • 5.­7
  • 5.­39
  • 5.­86
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­25
  • 7.­28
  • 9.­24
  • 12.­40
  • n.­208
  • n.­286
  • n.­645
  • n.­649
  • n.­651
  • n.­703
  • n.­891
g.­130

eight liberations

Wylie:
  • rnam par thar pa brgyad
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་ཐར་པ་བརྒྱད།
Sanskrit:
  • aṣṭavimokṣa
Chinese:
  • 八解脫

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A series of progressively more subtle states of meditative realization or attainment. There are several presentations of these found in the canonical literature. One of the most common is as follows: (1) One observes form while the mind dwells at the level of the form realm. (2) One observes forms externally while discerning formlessness internally. (3) One dwells in the direct experience of the body’s pleasant aspect. (4) One dwells in the realization of the sphere of infinite space by transcending all conceptions of matter, resistance, and diversity. (5) Transcending the sphere of infinite space, one dwells in the realization of the sphere of infinite consciousness. (6) Transcending the sphere of infinite consciousness, one dwells in the realization of the sphere of nothingness. (7) Transcending the sphere of nothingness, one dwells in the realization of the sphere of neither perception nor nonperception. (8) Transcending the sphere of neither perception nor nonperception, one dwells in the realization of the cessation of conception and feeling.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­1
  • 30.­2
g.­133

eighty excellent features

Wylie:
  • dpe byad bzang po brgyad cu
Tibetan:
  • དཔེ་བྱད་བཟང་པོ་བརྒྱད་ཅུ།
Sanskrit:
  • aśītyanuvyañjana
Chinese:
  • 八十隨好

A set of eighty bodily characteristics borne by buddhas and universal emperors. They are considered “minor” in terms of being secondary to the thirty-two major marks of a great being.

These can be found listed, for example, in Prajñā­pāramitā sūtras (see Toh 9, Toh 10, Toh 11) or in The Play in Full (Toh 95, 7.­100) and many other sūtras.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­5
  • 4.­65
  • 27.­3
  • g.­475
g.­138

eon

Wylie:
  • bskal pa
Tibetan:
  • བསྐལ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kalpa
Chinese:
  • 劫

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A cosmic period of time, sometimes equivalent to the time when a world system appears, exists, and disappears. According to the traditional Abhidharma understanding of cyclical time, a great eon (mahākalpa) is divided into eighty lesser eons. In the course of one great eon, the universe takes form and later disappears. During the first twenty of the lesser eons, the universe is in the process of creation and expansion; during the next twenty it remains; during the third twenty, it is in the process of destruction; and during the last quarter of the cycle, it remains in a state of empty stasis. A fortunate, or good, eon (bhadrakalpa) refers to any eon in which more than one buddha appears.

Located in 64 passages in the translation:

  • i.­67-68
  • 1.­27
  • 1.­29
  • 2.­3
  • 2.­16
  • 2.­18
  • 2.­27
  • 3.­69
  • 4.­13
  • 4.­39
  • 4.­41
  • 4.­70
  • 4.­74
  • 4.­93
  • 4.­100
  • 5.­37
  • 5.­55
  • 5.­83
  • 5.­88
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­24
  • 7.­26
  • 7.­30-31
  • 7.­36
  • 9.­27
  • 9.­34
  • 10.­46-47
  • 10.­49
  • 12.­15
  • 12.­25
  • 12.­51
  • 13.­10
  • 15.­97
  • 16.­2
  • 18.­15
  • 19.­6
  • 21.­4-5
  • 21.­32
  • 22.­10
  • 23.­3
  • 23.­8-9
  • 24.­2
  • 26.­85
  • 26.­87
  • 27.­11
  • 31.­1
  • 31.­3
  • 31.­43
  • n.­86
  • n.­167
  • n.­235
  • n.­298
  • n.­422
  • n.­635
  • n.­647
  • n.­1074
  • g.­34
  • g.­123
  • g.­255
g.­147

fig tree flower

Wylie:
  • u dum bA ra
Tibetan:
  • ཨུ་དུམ་བཱ་ར།
Sanskrit:
  • udumbara

The mythological flower of the fig tree, said to appear on rare occasions, such as the birth of a buddha. The actual fig tree flower is contained within the fruit.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­27
  • 29.­3
g.­161

Four Mahārājas

Wylie:
  • rgyal po chen po bzhi
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་པོ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • caturmahārāja
Chinese:
  • 四天王

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Four gods who live on the lower slopes (fourth level) of Mount Meru in the eponymous Heaven of the Four Great Kings (Cāturmahā­rājika, rgyal chen bzhi’i ris) and guard the four cardinal directions. Each is the leader of a nonhuman class of beings living in his realm. They are Dhṛtarāṣṭra, ruling the gandharvas in the east; Virūḍhaka, ruling over the kumbhāṇḍas in the south; Virūpākṣa, ruling the nāgas in the west; and Vaiśravaṇa (also known as Kubera) ruling the yakṣas in the north. Also referred to as Guardians of the World or World Protectors (lokapāla, ’jig rten skyong ba).

Located in 64 passages in the translation:

  • i.­4
  • i.­58-59
  • i.­62
  • 1.­23
  • 3.­76
  • 5.­84
  • 5.­101
  • 5.­103
  • 5.­108
  • 10.­54-55
  • 11.­2-5
  • 11.­8-10
  • 11.­12
  • 12.­1-2
  • 12.­4-6
  • 12.­8-9
  • 12.­14
  • 12.­17
  • 12.­20
  • 12.­24-25
  • 12.­29
  • 12.­34
  • 12.­41-42
  • 12.­44-46
  • 12.­48
  • 12.­51
  • 12.­55
  • 12.­80
  • 12.­86-87
  • 12.­103
  • 12.­106
  • 15.­43
  • 15.­100
  • 15.­120
  • 20.­7
  • 22.­26
  • 22.­36
  • 25.­28
  • 31.­13
  • n.­749
  • n.­757-758
  • n.­789
  • g.­84
  • g.­121
  • g.­504
  • g.­529
  • g.­530
g.­169

gandharva

Wylie:
  • dri za
Tibetan:
  • དྲི་ཟ།
Sanskrit:
  • gandharva AS
Chinese:
  • 乾闥

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of generally benevolent nonhuman beings who inhabit the skies, sometimes said to inhabit fantastic cities in the clouds, and more specifically to dwell on the eastern slopes of Mount Meru, where they are ruled by the Great King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. They are most renowned as celestial musicians who serve the gods. In the Abhidharma, the term is also used to refer to the mental body assumed by sentient beings during the intermediate state between death and rebirth. Gandharvas are said to live on fragrances (gandha) in the desire realm, hence the Tibetan translation dri za, meaning “scent eater.”

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­9
  • 2.­10
  • 11.­3
  • 12.­34
  • 15.­124
  • 20.­18
  • n.­64
  • n.­976-977
  • n.­1081
  • g.­121
  • g.­333
g.­171

Ganges

Wylie:
  • gang gA
Tibetan:
  • གང་གཱ།
Sanskrit:
  • gaṅgā AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Gaṅgā, or Ganges in English, is considered to be the most sacred river of India, particularly within the Hindu tradition. It starts in the Himalayas, flows through the northern plains of India, bathing the holy city of Vārāṇasī, and meets the sea at the Bay of Bengal, in Bangladesh. In the sūtras, however, this river is mostly mentioned not for its sacredness but for its abundant sands‍—noticeable still today on its many sandy banks and at its delta‍—which serve as a common metaphor for infinitely large numbers.

According to Buddhist cosmology, as explained in the Abhidharmakośa, it is one of the four rivers that flow from Lake Anavatapta and cross the southern continent of Jambudvīpa‍—the known human world or more specifically the Indian subcontinent.

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­30
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­40
  • 5.­1
  • 5.­3
  • 5.­42
  • 5.­50
  • 5.­84
  • 5.­97
  • 6.­65
  • 6.­69
  • 6.­73
  • 6.­77
  • 6.­81
  • 6.­85
  • 6.­89
  • 6.­93
  • 6.­97
  • 6.­101
  • 12.­36-37
  • 12.­39
  • 22.­7
  • 31.­43
  • 31.­45
  • g.­265
  • g.­332
  • g.­333
g.­175

Gö Chödrup

Wylie:
  • ’gos chos grub
Tibetan:
  • འགོས་ཆོས་གྲུབ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A prolific translator active in Dunhuang during the early ninth century (c. 755–849) who translated this sūtra from Chinese to Tibetan.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • i.­24
  • i.­27
  • c.­1
  • g.­31
g.­176

goddess of the Bodhi tree

Wylie:
  • byang chub kyi shing gi lha mo
  • shing gi lha mo
Tibetan:
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཤིང་གི་ལྷ་མོ།
  • ཤིང་གི་ལྷ་མོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —
Chinese:
  • 菩提樹神

A goddess.

Located in 18 passages in the translation:

  • i.­7
  • i.­73-76
  • 7.­1
  • 23.­9
  • 23.­11-12
  • 24.­1
  • 25.­1
  • 25.­47
  • 26.­1
  • 26.­152
  • 29.­1
  • 29.­14
  • n.­1163
  • n.­1164
g.­177

Goddess Śrī

Wylie:
  • dpal gyi lha mo
  • lha mo dpal
  • dpal
Tibetan:
  • དཔལ་གྱི་ལྷ་མོ།
  • ལྷ་མོ་དཔལ།
  • དཔལ།
Sanskrit:
  • śrī
Chinese:
  • 室唎天女
  • 品

The great goddess Śrī, better known as Lakṣmī, who promises to aid those who recite this sūtra and to ensure its preservation so that beings will have good fortune. She dwells in a palace in the paradise of Alakāvati.

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • i.­4
  • i.­65-66
  • i.­72
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­38
  • 12.­32
  • 12.­43
  • 12.­69
  • 16.­1
  • 16.­10-11
  • 17.­1
  • 17.­4-5
  • 17.­28-29
  • 17.­41-42
  • 22.­1
  • 22.­28
  • 22.­36
  • 22.­57
  • 22.­82
  • n.­597
  • n.­997
  • n.­1039
  • g.­362
g.­225

Jaladhara

Wylie:
  • chu ’dzin
Tibetan:
  • ཆུ་འཛིན།
Sanskrit:
  • jaladhara AD
Chinese:
  • 持水

A head merchant and physician in the distant past.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • i.­75
  • 24.­4-5
  • 25.­47
  • n.­1122
  • g.­230
g.­230

Jalavāhana

Wylie:
  • chu ’bebs
Tibetan:
  • ཆུ་འབེབས།
Sanskrit:
  • jalavāhana AS
Chinese:
  • 流水

A learned physician in the distant past and son of Jaladhara; who, as a result of performing Dharma recitations while standing in a lake, ensured the rebirth of ten thousand fish into the paradise of Trāyastriṃśa.

Located in 29 passages in the translation:

  • s.­2
  • i.­7
  • i.­75-76
  • 24.­5
  • 24.­7
  • 24.­47
  • 25.­1
  • 25.­3
  • 25.­5-6
  • 25.­14
  • 25.­16
  • 25.­18
  • 25.­23
  • 25.­33-34
  • 25.­36
  • 25.­39
  • 25.­44-45
  • 25.­47
  • 25.­50
  • n.­1143
  • n.­1152
  • n.­1163
  • g.­227
  • g.­228
  • g.­229
g.­232

Jambudvīpa

Wylie:
  • ’dzam bu’i gling
Tibetan:
  • འཛམ་བུའི་གླིང་།
Sanskrit:
  • jambudvīpa AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The name of the southern continent in Buddhist cosmology, which can signify either the known human world, or more specifically the Indian subcontinent, literally “the jambu island/continent.” Jambu is the name used for a range of plum-like fruits from trees belonging to the genus Szygium, particularly Szygium jambos and Szygium cumini, and it has commonly been rendered “rose apple,” although “black plum” may be a less misleading term. Among various explanations given for the continent being so named, one (in the Abhidharmakośa) is that a jambu tree grows in its northern mountains beside Lake Anavatapta, mythically considered the source of the four great rivers of India, and that the continent is therefore named from the tree or the fruit. Jambudvīpa has the Vajrāsana at its center and is the only continent upon which buddhas attain awakening.

Located in 33 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­55
  • 4.­98
  • 11.­4-5
  • 12.­16-17
  • 12.­49
  • 12.­51-52
  • 12.­88
  • 12.­90
  • 12.­100
  • 15.­2
  • 15.­98
  • 16.­2
  • 18.­4
  • 18.­6
  • 18.­8
  • 20.­68
  • 21.­25
  • 22.­24
  • 22.­67
  • 22.­71
  • 22.­78
  • 22.­80
  • 25.­20
  • 25.­34-36
  • 30.­2
  • 31.­21
  • n.­254
  • n.­821
g.­237

Jvalanāntaratejorāja

Wylie:
  • mchog tu rgyal ba’i ’od
Tibetan:
  • མཆོག་ཏུ་རྒྱལ་བའི་འོད།
Sanskrit:
  • jvalanāntaratejorāja AS
Chinese:
  • 最勝光明

A deity in the Trāyastriṃśa paradise.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • i.­74
  • 23.­2
g.­238

kalaviṅka

Wylie:
  • ka la ping ka
Tibetan:
  • ཀ་ལ་པིང་ཀ
Sanskrit:
  • kalaviṅka
Chinese:
  • 迦陵頻伽

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In Buddhist literature refers to a mythical bird whose call is said to be far more beautiful than that of all other birds, and so compelling that it can be heard even before the bird has hatched. The call of the kalaviṅka is thus used as an analogy to describe the sound of the discourse of bodhisattvas as being far superior to that of śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas, even before bodhisattvas attain awakening. In some cases, the kalaviṅka also takes on mythical characteristics, being depicted as part human, part bird. It is also the sixteenth of the eighty designs on the palms and soles of a tathāgata.

While it is equated to an Indian bird renowned for its beautiful song, there is some uncertainty regarding the identity of the kalaviṅka; some dictionaries declare it to be a type of Indian cuckoo (probably Eudynamys scolopacea, also known as the asian koel) or a red and green sparrow (possibly Amandava amandava, also known as the red avadavat).

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 27.­4
g.­257

kleśa

Wylie:
  • nyon mongs
Tibetan:
  • ཉོན་མོངས།
Sanskrit:
  • kleśa
Chinese:
  • 煩惱

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The essentially pure nature of mind is obscured and afflicted by various psychological defilements, which destroy the mind’s peace and composure and lead to unwholesome deeds of body, speech, and mind, acting as causes for continued existence in saṃsāra. Included among them are the primary afflictions of desire (rāga), anger (dveṣa), and ignorance (avidyā). It is said that there are eighty-four thousand of these negative mental qualities, for which the eighty-four thousand categories of the Buddha’s teachings serve as the antidote.

Kleśa is also commonly translated as “negative emotions,” “disturbing emotions,” and so on. The Pāli kilesa, Middle Indic kileśa, and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit kleśa all primarily mean “stain” or “defilement.” The translation “affliction” is a secondary development that derives from the more general (non-Buddhist) classical understanding of √kliś (“to harm,“ “to afflict”). Both meanings are noted by Buddhist commentators.

In this text:

Also translated here as “affliction.”

Located in 59 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­1
  • 1.­3
  • 1.­19
  • 2.­68
  • 2.­80-81
  • 2.­85
  • 2.­103
  • 2.­109
  • 3.­6-7
  • 3.­9
  • 3.­53-54
  • 3.­58
  • 4.­10
  • 4.­13
  • 4.­32
  • 4.­49
  • 4.­59
  • 4.­64
  • 4.­75
  • 5.­42
  • 5.­80
  • 6.­17-22
  • 6.­41-42
  • 6.­45
  • 6.­58
  • 6.­86
  • 6.­90
  • 6.­94
  • 6.­98
  • 7.­32
  • 9.­22
  • 9.­25-26
  • 10.­12
  • 12.­40
  • 19.­13
  • 22.­22
  • 26.­85
  • 27.­6
  • 31.­29
  • n.­122
  • n.­126
  • n.­181
  • n.­183
  • n.­187
  • n.­500
  • n.­658
  • n.­707-708
  • g.­6
g.­261

Kubera

Wylie:
  • ku be ra
Tibetan:
  • ཀུ་བེ་ར།
Sanskrit:
  • kubera AD
Chinese:
  • 金毘羅

The king of yakṣas and an important wealth deity, he is also one of the four great kings in Buddhist cosmology. In this capacity he is commonly known as Vaiśravaṇa.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 22.­43
  • g.­15
  • g.­300
  • g.­504
  • g.­541
g.­263

kumbhāṇḍa

Wylie:
  • grul bum
Tibetan:
  • གྲུལ་བུམ།
Sanskrit:
  • kumbhāṇḍa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of dwarf beings subordinate to Virūḍhaka, one of the Four Great Kings, associated with the southern direction. The name uses a play on the word aṇḍa, which means “egg” but is also a euphemism for a testicle. Thus, they are often depicted as having testicles as big as pots (from kumbha, or “pot”).

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­9
  • 11.­3
  • n.­54
  • n.­871
  • g.­529
g.­271

Lord of Golden Nāgas

Wylie:
  • gser klu’i dbang po
Tibetan:
  • གསེར་ཀླུའི་དབང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —
Chinese:
  • 金龍主

A king in the distant past.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­2
  • 7.­38
  • n.­600
g.­289

Mahāratha

Wylie:
  • shing rta chen po
Tibetan:
  • ཤིང་རྟ་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāratha AS
Chinese:
  • 大車

A king in the past.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • i.­77
  • 26.­19
  • 26.­89
  • 26.­116
  • 26.­118
  • g.­278
  • g.­288
  • g.­290
g.­290

Mahāsattva

Wylie:
  • sems can chen po
Tibetan:
  • སེམས་ཅན་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāsattva AD
Chinese:
  • 摩訶薩埵

A prince in the past, the youngest son of King Mahāratha. A previous life of the Buddha, when he decided to give his body to the tigress. See entry for “Courageous.”

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • s.­2
  • i.­77
  • 26.­19
  • 26.­27
  • 26.­31
  • 26.­34
  • 26.­40
  • 26.­52
  • 26.­129
  • 26.­144
  • g.­96
g.­291

mahāsattva

Wylie:
  • sems can chen po
Tibetan:
  • སེམས་ཅན་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāsattva
Chinese:
  • 摩訶薩埵

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The term can be understood to mean “great courageous one” or "great hero,” or (from the Sanskrit) simply “great being,” and is almost always found as an epithet of “bodhisattva.” The qualification “great” in this term, according to the majority of canonical definitions, focuses on the generic greatness common to all bodhisattvas, i.e., the greatness implicit in the bodhisattva vow itself in terms of outlook, aspiration, number of beings to be benefited, potential or eventual accomplishments, and so forth. In this sense the mahā- (“great”) is close in its connotations to the mahā- in “Mahāyāna.” While individual bodhisattvas described as mahāsattva may in many cases also be “great” in terms of their level of realization, this is largely coincidental, and in the canonical texts the epithet is not restricted to bodhisattvas at any particular point in their career. Indeed, in a few cases even bodhisattvas whose path has taken a wrong direction are still described as bodhisattva mahāsattva.

Later commentarial writings do nevertheless define the term‍—variably‍—in terms of bodhisattvas having attained a particular level (bhūmi) or realization. The most common qualifying criteria mentioned are attaining the path of seeing, attaining irreversibility (according to its various definitions), or attaining the seventh bhūmi.

Located in 66 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­3-4
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­66-67
  • 2.­79
  • 2.­90
  • 3.­1
  • 3.­6
  • 3.­13
  • 5.­12-15
  • 5.­48
  • 5.­64
  • 6.­1
  • 6.­5
  • 6.­16-26
  • 6.­59-62
  • 6.­67
  • 6.­71
  • 6.­75
  • 6.­79
  • 6.­83
  • 6.­87
  • 6.­91
  • 6.­95
  • 6.­99
  • 6.­103
  • 6.­119
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­5
  • 8.­32-41
  • 9.­1
  • 14.­8
  • 23.­11
  • 31.­4
  • n.­74
  • n.­87
  • n.­139
  • n.­476
  • n.­492
  • n.­572
g.­309

muni

Wylie:
  • thub pa
Tibetan:
  • ཐུབ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • muni
Chinese:
  • 牟尼

A title that, like buddha, is given to someone who has attained realization through their own contemplation and not by divine revelation.

Located in 16 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­18
  • 4.­10
  • 4.­15
  • 4.­64
  • 4.­76
  • 7.­4
  • 7.­7
  • 7.­14
  • 7.­28
  • 9.­34
  • 14.­13
  • 25.­29
  • 28.­2
  • 29.­5
  • n.­215
  • n.­853
g.­313

nāga

Wylie:
  • klu
Tibetan:
  • ཀླུ།
Sanskrit:
  • nāga

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who live in subterranean aquatic environments, where they guard wealth and sometimes also teachings. Nāgas are associated with serpents and have a snakelike appearance. In Buddhist art and in written accounts, they are regularly portrayed as half human and half snake, and they are also said to have the ability to change into human form. Some nāgas are Dharma protectors, but they can also bring retribution if they are disturbed. They may likewise fight one another, wage war, and destroy the lands of others by causing lightning, hail, and flooding.

Located in 48 passages in the translation:

  • i.­62
  • i.­72
  • 1.­3
  • 1.­7
  • 1.­10
  • 1.­25
  • 1.­29
  • 2.­10
  • 11.­3
  • 12.­32
  • 12.­34
  • 12.­43
  • 14.­23-24
  • 15.­44
  • 15.­74
  • 15.­124
  • 21.­17
  • 22.­15
  • 22.­27
  • 22.­50-51
  • 22.­71
  • 31.­9
  • n.­64-65
  • n.­751
  • n.­773
  • n.­863-864
  • n.­1080
  • n.­1096
  • g.­24
  • g.­219
  • g.­267
  • g.­274
  • g.­280
  • g.­308
  • g.­315
  • g.­330
  • g.­391
  • g.­417
  • g.­428
  • g.­498
  • g.­514
  • g.­522
  • g.­530
  • g.­539
g.­322

nirvāṇa

Wylie:
  • mya ngan las ’das pa
Tibetan:
  • མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • nirvāṇa
Chinese:
  • 涅槃

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In Sanskrit, the term nirvāṇa literally means “extinguishment” and the Tibetan mya ngan las ’das pa literally means “gone beyond sorrow.” As a general term, it refers to the cessation of all suffering, afflicted mental states (kleśa), and causal processes (karman) that lead to rebirth and suffering in cyclic existence, as well as to the state in which all such rebirth and suffering has permanently ceased.

More specifically, three main types of nirvāṇa are identified. (1) The first type of nirvāṇa, called nirvāṇa with remainder (sopadhiśeṣanirvāṇa), is the state in which arhats or buddhas have attained awakening but are still dependent on the conditioned aggregates until their lifespan is exhausted. (2) At the end of life, given that there are no more causes for rebirth, these aggregates cease and no new aggregates arise. What occurs then is called nirvāṇa without remainder ( anupadhiśeṣanirvāṇa), which refers to the unconditioned element (dhātu) of nirvāṇa in which there is no remainder of the aggregates. (3) The Mahāyāna teachings distinguish the final nirvāṇa of buddhas from that of arhats, the nirvāṇa of arhats not being considered ultimate. The buddhas attain what is called nonabiding nirvāṇa (apratiṣṭhitanirvāṇa), which transcends the extremes of saṃsāra and nirvāṇa, i.e., existence and peace. This is the nirvāṇa that is the goal of the Mahāyāna path.

In this text:

For explanations on the true nature of nirvāṇa, according to the view of this sūtra, see 2.­67-2.­100.

Located in 98 passages in the translation:

  • i.­6
  • i.­36
  • i.­38
  • 1.­3
  • 2.­22-23
  • 2.­25
  • 2.­27-28
  • 2.­33-35
  • 2.­63
  • 2.­65-102
  • 2.­112-114
  • 3.­5
  • 3.­12
  • 3.­18-20
  • 3.­35
  • 3.­37
  • 3.­72
  • 5.­47
  • 5.­55
  • 5.­57
  • 5.­89-92
  • 5.­97-98
  • 6.­26-27
  • 6.­52
  • 6.­107
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­11
  • 12.­27
  • 12.­45
  • 21.­5
  • 23.­5-6
  • 24.­3
  • 26.­38
  • 27.­7
  • 29.­5
  • 31.­2-3
  • 31.­43
  • n.­78
  • n.­367
  • n.­369
  • n.­435-436
  • n.­438-440
  • n.­722
g.­332

Pañcala

Wylie:
  • pany+tsa la
Tibetan:
  • པཉྩ་ལ།
Sanskrit:
  • pañcala AD
Chinese:
  • 般遮羅

One of the fifteen lands in ancient India at the time of the Buddha. This was at the western end of the Ganges basin, corresponding in the present time to an area in the western part of Uttar Pradesh.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • i.­77
  • 26.­3
  • n.­1166
g.­338

perfections

Wylie:
  • pha rol tu phyin pa
Tibetan:
  • ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • pāramitā
Chinese:
  • 波羅蜜[多]

This term is used to refer to the main trainings of a bodhisattva. Because these trainings, when brought to perfection, lead one to transcend saṃsāra and reach the full awakening of a buddha, they receive the Sanskrit name pāramitā, meaning “perfection” or “gone to the farther shore.” They are usually listed as six: generosity, correct conduct (or discipline), patience, diligence, meditation (or concentration), and wisdom; four additional perfections are often added to this, totalling ten perfections: skillful methods, prayer, strength, and knowledge.

For a presentation of each one according to the view of this sūtra, see 6.­6–6.­27

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • i.­39
  • i.­46
  • 3.­75
  • 4.­75
  • 4.­94
  • 5.­83
  • 6.­22
  • 7.­27
  • 9.­29
  • 10.­49
  • 23.­9
  • 26.­12
  • 30.­2
  • n.­492
  • n.­821
g.­348

pratyekabuddha

Wylie:
  • rang sangs rgyas
Tibetan:
  • རང་སངས་རྒྱས།
Sanskrit:
  • pratyekabuddha
Chinese:
  • 獨覺

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Literally, “buddha for oneself” or “solitary realizer.” Someone who, in his or her last life, attains awakening entirely through their own contemplation, without relying on a teacher. Unlike the awakening of a fully realized buddha (samyaksambuddha), the accomplishment of a pratyeka­buddha is not regarded as final or ultimate. They attain realization of the nature of dependent origination, the selflessness of the person, and a partial realization of the selflessness of phenomena, by observing the suchness of all that arises through interdependence. This is the result of progress in previous lives but, unlike a buddha, they do not have the necessary merit, compassion or motivation to teach others. They are named as “rhinoceros-like” (khaḍgaviṣāṇakalpa) for their preference for staying in solitude or as “congregators” (vargacārin) when their preference is to stay among peers.

Located in 27 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­3
  • 2.­38-39
  • 3.­9
  • 3.­67
  • 4.­34
  • 4.­91
  • 5.­9
  • 5.­24
  • 5.­40-41
  • 5.­46
  • 5.­57
  • 5.­69
  • 6.­5
  • 6.­17
  • 8.­6
  • 11.­1
  • 15.­42
  • 15.­97
  • 15.­100
  • 29.­11
  • n.­369
  • n.­384
  • n.­1241
  • g.­144
  • g.­483
g.­352

preta

Wylie:
  • yi dags
Tibetan:
  • ཡི་དགས།
Sanskrit:
  • preta

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the five or six classes of sentient beings, into which beings are born as the karmic fruition of past miserliness. As the term in Sanskrit means “the departed,” they are analogous to the ancestral spirits of Vedic tradition, the pitṛs, who starve without the offerings of descendants. It is also commonly translated as “hungry ghost” or “starving spirit,” as in the Chinese 餓鬼 e gui.

They are sometimes said to reside in the realm of Yama, but are also frequently described as roaming charnel grounds and other inhospitable or frightening places along with piśācas and other such beings. They are particularly known to suffer from great hunger and thirst and the inability to acquire sustenance. Detailed descriptions of their realm and experience, including a list of the thirty-six classes of pretas, can be found in The Application of Mindfulness of the Sacred Dharma, Toh 287, 2.­1281– 2.1482.

Located in 32 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­73
  • 4.­19
  • 5.­2
  • 5.­11
  • 6.­66
  • 6.­70
  • 6.­74
  • 6.­78
  • 6.­82
  • 6.­86
  • 6.­90
  • 6.­94
  • 6.­98
  • 6.­102
  • 7.­11
  • 11.­1
  • 12.­27
  • 12.­51
  • 12.­89
  • 26.­85
  • n.­443
  • n.­544
  • n.­547
  • n.­550
  • n.­553
  • n.­556
  • n.­559
  • n.­562
  • n.­565
  • n.­568
  • n.­571
  • n.­777
g.­362

Puṇya­kusuma­prabha

Wylie:
  • me tog dam pa’i bsod nams kyi ’od
Tibetan:
  • མེ་ཏོག་དམ་པའི་བསོད་ནམས་ཀྱི་འོད།
Sanskrit:
  • puṇya­kusuma­prabha AS
Chinese:
  • 妙華福光

Name of the park where the Goddess Śrī dwells, not far from Alakāvati, the kingdom of the great king Vaiśravaṇa.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 17.­1
g.­370

Rājagṛha

Wylie:
  • rgyal po’i khab
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་པོའི་ཁབ།
Sanskrit:
  • rājagṛha AS
Chinese:
  • 王舍城

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The ancient capital of Magadha prior to its relocation to Pāṭaliputra during the Mauryan dynasty, Rājagṛha is one of the most important locations in Buddhist history. The literature tells us that the Buddha and his saṅgha spent a considerable amount of time in residence in and around Rājagṛha‍—in nearby places, such as the Vulture Peak Mountain (Gṛdhrakūṭaparvata), a major site of the Mahāyāna sūtras, and the Bamboo Grove (Veṇuvana)‍—enjoying the patronage of King Bimbisāra and then of his son King Ajātaśatru. Rājagṛha is also remembered as the location where the first Buddhist monastic council was held after the Buddha Śākyamuni passed into parinirvāṇa. Now known as Rajgir and located in the modern Indian state of Bihar.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • i.­35-36
  • i.­42
  • 1.­1
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­6
  • 4.­3
g.­379

Ratnaśikhin

Wylie:
  • rin chen gtsug phud
Tibetan:
  • རིན་ཆེན་གཙུག་ཕུད།
Sanskrit:
  • ratnaśikhin AS
Chinese:
  • 寶髻

A buddha in the distant past.

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • i.­71
  • i.­75-76
  • 8.­20
  • 17.­9
  • 21.­5
  • 21.­27
  • 24.­2
  • 25.­20
  • 25.­22
  • 25.­34
  • 25.­47
g.­382

retention

Wylie:
  • gzungs
  • gzungs sngags
Tibetan:
  • གཟུངས།
  • གཟུངས་སྔགས།
Sanskrit:
  • dhāraṇī
Chinese:
  • 陀羅尼

Also rendered here as “dhāraṇī.”

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­3
  • 3.­44
  • 4.­43
  • 5.­65
  • 6.­40
  • 6.­50
  • 12.­103
  • 15.­1
  • 29.­5
  • g.­108
g.­385

Ruciraketu

Wylie:
  • mdzes pa’i tog
Tibetan:
  • མཛེས་པའི་ཏོག
Sanskrit:
  • ruciraketu AD
Chinese:
  • 妙幢

A bodhisattva and one of the central figures in the present sūtra.

Located in 40 passages in the translation:

  • s.­2
  • i.­3
  • i.­36
  • i.­38
  • i.­42
  • i.­69
  • i.­74
  • i.­79
  • 2.­1-2
  • 2.­7
  • 2.­9-10
  • 2.­19-21
  • 2.­29-30
  • 2.­65-66
  • 2.­114
  • 2.­116
  • 4.­1-2
  • 4.­104
  • 17.­22
  • 23.­1
  • 23.­3
  • 25.­47
  • 28.­1
  • 28.­11-12
  • n.­67
  • n.­139
  • n.­598
  • n.­834
  • g.­253
  • g.­266
  • g.­387
  • g.­388
g.­387

Rūpyaketu

Wylie:
  • dngul gyi tog
Tibetan:
  • དངུལ་གྱི་ཏོག
Sanskrit:
  • rūpyaketu AD
Chinese:
  • 銀幢

The older son of the bodhisattva Ruciraketu.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • i.­74
  • 7.­39
  • 23.­1
  • 23.­5
  • 25.­47
  • g.­91
g.­388

Rūpyaprabha

Wylie:
  • dngul ’od
Tibetan:
  • དངུལ་འོད།
Sanskrit:
  • rūpyaprabha AS
Chinese:
  • 銀光

The younger son of the bodhisattva Ruciraketu.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • i.­74
  • 7.­39
  • 23.­1
  • 23.­6
  • 25.­47
  • n.­1162
  • g.­266
  • g.­466
g.­394

Śakra

Wylie:
  • brgya byin
Tibetan:
  • བརྒྱ་བྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • śakra AS
Chinese:
  • 釋主
  • 帝釋

The lord of the gods in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three (trāyastriṃśa). Alternatively known as Indra, the deity that is called “lord of the gods” dwells on the summit of Mount Sumeru and wields the thunderbolt. The Tibetan translation brgya byin (meaning “one hundred sacrifices”) is based on an etymology that śakra is an abbreviation of śata-kratu, one who has performed a hundred sacrifices. Each world with a central Sumeru has a Śakra. Also known by other names such as Kauśika, Devendra, and Śacipati.

Located in 44 passages in the translation:

  • i.­43-44
  • i.­62
  • 1.­25
  • 2.­37
  • 2.­39
  • 3.­76
  • 5.­3-5
  • 5.­34
  • 5.­45
  • 5.­53
  • 5.­58-59
  • 5.­84
  • 5.­86-87
  • 5.­89
  • 5.­101
  • 5.­103-104
  • 5.­108
  • 10.­54
  • 12.­27
  • 12.­32
  • 12.­43
  • 12.­49
  • 12.­51
  • 14.­19
  • 15.­43
  • 15.­77
  • 15.­92
  • 21.­33
  • 22.­26
  • 22.­38
  • 31.­9
  • 31.­16
  • n.­63
  • n.­435
  • n.­440
  • n.­1074
  • g.­485
  • g.­541
g.­395

Śākya

Wylie:
  • shAkya
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱཀྱ།
Sanskrit:
  • śākya AS
Chinese:
  • 釋迦

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Name of the ancient tribe in which the Buddha was born as a prince; their kingdom was based to the east of Kośala, in the foothills near the present-day border of India and Nepal, with Kapilavastu as its capital.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­28
  • 25.­29
  • 29.­4
  • 30.­2
g.­396

Śākyamuni

Wylie:
  • shAkya thub pa
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • śākyamuni AD
Chinese:
  • 釋迦牟尼

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

An epithet for the historical Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama: he was a muni (“sage”) from the Śākya clan. He is counted as the fourth of the first four buddhas of the present Good Eon, the other three being Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni, and Kāśyapa. He will be followed by Maitreya, the next buddha in this eon.

Located in 37 passages in the translation:

  • i.­10
  • i.­71
  • i.­78-79
  • 2.­2-3
  • 2.­8
  • 2.­10-15
  • 2.­20-21
  • 2.­29-32
  • 2.­65
  • 5.­94
  • 8.­7
  • 12.­19
  • 12.­27
  • 12.­53
  • 21.­28
  • 22.­9
  • 26.­144
  • 27.­1
  • 30.­2
  • n.­442
  • n.­1039
  • g.­266
  • g.­351
  • g.­369
  • g.­393
  • g.­449
g.­399

samādhi

Wylie:
  • ting nge ’dzin
Tibetan:
  • ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན།
Sanskrit:
  • samādhi

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In a general sense, samādhi can describe a number of different meditative states. In the Mahāyāna literature, in particular in the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, we find extensive lists of different samādhis, numbering over one hundred.

In a more restricted sense, and when understood as a mental state, samādhi is defined as the one-pointedness of the mind (cittaikāgratā), the ability to remain on the same object over long periods of time. The Drajor Bamponyipa (sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa) commentary on the Mahāvyutpatti explains the term samādhi as referring to the instrument through which mind and mental states “get collected,” i.e., it is by the force of samādhi that the continuum of mind and mental states becomes collected on a single point of reference without getting distracted.

Located in 35 passages in the translation:

  • i.­47
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­4
  • 1.­11
  • 3.­13
  • 3.­42-44
  • 3.­46-47
  • 3.­60
  • 3.­70
  • 4.­43
  • 5.­1
  • 5.­65
  • 6.­22
  • 6.­40
  • 6.­44
  • 6.­60
  • 12.­82
  • 15.­46-47
  • 17.­33
  • 26.­13
  • 26.­38
  • n.­173
  • n.­175
  • n.­198
  • n.­300
  • n.­351
  • n.­538
  • g.­36
  • g.­144
  • g.­343
  • g.­440
g.­406

Saṃjñeya

Wylie:
  • yang dag shes
Tibetan:
  • ཡང་དག་ཤེས།
Sanskrit:
  • saṃjñeya AS
Chinese:
  • 正了知

A yakṣa general.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • i.­4
  • i.­68
  • 12.­32
  • 12.­43
  • 19.­1
  • 19.­3
  • 19.­5
  • 19.­7
  • 19.­13-15
  • 22.­26
  • 22.­40
g.­407

saṃsāra

Wylie:
  • ’khor ba
Tibetan:
  • འཁོར་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • saṃsāra
Chinese:
  • 生死

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A state of involuntary existence conditioned by afflicted mental states and the imprint of past actions, characterized by suffering in a cycle of life, death, and rebirth. On its reversal, the contrasting state of nirvāṇa is attained, free from suffering and the processes of rebirth.

Located in 60 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­73
  • 2.­88
  • 2.­102
  • 2.­110
  • 2.­113
  • 3.­3
  • 3.­5
  • 3.­48
  • 3.­57
  • 3.­72
  • 4.­11
  • 4.­18
  • 4.­44
  • 4.­60
  • 4.­67
  • 4.­97
  • 5.­60
  • 6.­11-12
  • 6.­25-27
  • 6.­48
  • 6.­52
  • 6.­107
  • 6.­122
  • 9.­21
  • 9.­35
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­46
  • 12.­25
  • 12.­27
  • 12.­40
  • 12.­45
  • 12.­105
  • 14.­24
  • 15.­2
  • 15.­29
  • 16.­2
  • 17.­40
  • 18.­15
  • 25.­48-49
  • 26.­37-38
  • 26.­47
  • 26.­85
  • 26.­88
  • 27.­9
  • 29.­12
  • 30.­3
  • n.­216
  • n.­272
  • n.­325
  • n.­574
  • n.­625
  • n.­654
  • n.­722
  • g.­304
  • g.­338
g.­409

samyaksaṃbuddha

Wylie:
  • yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas
Tibetan:
  • ཡང་དག་པར་རྫོགས་པའི་སངས་རྒྱས།
Sanskrit:
  • samyaksaṃbuddha
Chinese:
  • 正等覺

“A perfect buddha.” A buddha who teaches the Dharma, as opposed to a pratyeka­buddha, who does not teach.

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­32
  • 2.­79
  • 2.­90
  • 2.­112
  • 5.­88
  • 5.­94
  • 10.­43
  • 12.­27
  • 12.­52
  • 14.­1
  • 16.­3-4
  • 23.­4-6
  • 24.­2
  • 25.­22
  • 26.­3
  • 30.­2
  • n.­1241
g.­411

saṅgha

Wylie:
  • dge ’dun
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་འདུན།
Sanskrit:
  • saṅgha
Chinese:
  • 僧伽

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Though often specifically reserved for the monastic community, this term can be applied to any of the four Buddhist communities‍—monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen‍—as well as to identify the different groups of practitioners, like the community of bodhisattvas or the community of śrāvakas. It is also the third of the Three Jewels (triratna) of Buddhism: the Buddha, the Teaching, and the Community.

Located in 21 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­1-2
  • 3.­75
  • 4.­33
  • 4.­91
  • 5.­9
  • 15.­42
  • 15.­96
  • 17.­37
  • 18.­26
  • 19.­1
  • 21.­8
  • 21.­27
  • 29.­9
  • n.­230
  • n.­603
  • g.­115
  • g.­148
  • g.­282
  • g.­369
  • g.­525
g.­412

Sarasvatī

Wylie:
  • spobs pa’i lha mo
Tibetan:
  • སྤོབས་པའི་ལྷ་མོ།
Sanskrit:
  • sarasvatī AS
Chinese:
  • 大辯才

The goddess of wisdom, learning, and music.

Located in 37 passages in the translation:

  • i.­4
  • i.­63-64
  • i.­72
  • i.­81
  • 1.­24
  • 12.­32
  • 12.­43
  • 15.­1
  • 15.­28
  • 15.­30
  • 15.­32-34
  • 15.­37
  • 15.­39
  • 15.­51
  • 15.­56-58
  • 15.­61
  • 15.­93
  • 15.­95
  • 15.­104
  • 15.­128
  • 15.­130-131
  • 22.­28
  • 22.­36
  • 22.­38
  • 22.­57
  • 30.­1
  • 30.­4-5
  • n.­959
  • n.­1039
  • g.­279
g.­413

Śāriputra

Wylie:
  • shA ri’i bu
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱ་རིའི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • śāriputra AS
Chinese:
  • 舍利子
  • 舍利弗

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the principal śrāvaka disciples of the Buddha, he was renowned for his discipline and for having been praised by the Buddha as foremost of the wise (often paired with Maudgalyā­yana, who was praised as foremost in the capacity for miraculous powers). His father, Tiṣya, to honor Śāriputra’s mother, Śārikā, named him Śāradvatīputra, or, in its contracted form, Śāriputra, meaning “Śārikā’s Son.”

Located in 17 passages in the translation:

  • i.­60
  • 1.­2
  • 13.­1-3
  • 13.­5-7
  • 13.­10-14
  • 15.­113
  • 26.­146
  • n.­316
  • g.­38
g.­420

seven jewels

Wylie:
  • rin po che sna bdun
Tibetan:
  • རིན་པོ་ཆེ་སྣ་བདུན།
Sanskrit:
  • saptaratna
Chinese:
  • 七寶

When associated with the seven heavenly bodies, and therefore the seven days of the week, these are ruby for the sun, moonstone or pearl for the moon, coral for Mars, emerald for Mercury, yellow sapphire for Jupiter, diamond for Venus, and blue sapphire for Saturn. There are variant lists not associated with the heavenly bodies but retaining the number seven, which include gold, silver, and so on.

In association with a cakravartin, the seven jewels can refer, according to the Abhidharma, to his magical wheel, elephant, horse, wish-fulfilling jewel, queen, minister, and leading householder. In the Tibetan mandala-offering practice, the householder is replaced by a general.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­20
  • 5.­69
  • 9.­28
  • 10.­52
  • 13.­12
  • 18.­13
  • 21.­26
  • n.­1071
  • g.­421
g.­421

seven precious materials

Wylie:
  • rin po che sna bdun
Tibetan:
  • རིན་པོ་ཆེ་སྣ་བདུན།
Sanskrit:
  • saptaratna
Chinese:
  • 七寶

See “seven jewels.”

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­10
  • 6.­33
  • 10.­19
  • 10.­28
  • 12.­25
  • 17.­1
  • 26.­7
  • 26.­9
  • 26.­142
  • 26.­149
g.­433

śrāvaka

Wylie:
  • nyan thos
Tibetan:
  • ཉན་ཐོས།
Sanskrit:
  • śrāvaka

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Sanskrit term śrāvaka, and the Tibetan nyan thos, both derived from the verb “to hear,” are usually defined as “those who hear the teaching from the Buddha and make it heard to others.” Primarily this refers to those disciples of the Buddha who aspire to attain the state of an arhat seeking their own liberation and nirvāṇa. They are the practitioners of the first turning of the wheel of the Dharma on the four noble truths, who realize the suffering inherent in saṃsāra and focus on understanding that there is no independent self. By conquering afflicted mental states (kleśa), they liberate themselves, attaining first the stage of stream enterers at the path of seeing, followed by the stage of once-returners who will be reborn only one more time, and then the stage of non-returners who will no longer be reborn into the desire realm. The final goal is to become an arhat. These four stages are also known as the “four results of spiritual practice.”

Located in 32 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2-3
  • 1.­10
  • 2.­38-39
  • 3.­9
  • 3.­67
  • 4.­91
  • 5.­9
  • 5.­24
  • 5.­40-41
  • 5.­46
  • 5.­57
  • 6.­5
  • 6.­17
  • 8.­6
  • 11.­1
  • 15.­42
  • 15.­97
  • 29.­6
  • 29.­11
  • n.­230
  • n.­369
  • n.­384
  • n.­1241
  • n.­1257
  • g.­144
  • g.­327
  • g.­411
  • g.­439
  • g.­483
g.­437

Sthāvarā

Wylie:
  • brtan ma
Tibetan:
  • བརྟན་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • sthāvarā AD
Chinese:
  • 堅牢

The goddess of the earth.

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • i.­4
  • i.­67
  • i.­69
  • 12.­32
  • 12.­43
  • 18.­1
  • 18.­8
  • 18.­12
  • 18.­14
  • 18.­16
  • 18.­27-28
  • 20.­1
  • 20.­3
  • g.­126
g.­452

sugata

Wylie:
  • bde bar gshegs pa
Tibetan:
  • བདེ་བར་གཤེགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • sugata
Chinese:
  • 善逝

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the standard epithets of the buddhas. A recurrent explanation offers three different meanings for su- that are meant to show the special qualities of “accomplishment of one’s own purpose” (svārthasampad) for a complete buddha. Thus, the Sugata is “well” gone, as in the expression su-rūpa (“having a good form”); he is gone “in a way that he shall not come back,” as in the expression su-naṣṭa-jvara (“a fever that has utterly gone”); and he has gone “without any remainder” as in the expression su-pūrṇa-ghaṭa (“a pot that is completely full”). According to Buddhaghoṣa, the term means that the way the Buddha went (Skt. gata) is good (Skt. su) and where he went (Skt. gata) is good (Skt. su).

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­94
  • 7.­12
  • 7.­22
  • 10.­43
  • 13.­5
  • 23.­4-6
  • 24.­2
  • 25.­22
  • n.­625
g.­453

Sukhavihāra

Wylie:
  • dge gnas
  • rab gnas
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་གནས།
  • རབ་གནས།
Sanskrit:
  • sukhavihāra AS
Chinese:
  • 善住

A bodhisattva.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • i.­50
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­44-47
g.­455

Sumeru

Wylie:
  • ri rab
Tibetan:
  • རི་རབ།
Sanskrit:
  • sumeru AS
Chinese:
  • 須彌

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

According to ancient Buddhist cosmology, this is the great mountain forming the axis of the universe. At its summit is Sudarśana, home of Śakra and his thirty-two gods, and on its flanks live the asuras. The mount has four sides facing the cardinal directions, each of which is made of a different precious stone. Surrounding it are several mountain ranges and the great ocean where the four principal island continents lie: in the south, Jambudvīpa (our world); in the west, Godānīya; in the north, Uttarakuru; and in the east, Pūrvavideha. Above it are the abodes of the desire realm gods. It is variously referred to as Meru, Mount Meru, Sumeru, and Mount Sumeru.

Located in 16 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­13
  • 4.­69
  • 5.­69
  • 6.­6
  • 12.­34
  • 12.­84
  • 15.­121
  • 28.­8
  • n.­76
  • n.­265
  • g.­15
  • g.­84
  • g.­107
  • g.­394
  • g.­485
  • g.­514
g.­460

Sureśvaraprabha

Wylie:
  • lha’i dbang phyug gi ’od
Tibetan:
  • ལྷའི་དབང་ཕྱུག་གི་འོད།
Sanskrit:
  • sureśvaraprabha AS
Chinese:
  • 天自在光王

A king in the distant past.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • i.­75-76
  • 24.­3
  • 25.­1
  • 25.­11
  • 25.­37-38
  • 25.­47
  • n.­1163
g.­472

tathāgata

Wylie:
  • de bzhin gshegs pa
Tibetan:
  • དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • tathāgata
Chinese:
  • 如來

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A frequently used synonym for buddha. According to different explanations, it can be read as tathā-gata, literally meaning “one who has thus gone,” or as tathā-āgata, “one who has thus come.” Gata, though literally meaning “gone,” is a past passive participle used to describe a state or condition of existence. Tatha­(tā), often rendered as “suchness” or “thusness,” is the quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. Therefore, this epithet is interpreted in different ways, but in general it implies one who has departed in the wake of the buddhas of the past, or one who has manifested the supreme awakening dependent on the reality that does not abide in the two extremes of existence and quiescence. It is also often used as a specific epithet of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Located in 182 passages in the translation:

  • i.­60
  • 1.­8
  • 2.­5-9
  • 2.­11
  • 2.­20-23
  • 2.­27-32
  • 2.­35
  • 2.­37
  • 2.­39
  • 2.­56
  • 2.­61-62
  • 2.­65
  • 2.­67-69
  • 2.­79
  • 2.­81-82
  • 2.­86-117
  • 3.­1
  • 3.­3-5
  • 3.­12
  • 3.­25
  • 3.­35
  • 3.­41-43
  • 3.­50
  • 3.­52-53
  • 3.­62
  • 3.­66
  • 3.­69
  • 3.­71-75
  • 4.­15
  • 4.­62
  • 4.­104-105
  • 5.­9
  • 5.­25-26
  • 5.­33
  • 5.­49-50
  • 5.­53
  • 5.­55
  • 5.­57
  • 5.­66
  • 5.­88-89
  • 5.­94
  • 5.­96-99
  • 5.­108
  • 6.­21
  • 6.­37
  • 6.­105
  • 7.­16
  • 9.­27
  • 10.­43
  • 12.­27
  • 12.­39
  • 12.­52
  • 13.­12-13
  • 15.­109
  • 16.­3-4
  • 17.­3
  • 17.­10
  • 18.­11
  • 19.­2
  • 21.­3
  • 21.­5
  • 21.­28
  • 22.­3
  • 23.­1
  • 23.­4-6
  • 23.­9
  • 24.­2
  • 25.­20
  • 25.­22
  • 25.­34
  • 25.­47
  • 26.­3
  • 26.­15
  • 27.­1
  • 27.­13
  • 28.­11
  • 29.­3
  • 29.­7
  • 29.­12
  • 30.­2-3
  • 31.­32
  • n.­75
  • n.­78
  • n.­86
  • n.­93
  • n.­113-114
  • n.­120
  • n.­122
  • n.­126
  • n.­133
  • n.­139
  • n.­168
  • n.­200-201
  • n.­235
  • n.­243-245
  • n.­309
  • n.­422
  • n.­435
  • n.­440
  • n.­445-446
  • n.­449
  • n.­627
  • n.­634
  • n.­637
  • n.­651
  • n.­775
  • n.­841
  • n.­1007
  • n.­1039
g.­475

thirty-two signs

Wylie:
  • sum cu rtsa gnyis mtshan
Tibetan:
  • སུམ་ཅུ་རྩ་གཉིས་མཚན།
Sanskrit:
  • dvā­triṃśadvara­lakṣaṇa
Chinese:
  • 三十二相

These are the thirty-two major physical of marks of a great being, namely a buddha or a universal monarch. These are complemented by eighty minor features.

These can be found listed, for example, in Prajñā­pāramitā sūtras (see Toh 9, Toh 10 and Toh 11) or in the The Play in Full (Toh 95) and many other sūtras.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­5
  • 4.­65
  • 10.­18
  • 27.­3
g.­478

three gateways of liberation

Wylie:
  • rnam par thar pa’i sgo gsum
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་ཐར་པའི་སྒོ་གསུམ།
Sanskrit:
  • trivimokṣamukha
Chinese:
  • 三解脫門

These are emptiness, the absence of features, and the absence of aspiration.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 30.­2
g.­485

Trāyastriṃśa

Wylie:
  • sum cu rtsa gsum pa
Tibetan:
  • སུམ་ཅུ་རྩ་གསུམ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • trāyastriṃśa AS
Chinese:
  • 三十三

The paradise of Śakra, also known as Indra, on the summit of Sumeru. The name means “Thirty-Three,” from the thirty-three principal deities that dwell there. The fifth highest of the six paradises in the desire realm.

Located in 22 passages in the translation:

  • i.­7
  • i.­73-74
  • i.­76
  • 2.­37-38
  • 5.­21
  • 15.­120
  • 18.­12
  • 20.­16
  • 20.­23
  • 20.­54
  • 20.­67
  • 23.­2
  • 23.­9
  • 25.­22
  • 25.­34
  • 25.­43
  • n.­1027
  • g.­230
  • g.­237
  • g.­394
g.­497

upādhyāya

Wylie:
  • mkhan po
Tibetan:
  • མཁན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • upādhyāya

In India, a person’s particular preceptor within the monastic tradition, guiding that person for the taking of full vows and the maintenance of conduct and practice. The Tibetan translation mkhan po has also come to mean “a learned scholar,” the equivalent of a paṇḍita, but that is not the intended meaning in the sūtras.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­2
  • 5.­9
  • 12.­22-24
  • 12.­26
  • 18.­2
  • 18.­6
  • 18.­9
  • 19.­1
  • n.­313
g.­499

upāsaka

Wylie:
  • dge bsnyen
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་བསྙེན།
Sanskrit:
  • upāsaka
Chinese:
  • 鄔波索迦

A man who has taken the layperson’s vows.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­101
  • 11.­9
  • 12.­28
  • 15.­28
  • 16.­1
  • 31.­44
  • n.­759
g.­500

upāsikā

Wylie:
  • dge bsnyen ma
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་བསྙེན་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • upāsikā
Chinese:
  • 鄔波斯迦

A woman who has taken the layperson’s vows.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­101
  • 11.­9
  • 12.­28
  • 15.­28
  • 16.­1
  • 31.­44
  • n.­759
g.­501

ūrṇā

Wylie:
  • mdzod spu
Tibetan:
  • མཛོད་སྤུ།
Sanskrit:
  • ūrṇā

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the thirty-two marks of a great being. It consists of a soft, long, fine, coiled white hair between the eyebrows capable of emitting an intense bright light. Literally, the Sanskrit ūrṇā means “wool hair,” and kośa means “treasure.”

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­7
  • n.­1240
g.­504

Vaiśravaṇa

Wylie:
  • rnam thos kyi bu
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་ཐོས་ཀྱི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • vaiśravaṇa AD
Chinese:
  • 毘沙門
  • 薜室羅末拏

As one of the Four Mahārājas he is the lord of the northern region of the world and the northern continent, though in early Buddhism he is the lord of the far north of India and beyond. Also known as Kubera, he is the lord of yakṣas and a lord of wealth.

Located in 21 passages in the translation:

  • 11.­1
  • 12.­56
  • 12.­58
  • 12.­60-62
  • 12.­65
  • 12.­67
  • 12.­69
  • 12.­72
  • 12.­79
  • 14.­21
  • 17.­1
  • n.­53
  • n.­789
  • n.­796
  • n.­800
  • g.­15
  • g.­235
  • g.­261
  • g.­362
g.­511

Vast Qualities

Wylie:
  • yangs pa’i yon tan
Tibetan:
  • ཡངས་པའི་ཡོན་ཏན།
Sanskrit:
  • —
Chinese:
  • 廣眾德

A buddha.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­12
  • 27.­5
g.­517

Venerable

Wylie:
  • tshe dang ldan pa
Tibetan:
  • ཚེ་དང་ལྡན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • āyuṣmat
Chinese:
  • 具壽

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A respectful form of address between monks, and also between lay companions of equal standing. It literally means “one who has a [long] life.”

Located in 18 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 13.­1-3
  • 13.­5
  • 14.­1-2
  • 26.­4-5
  • 26.­9-11
  • 26.­15-18
  • 26.­85
  • 31.­40
g.­529

Virūḍhaka

Wylie:
  • ’phags skyes po
Tibetan:
  • འཕགས་སྐྱེས་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • virūḍhaka AS
Chinese:
  • 增長

One of the Four Mahārājas, he is the guardian of the southern direction and the lord of the kumbhāṇḍas.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 11.­1
  • 14.­21
g.­530

Virūpākṣa

Wylie:
  • mig mi bzang
Tibetan:
  • མིག་མི་བཟང་།
Sanskrit:
  • virūpākṣa AS
Chinese:
  • 廣目

One of the Four Mahārājas, he is the guardian of the western direction and traditionally the lord of the nāgas.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­8
  • 11.­1
  • 14.­21
g.­534

Vulture Peak Mountain

Wylie:
  • bya rgod kyi phung po
  • bya rgod spungs pa’i ri
Tibetan:
  • བྱ་རྒོད་ཀྱི་ཕུང་པོ།
  • བྱ་རྒོད་སྤུངས་པའི་རི།
Sanskrit:
  • gṛdhrakūṭaparvata
  • gṛdhrakūṭa
Chinese:
  • 鷲峯山

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Gṛdhra­kūṭa, literally Vulture Peak, was a hill located in the kingdom of Magadha, in the vicinity of the ancient city of Rājagṛha (modern-day Rajgir, in the state of Bihar, India), where the Buddha bestowed many sūtras, especially the Great Vehicle teachings, such as the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras. It continues to be a sacred pilgrimage site for Buddhists to this day.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • i.­35-36
  • i.­42
  • i.­78
  • 1.­1
  • 2.­29-30
  • 2.­33
  • 4.­3
  • 27.­1
g.­538

white water lily

Wylie:
  • ku mu da
Tibetan:
  • ཀུ་མུ་ད།
Sanskrit:
  • kumuda
Chinese:
  • 拘物頭 [花 / 華]

Nymphaea pubescens. The night-blossoming water lily, sometimes referred to as a “night lotus.” It can be white, pink, or red.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 26.­10
  • 30.­2
g.­540

Wish-Fulfilling Radiating Light

Wylie:
  • yid bzhin rin chen ’od ’phro
Tibetan:
  • ཡིད་བཞིན་རིན་ཆེན་འོད་འཕྲོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —
Chinese:
  • 如意寶光耀

A goddess bodhisattva.

Located in 21 passages in the translation:

  • i.­52-54
  • 10.­1
  • 10.­17
  • 10.­20-24
  • 10.­26
  • 10.­36-37
  • 10.­39-43
  • 10.­45
  • n.­742
  • g.­142
g.­543

yakṣa

Wylie:
  • gnod sbyin
Tibetan:
  • གནོད་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • yakṣa
Chinese:
  • 藥叉

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who inhabit forests, mountainous areas, and other natural spaces, or serve as guardians of villages and towns, and may be propitiated for health, wealth, protection, and other boons, or controlled through magic. According to tradition, their homeland is in the north, where they live under the rule of the Great King Vaiśravaṇa.

Several members of this class have been deified as gods of wealth (these include the just-mentioned Vaiśravaṇa) or as bodhisattva generals of yakṣa armies, and have entered the Buddhist pantheon in a variety of forms, including, in tantric Buddhism, those of wrathful deities.

Located in 100 passages in the translation:

  • i.­4
  • i.­68
  • i.­72
  • 1.­8
  • 1.­10
  • 1.­23
  • 2.­10
  • 5.­101
  • 5.­103
  • 10.­54-55
  • 11.­3-4
  • 12.­4-6
  • 12.­10
  • 12.­13
  • 12.­18
  • 12.­32
  • 12.­34
  • 12.­42-45
  • 12.­51
  • 12.­77
  • 12.­99
  • 12.­103
  • 15.­74
  • 15.­100
  • 15.­124
  • 19.­1
  • 19.­5
  • 19.­7
  • 19.­13-15
  • 21.­17
  • 22.­26
  • 22.­37
  • 22.­40-44
  • 22.­54
  • 22.­83
  • 31.­9
  • n.­64-65
  • n.­830
  • n.­976-977
  • g.­15
  • g.­19
  • g.­40
  • g.­58
  • g.­60
  • g.­81
  • g.­85
  • g.­88
  • g.­89
  • g.­112
  • g.­166
  • g.­170
  • g.­208
  • g.­212
  • g.­218
  • g.­234
  • g.­235
  • g.­240
  • g.­243
  • g.­252
  • g.­261
  • g.­272
  • g.­273
  • g.­275
  • g.­281
  • g.­300
  • g.­301
  • g.­302
  • g.­314
  • g.­316
  • g.­319
  • g.­328
  • g.­334
  • g.­339
  • g.­346
  • g.­375
  • g.­406
  • g.­414
  • g.­446
  • g.­458
  • g.­462
  • g.­468
  • g.­469
  • g.­504
  • g.­508
  • g.­544
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    84000. The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light (1) (Suvarṇa­prabhāsottamasūtra, gser ’od dam pa’i mdo, Toh 555). Translated by Peter Alan Roberts and team. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2025. https://84000.co/translation/toh555/UT22084-089-012-chapter-27.Copy
    84000. The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light (1) (Suvarṇa­prabhāsottamasūtra, gser ’od dam pa’i mdo, Toh 555). Translated by Peter Alan Roberts and team, online publication, 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2025, 84000.co/translation/toh555/UT22084-089-012-chapter-27.Copy
    84000. (2025) The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light (1) (Suvarṇa­prabhāsottamasūtra, gser ’od dam pa’i mdo, Toh 555). (Peter Alan Roberts and team, Trans.). Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. https://84000.co/translation/toh555/UT22084-089-012-chapter-27.Copy

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