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གསུམ་པ་རྒྱལ་བའི་གསུང་རབ་གངས་རིའི་ཁྲོད་དུ་དེང་སང་ཇི་ཙམ་སྣང་བ་པར་དུ་བསྒྲུབས་པའི་བྱུང་བ་དངོས་ལེགས་པར་བཤད་པའི་ཡལ་འདབ།

The Third Well-Spoken Branch: An Exact Account of How All the Victorious One’s Teachings Extant Today in the Land of Snow Mountains Were Put into Print
Introduction

ʙʏ
Tai Situ Chökyi Jungné
གསུམ་པ་རྒྱལ་བའི་གསུང་རབ་གངས་རིའི་ཁྲོད་དུ་དེང་སང་ཇི་ཙམ་སྣང་བ་པར་དུ་བསྒྲུབས་པའི་བྱུང་བ་དངོས་ལེགས་པར་བཤད་པའི་ཡལ་འདབ། སྡེ་དགེའི་བཀའ་འགྱུར་དཀར་ཆག
gsum pa rgyal ba’i gsung rab gangs ri’i khrod du deng sang ji tsam snang ba par du bsgrubs pa’i byung ba dngos legs par bshad pa’i yal ’dab/ sde dge’i bka’ ’gyur dkar chag
The Third Well-Spoken Branch: An Exact Account of How All the Victorious One’s Teachings Extant Today in the Land of Snow Mountains Were Put into Print
Chapter 3 of the Catalog of the Degé Kangyur

Toh 4568-3

Degé Kangyur, vol. 103 (lakṣmī), folios 98.a–112.a

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co.

Table of Contents

ti. Title
im. Imprint
co. Contents
s. Summary
ac. Acknowledgements
i. Introduction
tr. The Translation
+ 4 sections- 4 sections
p. Prologue
1. The History of the Patron, King Tenpa Tsering
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
1.1. 1.1 Location
1.2. 1.2 Family Lineage
1.3. 1.3 Qualities
2. The Virtuous Activity of Publishing the Victorious One’s Teachings
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
2.1. 2.1 The Time of the Production of the Kangyur
2.2. 2.2 The Manner in Which Source Texts Were Collected and Edited
+ 5 sections- 5 sections
· On the Creation of the Narthang Kangyur
· On the Creation of the Tshalpa Kangyur
· On the Creation of the Lithang Kangyur
· On the Other Editions Used for the Degé Kangyur
· On the Editing of Orthography
2.3. 2.3 The Practicalities of Printing the Kangyur
3. Concluding Verses
n. Notes
b. Bibliography
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· Tibetan Language Sources
· Other Sources
g. Glossary

s.

Summary

s.­1

This is the third chapter of the Degé Kangyur Catalog, which describes the publication history of the Degé Kangyur. Authored by the Degé Kangyur’s main editor, Situ Paṇchen Chökyi Jungné, at the conclusion of the five-year project in 1733, it is a document rich in historical detail. First it covers the history of the Degé region and the royal family of Degé. Then it offers extensive praise for the qualities of Tenpa Tsering, the king of Degé and throne holder of Lhundrup Teng Monastery, who was the project’s main sponsor. After that is an erudite history of previous collections of translated Buddhist scriptures in Tibet since the time of the earliest translations during the Tibetan imperial period, and finally it describes the editorial process and practical challenges involved in producing a xylograph Kangyur of such quality.


ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

Translated by the Subhāṣita Translation Group. The translation, along with all ancillary materials, was produced by Lowell Cook and Benjamin Ewing. Khenpo Tashi Pal, Andrew West, Alexander Berzin, and Ryan Conlon also contributed with advice and helpful comments.

ac.­2

The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. Rory Lindsay and George Fitzherbert edited the translation and the introduction, and Ven. Konchog Norbu copyedited the text. Martina Cotter was in charge of the digital publication process.


ac.­3

The translation of this text has been made possible through the generous sponsorship of Chan Wing Fai, Lam Wai Ling, Chan Oi Yi, Chan Tung Mei, Chan Yu Ka, Chan Sui Li, Chan Ya Ho, Chan Yu Lin, Zhong Sheng Jian, and Lin Miao Jun.


i.

Introduction

i.­1

Much more than just a table of contents, what is known as the Degé Kangyur Catalog1 takes up the entirety of the 103rd and final volume of the Kangyur. It is presented in five chapters. The first three give a detailed history of Indian Buddhism, its arrival in Tibet, and the production of the Degé Kangyur. The final two constitute the catalog itself, in which all the texts included in the canon are listed, and the merits of producing a Kangyur are extolled. The Catalog was written by the eighth Tai Situ Chökyi Jungné (1700–74), widely known as Situ Paṇchen, who presided over the entire project as its chief editor. Presented here is the third chapter, which concludes Situ Paṇchen’s history of Buddhism in Tibet with an account of how this Kangyur in particular was produced at the royal palace-monastery of Degé, in eastern Tibet, between the years 1729 and 1733 of the Western calendar. The chapter is presented in two parts. Part 1 presents a family history and a descriptive eulogy of the Degé Kangyur’s main initiator and sponsor, Tenpa Tsering (1678–1738), the king of Degé. Part 2 starts with a scholarly history of previous Kangyur collections in Tibet, and then gives an account of the editorial and practical challenges involved in the production of the Degé Kangyur itself.

i.­2

Part 1 focuses on Tenpa Tsering himself as the “main initiator,” or sponsor, for the production of the Degé Kangyur. It is divided into three subsections: “Location,” meaning an account of the Degé region in general, and the palace-monastery of Lhundrup Teng in particular; “Family Lineage,” which presents a genealogical history of the Degé royal family; and “Qualities,” in which Tenpa Tsering’s own extensive sponsorship activities are described, and he is praised as an exemplary Buddhist ruler.

i.­3

Following a pattern common to several of the subsections in this chapter, “Location” begins from a broad perspective, first presenting the entire Tibetan region, then gradually focusing more specifically on the Degé area, and concluding with a description of Lhundrup Teng monastery itself. In his general introduction to Tibet and the origins of the Tibetan people, Situ Paṇchen draws particularly on Feast for Scholars, by the sixteenth-century Karma Kagyü historian Pawo Tsuklak Trengwa, and in a way that both echoes and supplements that work, interweaves his discussion with citations from scriptural prophecies and canonical commentaries on the Indian epics.

i.­4

“Family Lineage” traces the genealogy of the royal house of Degé to the mythic “pure divine tribe of Go,” (sgo lha sde dkar po), many generations before Tenpa Tsering. As stated by Situ Paṇchen, this section was largely based on a family record drawn up by the secretary of the Degé royal family at the time. Among the many notable forebears of Tenpa Tsering were, for example, one who, it says, served Drogön Chögyal Phakpa as his chamberlain (Tib. gsol dpon), received his own official seal from Kublai Khan, and appears to have been instrumental in the merging of religious and secular authority that characterized various scions of the Degé family in later generations. While the Sakya affiliation of many of these figures is apparent, Situ Paṇchen also notes the numerous Kagyü and Nyingma lineage connections of this illustrious family line, and the support that Tenpa Tsering’s antecedents had given the Dharma without sectarian bias (Tib. ris med).2 Lhundrup Teng itself, the Sakya Ngor monastery that was the actual site of production of the Degé Kangyur between 1729 and 1733, is described as both the “palace of the kingdom” and as an exemplary monastery.

i.­5

The subsection “Qualities” is an effusive praise of the personal qualities of Tenpa Tsering himself. Tenpa Tsering was both the ruler (Tib. sa skyong, mi’i dbang po) of the Degé kingdom, and the hereditary throne holder (khri chen) of Lhundrup Teng monastery, a position he inherited from his uncle. In this section, Situ Paṇchen portrays Tenpa Tsering very much as an ideal Tibetan religious king who supported the Dharma and protected his subjects without exploitation or oppression. He begins by listing Tenpa Tsering’s generous sponsorship activities, such as commissioning statues, supporting construction projects at nearby monasteries (including the main assembly hall at Situ Paṇchen’s own Palpung monastery), and the production of texts, and then moves on to describe his qualities as an archetypal benevolent Dharma king. Here Situ Paṇchen cites a number of texts from the classical Indian genre known as nītiśāstra, or “ethical treatises,” which prescribe proper ethical behavior in the world, and the proper conduct of rulers in particular. Citing such treatises, Situ Paṇchen portrays Tenpa Tsering and his entire royal court as embodying an idealized vision of moral rulership reminiscent of the great Indian emperor and patron of the Dharma, Aśoka.

i.­6

The second part of chapter 3 deals with the Degé Kangyur project itself. This, again, is divided into three subsections: “The Time of the Production of the Kangyur,” “The Manner in Which Source Texts Were Collected and Edited,” and “The Practicalities of Printing the Kangyur.”

i.­7

Far more than giving a single calendar date, “The Time of the Production of the Kangyur” dates the initiation of the Degé Kangyur project using a variety of methods, beginning on a scale of eons and ending with the time of day. Again displaying the breadth of his learning, when dating this momentous event, Situ Paṇchen discusses four different traditions of calculating the Buddha’s birth and death. He also references Chinese, Indian, Mongolian, and Tibetan calendars, and the astrological systems of three different tantric cycles. He only then dates the beginning of the project in relation to more mundane events‍—seven years after the enthronement of the Yongzheng Emperor, and when Tenpa Tsering had reached the age of fifty-two.

i.­8

Situ Paṇchen explains Tenpa Tsering’s initiation of this momentous project very simply as being the result of many lifetimes of good karma. Only sidelong allusion is made to the wider political and economic context that likely facilitated it. The Royal Genealogy of Degé, a text authored nearly a century after the Catalog by one of Tenpa Tsering’s descendants and successors as the ruler of Degé, states that during Tenpa Tsering’s tenure as the king of Degé, the kingdom grew considerably in territory, and it clearly indicates that this growth and the attendant ascent of Tenpa Tsering himself in power, prestige, and wealth was connected to Degé’s pivotal role in the wider Qing-Tibetan politics of the period.3 The Royal Genealogy of Degé says that when Tenpa Tsering was granted imperial titles by the Qing (first in 1728 and then in 1733), he was “empowered to act as general ruler of Dokham,” and received large quantities of silk and silver as gifts.4 Such events are only hinted at in the Catalog itself, as when, for example, Situ Paṇchen mentions that “his reserves of wealth increased sizably.”5 A little later he also mentions in passing that “even when the divinely mandated emperor Mañjughoṣa gained dominion over these Tibetan lands”‍— a reference to Qing emperor Yongzheng‍—Tenpa Tsering’s subjects continued to praise him as before.6

i.­9

In “The Manner in Which Source Texts Were Collected and Edited,” the focus moves away from the subject of patronage, and on to the scholarly and practical challenges that Situ Paṇchen faced in collating and printing the Kangyur. Some readers might assume that the texts of the Kangyur have long existed in a singular, organized format that was transmitted from India to Tibet. This, however, is not the case. As Situ Paṇchen shows, the Tibetan canons we have today are an amalgamation of different scriptural collections produced by generations of translators and editors. This subsection therefore begins with a discussion of the translation activities undertaken during the Tibetan imperial period (629–841 ᴄᴇ). Here he describes the compilation of the earliest inventories of translated texts, the Phangthangma and the Denkarma, both of which were produced in the early ninth century.7 He also discusses how Tibetan translation practices were carefully revised and codified in the same period under Tibetan imperial sponsorship, and cites the commentary to the Mahāvutpatti, the Drajor Bampo Nyipa or Two-Volume Lexicon, at length.

i.­10

As Situ Paṇchen explains, it was only after many more years of translation activity (known as the period of the “later diffusion of the teachings”) that all the translated canonical texts were then assembled, collated, and copied as a single collection for the first time. This happened in the early fourteenth century under the inspiration and guidance of Chomden Rikpai Raldri (1227–1305).8 The creation of this first canon, referred to by Situ Paṇchen as the Narthang Kangyur (and known in contemporary scholarship as the no-longer-extant Old Narthang manuscript Kangyur), involved comparing over twenty-five different collections of texts in various genres, all of which had to be found in monastic libraries scattered across Tibet.9 Situ Paṇchen then describes how this Old Narthang Kangyur provided the basis for the Tshalpa Kangyur, which in turn provided the basis for what became known as the Lithang Kangyur, produced in xylograph in the early seventeenth century in the eastern Tibetan kingdom of Jang Satham.10

i.­11

This subsection also offers a remarkably transparent window into Situ Paṇchen’s own editorial and philological process. He tells us that although the Lithang Kangyur was used as the primary basis for the Degé edition, three other Kangyur collections were also consulted. These included what he calls the “authentic Kangyur”11 used by Anyen Pakṣi, a thirteenth-century disciple of Sakya Pandita, and the Lhodzong Kangyur, which belongs to the Thempanga recensional branch.12 This latter point is notable because in the centuries after the Old Narthang manuscript Kangyur was compiled, two major recensional branches developed, the Tshalpa line and the Thempangma line, with their own distinct aspects. In consulting both the Lithang and Lhodzong, members of the former and latter respectively, Situ Paṇchen creates a hybrid collection with features from both lines. He tells us that based on these other Kangyur collections he was able to correct minor errors like spelling mistakes and misordered pages, and that he also inserted “authentic sūtras and tantras” that were not present in the Lithang collection. In his editing process, Situ Paṇchen also consulted Sanskrit editions for some of the major tantras, such as the Guhyasamāja and Hevajra, along with their commentaries. He tells us that this extensive editorial process was an effort to establish the Degé Kangyur as a “trustworthy” edition of the Kangyur that is “superior to earlier editions.”

i.­12

“The Practicalities of Printing the Kangyur” is a rare discussion of the material considerations involved in such a large printing project as the Degé Kangyur. Here, Situ Paṇchen gives us insights into the logistics of the project, including training, housing, and feeding hundreds of craftsmen and sourcing massive quantities of wood, paper, and ink. He also describes a workflow that involved teams of scribes and editors, multiple reviews, and hundreds of carvers. It can be easy for those of us looking at the Degé Kangyur on our computers to forget that we are reading the product of many thousands of wooden printing blocks hand-carved in mirror-writing!

i.­13

This chapter draws to a close with concluding verses of praise that re-center Tenpa Tsering as the primary patron for the production of this Kangyur.

i.­14

Although it is only twenty-seven folio sides in length, this chapter is remarkable for the wide range of topics it covers. Situ Paṇchen cites scriptural prophecies, historical works, and family records; he references esoteric astrological systems; and he even gives a history of the Tibetan script. Also notable throughout is the influence of classical Indian literary aesthetics as illustrated by the original Sanskrit composition with which Situ Paṇchen opens the chapter. The concluding verses also make reference to the legendary origin story of the four Vedic texts, which are said to have emerged out of Brahmā’s four mouths. Such erudite references certainly add to the sense of grandeur with which the historical information in this chapter is presented.

i.­15

Our translation is based on the Degé Kangyur and the modern typeset Pedurma edition, though the latter was found to have many typographical errors. Given that the Catalog is specific to the Degé edition, there are, naturally, no variant readings to be found in other recensions of the Kangyur. Concerning the dating of this 103rd volume, since Tai Situ describes the consecration ceremony of the Kangyur conducted on its completion by the head of the Sakya Ngor tradition, the text must have been finalized soon after 1733, when all the other volumes had been fully completed.

i.­16

While there are no English translations of the Degé Kangyur Catalog in full, it has been the focus of a significant amount of scholarship. Principal among these is Schaffer’s The Culture of the Book in Tibet, which deals extensively with the physical and social aspects of the Degé Kangyur’s production. Schaeffer’s work was very helpful in decoding some of the difficult passages in “The Practicalities of Printing the Kangyur” section of this chapter. In their article, “Notes on the Lithang Edition of the Tibetan bKa’-gyur,” Jampa Samten Shastri and Jeremy Russell present translations of the three section colophons of the Tshalpa Kangyur (also found in the Lithang Kangyur), which have a great deal of overlap with the subsection “The Manner in Which Source Texts Were Collected and Edited.” The subsection “Family Lineage” also has considerable overlap with the The Royal Genealogy of Degé, an early nineteenth-century text examined by Josef Kolmaš.


Text Body

The Translation
The Third Well-Spoken Branch:
An Exact Account of How All the Victorious One’s Teachings Extant Today in the Land of Snow Mountains Were Put into Print

p.

Prologue

[F.98.b]


p.­1

The following stanza is in the anuṣṭubh meter, which has eight syllables per verse quarter, and it is bound by a prastāra known as pathyā, a particular viṣamavṛtta.

p.­2
jātāj jāteṣu satkāryaṃ ratnā rajāḥ sucāyanāt |
śubhradharmasamākhātam abhūn narendramerutā ||13
p.­3
Through accumulating an abundance
Of the jewel dust of great deeds across lifetimes,
The mighty mountain, the Lord of Men, has appeared,
Like a wellspring of pure Dharma. [F.99.a]
p.­4
Most rulers of men resemble drunken elephants
Intoxicated by the liquor of desires;
They needlessly destroy the very reeds
That they themselves eat.

1.
Part 1

The History of the Patron, King Tenpa Tsering

The first is discussed from three perspectives: location, family lineage, and qualities.

1.1.

1.1 Location

1.1.­1

The location in general is Tibet, the land of the north, encircled by ranges of snowy mountains. The Root Manual of the Rites of Mañjuśrī states:

1.1.­2
After the lake has receded from the Land of Snows
It will be covered by groves of sāla trees.15
1.1.­3

As stated in this prophecy, Tibet was first a lake that gradually dried up, giving way to dense forest. At one point, a monkey blessed by the Great Compassionate One arrived from the land of Potalaka. It is said that the Tibetan people are descended from his union with a cliff ogress.

1.2.

1.2 Family Lineage

1.3.

1.3 Qualities


2.
Part 2

The Virtuous Activity of Publishing the Victorious One’s Teachings

The virtuous activity of publishing the Victorious One’s teachings will be explained according to the time of production, the process of collecting and editing the manuscripts, [F.106.a] and the practicalities of printing.

2.1.

2.1 The Time of the Production of the Kangyur

2.1.­1

In general, this great Fortunate Eon is made up of three phases: the age of formation, the age of remaining, and the age of destruction. Within the age of remaining, there are twenty intermediate periods: the long decline, the long rise, and the eighteen cyclical periods between. Currently, we are in the later part of the long decline. In terms of the stages of the existence of the Sage’s teachings, which are divided into groups of three 500-year periods, we are now in the latter half.

2.2.

2.2 The Manner in Which Source Texts Were Collected and Edited

On the Creation of the Narthang Kangyur

On the Creation of the Tshalpa Kangyur

On the Creation of the Lithang Kangyur

On the Other Editions Used for the Degé Kangyur

On the Editing of Orthography

2.3.

2.3 The Practicalities of Printing the Kangyur


3.

Concluding Verses

3.­1
When the great Brahmā of this land, the Ruler of Men,
Brought forth this veda through his virtuous activity,80
Emerging from his four heads of duty, prosperity, pleasures, and liberation,81
Vasudhārā was overjoyed.
3.­2
When he brought the three paths together
To form what is known as the Ganges River,
The evil deeds born from this poisonous existence
Were carried far downstream.
3.­3
He carried the infinitude of this great deed
Upon the maṇḍalas of his shoulders,
Bearing it with stability and unwavering endurance‍—
Look and see if he has the arrogance of even a snake. [F.112.b]

n.

Notes

n.­1
Knowledge Base Entry on the Degé Kangyur Catalog
n.­2
The Royal Genealogy of Degé (sde dge’i rgyal rabs), a history of the Degé royal family that was written nearly a century later in the 1820s by one of Tenpa Tsering’s successors, gives rather more emphasis to the Sakya affiliations of this royal family. The Royal Genealogy of Degé overlaps in many of its details with the family history given in the Catalog, but tends to be a bit more elaborate. For example, the The Royal Genealogy of Degé devotes a full seventeen folios to the life of Tenpa Tsering himself, who is presented as the fortieth generation incumbent of the royal house, and draws out his own extensive religious education, especially within the Sakya Ngor tradition. The Tibetan text is transcribed and introduced in Kolmaš 1968.
n.­3
The very turbulent political situation in central Tibet in the early eighteenth century saw a number of Qing interventions in central Tibetan politics, which raised the political profile of the Degé region. In 1721 the Qing sent an army to Lhasa to end the Dzungar occupation there, and install the Seventh Dalai Lama Kelzang Gyatso. The Seventh Dalai Lama already had good relations with Degé, having previously been granted temporary asylum there in 1714, when his life was threatened by Lhazang Khan. The further civil war in central Tibet in 1727–28, from which Pholhané emerged victorious, led to the Seventh Dalai Lama temporarily leaving Lhasa, whereupon the Qing arranged for him to have a residence built in the territory of Degé. In the context of such events, the Qing initiated an attempt to reorganize nominal imperial administration in the frontier districts of eastern Tibet. While the regions of Kham west of the Drichu River (Ch. Jinshajiang) were recognized to be under the authority of the government at Lhasa, the territories east of the Drichu were to be formally incorporated within the Qing’s imperial bureaucracy. Practical local governance over these areas, however, was to be left in the hands of what were referred to in imperial documents as “local rulers” (Ch. tuzi). Tenpa Tsering, as the ruler of the largest and most prestigious Tibetan kingdom east of the Drichu, which had recently expanded its territories to the north and east, and had favorable relations with the Seventh Dalai Lama, was granted imperial titles by the Qing and made the titular ruler of much of eastern Tibet. On the imperial titles conferred, see Tenpa Tsering’s entry at The Treasury of Lives. Also Kolmaš 1968, pp. 37–39.
n.­4
The Royal Genealogy of Degé states that he was “empowered to act as general ruler of Dokham and granted a golden seal, a hundred rolls of silk, and five thousand ‘ounces’ (Tib. srang) of silver.” The Royal Genealogy of Degé, fol. 27.a. Kolmaš 1968, pp. 118, 38.
n.­5
This is mentioned at folio 103.b, 1.3.­2.
n.­6
This is mentioned at folio 105.a, 1.3.­21.
n.­7
According to Situ Paṇchen, the Phanthangma was the first of the two catalogs and the Denkarma was produced some years later. However, there is disagreement on this issue among both traditional Tibetan scholars and modern historians, as discussed by Herrmann-Pfandt 2008. In her introductory survey of these two catalogs, Herrmann-Pfandt provides an overview of the various opinions and proposes that the most likely dating for the Phanthangma is the year 806 (pp. xxiv–xxvi) while for the Denkarma she suggests the year 812 (pp. xviii–xxii).
n.­8
Chomden Rikpai Raldri first produced a survey of translated scriptures, which has been presented with an introduction in Schaeffer and van de Kuijp 2021. In their introduction to this work, earlier canonical collation efforts in the thirteenth century are also discussed; see Schaeffer and van de Kuijp 2021, pp. 9–32. Whether such earlier efforts, before the compilation of the Old Narthang Kangyur, constituted what could be called a “Kangyur” as such remains a subject of scholarly debate. For a good general survey of the evolution of canonical collections see Harrison 1994 and Skilling 1997. For a summary treatment of the diversity of Kangyurs see Facts and Figures about the Kangyur and Tengyur.
n.­9
Situ Paṇchen’s source for his discussion of how the Old Narthang Kangyur was compiled appears to be based on the individual section colophons found in the Tshalpa Kangyur, which were also carried over into the Lithang Kangyur. Only the Vinaya section colophon was also included in the Degé Kangyur, while the Sutra and Tantra section colophons were summarized by Situ Paṇchen in the Catalog.
n.­10
The Kangyur known as the Lithang Kangyur was produced between 1610 and 1614 under the supervision of the Sixth Shamar (zhwa dmar) Rinpoché, with patronage from the king of Jang Satham. It was later moved to Lithang monastery during the upheavals of the 1640s. See Jampa Samten and Jeremy Russell 1987.
n.­11
Tib. bka’ ’gyur shin tu dag pa, folio 109.a.
n.­12
As Situ Paṇchen says, the Lhodzong Kangyur was compiled on the advice of the Fifth Dalai Lama by his regent Sönam Rabten (bsod nams rab brtan) (1595–1658) on the basis of the Gyantsé Themphangma (rgyal rtse them spang ma) recension and stored at Lhodzong (lho rdzong).
n.­13
These two lines, presented on the chapter title page in the source text as a stanza of Sanskrit verse (with the note decribing their meter in small writing at the top of the page), are then rendered in Tibetan as the first of the five stanzas that follow.
n.­15
These lines could not be found verbatim in the Degé Kangyur edition of The Root Manual of the Rites of Mañjuśrī as quoted here, but the following lines are found: kha ba can gyi nang dag tu/ /sA la’i nags ni yang dag ’byung.
n.­80
This verse relates Tenpa Tsering and his sponsorship of this Kangyur to the Hindu deity Brahmā. According to tradition, the four foundational texts of traditional Hinduism, the Vedas, emerged from Brahmā’s four mouths.
n.­81
This is a list of the four pursuits of noble beings, or puruṣārtha. An important concept in Hinduism, these four traditionally encompass the proper goals of a human life.

b.

Bibliography

Tibetan Language Sources

gsum pa/ rgyal ba’i gsung rab gangs ri’i khrod du deng sang ji tsam snang ba par du bsgrubs pa’i byung ba dngos legs par bshad pa’i yal ’dab/. Toh 4568-3, Degé Kangyur vol. 103 (dkar chag, lakṣmī), folios 98.a–112.a.

gsum pa/ rgyal ba’i gsung rab gangs ri’i khrod du deng sang ji tsam snang ba par du bsgrubs pa’i byung ba dngos legs par bshad pa’i yal ’dab. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–9, vol. 105, pp. 215–45.

Mahāvyutpatti with sGra sbyor bam po gñis pa. Bibliotheca Polyglotta, University of Oslo. Input by Jens Braarvig and Fredrik Liland, 2010. Last accessed September 21, 2023.

Losang Thrinlé (blo bzang ’phrin las). dung dkar tshig mdzod chen mo. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrung khang, 2002.

Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho). gsung ’bum/ ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho. 28 vols. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang, 2009.

Tamdrin, Sampai Dondrup, Topden, Dondrup, Namsé, and Dorjé Khar (rta mgrin, bsam pa’i don grub, stobs ldan, don grub, rnam sras, and rdo rje-mkhar). bod kyi rtsom rig lo rgyus. Lhasa: bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang, 2009.

Tsuklak Trengwa (gtsug lag ’phreng ba). chos ’byung mkhas pa’i dga’ ston. 2 vols. Beijing: mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 1986.

Other Sources

Almogi, Orna. “The Old sNar thang Tibetan Buddhist Canon Revisited, with Special Reference to dBus pa blo gsal’s bsTan ’gyur Catalogue.” Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 58 (2021): 165–207.

Berzin, Alexander. “The Tibetan Calendar.” Accessed December 3, 2020.

Cabezón, José Ignacio, trans. The Just King: The Tibetan Buddhist Classic on Leading an Ethical Life. Boulder: Snow Lion, 2017.

Chaix, Rémi. “Construction Work and Wages at the Dergé Printing House in the Eighteenth Century.” Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review 19 (2016): 48–70.

Cüppers, Christoph, Leonard W. J. van der Kuijp, and Ulrich Pagel. Handbook of Tibetan Iconometry: A Guide to the Arts of the 17th Century. Leiden: Brill, 2012.

Frye, Stanley. Nagarjuna’s A Drop of Nourishment for People and its commentary The Jewel Ornament. Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works & Archives, 1994.

Geshe Sopa Lundhup, José Ignacio Cabezón, and Roger R. Jackson. Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre: Essays in Honor of Geshe Lhundup Sopa. Ithaca: Snow Lion, 1996.

Gyilung Tashi Gyatso and Gyilung Thugchok Dorji. The Treasure of the Ancestral Clans of Tibet. Translated by Yeshi Dhondup. Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 2009.

Gyurme Dorje, trans. The Treasury of Knowledge Book Six, Parts One and Two: Indo-Tibetan Classical Learning and Buddhist Phenomenology. Boston: Snow Lion Publications, 2012.

Harrison, Paul (1996). “A Brief History of the Tibetan bKa’ ’gyur.” In Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre, edited by José Ignacio Cabezón and Roger R. Jackson, 70–94. Ithaca: Snow Lion, 1996.

Harrison, Paul (1994). “In Search of the Source of the Tibetan Kanjur: A Reconnaissance Report.” In Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Fagernes 1992, edited by Per Kvaerne, Vol. 1: 295–317. Oslo: The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture, 1994.

Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. Die lHan kar ma: ein früher Katalog der ins Tibetische übersetzten buddhistischen Texte. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2008.

Jampa Samten Shastri and Jeremy Russell. “Notes on the Lithang Edition of the Tibetan bKa’-’gyur.” The Tibet Journal vol. 12, no. 3 (Autumn 1987): 17–40.

Jamyang Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö. “Genealogy of the Dharma Kings of Derge.” Translated by Adam Pearcey. Lotsawa House, 2020.

Kolmaš, Josef. A Genealogy of the Kings of Derge: Sde-dge’i rgyal rabs. Tibetan Text Edited with Historical Introduction by Josef Kolmaš. Prague: Academia Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1968.

Martin, Dan. “The Highland Vinaya Lineage.” In Tibet After Empire: Culture, Society and Religion Between 850–1000: Proceedings of the Seminar Held in Lumbini, Nepal, March 2011, edited by Christoph Cüppers, Robert Mayer, and Michael Walter, 239–65. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, 2013.

Nāgārjuna, Sa-skya Paṇḍi-ta. Elegant Sayings. Emeryville CA: Dharma Publishing, 1977.

Ngawang Tsepag. “Traditional Cataloguing & Classification of Tibetan Literature.” The Tibet Journal, vol. 30, no. 2 (2005): 49–60.

Petech, Luciano. China and Tibet in the Early XVIIIth Century. Second, Revised Edition. Leiden: Brill, 1972.

Ribur Ngawang Gyatso, et al. “A Short History of Tibetan Script.” The Tibet Journal vol. 9, no. 2 (1984): 28–30.

Roerich, George, trans. The Blue Annals: Parts I and II. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publisher, 2016.

Ruegg, David Seyfort. “The Temporal and the Spiritual and the So-Called Patron-Client Relation in the Governance of Inner Asia and Tibet.” In Patronage as Politics in South Asia, edited by Anastasia Piliavsky, 67–79. Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

Schaeffer, Kurtis R. The Culture of the Book in Tibet. New York, NY: Columbia Univ. Press, 2014.

Schaeffer, Kurtis R., et al., eds. Sources of Tibetan Tradition. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013.

Schaeffer, Kurtis R. and Leonard W.J. van der Kuijp. An Early Tibetan Survey of Buddhist Literature: The bstan pa rgyas pa rgyan gyi nyi ’od of Bcom ldan ral gri. Harvard Oriental Series 64. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.

Scherrer-Schaub, Cristina, “Enacting Words: A Diplomatic Analysis of the Imperial Decrees (bkas bcad) and their Application in the sGra sbyor bam po gñis pa Tradition”, JIABS 25/1-2 (2002): 263–340.

Schneider, Johannes. “A Buddhist Perspective of the Buddhavatara.” Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 96 (2015): 77-93. Accessed September 29, 2020. doi:10.2307/26858223.

Skilling, Peter. “From bKa’ bstan bcos to bKa’ ’gyur and bsTan ’gyur.” In Transmission of the Tibetan Canon, edited by Helmut Eimer, 87–111. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 1997.

Smith, Ellis G, and Kurtis R. Schaeffer. Among Tibetan Texts: History and Literature of the Himalayan Plateau. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2002.

Snellgrove, David. Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors. Vol. II. Boston: Shambhala, 1987.

Sonam Dorje. “The Tenth Derge King, Tenpa Tsering.” The Treasury of Lives, accessed May 30, 2020.

Sonam Gyaltsen (bsod nams rgyal mtshan). The Mirror Illuminating the Royal Genealogies: An Annotated Translation of the XIVth Century Tibetan Chronicle: rGyal-rabs gsal-ba’i me-long. Translated by Per K. Sørenson. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1994.

Tucci, Giuseppe. The Tombs of Tibetan Kings. Rome: Is. M. E. O., 1950.

van Schaik, Sam (2011). Tibet: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.

van Schaik, Sam (2013). “Ruler of the East, or Eastern Capital: What Lies behind the Name Tong Kun?” In Studies in Chinese Manuscripts: From the Warring States to the Twentieth Century, edited by Imre Galambos, 211–223. Budapest: Eötvös Loránd University, 2013.

Vetturnini, Gianpaolo. “The bKa’ gdams pa School of Tibetan Buddhism.” PhD diss, SOAS, 2007. http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/rarebooks/dow 349 nloads/Gianpaolo_Vetturini_PhD.pdf (revised 2013).


g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for names and terms of the corresponding source language

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in a manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other manuscripts with a parallel or similar context.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in dictionaries matching Tibetan to the corresponding language.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where the relationship between the Tibetan and source language is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

A Nga

Wylie:
  • a snga
Tibetan:
  • ཨ་སྔ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The third Degé king, Pönchen A Nga (mid-fifteenth to early sixteenth century), was the head of the house of Degé in its thirty-third generation. He had two sons (though here it mentions seven), of whom the elder, Joden Namkha Lhunsang, took monastic vows and the younger, Yangyal Pal, took over the Degé kingdom. For more on his life see his entry at The Treasury of Lives.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.2.­9
  • g.­95
  • g.­116
g.­2

Ācārya Bodhisattva

Wylie:
  • A tsAr+ya bo d+hi sa twa
Tibetan:
  • ཨཱ་ཙཱརྱ་བོ་དྷི་ས་ཏྭ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Also known by his Sanskrit name, Śāntarakṣita (725–88), he was a Bengali monk and scholar and the first abbot at Samyé monastery. He was one of the most important figures in the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 2.2.­5
g.­3

Ācārya Jinamitra

Wylie:
  • A tsArya dzi na mi tra
Tibetan:
  • ཨཱ་ཙཱརྱ་ཛི་ན་མི་ཏྲ།
Sanskrit:
  • ācāryo jinamitraḥ

A Kashmiri paṇḍita who was invited to Tibet during the late eighth and early ninth centuries. He worked with several Tibetan translators on the translation of a number of sūtras.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 2.2.­4
g.­6

Anyen Pakṣi

Wylie:
  • a gnyen pak+Shi
Tibetan:
  • ཨ་གཉེན་པཀྵི།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Also known as Ga Anyen Dampa Künga Drakpa (rga a gnyan dam pa kun dga’ grags pa, 1230–1303), he was a student of Sakya Paṇḍita.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • i.­11
  • 2.2.­17
g.­10

Aśoka

Wylie:
  • mya ngan med
Tibetan:
  • མྱ་ངན་མེད།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The historical Indian king of the Maurya dynasty who ruled over most of India ca. 268–232 ʙᴄᴇ. His name means “without sorrow.”

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • i.­5
  • 1.3.­22
g.­23

Chang

Wylie:
  • phyang
Tibetan:
  • ཕྱང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.2.­3
  • g.­59
g.­26

Chim Chenpo Namkha Drak

Wylie:
  • mchims chen po nam mkha’ grags
Tibetan:
  • མཆིམས་ཆེན་པོ་ནམ་མཁའ་གྲགས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Lived from 1210–89 and was the seventh abbot of Narthang monastery, serving from 1250 until his death.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 2.2.­10
  • g.­33
  • g.­128
g.­27

China

Wylie:
  • tong ku
Tibetan:
  • ཏོང་ཀུ
Sanskrit:
  • —

It is believed that the term “Tongku” is derived from the Chinese dong jing (東京) or “Eastern capital” but came to refer to the Chinese lands east of Tibet. Use of this term is attested as early as 960 ᴄᴇ, before the creation of the modern political designation “China,” but it was used as an epithet for various Chinese empires over the course of centuries. For more on this term, see van Schaik 2013.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 2.1.­4
  • 2.2.­25
  • n.­61
  • g.­52
  • g.­132
  • g.­165
  • g.­345
g.­32

Chökyi Wangchuk

Wylie:
  • chos kyi dbang phyug
Tibetan:
  • ཆོས་ཀྱི་དབང་ཕྱུག
Sanskrit:
  • —

See “sixth Shamar.”

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 2.2.­19
  • g.­253
g.­33

Chom Ralpa

Wylie:
  • bcom ral pa
  • rig pa’i ral gri
Tibetan:
  • བཅོམ་རལ་པ།
  • རིག་པའི་རལ་གྲི།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Chomden Rikpai Raldri (bcom ldan rig pa’i ral gri, 1227–1305) was a prominent scholar based at Narthang monastery who compiled an inventory of translated Buddhist texts and guided the compilation of the Old Narthang manuscript Kangyur (no longer extant), which is considered the first Kangyur compiled in Tibet. He was a student of Chim Chenpo Namkha Drak and the teacher of Jamgak Pakṣi.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 2.2.­9
  • g.­34
  • g.­216
g.­34

Chomden Rikpai Raldri

Wylie:
  • bcom ral pa
  • rig pa’i ral gri
Tibetan:
  • བཅོམ་རལ་པ།
  • རིག་པའི་རལ་གྲི།
Sanskrit:
  • —

See also “Chom Ralpa.”

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • i.­10
  • n.­8
  • g.­33
  • g.­103
  • g.­278
g.­44

Degé

Wylie:
  • sde dge
Tibetan:
  • སྡེ་དགེ
Sanskrit:
  • —

The name of a kingdom in eastern Tibet. Its name literally means “happiness and goodness.”

Located in 64 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1-8
  • i.­11-12
  • i.­15-16
  • 1.2.­7
  • 1.2.­10
  • 2.2.­16
  • 2.2.­24
  • n.­2-3
  • n.­9
  • n.­15
  • n.­24
  • n.­27
  • n.­31-32
  • n.­35
  • n.­38
  • n.­40
  • n.­43
  • n.­70
  • g.­1
  • g.­14
  • g.­55
  • g.­59
  • g.­81
  • g.­95
  • g.­102
  • g.­104
  • g.­106
  • g.­116
  • g.­133
  • g.­134
  • g.­144
  • g.­147
  • g.­151
  • g.­152
  • g.­153
  • g.­156
  • g.­177
  • g.­178
  • g.­184
  • g.­187
  • g.­199
  • g.­200
  • g.­207
  • g.­232
  • g.­245
  • g.­255
  • g.­265
  • g.­267
  • g.­300
  • g.­340
  • g.­343
  • g.­346
g.­45

Denkarma

Wylie:
  • ldan dkar ma
Tibetan:
  • ལྡན་དཀར་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A Tibetan imperial-era catalog of translated Buddhist scripture. According to Situ Paṇchen, compiled after the Phangthangma.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • i.­9
  • 2.2.­3
  • n.­7
g.­52

divinely mandated

Wylie:
  • gnam skos
Tibetan:
  • གནམ་སྐོས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Here the “divine mandate” or “mandate of heaven” (天命) refers to the political and religious concept used in China to characterize the divine right to rule of emperors.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • i.­8
  • 1.3.­22
  • 2.1.­4
  • n.­50
g.­53

Dokham

Wylie:
  • mdo khams
Tibetan:
  • མདོ་ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Eastern Tibet.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • i.­8
  • 1.1.­18
  • n.­4
  • g.­86
  • g.­127
g.­54

Dong

Wylie:
  • sdong
Tibetan:
  • སྡོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The people of the Apo Dong clan are said to have originated from Minyak (mi nyag), an ancient empire known to the Mongols as Tangut and to the Chinese as Xixia. According to The Treasure of the Ancestral Clans of Tibet, they are known for possessing great might and hence for being rulers. Their element is earth, and their spirit animal (bla zog) is the deer.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.2.­2
  • n.­61
  • g.­27
g.­59

Drichu

Wylie:
  • ’bri chu
Tibetan:
  • འབྲི་ཆུ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The Drichu is one of the four great rivers of Eastern Tibet. It is known further downstream as the Yangtze (Ch. Chang Jiang, “Long River”), and is famed as the longest river in Asia. It flows in a southerly direction a little to the west of Degé, which is situated on one of its tributaries. These upper reaches of the Yangtze are known in Chinese by the name Jinsha Jiang (“Golden Sand River”).

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1.1.­18
  • n.­3
  • n.­27
  • n.­50
  • g.­75
g.­60

Drigung

Wylie:
  • bri khung
  • ’bri gung
Tibetan:
  • བྲི་ཁུང་།
  • འབྲི་གུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Drigung is an area outside of Lhasa home to Drigung Thil monastery, the seat of the Drigung Kagyü lineage.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1.2.­5
  • g.­81
  • g.­102
  • g.­112
  • g.­187
g.­61

Drogön Chögyal Phakpa

Wylie:
  • gro mgon chos rgyal ’phags pa
Tibetan:
  • གྲོ་མགོན་ཆོས་རྒྱལ་འཕགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Also known as Phakpa Lodro Gyaltsen (1235–80), he was the Imperial Preceptor in the court of Kublai Khan. He was also the nephew of Sakya Paṇḍita and is remembered as one of the five patriarchs of the Sakya lineage.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • i.­4
  • 1.2.­6
  • 2.2.­11
  • g.­30
  • g.­132
  • g.­257
g.­69

eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo

Wylie:
  • rngu chen rgyal mo tsho bco brgyad
Tibetan:
  • རྔུ་ཆེན་རྒྱལ་མོ་ཚོ་བཅོ་བརྒྱད།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Eighteen groups enumerated in the Catalog, associated with the Go ancestral lineage.

Located in 19 passages in the translation:

  • 1.2.­3
  • g.­16
  • g.­17
  • g.­23
  • g.­25
  • g.­35
  • g.­62
  • g.­80
  • g.­87
  • g.­110
  • g.­126
  • g.­196
  • g.­212
  • g.­239
  • g.­241
  • g.­248
  • g.­251
  • g.­260
  • g.­263
g.­70

emperor Mañjughoṣa

Wylie:
  • ’jam dbyangs gong ma
Tibetan:
  • འཇམ་དབྱངས་གོང་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

“The emperor Mañjughoṣa” is a general epithet for the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty. See Yongzheng.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • i.­8
  • 1.3.­22
  • n.­50
g.­74

Fortunate Eon

Wylie:
  • bskal pa chen po bzang po
Tibetan:
  • བསྐལ་པ་ཆེན་པོ་བཟང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • bhadrakalpa

The Fortunate Eon is our current eon. It is termed such because it formed out of an ocean that had a thousand-petaled lotus flower, signaling that one thousand buddhas would appear in succession during this time.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.3.­2
  • 2.1.­1
g.­75

four great rivers

Wylie:
  • chu bo chen po bzhi
Tibetan:
  • ཆུ་བོ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The four great rivers of Kham are the Drichu (’bri chu), Machu (rma chu), Ngulchu (rgyal mo dngul chu), and Dzachu (rdza chu).

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.1.­18
  • g.­59
  • g.­245
g.­78

Ga

Wylie:
  • sga
Tibetan:
  • སྒ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The people of the Mutsa Ga clan are said to have originated from Azha (’a zha), also known as Tuyuhun. According to The Treasure of the Ancestral Clans of Tibet, they are known for being studious and hence erudite in matters of learning. Their element is wood, and their spirit animal (bla zog) is the goat.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.2.­2
  • g.­6
g.­86

Go

Wylie:
  • sgo
Tibetan:
  • སྒོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The people of the Go Lharik clan are said to be the native inhabitants of Dokham (mdo khams) or eastern Tibet. They are said to be a “divine” lineage in that they descended from the skies on a miraculous rope. Their element is fire, and their spirit animal (bla zog) is the goat.

Located in 21 passages in the translation:

  • 2.2.­23
  • g.­16
  • g.­17
  • g.­23
  • g.­25
  • g.­35
  • g.­62
  • g.­69
  • g.­80
  • g.­87
  • g.­110
  • g.­126
  • g.­162
  • g.­196
  • g.­212
  • g.­239
  • g.­241
  • g.­248
  • g.­251
  • g.­260
  • g.­263
g.­93

Great Compassionate One

Wylie:
  • thugs rje chen po
Tibetan:
  • ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahākāruṇika

An epithet for Avalokiteśvara, the bodhisattva of compassion and patron deity of Tibet.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.1.­3
  • 1.1.­9
g.­94

Guhyasamāja

Wylie:
  • gsang ba ’dus pa
Tibetan:
  • གསང་བ་འདུས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • guhyasamāja

The Guhyasamāja (Toh 442) is one of the most important of the unexcelled yoga tantras.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • i.­11
  • 2.2.­20
g.­97

Gyantsé

Wylie:
  • rgyal rtse
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་རྩེ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The name of a large town in central Tibet, which at one point was the capital of a small fiefdom.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 2.2.­17
  • n.­12
  • g.­98
g.­103

Jamgak Pakṣi

Wylie:
  • ’jam dgag pak+Shi
  • shakya’i dge slong ’jam pa’i dbyangs
Tibetan:
  • འཇམ་དགག་པཀྵི།
  • ཤཀྱའི་དགེ་སློང་འཇམ་པའི་དབྱངས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Also known as Chim Jampaiyang (mchims ’jam pa’i dbyangs). A student of Chomden Rikpai Raldri who served as preceptor at the court of the Yuan emperor Buyantu Khan (known in Chinese as Renzong, r. 1311–20). He provided material assistance for the compilation of the Old Narthang manuscript Kangyur.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 2.2.­9
  • g.­33
  • g.­324
g.­105

Jampaiyang

Wylie:
  • ’jam pa’i dbyangs
Tibetan:
  • འཇམ་པའི་དབྱངས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A monk who compiled the catalog that would come to be known as the Narthang Kangyur

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 2.2.­14
  • n.­69
  • g.­103
g.­107

Jang

Wylie:
  • jang
Tibetan:
  • ཇང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A historical kingdom in the southeast of Tibet, in the present-day Chinese province of Yunnan. Also known as Jang Satham (’jang sa tham), Naxi, or Lijiang.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • i.­10
  • 2.2.­16
  • 2.2.­19
  • n.­10
  • n.­75
  • g.­234
  • g.­253
g.­127

Kham

Wylie:
  • khams
Tibetan:
  • ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Located in eastern Tibet, Kham is today considered one of the three main provinces (chol kha gsum) of Tibet. Referred to in some earlier sources as “Lower Dokham” (mdo khams smad).

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 1.2.­5
  • n.­3
  • n.­27
  • n.­61
  • g.­56
  • g.­75
  • g.­86
  • g.­102
  • g.­124
  • g.­125
  • g.­144
  • g.­229
  • g.­245
  • g.­252
g.­132

Kublai Khan

Wylie:
  • se chen gan
Tibetan:
  • སེ་ཆེན་གན།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Kublai Khan (1215–94) reigned over the Mongol empire from 1260 to 1294 and founded the Yuan dynasty in China. Based on his priest-patron (mchod yon) relationship, he entrusted both political and religious authority over Tibet to the head of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, Drogön Chögyal Phakpa.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • i.­4
  • 1.2.­6
  • g.­61
g.­146

Land of Snows

Wylie:
  • gangs can
Tibetan:
  • གངས་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A common way of referring to greater Tibet.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 1.1.­2
  • 1.1.­12
  • 2.2.­2
  • g.­37
g.­151

Lhundrup Teng

Wylie:
  • lhun grub steng
Tibetan:
  • ལྷུན་གྲུབ་སྟེང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Lhundrup Teng is a monastery in Degé, also known as Degé Gonchen. It houses the renowned Degé printing house established by Tenpa Tsering. Originally a royal palace and temple, from the seventeenth century Lhundrup Teng became closely associated with the Ngor branch of the Sakya tradition. Until the mid-nineteenth century the kings of Degé were also often, as in the case of Tenpa Tsering, the throne holders (khri chen) or abbots of Lhundrup Teng.

Located in 18 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­2-5
  • 1.1.­20
  • 1.2.­8
  • 1.2.­10
  • 1.2.­13
  • 1.3.­10
  • 2.3.­3
  • n.­51
  • g.­104
  • g.­135
  • g.­201
  • g.­232
  • g.­255
  • g.­267
g.­156

Lord of Men

Wylie:
  • mi’i dbang po
Tibetan:
  • མིའི་དབང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

An epithet used in the Catalog to refer to Tenpa Tsering, the tenth Degé king and sponsor of the Degé Kangyur.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • p.­3
  • p.­8
  • 1.2.­1
  • 1.2.­14
  • 1.3.­22-59
  • 2.1.­4
  • 2.2.­18
  • 2.3.­4
g.­161

Mañjughoṣa

Wylie:
  • ’jam dbyangs
Tibetan:
  • འཇམ་དབྱངས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

An alternate name for Mañjuśrī, the bodhisattva of wisdom.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 2.3.­2
  • g.­70
g.­170

Narthang

Wylie:
  • snar thang
Tibetan:
  • སྣར་ཐང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A monastery in Tsang known for producing the first edition of the Kangyur.

Located in 22 passages in the translation:

  • i.­10-11
  • 2.2.­10-19
  • 2.2.­13-23
  • 2.2.­17
  • n.­8-9
  • n.­69-70
  • g.­26
  • g.­33
  • g.­96
  • g.­103
  • g.­105
  • g.­158
  • g.­280
  • g.­284
  • g.­290
  • g.­324
g.­187

Palpung

Wylie:
  • dpal spungs
Tibetan:
  • དཔལ་སྤུངས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Palpung monastery is an important Karma Kagyü monastery in Degé founded by Situ Paṇchen, the eighth Tai Situ Chökyi Jungné, in 1727 on the site of a previous Drigung Kagyü monastery. The construction of its main temple and assembly hall was supported by the Degé king, Tenpa Tsering.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • i.­5
  • 1.3.­10
g.­191

pathyā

Wylie:
  • kha sgo phan pa
Tibetan:
  • ཁ་སྒོ་ཕན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • pathyā

In metrics, pathyā refers to the “normal,” as opposed to the “extended” (vipula), variety of anuṣṭubh.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • p.­1
g.­202

Potalaka

Wylie:
  • yul gru ’dzin
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་གྲུ་འཛིན།
Sanskrit:
  • potalaka

Potalaka is the pure land of Avalokiteśvara.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.1.­3
g.­205

prastāra

Wylie:
  • prsta+a ra
  • ’god tshul
Tibetan:
  • པརསྟྸ་ར།
  • འགོད་ཚུལ།
Sanskrit:
  • prastāra

A fixed arrangement of short and long syllables. See Jamgön Kongtrul Lodrö Tayé and Gyurme Dorje, pp. 367–78.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • p.­1
g.­207

pure divine tribe of Go

Wylie:
  • sgo lha sde dkar po
Tibetan:
  • སྒོ་ལྷ་སྡེ་དཀར་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

In the Catalog, presented as the fifth of five ancient ancestral clans of Tibet, from which the royal house of Degé descends.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • i.­4
  • 1.2.­2
g.­222

Sage

Wylie:
  • thub pa
Tibetan:
  • ཐུབ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

An epithet for the Buddha.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • p.­6
  • 2.1.­1
  • g.­166
g.­224

Sakya

Wylie:
  • sa skya
Tibetan:
  • ས་སྐྱ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

One of the four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism, taking its name from Sakya monastery in southern central Tibet.

Located in 19 passages in the translation:

  • i.­4
  • i.­11
  • i.­15
  • 2.2.­13
  • n.­2
  • g.­61
  • g.­71
  • g.­102
  • g.­111
  • g.­132
  • g.­135
  • g.­151
  • g.­190
  • g.­225
  • g.­226
  • g.­249
  • g.­293
  • g.­330
  • g.­347
g.­225

Sakya Paṇḍita

Wylie:
  • sa skya paN+Di ta
Tibetan:
  • ས་སྐྱ་པཎྜི་ཏ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Sakya Paṇḍita Künga Gyaltsen (1182–1251) was one of the five Sakya patriarchs and a highly influential scholar whose ideal of scholasticism became deeply embedded in Buddhist learning in Tibet.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 2.1.­3
  • n.­30
  • g.­6
  • g.­61
  • g.­227
g.­234

Satham

Wylie:
  • sa tham
Tibetan:
  • ས་ཐམ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

See “Jang.”

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • i.­10
  • 2.2.­25
  • n.­10
  • g.­107
  • g.­253
g.­253

sixth Shamar

Wylie:
  • zhwa dmar
Tibetan:
  • ཞྭ་དམར།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The sixth Shamar Rinpoché, Shamar Chökyi Wangchuk (shwa dmar chos kyi dbang phyug, 1584–1630), at the request of the king of Jang Satham in eastern Tibet, led the compilation of what became known as the Lithang Kangyur.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 2.2.­16
  • n.­10
  • g.­32
g.­267

Tenpa Tsering

Wylie:
  • bstan pa tshe ring
Tibetan:
  • བསྟན་པ་ཚེ་རིང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Tenpa Tsering (1678–1738) was both the king of Degé and the hereditary throne holder at Lhundrup Teng Monastery. He initiated and sponsored the production of the Degé Kangyur and the founding of the Degé printing house. For more on his life see his entry at The Treasury of Lives.

Located in 31 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1-2
  • i.­4-5
  • i.­7-8
  • i.­13
  • p.­8
  • 1.2.­1
  • 1.2.­14-37
  • 1.3.­3
  • 1.3.­23
  • 2.1.­4
  • n.­2-3
  • n.­14
  • n.­40
  • n.­43
  • n.­50-51
  • n.­80
  • g.­102
  • g.­106
  • g.­151
  • g.­156
  • g.­187
  • g.­265
  • g.­319
  • g.­345
g.­287

The Praise Surpassing Even That of the Gods

Wylie:
  • lha las phul byung gi bstod ’grel
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ་ལས་ཕུལ་བྱུང་གི་བསྟོད་འགྲེལ།
Sanskrit:
  • devātiśayastotra

The Devātiśayastotra (Toh 1112) by Śaṃkarasvāmin (ca. sixth century) is a eulogy to the Buddha that describes him as superior to all other gods of the Hindu pantheon in an almost polemical manner. Translated into Tibetan around the end of the eighth or beginning of the ninth century. The commentary to this work was composed by Prajñāvarman.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.1.­3
g.­316

Tsang

Wylie:
  • gtsang
Tibetan:
  • གཙང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The western part of central Tibet, with its modern capital at Shigatse.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 1.3.­10
  • 2.2.­10-19
  • g.­36
  • g.­71
  • g.­144
  • g.­170
g.­320

Tshalpa Kangyur

Wylie:
  • tshal pa bka’ ’gyur
Tibetan:
  • ཚལ་པ་བཀའ་འགྱུར།
Sanskrit:
  • —

An edition of the Kangyur produced at Gungthang monastery in central Tibet from 1347–51, under the sponsorship of the local ruler, Tshalpa Künga Dorjé (1309–64). It provided the basis for a branch of subsequent Kangyur editions.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • i.­10
  • i.­16
  • 2.2.­1
  • 2.2.­15-24
  • n.­9
  • n.­70
  • g.­315
g.­333

Vasudhārā

Wylie:
  • nor ’dzin dpal mo
Tibetan:
  • ནོར་འཛིན་དཔལ་མོ།
Sanskrit:
  • vasudhārā

Goddess of riches, Earth personified; she is invoked for the fulfillment of wishes.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 3.­1
g.­335

Vinaya

Wylie:
  • ’dul ba
Tibetan:
  • འདུལ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • vinaya

Of the three piṭakas, or “baskets,” of the Buddhist canon, the one dealing specifically with the code of monastic discipline.

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 2.2.­10
  • 2.2.­22
  • n.­9
  • n.­70
  • g.­49
  • g.­76
  • g.­149
  • g.­219
  • g.­246
  • g.­277
  • g.­289
  • g.­336
g.­338

viṣamavṛtta

Wylie:
  • mi mnyam pa’i bri t+ta so
Tibetan:
  • མི་མཉམ་པའི་བྲི་ཏྟ་སོ།
Sanskrit:
  • viṣamavṛtta

A type of meter with a fixed sequence of short and long syllables that varies in each quarter. Many scholars regard anuṣṭubh as an example of such meter.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • p.­1
g.­345

Yongzheng

Wylie:
  • g.yung cin
Tibetan:
  • གཡུང་ཅིན།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The third emperor from the Manchu Qing dynasty to rule over China, Yongzheng was born in 1678 and ruled from 1722 until his death in 1735. King Tenpa Tsering submitted to him in 1728.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • i.­7-8
  • 2.1.­4
  • n.­50
  • g.­70
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    84000. The Third Well-Spoken Branch: An Exact Account of How All the Victorious One’s Teachings Extant Today in the Land of Snow Mountains Were Put into Print (gsum pa rgyal ba’i gsung rab gangs ri’i khrod du deng sang ji tsam snang ba par du bsgrubs pa’i byung ba dngos legs par bshad pa’i yal ’dab, Toh 4568-3). Translated by Subhāṣita Translation Group. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2025. https://84000.co/translation/toh4568-3/UT22084-103-004-introduction.Copy
    84000. The Third Well-Spoken Branch: An Exact Account of How All the Victorious One’s Teachings Extant Today in the Land of Snow Mountains Were Put into Print (gsum pa rgyal ba’i gsung rab gangs ri’i khrod du deng sang ji tsam snang ba par du bsgrubs pa’i byung ba dngos legs par bshad pa’i yal ’dab, Toh 4568-3). Translated by Subhāṣita Translation Group, online publication, 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2025, 84000.co/translation/toh4568-3/UT22084-103-004-introduction.Copy
    84000. (2025) The Third Well-Spoken Branch: An Exact Account of How All the Victorious One’s Teachings Extant Today in the Land of Snow Mountains Were Put into Print (gsum pa rgyal ba’i gsung rab gangs ri’i khrod du deng sang ji tsam snang ba par du bsgrubs pa’i byung ba dngos legs par bshad pa’i yal ’dab, Toh 4568-3). (Subhāṣita Translation Group, Trans.). Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. https://84000.co/translation/toh4568-3/UT22084-103-004-introduction.Copy

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