Emergence from Sampuṭa
Chapter 9
Toh 381
Degé Kangyur, vol. 79 (rgyud ’bum, ga), folios 73.b–158.b
- Gayādhara
- Drokmi Śākya Yeshé
Imprint
Translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee
under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.
First published 2020
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Table of Contents
Summary
The tantra Emergence from Sampuṭa is an all-inclusive compendium of Buddhist theory and practice as taught in the two higher divisions of the Yoga class of tantras, the “higher” (uttara) and the “highest” (niruttara), or, following the popular Tibetan classification, the Father and the Mother tantras. Dating probably to the end of the tenth century, the bulk of the tantra consists of a variety of earlier material, stretching back in time and in the doxographical hierarchy to the Guhyasamāja, a text traditionally regarded as the first tantra in the Father group. Drawing from about sixteen well-known and important works, including the most seminal of the Father and Mother tantras, it serves as a digest of this entire group, treating virtually every aspect of advanced tantric theory and practice. It has thus always occupied a prominent position among canonical works of its class, remaining to this day a rich source of quotations for Tibetan exegetes.
Acknowledgements
This translation was produced by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee under the supervision of Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche. Wiesiek Mical prepared the Sanskrit edition, translated the text into English, and wrote the introduction. James Gentry then compared the translation against the Tibetan root text, the Sampuṭodbhava Tantra commentaries found in the Tengyur, and Wiesiek’s Sanskrit edition, and edited the translation. Dharmachakra is indebted to Dr. Péter Szántó for his help in obtaining facsimiles of some manuscripts and other helpful materials.
The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.
Work on this translation was made possible by the generosity of a sponsor who wishes to remain anonymous, and who adds the following dedication: May all the sufferings and fears of mother sentient beings be pacified swiftly by the power of the truth of the Triple Gem.
Text Body
Emergence from Sampuṭa
Chapter 9
Part 1
Now the great bodhisattvas, headed by Vajragarbha, along with all the tathāgatas, made offerings and prostrated themselves to the Blessed One, then said: {9.1.1}
The Blessed One said:
“By chanting the following song, one will become a son of the victorious ones.
“By chanting this song, O sons of noble family, one will become a son of all the victorious ones—so said every blessed tathāgata.”1024 {9.1.29}
Part 2
“And then draw a white1026 triangle surrounding it. Along with the honors such as the welcome offering of water and flowers and the five articles—fish, meat, and so forth—one should include wine that inspires amorous passion. On the left side one should place all the ritual implements, and on the right, a dish with water. In front there should be the welcome-offering dish. Having purified all these substances with the five ambrosias,1027 one should enter the absorption of Vajrasattva or, alternatively, assume the identity of Heruka. {9.2.2}
[Vajragarbha asked:]
The Blessed One said:
“These names are mantras of the five families, following the division of the five wisdoms.1034 {9.2.6}
“Then, in the center of the moon, he should gratify all the deities with syllables, by uniting the vowels and the consonants.1038 {9.2.10}
“By the command of the vajra queen,1058 he should invoke all of them1059 from all their respective places. {9.2.23}
“He should recite:
“Oṁ, p-pp-pull, b-bb-bind, d-dd-devour! Kill, kill all the evil ones! S-ss-strike! Appease all negativity for such and such! Hūṁ hūṁ! Phaṭ phaṭ! Jaḥ, svāhā!10601061 {9.2.24}
“Relying on the contemplation of ambrosia1062 and filling thereby the mouths of the deities1063 with it, he should meditate on yogins and yoginīs as the executors of any activity he can think of. He will then succeed in every type of activity.1064 {9.2.25}
“With this verse, he should receive [the ambrosia]. This is the principle of the yogin’s proper practice, pure in every respect. {9.2.33}
“He should then recite the following as he wishes:
“Oṁ, Please remain in my body! Hūṁ svāhā!1076 {9.2.40}
“He should recite:
“Oṁ, seize, seize the evil ones and depart! Hūṁ phaṭ!1079 {9.2.42}
“He should snap his fingers three times and dismiss the outer deities.”1080 {9.2.43}
Part 3
“I do not know that, so please tell me, O Great Bliss!” {9.3.4}
The Blessed One said:
“Alternatively, to do the painting, one should commission a painter who has been given the samaya. Such a sublime practitioner should paint Tārā, Mārīcī, or Parṇaśāvarī on cloth from a fallen war hero, cloth that wrapped a corpse, cloth used during childbirth, cloth stained with human blood, or cloth soaked with menstrual blood. {9.3.6}
“This is the procedure to follow. Staying at a secret location, one should have a well-focused person do the painting; he should paint the frightening form1083 with a brush of a corpse’s hair, using the five colors as explained, mixed with olibanum, camphor, and other ambrosias, placed in a human skull.1084 {9.3.7}
“First, the teacher, well focused, united in embrace with the consort (prajñā), adorned with all manner of jewelry, and abiding in union with the glorious Sampuṭa, should take off his clothes, while visualizing himself as wearing bone ornaments.1085 {9.3.8}
“The wise should not have the painting done with leftover or impure materials.” {9.3.9}
[The goddess asked:]
“O Blessed One, if the paints are infused with olibanum (menstrual blood), how then would they not be impure?”1086 {9.3.10}
The Blessed One said:
“The practitioner should thus place his personal consort (mudrā) to his left. She should have a beautiful face and fine figure, be compassionately disposed, be graced with beauty and youth, and be fond of the practitioner. One should consecrate the brush and give it to the painter. {9.3.18}
This concludes the third part of the ninth chapter, called “The Codification of the Painting and the Manuscript.”
Part 4
“Ara ara, jeṁ jeṁ! Recollect recollect! Caṭa! Vaṁ, hoḥ hoḥ! Hulu hulu! Rulu rulu! Hūṁ, jaḥ jaḥ! Ala ala! Hūṇu Hūṇu! Hraṁ hraṁ hraṁ! Hū taṁ, ghai ghai, yai yai! Ta ṭa, gho gho, ṣeṁ ṣeṁ, taṁ taṁ, ghe ghe, hondo hondo, do! Hūṁ hūṁ! Kaka kaka, kau kau kau, vaiṃ vaiṃ, kaiṃ kaiṃ, krauṁ krauṁ krauṁ, vaiṁ! Vajra vajra, vajrīṁ vajrīṃ, vaiḥ, kaiṁ kaiṃ kaiṁ, hūṁ! Bhyo bhyo bhyo!1101 {9.4.2}
“Ṭaki, hūṁ, jaḥ jaḥ jaḥ!1103 {9.4.3}
“The mantra of Hayagrīva is:
“The mantra of Yamarāja is:
“Hrīṁ ṣṭrīṁ, hrīṁ ṣṭrīṁ, ṣṭrīṁ ṣṭrīṁ ṣṭrīṁ, hrīṁ ṣṭrīṁ, hrīṁ ṣṭrīṁ, hrīṁ ṣṭrīṁ!1106 {9.4.5}
“Hrīṁ hrīṁ, kuṁ hrīṁ, kuṁ hrīṁ, khe khe, kheṁ kheṁ kheṁ, padmaṃ padmaṃ, hrīṁ, padmaṃ padmaṃ padmaṃ, trīṁ trāṁ, trīṁ trāṁ, trīṁ trāṁ, hrīṁ hrīṁ hrīṁ, hrī taṁ, hrī taṁ, hrīṁ hrīṁ hrīṁ!1107{9.4.6}
Then the Blessed One specified the following measurements:
“If the master plays the ḍamaru when agitated,1115 the ḍākinīs will cry a torrent of tears. {9.4.15}
“[The following is a password song to get admitted to a gaṇacakra feast:]
“Ka ka ka ka ka, hi hi hi hi, hīṁ hīṁ hīṁ hīṁ, hūṁ hūṁ hūṁ, hūṁ hūṁ hūṁ, hūṁ hūṁ hūṁ, hā hā hā hā, hā hā hā hā, hā hā hā hā, i hā hā, i hā hā, ḍā ḍā ḍā, jāṁ jāṁ jāṁ jāṁ, a i u, jaṁ jāṁ, iṁ jāṁ, iṁ jāṁ, iṁ iṁ, jeṁ jeṁ jeṁ, iṁ teṁ traṁ, hi hi hi hi, hīḥ hīḥ hīḥ, hi hi hi, hī hī hī, hī hī hī, hī hī hī, kajjaṃ, hi hī.1126 {9.4.24}
This concludes the ninth chapter of the glorious “Emergence from Sampuṭa” called “The King of the Essence of the Four Rituals.”
Colophon
Tibetan Colophon
This king of tantras was translated by the paṇḍita Gayādhara and the great personage Drokmi Śākya Yeshé. Based on this, the venerable omniscient Butön subsequently [re-]wrote it by filling in the gaps and expertly revising it in consultation with Indian manuscripts of the basic text and commentaries.
Abbreviations
Abbreviations used in the introduction and translation notes
Commentaries:
Comm1 | Āmnāyamañjarī, by Abhayākaragupta (Toh 1198) |
---|---|
Comm2 | Ratnamālā, by Śūravajra (Toh 1199) |
Comm3 | Smṛtisaṃdarśanāloka, by Indrabhūti (Toh 1197) |
Kangyur Editions:
Editions of the Tibetan Kangyur consulted through variant readings recorded in the Comparative Edition (dpe bsdur ma):
C | Choné |
---|---|
H | Lhasa (zhol) |
J | Lithang |
K | Peking Kangxi |
N | Narthang |
Y | Peking Yongle |
Other:
MW | Monier Williams Sanskrit dictionary |
---|
Abbreviations used in the appendix – Sanskrit Text
Manuscripts (root text):
C | Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, no. 4854 (Shastri 1917) |
---|---|
R | Royal Asiatic Society, London, no. 37 (Cowell 1875) |
T1 | Tokyo University Library, New 427, Old 324 (Matsunami 1965) |
T2 | Tokyo University Library, New 428, Old 319 (Matsunami 1965) |
W | Wellcome Institute Library, London, no. 63 (Wujastyk 1985) |
Woodblock prints (commentaries):
Comm1 | Āmnāyamañjarī, by Abhayākaragupta (Toh 1198) |
---|---|
Comm2 | Ratnamālā, by Śūravajra (Toh 1199) |
Comm3 | Smṛtisaṃdarśanāloka, by Indrabhūti (Toh 1197) |
Published works (root text)
S | Sampuṭodbhava (Skorupski 1996, 2001) |
---|
Published works or doctoral theses (Sampuṭodbhava parallels in source texts)
G | Guhyasamāja Tantra (Matsunaga 1978) |
---|---|
H | Hevajra Tantra (Snellgrove 1959) |
K | Kṛṣṇayamāri Tantra (Samdhong 1992) |
L | Laghuśaṃvara (Herukābhidhāna) Tantra (Pandey 2002) |
N | Sampuṭodbhava Tantra (Noguchi 1986, 1987, 1988, 1995) |
Ni | Sañcāranibandha, comm. on the Yoginīsañcāra (Pandey 1998) |
P | Prajñopāyaviniścayasiddhi (Samdhong 1987) |
SU | Samājottara, the 18th chapter of the Guhyasamāja (Matsunaga 1978) |
Sz | Catuṣpīṭha Tantra (Szántó 2012 & Szántó 2010) |
V | Vasantatilakā (Samdhong 1990) |
VḌ | Vajraḍāka Tantra (Sugiki 2002 & Sugiki 2003) |
Y | Yoginīsañcāra Tantra (Pandey 1998) |
Critical apparatus
a.c. | ante correctionem |
---|---|
conj. | conjectured |
em. | emended |
om. | omitted |
p.c. | post correctionem |
rec. | reconstructed |
← | (left arrow) – end of correspondence with a source text. |
→ | (right arrow) – beginning of correspondence with a source text |
Bibliography
Manuscripts of the Sampuṭodbhava used in preparing the accompanying Sanskrit edition
Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, no. 4854 (Shastri 1917). (C)
Royal Asiatic Society, London, Hodgson collection no. 37 (Cowell 1875). (R)
Tokyo University Library, New 427, Old 324 (Matsunami 1965). (T1)
Tokyo University Library, New 428, Old 319 (Matsunami 1965). (T2)
Wellcome Institute Library, London, no. 63 (Wujastyk 1985). (W)
Tibetan Translation
yang dag par sbyor ba zhes bya ba’i rgyud chen po (Sampuṭanāmamahātantra). Toh 381, Degé Kangyur, vol. 79 (rgyud ’bum, ga), folios 73.b–158.b.
yang dag par sbyor ba zhes bya ba’i rgyud chen po (Sampuṭanāmamahātantra). bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–2009, vol. 79, pp. 216–529.
Commentaries
Abhayākaragupta. dpal yang dag par sbyor ba’i rgyud kyi rgyal po’i rgya cher ’grel pa man ngag gi snye ma zhe bya ba, Śrīsampuṭatantrarājaṭīkāmnāyamañjarīnāma [The Extensive Commentary on the King of Tantras, the Glorious Sampuṭa, called the Bouquet of the Inherited Tradition]. Toh 1198, Degé Tengyur, vol. 7 (rgyud, cha), folios 1.b–316.a.
Also in: bstan ’gyur dpe bsdur ma [Comparative edition of the Tengyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 120 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 1994–2008, vol. 4, pp. 3–767. [“Comm1” in notes.]
Also in: bod yul dmangs khrod kyi rtsa chen dpe rnying phyogs bsgrigs, 藏区民间所藏藏文珍稀文献丛刊[精华版](Series Rare and Ancient Tibetan Texts Collected in Tibetan Regions), 3 volumes. Compiled by the Institute of the Collection and Preservation of Ancient Tibetan Texts of Sichuan Province (四川省藏文古籍捜集保护编务院). Chengdu: Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House (四川民族出版社) / Beijing: Guangming Daily Press (光明日报出版社), October 2015.
Butön (bu ston rin chen grub). sampuṭa’i ’grel pa snying po’i de kho na nyid gsal bar byed pa [The Commentary on the Sampuṭa, Elucidation of the True Meaning]. In The Collected Works of Bu ston (gsung ’bum/ rin chen grub/ zhol par ma/ ldi lir bskyar par brgyab pa). 28 vols, edited by Lokesh Chandra from the collections of Raghu Vira, vol. 8, 217–947 (folios 1.a–365.b). Sata-pitaka Series. Indo Asian Literatures, vols. 41–68. New Delhi: International Academy of Culture, 1965–1971.
Indrabhūti. dpal kha sbyor thig le zhe bya ba rnal ’byor ma’i rgyud kyi rgyal po’i rgya cher ’grel pa yang dag par lta ba’i dran pa’i snang ba zhe bya ba, Sampuṭatilakanāmayoginītantrarājaṭīkāsmṛtisaṃdarśanālokanāma [The Extensive Commentary on the King of Yoginī Tantras, the Glorious Sampuṭatilaka, called the Light that Illuminates Tradition]. Toh 1197, Degé Tengyur, vol. 6 (rgyud, ca), folios 94.b–313.a. [Note: not to be confused with the Kangyur text also referred to as the Sampuṭatilaka, Toh 382; see the entry below.]
Also in: bstan ’gyur dpe bsdur ma [Comparative edition of the Tengyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 120 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 1994–2008, vol. 3, pp. 1088–1654. [“Comm3” in notes.]
Śūravajra. rgyud thams cad kyi gleng gzhi dang gsang chen dpal kun tu kha sbyor las byung ba’i rgya cher bshad pa rin po che’i phreng ba zhe bya ba, Ratnamālā [The Extensive Commentary on the Emergence from Sampuṭa, the Foundation and Great Secret of All Tantras, called the Jewel Rosary]. Toh 1199, Degé Tengyur, vol. 8 (rgyud, ja), folios 1.b–111.a.
Also in: bstan ’gyur dpe bsdur ma [Comparative edition of the Tengyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 120 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 1994–2008, vol. 4, pp. 771–1055. [“Comm2” in notes.]
rgyud kyi rgyal po chen po dpal yang dag par sbyor ba’i thig le zhe bya ba, Sampuṭatilaka [The Great King of Tantras, called the Glorious Tilaka of Sampuṭa]. Toh 382, Degé Kangyur vol. 79 (rgyud ’bum, ga), folios 158.b–184.a. [Note: Despite being a Kangyur text, this is a commentary, sometimes referred to as the “eleventh chapter” of the Sampuṭodbhava. It is included in the Sanskrit manuscripts of the Royal Asiatic Society and the Wellcome Institute Library as their final part.]
General works, including those that share parallel passages with the Sampuṭodbhava
Bhavabhaṭṭa. Cakrasaṃvaravivṛtiḥ. (Commentary on the Herukābhidhāna Tantra). (See Pandey 2002).
Bhavabhaṭṭa. Catuṣpīṭhanibandha. (Commentary on the Catuṣpīṭha Tantra). (See Szántó 2012)
Cowell, E. B. and Eggeling, J. “Catalogue of Buddhist Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Possession of the Royal Asiatic Society (Hodgson Collection).” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Pt. 1: 1–56, 1875.
Dharmachakra Translation Committee. The Practice Manual of Noble Tārā Kurukullā (Āryatārākurukullākalpa, Toh 437). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2011.
Durjayacandra. Mitapadapañjikā. (Commentary on the Catuṣpīṭha Tantra). Manuscript, Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project 23/14.
Elder, George Robert. The Saṃpuṭa Tantra: Edition and Translation, Chapters I–IV. (“Chapters I–IV” refers to the four parts of the first chapter.) (Unpublished PhD thesis at Columbia University, New York, 1978).
Farrow, G. W. and Menon, I. The Concealed Essence of the Hevajra Tantra, with the Commentary Yogaratnamālā. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1992.
Matsunaga, Yukei (ed.). The Guhyasamāja Tantra. Osaka: Toho Shuppan, 1978.
Matsunami, Seiren. Catalogue of the Sanskrit manuscripts in the Tokyo University Library. Tokyo: Suzuki Research Foundation. 1965.
Monier-Williams, Sir Monier. A Sanskṛit-English dictionary: etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and other cognate Indo-European languages . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1888.
Noguchi, Keiya. “The fundamental character of the Saṃpuṭodbhavatantra.” Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 32 (2) (1984): 726–727. [in Japanese].
———. “The Saṃpuṭodbhavatantra I-i, with special reference to the title.” Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 34 (2) (1986a): 125–128. [in Japanese].
———. “The Saṃpuṭodbhavatantra and the Pi mi siang king.” Buzan Gakuho: Journal of Buzan Studies 31(1986b): 39–63. [in Japanese].
———. “The Heruka-maṇḍala in the Saṃpuṭodbhavatantra.” Mikkyogaku Kenkyu: The Journal of Esoteric Buddhist Studies 19 (1987a): 65–86. [in Japanese].
———. “The Vajrasattva-maṇḍala in the Saṃpuṭodbhavatantra.” The Journal of Buddhist Iconography 5 (1987b): 1–14. [in Japanese].
———. “The Saṃpuṭodbhavatantra III-iii, with special reference to the Nairātmyā-maṇḍala.” Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 36 (1) (1987c): 134–136. [in Japanese].
———. “The Nairātmyā-maṇḍala in the Saṃpuṭodbhavatantra.” Buzan Gakuho: Journal of Buzan Studies 33 (1988): 75–92. [in Japanese].
———. “On the inserted verses among the citations from the Prajñopāyaviniścaya-siddhi IV in the Saṃpuṭodbhavatantra II-ii.” Studies on the Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, edited by the Śrāvakabhūmi Study Group and The Buddhist Tantric Texts Study Group, 1995: 141–145. Tokyo: Institute for Comprehensive Studies of Buddhism, Taisho University, 1995.
Pandey, Janardan Shastri (ed.). (1998). Yoginīsancāratantram with Nibandha of Tathāgataraksita [sic] and Upadeśānusāriṇīvyākhyā of Alakakalaśa. Rare Buddhist Texts Series 21. Sarnath: Central Institute for Higher Tibetan Studies, 1998.
———. (2002). Śrīherukābhidhānam Cakrasaṃvaratantram with the Vivṛti Commentary of Bhavabhaṭṭa. 2 vols. Rare Buddhist Texts Series 26. Sarnath: Central Institute for Higher Tibetan Studies, 2002.
Samdhong Rinpoche and Vrajvallabh Dwivedi (eds.) (1987). Guhyādi-Aṣṭasiddhi Saṅgraha. Sarnath: Central Institute for Higher Tibetan Studies, 1987.
———. (1990). Vasantatilakā of Caryāvratī Śrīkṛṣṇācārya with Commentary: Rahasyadīpikā by Vanaratna. Rare Buddhist Texts Series 7. Sarnath: Central Institute for Higher Tibetan Studies, 1990.
———. (1992). Kṛṣṇayamāritantram with Ratnāvalī Pañjikā of Kumāracandra. Rare Buddhist Texts Series 9. Sarnath: Central Institute for Higher Tibetan Studies, 1992.
Sanderson, Alexis. “The Śaiva sources of the Buddhist Tantras of Śaṃvara,” Handout 4, Trinity Term, University of Oxford, 1998.
Shastri, Hara Prasad. A Descriptive catalogue of Sanskrit manuscripts in the government collection under the care of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1917.
Siklós, Bulcsu. The Vajrabhairava Tantras. Tibetan and Mongolian Versions, English Translation and Annotations. Buddhica Britannica Series Continua VII. Tring: Institute of Buddhist Studies, 1996.
Skorupski, Tadeusz (1996). “The Saṃpuṭa-tantra, Sanskrit and Tibetan Versions of Chapter One.” The Buddhist Forum, vol. IV: 191–244. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1996.
———. (2001). “The Saṃpuṭa-tantra, Sanskrit and Tibetan Versions of Chapter Two.” The Buddhist Forum, vol. VI: 223–269. Tring: The Institute of Buddhist Studies, 2001.
Snellgrove, D. L. (ed.). The Hevajra Tantra: A Critical Study. 2 vols. London Oriental Series, vol. 6. London: Oxford University Press, 1959.
Sugiki, Tsunehiko (2002). “A Critical Study of the Vajraḍākamahātantrarāja (I)—Chapter 1 and 42.” Chizan Gakuho: Journal of Chizan Studies 51: 81–115.
———. (2003). “A Critical Study of the Vajraḍākamahātantrarāja (II)—Sacred Districts and Practices Concerned.” Chizan Gakuho: Journal of Chizan Studies 52: 53–106.
Szántó, Péter-Dániel (2012). Selected Chapters from the Catuṣpīṭhatantra. (1/2) Introductory study with the annotated translation of selected chapters. (2/2) Appendix volume with critical editions of selected chapters accompanied by Bhavabhaṭṭa’s commentary and a bibliography. (Unpublished PhD thesis at Oxford University, Oxford).
———. (2013). “Before a Critical Edition of the Sampuṭa: Tibet after Empire Culture, Society and Religion between 850–1000.” Proceedings of the Seminar Held in Lumbini, Nepal, March 2011. LIRI Seminar Proceedings Series, vol. 4: 343–366. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, 2013.
———. (2016). “Before a Critical Edition of the Sampuṭa.” Zentralasiatische Studien 45, pp. 397–422. Andiast: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, 2016.
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Vanaratna. Rahasyadīpikā (see Samdhong 1990).
Verrill, Wayne. The Yogini’s Eye: Comprehensive Introduction to Buddhist Tantra. Bloomington (IN): Xlibris Corporation, 2012.
Wujastyk, Dominik. A Handlist of the Sanskrit and Prakrit Manuscripts in the Library of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. Vol. 1. London: Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, 1985.