A traditional Indian title denoting a person who has authority because of superior knowledge, spiritual training, or position. In the Buddhist context, it is most often used for a scholar of great renown.

A spiritual teacher, “one who knows the conduct or practice (ācāra) to be performed”; this can also be a title for a scholar, although that is not the context in this sūtra.

Teacher (sometimes more specifically the deputy or substitute of the upādhyāya).

A spiritual teacher, meaning one who knows the conduct or practice (caryā) to be performed. It can also be a title for a scholar, though that is not the context in this sūtra.

A spiritual teacher, meaning one who knows the conduct or practice (ācāra) to be performed. It can also be a title for a scholar, though that is not the context in this sūtra.

A spiritual teacher, meaning one who knows the conduct or practice (ācāra) to be performed. It can also be a title for a scholar, though that is not the context in this sūtra.

Teacher, sometimes more specifically the deputy or substitute of the upādhyāya.

See “teacher.”

See “master.”

A spiritual teacher, meaning one who knows the conduct or practice (ācāra) to be performed. It can also be a title for a scholar, though that is not the context in this sūtra.

A person who has mastered the mantras, maṇḍalas, and other elements of a particular deity and their ritual practices, usually through being consecrated by and receiving direct instructions from another master of that tradition.

A spiritual teacher (sometimes more specifically the deputy or substitute of the upādhyāya).

Instructor or spiritual teacher. Usually refers either to an accomplished master of meditation practice or to a learned scholar. The title of an official position in a monastery.

A spiritual teacher.

In early Buddhism one who teaches the Dharma and Vinaya to novices and new monks and who can replace the preceptor (Skt. upādhyāya) if one loses one’s preceptor.

Along with the position of preceptor, this is one of two official positions created by the Buddha to ensure that new monks would receive sufficient training. The Buddha specified five types of instructor: instructors of novices, privy advisors, officiants, givers of instruction, and recitation instructors.

In early Buddhism, a teacher who teaches the Dharma and Vinaya to novices and new monks, and who can replace the preceptor (Skt. upādhyāya), if one loses one’s preceptor.

Teacher or master, especially a spiritual master. The term is rendered elsewhere in this translation as “ācārya.”

Religious master.