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བསྐལ་པ་བཟང་པོ།

The Good Eon
Notes

Bhadra­kalpika
འཕགས་པ་བསྐལ་པ་བཟང་པོ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།
’phags pa bskal pa bzang po zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo
The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra “The Good Eon”
Ārya­bhadra­kalpika­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra

Toh 94

Degé Kangyur vol. 45 (mdo sde, ka), folios 1.b–340.a

ᴛʀᴀɴsʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴛɪʙᴇᴛᴀɴ ʙʏ
  • Vidyākara­siṁha
  • Palgyi Yang
  • Paltsek

Imprint

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Translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee
under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha

First published 2022

Current version v 1.1.22 (2025)

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co.

Table of Contents

ti. Title
im. Imprint
co. Contents
s. Summary
ac. Acknowledgements
i. Introduction
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· The Multiplicity of Buddhas and the Buddhas of the Good Eon
· The Good Eon as a “samādhi sūtra”
· Sources and Translation
tr. The Translation
+ 2 chapters- 2 chapters
1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
2.A. The names
2.B. The lives
2.C. The engendering of the mind of awakening
c. Colophon
ab. Abbreviations
n. Notes
b. Bibliography
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· Tibetan Sources
· Secondary Sources
g. Glossary

s.

Summary

s.­1

While resting in a park outside the city of Vaiśālī, the Buddha is approached by the bodhisattva Prāmodyarāja, who requests meditation instruction. The Buddha proceeds to give a teaching on a meditative absorption called elucidating the way of all phenomena and subsequently delivers an elaborate discourse on the six perfections. Prāmodyarāja then learns that all the future buddhas of the Good Eon are now present in the Blessed One’s audience of bodhisattvas. Responding to Prāmodyarāja’s request to reveal the names under which these present bodhisattvas will be known as buddhas in the future, the Buddha first lists these names, and then goes on to describe the circumstances surrounding their birth, awakening, and teaching in the world. In the sūtra’s final section, we learn how each of these great bodhisattvas who are on the path to buddhahood first developed the mind of awakening.


ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

Translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee under the guidance of Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche. Thomas Doctor produced the translation and Andreas Doctor, Anya Zilman, and Nika Jovic compared the draft translation with the original Tibetan and edited the text. The introduction was written by Thomas Doctor and the 84000 editorial team.

The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.


ac.­2

The generous sponsorship of Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche, Zhou Tian Yu, Chen Yi Qin, Zhou Xun, Zhao Xuan, Chen Kun, and Zhuo Yue, which helped make the work on this translation possible, is most gratefully acknowledged.


i.

Introduction

i.­1

The Good Eon recounts the names and circumstances pertaining to all the one thousand and four buddhas1 who will appear in our world during this current eon, which is commonly known among Mahāyāna Buddhists as the Good Eon.2 Listed as the first scripture in the General Sūtra section of most Kangyur collections, it is among the longest of the Mahāyāna sūtras translated into Tibetan.3 Besides occupying this place of honor in the Kangyur, The Good Eon was often copied or printed separately in Tibet, where it has long functioned as a special ceremonial scripture that is read aloud by lamas on special occasions to foster well-being and good fortune, and that is often kept on the family altar in Tibetan homes for this purpose.

The Multiplicity of Buddhas and the Buddhas of the Good Eon

The Good Eon as a “samādhi sūtra”

Sources and Translation


Text Body

The Translation
The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra
The Good Eon

1.

Chapter 1

[B1] [F.1.b]


1.­1

Homage to all buddhas and bodhisattvas.


1.­2

Thus did I hear at one time. The Blessed One was residing at Śrāvasti, where he had observed the summer retreat. After the three months of summer had passed, he prepared his Dharma robes. Once he had prepared his Dharma robes, he put on the robes, took up his alms bowl, and, together with one hundred thousand monks and eight hundred million bodhisattvas, proceeded toward the city of Vaiśālī. On the way, the Blessed One entered a large forest, where he later arose from meditative seclusion.


2.

Chapter 2

2.­1

The Blessed One then said this to the bodhisattva Prāmodyarāja: “Prāmodyarāja, in this way you must devote yourself to generosity and make offerings to the Dharma. Prāmodyarāja, long ago, many incalculable eons in the past, there was a thus-gone one, a worthy one, a complete and perfect buddha known as Golden Beauty, King of the Splendid Light of Ascertainment. His lifespan was unfathomable, the features of his buddhafield were infinite, and his retinue was beyond count.


2.A.

The names

2.A.­1

When the Blessed One had said this, the bodhisattva Prāmodyarāja asked, “Revered Blessed One, within this gathering of attending bodhisattva great beings, are there any who have attained these absorptions, these applications of the perfections, these eighty-four thousand gateways of absorption?”

2.A.­2

The Blessed One answered the bodhisattva Prāmodyarāja in the following way: [F.96.a] “Prāmodyarāja, except for the four thus-gone ones who in this Good Eon have already awakened to perfect buddhahood, all the rest of those who will awaken to perfect buddhahood in this Good Eon are present within this retinue of bodhisattva great beings, and they have attained those absorptions, those applications of the perfections, and those eighty-four thousand gateways of absorption.”


2.B.

The lives

2.B.­1

When the Blessed One had spoken these words, the bodhisattva Prāmodyarāja made the following request: “Blessed One, this is excellent. Blessed One, for the benefit of gods and humans, please explain about the birthplace, the family, the light, the father, the mother, the son, the attendant, the two foremost and excellent followers, the perfect community of monks, the lifespan, the duration of the sacred Dharma, and the manifestation of relics that pertain to each of these buddhas of the Good Eon, so that numerous beings may receive healing and be happy, and so that bodhisattvas of the future may persevere in hearing and remain inspired, become exceptionally accomplished in the sacred Dharma, and become sources of insight.”


2.C.

The engendering of the mind of awakening

2.C.­1

When the Blessed One had spoken these words, the bodhisattva Prāmodyarāja once more addressed him: “Excellent, O Blessed One, excellent. Now please make clear the identity of the blessed buddhas before whom these blessed buddhas of the Good Eon first gave rise to the mind of awakening. Please also state the roots of virtue that allowed them to venerate those buddhas [F.288.a] and give rise to the mind of awakening.”


c.

Colophon

c.­1

This translation was produced by the Indian preceptor Vidyākara­siṁha and the translator Venerable Palgyi Yang. The translation was revised and finalized by the great translator-editor Venerable Paltsek.

c.­2
Śubhaṁ astu sarvaja gatāṁ
c.­3
Oṃ ye dharmā hetuprabhavā 
hetuṃ teṣāṃ tathāgato hy avadat, 
teṣāṃ ca yo nirodha 
evaṃvādī mahāśramaṇaḥ
c.­4
Maṅgala bhavatu

ab.

Abbreviations

C Choné (co ne) Kangyur
D Degé (sde dge) Kangyur
H Lhasa Zhöl (zhol) Kangyur
J Lithang (li thang) Kangyur
K Kangxi Peking (pe) Kangyur
N Narthang (snar thang) Kangyur
S Stok Palace (stog pho brang bris ma) Kangyur
Y Yongle (g.yung lo) Kangyur

n.

Notes

n.­1
Note that the number of buddhas given in the sūtra varies in the three enumerations in the text (described below in i.­5–i.­7). Only the first list of names contains one thousand and four buddhas.
n.­2
The notion of “a good eon” generally implies an eon in which more than one buddha appears. Skilling 2010: p. 200.
n.­3
Skilling 2010: pp. 195–96.
n.­4
The sequential order of the thousand and four buddhas has been carefully compared across the three enumerations as mentioned here, and their placement has been documented in the glossary entries for each. For those who may be interested in this research, a spreadsheet detailing this comparison across the three lists is available for download here.
n.­5
It is worth noting here that the long and remarkable teaching on the six perfections deserves more detailed attention and study than it has hitherto received.
n.­6
The stages of spiritual practice are the topic of numerous scriptures, treatises, and commentaries, some in vast detail such as the Buddha­vataṃsaka­sūtra (Toh 44) and the Yogācārabhūmi (Toh 4035–4037). Perhaps the most succinct summary comes in the opening lines of the Mahāvastu, where four stages are described: (1) prakṛticaryā (“natural career”), (2) pranidhāna­caryā (“resolving stage”), (3) anulomacaryā (“conforming stage”), and (4) anivartana­caryā (“preserving career”). See Mahāvastu, vol. I, 1.2; the four stages are explained in more detail in vol. 1, ch. 5. See also Jaini 2001, p. 453.
n.­7
This text’s main emphasis is on these buddhas’ future lives (the second, most extensive list, 2.B.­2 et seq.), and the only event in these buddhas’ past lives that it includes is their first generating of the mind set on awakening (the third listing, 2.C.­4 et seq.).
n.­8
Found (1) in Pali in the Dīghanikāya as the Mahāpadānasutta (DN 14; for translation see Sujato 2018); (2) in several Chinese translations including 大本經 (Daben jing in the Dīrghāgama, Taishō 1), 七佛經 (Qi fojing, Taishō 2), and 毘婆尸佛經 (Pipo shi fojing, Taishō 3); and (3) in Sanskrit as the Mahā­vadāna­sūtra in a number of fragmentary manuscripts from which the text has been reconstructed (Waldschmidt 1952–8, Fukita 2003).
n.­9
Mahāvastu vol. 1, ch. 5, and vol. 3, ch. 21.
n.­10
佛本行集經 (Taishō 190), translated by Jñānagupta in the late sixth century. For an English translation, see Beal 1875, pp. 4–16. Note that the Tibetan translation of the Abhiniṣkramaṇa­sūtra (Toh 301), which appears to be a compilation of passages extracted from the Mūlasarvāstivādavinaya Saṅgha­bheda­vastu, contains no such passage.
n.­11
See Salomon 2018, pp. 265–93. Salomon’s introduction to the Gandhāra Bahu­buddhaka­sūtra provides an excellent brief overview of the “many buddhas” literature; for a very full scholarly account, see Tournier 2019.
n.­12
The passage is in the Degé Kangyur, vol. 2, F.274.b–280.a; see Bhaiṣajyavastu Translation Team 2021, The Chapter on Medicines, 9.1384–9.1507. The notes to that translation provide details of parallel passages in the various Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan versions.
n.­13
For a list and comments, See Skilling 2010, pp 203–6.
n.­14
See Roberts, Peter Alan. trans. The White Lotus of Compassion, Toh 112 (2023).
n.­15
The passage is in the Degé Kangyur, vol. 50, F.169.b–216.a; see Roberts (2023), chapter 4.
n.­16
The passage is in the Degé Kangyur, vol. 39, F.117.b–125.b.
n.­17
The passage is in the Degé Kangyur, vol. 60, F.235.b–238.a; see Thurman 2017, 12.6 et seq.
n.­18
For example, a treasure text discovered by the fifteenth-century gter ston Ratna Lingpa, belonging to an inner tantra cycle based on Avalokiteśvara (thugs rje chen po gsang ba ’dus pa), includes in the elaborate version of its empowerment ritual a stage in which an empowerment of the thousand buddhas is given, each mentioned by name. The ritual is still in use today, being part of the Rinchen Terdzö (rin chen gter mzod, “Treasury of Rediscovered Scriptures”) collection compiled by Jamgön Kongtrul and Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo.
n.­19
In the Degé Kangyur, they are found in the General Sūtra section between Toh 127 and Toh 137.
n.­20
The attention of Western scholars was drawn to this group of sūtras in a comprehensive study by Andrew Skilton (see Skilton 2002).
n.­21
See Roberts 2018a, i.2, 1.26–1.61, and chapter 40.
n.­22
The list in this text is shorter and takes a more structured form than in the other sūtras. See Dharmachakra Translation Committee 2016, 2.1–2.10.
n.­23
See Skilton 1999, pp 642–8. The somewhat cryptic mention of these texts in the Mahā­yāna­saṃgraha (Toh 4048) comes at VII.3 on F.32.b in the Degé Tengyur, vol. 134. For a translation see Brunnhölzl 2018, vol. 1, p 221 and vol. 3, p 739, although Brunnhölzl does not seem to be aware of Skilton’s very reasonable interpretation and has not followed it.
n.­24
See Dharmachakra Translation Committee 2020, i.2, i.6, and 1.54–1.83.
n.­25
As indeed is at least one of the fragmentary Khotanese texts that are close relatives of The Good Eon. See Skilling 2010, p 199.
n.­26
The bodhisattva interlocutor’s name in the text in question is 喜王菩薩 (Xiwang pusa), which could certainly be a rendering of Prāmodyarāja.
n.­27
The relationship between the Guancha zhufaxing jing and The Good Eon was first noted by Li Can 2015, p. 236. Skilton mentions the Chinese text as a “samādhi list” sūtra in his study (Skilton 2002, pp 72–3) but does not identify it as related to The Good Eon. About the family of texts in various languages that may be precursors, derivatives, or parallels of the surviving versions of The Good Eon, much remains to be discovered and explored.
n.­28
Skilling 2010: pp. 198–99.
n.­29
Salomon 2014: pp. 6–7.
n.­30
For more on Dharmarakṣa, see Boucher 2006. Note that in the Kangyur the work commonly known as the Lotus Sūtra is the text with the catalog number Toh 113, and that the English translation is published in the 84000 Reading Room under its full title: The White Lotus of the Good Dharma. See Roberts 2018b.
n.­31
Li Can 2018.
n.­32
The Denkarma catalog is dated to c. 812 ᴄᴇ. See Denkarma, folio 296.b.5. See also Herrmann-Pfandt 2008: p. 42, no. 73.
n.­33
Skilling and Saerji have published Sanskrit names of all the one thousand and four buddhas of the current eon by relying in part on the names published by Friedrich Weller in 1928 (based on Manchu, Chinese, Sanskrit, Tibetan, and Mongolian sources) as well as on the names listed in the so-called Khotanese Bhadrakalpika-sūtra (which generally differs in content from Toh 94). However, as Skilling and Saerji note, many names cannot be conclusively established in Sanskrit, and a number of uncertainties remain. See Skilling and Saerji 2014: p. 246.
n.­34
Note that the names of well-known figures such Maitreya have been left untranslated, whereas names of lesser-known figures or those whose Sanskrit names are conjectural have been translated.
n.­35
Translated based on S: brgyad po dang. D: brgyad po gang. The identity of these eight holy beings is not known.
n.­36
For a discussion of the use of the term “absorption” (samādhi) here and the relationship of the list that follows with similar lists in other sūtras, see Introduction i.­19 et seq.
n.­37
Translation assumes stod/bstod as appears in H, J, K, N, and S; D: ston.
n.­38
Note that this sentence deals with the twelve links in the chain of dependent origination.
n.­39
This may refer to the emblem of a thousand-spoked wheel that appears on the palms of a buddha’s hand and the soles of his feet, which is one of the thirty-two marks of a great person (mahā­puruṣa­lakṣaṇa), i.e., a buddha.
n.­40
The term spyod pa’i sa is likely a shorthand for mos spyod pa’i sa (“level of devoted conduct”).
n.­41
This means one has renounced communal life to lead a life of spiritual practice. Many early Buddhist texts advocate the merit of the solitary pursuit of spiritual awakening as opposed to practicing as a householder or in a community of monastics.
n.­42
Translation tentative. Tibetan: bkrabs lhung khu sgo.
n.­43
It is unclear what “four words” (tshig bzhi po) refers to here.
n.­44
“Supreme among the two-legged” (humans) and “victorious ones” are both epithets of buddhas.
n.­45
The buddha realm named here suggests that the buddha here referred to as Amitāyus (tshe dpag med) is not Amitābha of Sukhāvatī but Aparimitāyus/Aparimitāyurjñāna (tshe dang ye shes dpag tu med pa). On the ambiguity of the name Amitāyus, see i.9 in the introduction to The Aparimitāyurjñāna Sūtra (Peter Alan Roberts, trans. The Aparimitāyurjñāna Sūtra [Toh 674], 2021). In that sūtra the buddhafield is called Aparimitaguṇasaṃcaya (yon tan dpag tu med pa sogs pa) rather than Aparimita­guṇa­vyūha as here.
n.­46
Translated based on H, J, K, N, and S: bdag. D: dag.
n.­47
Translated based on S: mchod pas. D: mchad pas.
n.­48
Note that this heading repeats a previous one but is given a different explanation in the explanatory section.
n.­49
Note that this heading repeats a previous one but is given a different explanation in the explanatory section.
n.­50
We have read rigs pa as rig pa to match the explanatory section and avoid repetition (the rigs pa’i pha rol tu phyin pa are discussed separately).
n.­51
Note that this and the following heading repeat previous ones but are given different explanations in the explanatory section.
n.­52
Note that this heading repeats a previous one but is given a different explanation in the explanatory section.
n.­53
Translated based on S: gi. D: gis.
n.­54
Note that this heading repeats a previous one but is given a different explanation in the explanatory section.
n.­55
Note that this heading repeats a previous one but is given a different explanation in the explanatory section.
n.­56
Note that this heading repeats a previous one but the six superknowledges are treated separately in the explanatory section.
n.­57
Note that this heading repeats a previous one but is given a different explanation in the explanatory section.
n.­58
For details on Prince Kuśa, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 130–31.
n.­59
It is not known what the expressions “five hundred verses” and “ninety-six heretics” (pāṣaṇḍika) refer to.
n.­60
For details on Keśin, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 132–34.
n.­61
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 134–35.
n.­62
The reference to “sevenfold eons” may refer to the total of seven destructions by wind, each of which is preceded by seven destructions by fire, that occur during an eon of destruction within one great eon (mahākalpa). See Abhidharmakośa 3.102.
n.­63
“Bodhisattva’s” is added here to specify the subject of this sentence. Note that “Bodhisattva” is only capitalized in this translation when it refers specifically to the Buddha Śākyamuni in one of his previous lives.
n.­64
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 135–37.
n.­65
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: p. 137.
n.­66
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 137–38.
n.­67
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 138–39. Here “hero” is added for context.
n.­68
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 141–42.
n.­69
These ten commitments (thugs dam) could not be identified.
n.­70
Translated based on S: dpyod pa dang sel ba. D: spyod pa dang sel ba.
n.­71
It is not known what the twofold Dharma refers to here. It could refer to the dharma of scriptural transmission (āgama) and the dharma of realization (adigama), that is, the teachings one receives and how one internalizes them through practice.
n.­72
It is not known what these two aspects of Dharma based on “two omniscient deeds” (cang shes kyi las gnyis) refer to here. As for the terminology, according to the Mahāvyutpatti, cang shes renders the Sanskrit ājāneya, meaning “well bred,” “of noble origin,” but also (by creatively misconstruing the term as deriving from jña, “to know”) “all-knowing.”
n.­73
Presumably this refers to the seven categories of prātimokṣa vows: the fasting vow, the respective sets of vows for male and female lay practitioners, the vows for male and female novices, and the full sets of vows for monks and nuns.
n.­74
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 143–44.
n.­75
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 135–37.
n.­76
It is not known what story is alluded to here.
n.­77
This is a tentative rendering of the phrase lam gyi rgyud bcad.
n.­78
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 144–45.
n.­79
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 149–50.
n.­80
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 150–51.
n.­81
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 144–45.
n.­82
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: p. 155.
n.­83
A wandering mendicant (parivrājaka) named Realizer (rtogs byed) is mentioned twice in this text. We are unable to identify this figure elsewhere in Buddhist literature.
n.­84
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: p. 158.
n.­85
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 159–60.
n.­86
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 161–62.
n.­87
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 134–35.
n.­88
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 162–63.
n.­89
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 163–64.
n.­90
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 135–37.
n.­91
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 138–39.
n.­92
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: p. 165.
n.­93
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 161–62.
n.­94
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 135–37.
n.­95
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 163–64.
n.­96
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 166–67.
n.­97
Translated based on H, K, Y, N, and P: dmigs pa med pa thos pa. D and S: dmigs pa med pa’i thos pa.
n.­98
This is likely an allusion to the episode in the Buddha’s life when during a period of intense ascetic practices of self-mortification, he recalled the joy and peace he experienced in childhood while he sat in the cool shade of a rose-apple tree. This was a key to his spiritual awakening that took him beyond the streams of self-indulgence and self-mortification.
n.­99
Here begins the discussion of the six perfections in relation to the thirty-two major marks of a great person (mahā­puruṣa­lakṣaṇa), a buddha. These are listed, with considerable variation, in several Prajñāpāramitā sūtras (see for example Padmakara Translation Group, trans. The Transcendent Perfection of Wisdom in Ten Thousand Lines (Toh 11), 2018, 2.16). They are to be found detailed in the Lalitavistara (see Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans., The Play in Full (Toh 95), 2013, 7.99–103 and 26.145–73), Mahāyānopadeśa (Toh 169), Rāṣṭra­pāla­paripṛcchā (see Vienna Buddhist Translation Studies Group, trans. The Questions of Rāṣṭrapāla (Toh 62), 2021), Ratna­gotra­vibhāga (Toh 4024, 3.17–25), Mahāvastu, and in the Pali Lakkhaṇasutta.
n.­100
According to most lists, the second minor mark of a buddha is to have designs of the thousand-spoked wheel on the palms of his hands and soles of his feet.
n.­101
This refers to the major mark of the sheathed, retracted penis (kośopagata­vastiguhya).
n.­102
Translated based on C, H, J, K, Y, N, and S: bskyod. D: bskyad.
n.­103
We are unsure what animal this refers to. Tib. srog chags go ba.
n.­104
This refers to the tuft of hair (ūrṇā) that grows between the Buddha’s eyebrows.
n.­105
This could refer to Buddha’s ability to extend the uṣṇīṣa to the Realm of Brahmā, where it is not seen by those on earth.
n.­106
This marks the end of the section on the thirty-two major marks.
n.­107
We have added “of the noble path” for clarification.
n.­108
These “ten unsurpassable (bla na med pa bcu) factors” are unknown.
n.­109
The sense of this passage is unclear and our translation is therefore tentative.
n.­110
Skilling and Saerji (2019: p. 148) suggest that ’be la ma refers to the brahmin Velāma, one of the Buddha’s previous incarnations.
n.­111
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 159–60.
n.­112
Translated based on D: btson gyis phyir. H, J, K, N, and S: brtson ’grus kyi phyir.
n.­113
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 161–62.
n.­114
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 143–44.
n.­115
Translated based on C and S: sbyor ba la sdod pa. D: sbyor ba las sdod pa.
n.­116
The five powers are here reprised in terms of factors associated or concomitant with (mtshungs par ldan pa, saṃprayukta) them.
n.­117
Translated based on C, H, and S: pha rol gnon pa. D: pha rol gnod pa.
n.­118
Translated based on C and S: spyos pa. D: spyod pa.
n.­119
Translated based on S: lhag pa. D: lhag ma.
n.­120
Translation of “a tremendous challenge” is tentative. D: tas phug kyang.
n.­121
Translated based on U: chom rkun g.yog po. D: chom rkun g.yag po. K and Y: chom rgun g.yag po. C: chom rkun g.yog mang. S: chom rkun g.yas po.
n.­122
Translated based on S: mi mjed pa. D: mi bjed pa.
n.­123
“Such beliefs” is added here to specify the referent of the definite pronoun de.
n.­124
“Those expressions” is added here to specify the referent of the definite pronoun de.
n.­125
It is unclear what “eightfold retinue” (’khor brgyad po) refers to.
n.­126
For details, see Skilling and Saerji 2019: pp. 135–37.
n.­127
This refers to the well-known episode in the life of the Buddha when Brahmā appears after the Buddha’s awakening to persuade him to teach others the path to its realization that he had discovered.
n.­128
“The five mendicants” refers to the first five disciples of the Buddha Śākyamuni with whom he previously practiced austerities.
n.­129
The elixir of immortality amṛta is a metaphor for the Dharma.
n.­130
As the list appears to enumerate eight faculties, it is unclear how the six should be counted.
n.­131
This final set constitutes the six perfections of the fourth fearlessness, though this is not stated in the text.
n.­132
The translation in this sentence is tentative and the episode referred to does not seem to correspond to any versions of the apocryphal story of Mahā­maudgalyāyana’s attempt to rescue his mother from the starving spirit realm that was popular in East Asia. We have taken the expression lhung bzed kyi chu pho ba to refer to one of the subdivisions of monks known as “water male” (chu pho ba) who take up the “alms bowl” (lhung bzed), i.e., are mendicants, but this is conjectural.
n.­133
“Here are” is added here for clarification.
n.­134
Note that “the level of” is missing here; the initial list and concluding line in this passage have “six perfections of the qualities of the level of the spiritual potential.”
n.­135
This refers to the eighth spiritual level.
n.­136
“For that realm” is added for clarification.
n.­137
According to the list above, here should follow “the six perfections of abandonment.”
n.­138
This refers to the four torrents of cyclic existence: birth, aging, illness, and death.
n.­139
Unless indicated otherwise, the Sanskrit names of the buddhas follow Skilling and Saerji 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2018.
n.­140
Appears later as Sunetra (see Skilling and Saerji 2014).
n.­141
Tib. yon tan ’od ’phro ba. Skilling and Saerji 2014 here gives Arci.
n.­142
Not in Skilling’s list.
n.­143
Not in Skilling’s list.
n.­144
Translation assumes tshims sbyin as his name appears in the second list. Here in the first list D reads chos sbyin.
n.­145
Ratnagarbha, Ratnacandra, Vimalakīrti, Śāntatejas, and Priyaketu are not listed in Skilling and Saerji 2016.
n.­146
Not listed in Skilling and Saerji 2016.
n.­147
Skilling and Saerji 2016 suggests Bodhyaṅga, but note that Chinese and Khotanese sources differ. This is a conjectural translation for Tib. skrun mdzad; see ibid., p. 184 n. 430.
n.­148
Translation assumes zla rgyas as appears in the second and third list. Here in the first list, D reads zla rgyal.
n.­149
Translation assumes dbyangs byin as appears in the second and third list. Here in the first list, D reads tshangs byin.
n.­150
Skilling and Saerji give Padmagarbha (See Skilling and Saerji 2017, p. 175 n. 106).
n.­151
Not in Skilling and Saerji 2016.
n.­152
Not listed in Skilling and Saerji 2017.
n.­153
Appears later as Gandha (see Skilling and Saerji 2017).
n.­154
Skilling and Saerji give Acalaprajñābha (see Skilling and Saerji 2017, p. 202 n. 442).
n.­155
Not in Skilling and Saerji 2018.
n.­156
Not listed in Skilling and Saerji 2018.
n.­157
Tib. dga’ ba mtha’ yas grags. Skilling and Saerji 2018 gives Anantakīrti. Sanskrit construction follows Dharma Publishing 1986.
n.­158
Tib. bsod nams sgron ma. Sanskrit construction follows Dharma Publishing 1986.
n.­159
Not in Skilling and Saerji 2018.
n.­160
This list has 1004 names.
n.­161
Given as Yaśas in Skilling and Saerji 2014.
n.­162
“This absorption” (ting nge ’dzin ’di) likely refers to the preceding discourse itself, which the Buddha has transmitted from his own state of meditative absorption.
n.­163
Translation assumes sel ba po as appears in C, H, J, K, Y, N, and S. D reads sil ba po.
n.­164
Note that the buddha Arthaviniścita does not appear in this enumeration.
n.­165
Translation assumes mchog sred as appears in the first list. Here in the second list D reads mchog srid.
n.­166
Translation assumes der gnas as appears in the first list. Here in the second list D reads bder gnas.
n.­167
This means one has brought to completion the exhaustion of all factors that keep one bound to cyclic existence.
n.­168
Tib. skyugs pa po, “those who have vomited,” in other words, those who have grown nauseated by cyclic existence and all the suffering it causes beings.
n.­169
There is an unclear comparison here between buddhas and birds. “Soar” is added tentatively for clarity.
n.­170
Translation assumes me dag as appears in J, K, and N. D reads me tog.
n.­171
Conjectural translation. Tib. skrun mdzad. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 184 n. 430.
n.­172
Note that this buddha does not appear in the sūtra’s initial and final enumerations.
n.­173
Translation follows S: gcod par mdzad pa. D reads mchod par mdzad pa.
n.­174
Some earlier prints of the Degé Kangyur (W22084 and W3CN20612) read sgron ma yod, “Lamp Possessor.” This seems to have been edited in the present post par phud print of the Degé (W4CZ5369) which reads sgron ma ’od.
n.­175
Note that the buddha Nātha is omitted in this enumeration.
n.­176
Translation assumes chags pa med mdzod as appears in the first and third list. Here in the second list D reads chags pa med mdzad.
n.­177
Translation assumes rgyags med ma as appears in H, J, K, N, and S. D reads rgyags sred ma.
n.­178
Translation assumes glu as appears in C, H, N, and U. D reads klu.
n.­179
Translation assumes ’gro bas mchod as appears in H, J, and N. D reads ’gro bas mchog.
n.­180
Translation assumes mes byin as appears in C, K, and Y. D reads med byin.
n.­181
Translation assumes bdud zhi byed pa as appears in S. D reads bdud bzhi byed pa.
n.­182
Translation assumes mig snyoms as appears in C, K, Y, and S. D reads mi snyoms.
n.­183
Translation assumes tog as appears in C, H, N, and S. D reads thog.
n.­184
Tentative translation based on sred bcug dra ba as appears in H, K, Y, N, and S. D reads sred lcugs dra ba.
n.­185
Translation assumes ming bsal ba as appears in C and S. D reads ming gsal ba. “The names” may refer to the four nonphysical aggregates, also known as “the four names.”
n.­186
Translation assumes nam mkha’i dbyangs as appears in the first and third list. Here in the second list D reads nam mkha’i dbyings .
n.­187
Translation assumes bsal as appears in H, J, K, Y, N, and S. D reads gsal.
n.­188
Translation assumes stobs chen as appears in the first and third list. Here in the second list D reads stobs can.
n.­189
Translation assumes dbyen as appears in H, J, K, Y, N, and S. D reads dben.
n.­190
Note that according to the initial enumeration the buddhas Yaśas and Ketu are referred to as a single buddha by the name of Yaśaketu.
n.­191
We have been unable to identify this term. For a further discussion on this see Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 252 n. 54.
n.­192
Tib. gser rtog. See Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 253 n. 73.
n.­193
Tib. ras bcos leb leb pho. See Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 254 n. 81.
n.­194
Translation assumes pad spyan as appears in S. D reads pad ldan.
n.­195
Tib. mig dang sdug pa. Tentative translation following Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 258 n. 134.
n.­196
Tib. pan tsa li yi ’bras bu. Tentative translation, see Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 260 n. 156.
n.­197
Tib. pa la ba ta. The meaning of this term (which appears to be a transcription) is unclear. See Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 261 n. 167.
n.­198
Tib. ’ba’ sha ka gcig. Tentative translation, see Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 262 n. 188.
n.­199
Tib. mchil lham rim pa gcig pa. Tentative translation, see Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 264 n. 206.
n.­200
Tib. mi ’dzin. Tentative translation, see Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 264 n. 209.
n.­201
Tib. ha sa ba sha ka. The meaning of this term (which appears to be a transcription) is unclear. See Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 268 n. 257.
n.­202
Tib. da nur mkhan. The meaning of this word is unclear. See Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 269 n. 266.
n.­203
Note that the buddha Kanakaparvata (129 according to the initial enumeration) does not appear in this account.
n.­204
Tib. ’dun dpon. Tentative translation, see Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 273 n. 321.
n.­205
Note that the buddha Girikūṭaketu (150 according to the initial enumeration) does not appear here.
n.­206
Translation assumes tshims sbyin as his name appears in the second list. D reads tshems sbyin.
n.­207
Tib. ma mi kha. This meaning of this word remains unknown. See Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 278 n. 380.
n.­208
Tib. dbu bzhu gcig cig. Tentative translation. See Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 278 n. 380.
n.­209
Tib. pa thal ba. This meaning of this word remains unknown. See Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 279 n. 391.
n.­210
Tib. gtso blag mkhan. Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 280, has “washerman,” following the Mahāvyutpatti.
n.­211
Tib. ras kyi phur ma. For alternatives, see Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 282 n. 431.
n.­212
Translation assumes rgun shing as appears in C, H, and S. D reads dgun shing.
n.­213
Translation assumes mchog sred as appears in the first list. Here in the third list D reads mchog srid.
n.­214
Tib. a ha ta ka. The meaning of this word is uncertain. See Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 285 n. 472.
n.­215
Tib. seng ge’i stobs kyis gshegs. For alternatives, see Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 286 n. 483.
n.­216
Tib. shing bzo mkhan. For alternatives, see Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 287 n. 494.
n.­217
Tib. de yi lam // lag mthil tsam zhig phyag dar legs par byas. For an alternative translation, see Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 149.
n.­218
Tib. khral mi. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 150 n. 18.
n.­219
Tib. bzhon par mdzad. Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 152, renders this “Acting with Absorption.”
n.­220
Tib. dus kyi rjes ’brang spos. Tentative translation, see Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 152 n. 44.
n.­221
Tib. ta la pa ta. Tentative translation, see Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 153 n. 49.
n.­222
Tib. sha ma ka dag. It is unclear what this term refers to. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 156 n. 84.
n.­223
Tib. a yo ga. The significance of this word is uncertain. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 157 n. 94.
n.­224
Note that the following five buddhas who appear at this point in the initial enumeration are omitted here: Ratnagarbha, Ratnacandra, Vimalakīrti, Śāntatejas, and Priyaketu.
n.­225
Tib. ’ba ti shing. Not translated; see Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 158 n. 121.
n.­226
Tib. kre ka ni. We are unable to determine which flower this may refer to.
n.­227
Tib. lag bla. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, pp. 161–62 n. 157.
n.­228
Tib. ’dun dpon. Tentative translation, see Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 273 n. 321.
n.­229
The meaning of this word is unknown to us.
n.­230
Note that the buddha Māradama (382 according to the initial enumeration) does not appear here.
n.­231
Tib. dhing rta. Untranslatable at present. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 176 n. 340.
n.­232
Tib. gtar khan. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 176 n. 343.
n.­233
This likely refers to the Bhadra­kalpika­samādhi itself. See Skilling 2010: p. 216.
n.­234
Tib. gtsug lag khang dag skyong nul. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 179 n. 374.
n.­235
Skilling and Saerji (2016, p. 181) list this name as Maṇigarbha.
n.­236
Tib. brten bcas gcig pu’i tshe. The meaning of this phrase is unclear. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 182 n. 407.
n.­237
Tib. dge slong rkyen pa. Tentative translation following Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 182 n. 407.
n.­238
The meaning of this word is unknown to us. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 183 n. 418.
n.­239
Conjectural translation. Tib. skrun mdzad. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 184 n. 430.
n.­240
Tib. lag bla. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, pp. 161–62 n. 157.
n.­241
Tib. bcings pa med pa po/ /ral pa can. The significance of this phrase is not clear to us. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 185 n. 444.
n.­242
Tib. ka la man. Following Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 186 n. 448, the translation assumes ka la ma.
n.­243
Tib. ci tse’i phub ma phrag sta. Tentative translation, see Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 187 n. 464.
n.­244
Tib. rten bcas. Tentative translation.
n.­245
Tib. nir yu ha ka. Tentative translation following Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 190 n. 499.
n.­246
Tib. bram ze yi rgya mtsho’i bu. Following Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 168, we read this as bram ze yi rgyal po’i bu. Ibid. translates this phrase as “the son of the royal chief priest.”
n.­247
Tib. hi dim ba ra. The significance of this word is unknown to us (Cf. Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 168 n. 16).
n.­248
Tib. sreg shang. Translation assumes gseg shang as appears in C and S.
n.­249
Tib. bhad tra ka ri. Tentative translation. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 172 n. 68.
n.­250
Translation assumes pad ma’i phung po as appears in the first and second list. Here in the third list D reads pad ma’i snying po.
n.­251
Tib. lag bla. Cf. Skilling and Saerji 2016, pp. 161–62 n. 157.
n.­252
Tib. gser rtog. See Skilling and Saerji 2014, p. 253 n. 73.
n.­253
Tib. lcags srungs. Tentative translation following Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 181.
n.­254
Tib. go ri ka. Meaning unknown. See Skilling and Saerji 2017, p. 182 n. 186.
n.­255
Note that the buddha Sudatta (615 according to the initial list) does not appear here.
n.­256
Tib. lag bla. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, pp. 161–62 n. 157.
n.­257
Tib. brten bcas gcig pu’i tshe. The meaning of this phrase is not clear. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 182 n. 407.
n.­258
Tib. tsug kra ru ka. Tentative transliteration following Skilling and Saerji 2017, p. 185 n. 225.
n.­259
Note that the buddha Jagatpūjita (640 according to the initial enumeration) does not appear here.
n.­260
Tib. la ku sa. The word is unknown to us. See Skilling and Saerji 2017, p. 188 n. 271.
n.­261
Tib. phub mkhan. Tentative translation following Skilling and Saerji 2017, p. 189 n. 282.
n.­262
Tib. a ba ka ra. Tentative translation following Skilling and Saerji 2017, p. 191 n. 307.
n.­263
Tib. a ba kan. Tentative translation following Skilling and Saerji 2017, p. 191 n. 308.
n.­264
Tib. ga na ko. Tentative translation following Skilling and Saerji 2017, p. 192 n. 322.
n.­265
Note that the buddha Tiṣya (687 according to the initial enumeration) does not appear here.
n.­266
Note that the buddha Vijita (698 according to the initial enumeration) does not appear here.
n.­267
Tib. snar blugs pa yi spyad. A medical/sanitary procedure. See Skilling and Saerji 2017, p. 195 n. 357.
n.­268
Tib. spyad rdzi. Tentative translation following Skilling and Saerji 2017, p. 197 n. 377.
n.­269
Tib. kun tu ra ka. We are unable to find a Sanskrit term behind this apparent transliteration.
n.­270
Tib. pha gu’i ’bras bu. We are unable to find a Sanskrit term behind this apparent transliteration.
n.­271
Tib. brten bcas gcig pu’i tshe. The meaning of this phrase is unclear. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 182 n. 407.
n.­272
Note that a buddha by the name of Gandha (Tib. spos can) here replaces Pratibhāna­cakṣus, who appears at the corresponding place (739) in the initial enumeration.
n.­273
Tib. brten bcas tshe. The meaning of this phrase is unclear. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 182 n. 407.
n.­274
Tib. brten bcas tshe. The meaning of this phrase is unclear. See Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 182 n. 407.
n.­275
Tib. da nur mkhan. Tentative translation following Skilling and Saerji 2018, p. 211 n. 28.
n.­276
Note that the buddha Puṇyadhvaja (779 according to the initial enumeration) does not appear here.
n.­277
Note that this buddha does not appear in the initial enumeration.
n.­278
Note that the buddha Kalyāṇacūḍa (804 according to the initial enumeration) does not appear here.
n.­279
This buddha does not appear in the initial enumeration.
n.­280
Note that this buddha does not appear in the initial enumeration.
n.­281
Tib. drang po. Skilling and Saerji 2018, p. 229 n. 220, suggests “secretary” for a presumed drung po.
n.­282
Tib. ka ran tak. Our Sanskrit restoration follows Skilling and Saerji 2018, p. 230 n. 226.
n.­283
Tib. chu tom. Following Skilling and Saerji 2016, p. 232 n. 247, we read this as chu zom.
n.­284
Tib. bya ba. Following Skilling and Saerji 2018, p. 233 n. 255, the translation assumes bya ra.
n.­285
Tib. ’ta la. We are not aware of any Sanskrit word behind this apparent transcription.
n.­286
Tib. ka ran dza byed tshe. Tentative translation following Skilling and Saerji 2018, p. 236 n. 281.
n.­287
Tib. glu dbyangs. Restored in Sanskrit as Nāgaruta (Tib. klu dbyangs) in accord with the earlier references to this buddha. See also Skilling and Saerji 2018, p. 237 n. 296.
n.­288
Tib. lag bla. See Skilling and Saerji 2018, pp. 161–62 n. 157.
n.­289
Note that the first two lists give the buddha Puṇyapradīpa here.
n.­290
Note that this buddha does not appear in the initial enumeration.
n.­291
Tib. ’ug pa. Skilling and Saerji 2018, p. 242 n. 349, reads this word as ’ug pa pa (thus translating the Sanskrit aulukyua) and hence translates this enigmatic phrase with “when he was a follower of the Vaiśeṣika doctrine.”
n.­292
Tib. gos dang shing leb dag ni bzhag nas kyang. The sense of this sentence is unclear to us.
n.­293
Note that the buddha Sudarśana (994 according to the initial enumeration) does not appear here.
n.­294
Tib. ka sha’i gdan. Following Skilling and Saerji 2018, p. 243 n. 362, the translation assumes ku sha’i gdan.
n.­295
Note that this enumeration gives only 994, falling short of the 1000 specified in the text.
n.­296
The sense of “eightfold reveling” is unclear.
n.­297
This passage relating the origin story of further future buddhas is quoted in the Sūtrasamuccaya (Toh 3934) and in the Saṃskṛtāsaṃskṛtaviniścaya (Toh 3897), and is mentioned in Butön’s History of the Dharma (Butön F.35.a), Kongtrul Lodrö Thaye’s Treasury of Knowledge (see Kongtrul 2010, p 44), and other works, as the authority for the sequence of future eons and the appearance or otherwise of buddhas beyond the end of the present Good Eon.

b.

Bibliography

Tibetan Sources

bskal pa bzang po (Bhadrakalpika). Toh 94, Degé Kangyur vol. 45 (mdo sde, ka), folios 1.b–340.a.

bskal pa bzang po (Bhadrakalpika). Toh 94, Stok Palaca Kangyur vol. 52 (mdo sde, ka), folios 1.a–478.a.

bskal pa bzang po. (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–9, vol. 45, pp. 3–852.

rgya cher rol pa (Lalita­vistara). Toh 95, Degé Kangyur vol. 46 (mdo sde, kha), folios 1.b–216.b. English translation in Dharmachakra Translation Committee 2013.

chos yang dag par sdud pa’i mdo (Dharma­saṅgīti­sūtra). Toh 238, Degé Kangyur vol. 65 (mdo sde, zha), folios 1.a–99.b. English translation in Tibetan Classics Translators Guild of New York 2024.

theg pa chen po’i man ngag (Mahāyānopadeśa­sūtra). Toh 169, Degé Kangyur vol. 59 (mdo sde, ba), folios 260.a–307.a.

dam pa’i chos pad ma dkar po (Saddharma­puṇḍarīka). Toh 113, Degé Kangyur vol. 51 (mdo sde, ja), folios 1.b–180.b. English translation in Roberts 2018b.

tshe dang ye shes dpag tu med pa theg pa chen po’i mdo (Aparimitāyurjñāna-nāma-mahā­yāna­sūtra). Toh 674, Degé Kangyur vol. 91 (rgyud ’bum, ba), folios 211.b–216.a; Toh 849, vol. 100 (gzungs ’dus, e), folios 57.b–62.a. English translation in Roberts 2021.

yul ’khor skyong gis zhus pa (Rāṣṭra­pāla­paripṛcchā). Toh 62, Degé Kangyur vol. 42 (dkon brtsegs, nga), folios 227.a–257.a. English translation in Vienna Buddhist Translation Studies Group 2021.

shes phyin khri pa (Daśa­sāhasrikā­prajñā­pāramitā). Toh 11, Degé Kangyur vol. 31 (shes phyin, ga), folios 1.b–91.a; vol. 32 (shes phyin, nga), folios 92.b–397.a. English translation in Padmakara Translation Group 2018.

theg pa chen po rgyud bla ma’i bstan bcos (Mahāyānottara­tantra­śāstra) [Ratnagotravibhāga]. Toh 4024, Degé Tengyur vol. 123 (sems tsam, phi), folios 54.b–73.a.

mdo kun las btus pa (Sūtrasamuccaya). Toh 3934, Degé Tengyur vol. 110 (dbu ma, ki), folios 148.b–215.a.

Āryaśūra. skyes pa’i rabs kyi rgyud (Jātakamālā). Toh 4150, Degé Tengyur vol. 168 (skyes rabs, hu), folios 1.b–135.a.

Asaṅga. rnal ’byor spyod pa’i sa (Yogācārabhūmi). Toh 4035, Degé Tengyur vol. 127 (sems tsam, tshi), folios 1.b–283.a.

Asaṅga. theg pa chen po bsdus pa (Mahā­yāna­saṃgraha). Toh 4048, Degé Tengyur vol. 134 (sems tsam, ri), folios 1.b–43.a.

Śāntideva. bslab pa kun las btus pa (Śikṣāsamuccaya). Toh 3940, Degé Tengyur vol. 111 (dbu ma, khi), folios 3.a–194.b.

Vasubandhu. chos mngon pa’i mdzod kyi tshig le’ur byas pa (Abhidharma­kośa­kārikā). Toh 4089, Degé Tengyur vol. 140 (mngon pa, ku), folios 1.b–25.a.

Vasubandhu. chos mngon pa’i mdzod kyi bshad pa (Abhidharma­kośa­bhāṣya). Toh 4090, Degé Tengyur vol. 140 (mngon pa, ku), folios 26.b–258.a; vol. 141 (mngon pa, khu), folios 1.b–95.a.

Denkarma (pho brang stod thang ldan [/ lhan] dkar gyi chos ’gyur ro cog gi dkar chag). Degé Tengyur vol. 206 (sna tshogs, jo), folios 294.b–310.a.

bye brag tu rtogs par byed pa chen po (Mahāvyutpatti). Toh 4346, Degé Tengyur vol. 204 (sna tshogs, co), folios 1.b–131.a.

Butön (bu ston rin chen grub). chos ’byung [History of the Dharma] (bde bar gshegs pa’i bstan pa’i gsal byed chos kyi ’byung gnas gsung rab rin po che’i mdzod). In gsung ’bum/_rin chen grub/ (zhol par ma/ ldi lir bskyar par brgyab pa/) [The Collected Works of Bu-ston: Edited by Lokesh Chandra from the Collections of Raghu Vira], vol. 24, pp. 633–1056. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture, 1965–71.

Secondary Sources

Beal, Samuel. The Romantic Legend of Sâkya Buddha from the Chinese-Sanscrit. London: Trübner and Co, 1875. Available online at Internet Archive.

Bhaiṣajya Translation Team, trans. The Chapter on Medicines (Bhaiṣajya­vastu, Toh 1, ch. 6). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2021.

Boucher, Daniel. “Dharmarakṣa and the Transmission of Buddhism to China.” Asia Major, 3rd ser., 19, no. 1/2 (2006): 13–37.

Brunnhölzl, Karl. A Compendium of the Mahāyāna: Asaṅga’s Mahā­yāna­saṃgraha and Its Indian and Tibetan Commentaries. 3 vols. Boulder: Snow Lion, 2018.

Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans. (2013). The Play in Full (Lalita­vistara, Toh 95). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2013.

Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans. (2016). The Absorption that Encapsulates All Merit (Sarva­puṇya­samuccaya­samādhi, Toh 134). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2016.

Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans. (2020). The Absorption of the Miraculous Ascertainment of Peace (Pra­śānta­viniścaya­prāti­hārya­samādhi, Toh 129). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2020.

Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. Die lHan kar ma: ein früher Katalog der ins Tibetische übersetzten buddhistischen Texte. Vienna: Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2008.

The Fortunate Aeon: How the Thousand Buddhas Became Enlightened. 4 vols. Berkeley: Dharma Publishing, 1986.

Jaini, Padmanabh S. “Stages in the Bodhisattva Career of the Tathāgata Maitreya,” in Sponberg and Hardacre (eds.), Maitreya, the Future Buddha, pp 54-90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Reprinted with additional material in Jaini, Padmanabh S. Collected Papers on Buddhist Studies, ch. 26. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2001.

Fukita, Takamichi. “The Mahāvadānasūtra: A new edition based on manuscripts discovered in northern Turkestan.” In Sanskrit-Wörterbuch der buddhistischen Texte aus den Turfan-Funden, Beiheft 10. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 2003.

Kongtrul, Jamgön, tr. Ngawang Zangpo. Buddhism’s Journey to Tibet. Books Two, Three, and Four of The Treasury of Knowledge. Ithaca: Snow Lion, 2010.

Li, Can (2015). “A Newly Identified Fragment of a Lost Translation of the Bhadra­kalpika-sūtra.” Annual Report of the International Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 18 (2015): 235–51.

Li, Can (2018). “A Preliminary Report on Some New Sources of the Bhadra­kalpika-sūtra (1).” Annual Report of the International Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 21 (2018): 417–22.

Padmakara Translation Group, trans. The Transcendent Perfection of Wisdom in Ten Thousand Lines (Daśa­sāhasrikā­prajñā­pāramitā, Toh 11). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2018.

Pruden, Leo M., trans. Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam of Vasubandhu. 4 vols. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1988–90.

Roberts, Peter Alan, trans. (2018a). The King of Samādhis (Samādhi­rāja, Toh 127). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2018.

Roberts, Peter Alan, trans. (2018b). The White Lotus of the Good Dharma (Saddharma­puṇḍarīka, Toh 113). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2018.

Roberts, Peter Alan, trans. (2021). The Aparimitāyurjñāna Sūtra (1) (Aparimitāyurjñāna­sūtra, Toh 674). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2021.

Roberts, Peter Alan, trans. (2023). The White Lotus of Compassion (Karuṇā­puṇḍarīka­sūtra, Toh 112). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2023.

Rouse, W. H. D., trans. “Valāhassa-jātaka.” In The Jātaka or Stories of the Buddha’s Former Births, edited by E. B. Cowell, 2:89–90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1895.

Sakaki, Ryōzaburō, ed., Honyaku myōgi taishū (Mahāvyutpatti). 2 vols. 1916. Reprint, Tokyo: Kokusho Kanakōkai, 1987.

Salomon, Richard (2014). “Gāndhārī Manuscripts in the British Library, Schøyen and Other Collections.” In From Birch Bark to Digital Data, edited by Paul Harrison and Jens-Uwe Hartmann. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2014: 1–17.

Salomon, Richard (2018). The Buddhist Literature of Ancient Gandhāra: An Introduction with Selected Translations. Somerville: Wisdom Publications, 2018.

Skilling, Peter (2010). “Notes on the Bhadrakalpika-sūtra.” Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 13 (2010): 195–229.

Skilling, Peter (2011). “Notes on the Bhadrakalpika-sūtra (II): Beyond the Fortunate Aeon: What comes next?” Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 14 (2011): 59–72.

Skilling, Peter (2012). “Notes on the Bhadrakalpika-sūtra (III): Beyond the Fortunate Aeon.” Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 15 (2012): 117–26.

Skilling, Peter and Saerji (2014). “How the Buddhas of the Fortunate Aeon First Aspired to Awakening: The Pūrva-praṇidhānas of Buddhas 1–250.” Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 17 (2014): 245–91.

Skilling, Peter and Saerji (2016). “How the Buddhas of the Fortunate Aeon First Aspired to Awakening: The Pūrva-praṇidhānas of Buddhas 251–500.” Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 19 (2016): 149–92.

Skilling, Peter and Saerji (2017). “How the Buddhas of the Fortunate Aeon First Aspired to Awakening: The Pūrva-praṇidhānas of Buddhas 501–750.” Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 20 (2017): 167–204.

Skilling, Peter and Saerji (2018). “How the Buddhas of the Fortunate Aeon First Aspired to Awakening: The Pūrva-praṇidhānas of Buddhas 751–994.” Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 21 (2018): 209–44.

Skilling, Peter and Saerji (2019). “Jātakas in the Bhadra­kalpika-sūtra: A Provisional Inventory I.” Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 22 (2019): 209–44.

Skilton, Andrew. “State or Statement? Samādhi in Some Early Mahāyāna Sutras.” The Eastern Buddhist XXXIV, 2 (2002): 51–93.

Sujato, Bhikkhu. “The Great Discourse on the Harvest of Deeds.” In Long Discourses: A Faithful Translation of the Dīgha Nikāya. Sutta Central, 2018.

Thurman, Robert, trans. The Teaching of Vimalakīrti (Vimala­kīrti­nirdeśa­sūtra, Toh 176). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2017.

Tibetan Classics Translators Guild of New York, trans. The Dharma Council (Dharmasaṅgīti, Toh 238). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2024.

Tournier, Vincent. “Buddhas of the Past: South Asia.” In Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism, edited by Jonathan Silk et al., vol. 2, Lives, 95–108. Leiden: Brill, 2019.

Waldschmidt, Ernst. Das Mahāvadānasūtra: Ein kanonischer Text über die sieben letzten Buddhas: Auf Grund von Turfan-Handschriften herausgegeben. Teil I-II. Berlin: Abhandlungen der deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Klasse für Sprachen, Literatur und Kunst, 1952/8, 1954/3.

Vienna Buddhist Translation Studies Group, trans. The Questions of Rāṣṭrapāla (Rāṣṭra­pāla­paripṛcchā­sūtra, Toh 62). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2021.


g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for names and terms of the corresponding source language

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in a manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other manuscripts with a parallel or similar context.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in dictionaries matching Tibetan to the corresponding language.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where the relationship between the Tibetan and source language is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

Abandoner of Anger

Wylie:
  • tha spangs ma
Tibetan:
  • ཐ་སྤངས་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Mother of the buddha Merudhvaja.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 2.B.­679
g.­2

Abandoning Displeasure

Wylie:
  • mi dga’ spong
Tibetan:
  • མི་དགའ་སྤོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇagaṇa.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 2.B.­959
g.­3

Abandoning Doubt

Wylie:
  • yid gnyis spong
Tibetan:
  • ཡིད་གཉིས་སྤོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Son of the buddha Mahāyaśas.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 2.B.­81
g.­787

calm abiding

Wylie:
  • zhi gnas
Tibetan:
  • ཞི་གནས།
Sanskrit:
  • śamatha

One of the two primary forms of meditation in Buddhism, the other being special insight.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­25
  • 1.­28
  • 1.­44
  • 2.­30
  • 2.­35
  • 2.­73
  • 2.­115
  • 2.­136
  • 2.­262
  • 2.­264
  • 2.­352
  • 2.B.­2185
  • g.­5713
  • g.­7500
g.­991

concentration

Wylie:
  • bsam gtan
Tibetan:
  • བསམ་གཏན།
Sanskrit:
  • dhyāna

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Dhyāna is defined as one-pointed abiding in an undistracted state of mind, free from afflicted mental states. Four states of dhyāna are identified as being conducive to birth within the form realm. In the context of the Mahāyāna, it is the fifth of the six perfections. It is commonly translated as “concentration,” “meditative concentration,” and so on.

Located in 347 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­23
  • 1.­45
  • 1.­52
  • 2.­20
  • 2.­31
  • 2.­35
  • 2.­42-370
  • 2.B.­1385
  • g.­3059
  • g.­3575
  • g.­5402
  • g.­5710
  • g.­5711
  • g.­6423
  • g.­6760
  • g.­6998
  • g.­8065
  • g.­8462
  • g.­8664
g.­1162

defilement

Wylie:
  • nyon mongs
Tibetan:
  • ཉོན་མོངས།
Sanskrit:
  • kleśa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The essentially pure nature of mind is obscured and afflicted by various psychological defilements, which destroy the mind’s peace and composure and lead to unwholesome deeds of body, speech, and mind, acting as causes for continued existence in saṃsāra. Included among them are the primary afflictions of desire (rāga), anger (dveṣa), and ignorance (avidyā). It is said that there are eighty-four thousand of these negative mental qualities, for which the eighty-four thousand categories of the Buddha’s teachings serve as the antidote.

Kleśa is also commonly translated as “negative emotions,” “disturbing emotions,” and so on. The Pāli kilesa, Middle Indic kileśa, and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit kleśa all primarily mean “stain” or “defilement.” The translation “affliction” is a secondary development that derives from the more general (non-Buddhist) classical understanding of √kliś (“to harm,“ “to afflict”). Both meanings are noted by Buddhist commentators.

Located in 69 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­4
  • 1.­27-28
  • 1.­30
  • 1.­51
  • 1.­55
  • 1.­66
  • 2.­29
  • 2.­37
  • 2.­48
  • 2.­54
  • 2.­56
  • 2.­60
  • 2.­69-71
  • 2.­73
  • 2.­79
  • 2.­88
  • 2.­98
  • 2.­120-121
  • 2.­158
  • 2.­202
  • 2.­204
  • 2.­220-221
  • 2.­243-244
  • 2.­256
  • 2.­276
  • 2.­305
  • 2.­336
  • 2.­349
  • 2.­365
  • 2.­374
  • 2.­385
  • 2.B.­202
  • 2.B.­214
  • 2.B.­608
  • 2.B.­645
  • 2.B.­798
  • 2.B.­852
  • 2.B.­892
  • 2.B.­1157
  • 2.B.­1173
  • 2.B.­1177
  • 2.B.­1221
  • 2.B.­1313
  • 2.B.­1377
  • 2.B.­1381
  • 2.B.­1409
  • 2.B.­1422
  • 2.B.­1437
  • 2.B.­1445
  • 2.B.­1465
  • 2.B.­1478
  • 2.B.­1633
  • 2.B.­1817
  • 2.B.­1949
  • 2.B.­2205
  • 2.B.­2289
  • 2.B.­2353
  • g.­3062
  • g.­7400
  • g.­8065
  • g.­8463
  • g.­8493
  • g.­9317
g.­1789

elucidating the way of all phenomena

Wylie:
  • chos thams cad kyi tshul la nges par ston pa
Tibetan:
  • ཆོས་ཐམས་ཅད་ཀྱི་ཚུལ་ལ་ངེས་པར་སྟོན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The name of a meditative absorption of the Buddha, described in detail in 1.­19 et seq., a teaching on which the bodhisattva Prāmodyarāja requests in The Good Eon.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­2
  • i.­8
  • i.­20
  • 1.­19-20
  • 1.­34
  • 1.­49
g.­2051

eon

Wylie:
  • bskal pa
Tibetan:
  • བསྐལ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kalpa

According to the traditional Abhidharma understanding of cyclical time, a great eon (mahākalpa) is divided into eighty lesser or intervening eons. In the course of one great eon, the external universe and its sentient life takes form and later disappears. During the first twenty of the lesser eons, the universe is in the process of creation and expansion (vivartakalpa); during the next twenty it remains created; during the third twenty, it is in the process of destruction or contraction (samvartakalpa); and during the last quarter of the cycle, it remains in a state of destruction. For the different kinds of kalpas according to Abhidharma teachings, see the Abhidharma­kośa­bhāṣya (Toh 4090) on AK III.89d–93 (for English translation, see Pruden 1988–90, vol. 2, 475–81). The Good Eon referenced in this text is the name Buddhists give to our current eon and generally refers to any eon in which more than one buddha appear.

Located in 46 passages in the translation:

  • i.­1-2
  • i.­8
  • i.­11-12
  • i.­14-15
  • 1.­3
  • 1.­52-53
  • 1.­81
  • 1.­83
  • 1.­86
  • 1.­88
  • 1.­90
  • 1.­136
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­3
  • 2.­5-7
  • 2.­10
  • 2.­46-47
  • 2.­53
  • 2.­88
  • 2.­127
  • 2.­144
  • 2.­146
  • 2.­287
  • 2.A.­103
  • 2.C.­1015
  • 2.C.­1020
  • 2.C.­1025
  • 2.C.­1037
  • n.­2
  • n.­33
  • n.­62
  • n.­297
  • g.­313
  • g.­3511
  • g.­3655
  • g.­6725
  • g.­7194
  • g.­7333
  • g.­7741
g.­3442

god

Wylie:
  • lha
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ།
Sanskrit:
  • deva

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In the most general sense the devas‍—the term is cognate with the English divine‍—are a class of celestial beings who frequently appear in Buddhist texts, often at the head of the assemblies of nonhuman beings who attend and celebrate the teachings of the Buddha Śākyamuni and other buddhas and bodhisattvas. In Buddhist cosmology the devas occupy the highest of the five or six “destinies” (gati) of saṃsāra among which beings take rebirth. The devas reside in the devalokas, “heavens” that traditionally number between twenty-six and twenty-eight and are divided between the desire realm (kāmadhātu), form realm (rūpadhātu), and formless realm (ārūpyadhātu). A being attains rebirth among the devas either through meritorious deeds (in the desire realm) or the attainment of subtle meditative states (in the form and formless realms). While rebirth among the devas is considered favorable, it is ultimately a transitory state from which beings will fall when the conditions that lead to rebirth there are exhausted. Thus, rebirth in the god realms is regarded as a diversion from the spiritual path.

Located in 78 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 1.­3
  • 1.­7
  • 1.­10
  • 1.­28
  • 1.­52
  • 1.­54-63
  • 1.­65
  • 1.­85
  • 1.­89
  • 1.­132
  • 1.­143
  • 2.­18
  • 2.­22
  • 2.­39
  • 2.­49
  • 2.­53
  • 2.­103
  • 2.­123
  • 2.­194
  • 2.­197
  • 2.­202-203
  • 2.­207
  • 2.­216
  • 2.­247
  • 2.­297
  • 2.­364
  • 2.­369-370
  • 2.­373
  • 2.­391
  • 2.­393
  • 2.A.­3
  • 2.B.­1
  • 2.B.­957
  • 2.B.­1254
  • 2.B.­1330
  • 2.B.­1402
  • 2.B.­1510
  • 2.B.­1674
  • 2.B.­1693
  • 2.B.­1757
  • 2.B.­1770
  • 2.B.­1778
  • 2.B.­1802
  • 2.B.­1826
  • 2.B.­1961
  • 2.B.­1970
  • 2.B.­2241
  • 2.B.­2294
  • 2.B.­2341
  • 2.C.­51
  • 2.C.­340
  • 2.C.­461
  • 2.C.­490
  • 2.C.­628
  • 2.C.­643
  • 2.C.­738
  • 2.C.­924
  • 2.C.­928
  • 2.C.­962
  • 2.C.­1038-1039
  • g.­377
  • g.­3479
  • g.­6193
  • g.­7938
  • g.­7942
g.­3488

Golden Beauty, King of the Splendid Light of Ascertainment

Wylie:
  • gser sdug mdzes pa rnam par nges pa’i ’od kyi gzi brjid kyi rgyal po
Tibetan:
  • གསེར་སྡུག་མཛེས་པ་རྣམ་པར་ངེས་པའི་འོད་ཀྱི་གཟི་བརྗིད་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A buddha of the past.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 2.­1
g.­3511

Good Eon

Wylie:
  • bskal pa bzang po
Tibetan:
  • བསྐལ་པ་བཟང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • bhadra­kalpika

The name of our current eon, during which one thousand buddhas are prophesied to appear. See also n.­2.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • i.­1
  • i.­4-5
  • i.­9
  • 2.A.­2
  • 2.A.­100
  • 2.C.­1021
  • n.­2
  • n.­297
  • g.­2051
  • g.­3655
  • g.­6351
  • g.­7194
g.­5710

meditative absorption

Wylie:
  • ting nge ’dzin
Tibetan:
  • ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན།
Sanskrit:
  • samādhi

A central term in Buddhism, generally denoting states of deep concentration or contemplations that foster wholesome states of mind. In this text (see Introduction i.­19 et seq.) it most often refers, more broadly, to a wide range of teachings and practices that constitute the bodhisattva path.

Located in 119 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­2-4
  • i.­8
  • i.­19-21
  • 1.­3-4
  • 1.­12
  • 1.­16
  • 1.­19-20
  • 1.­26-27
  • 1.­29
  • 1.­34-35
  • 1.­37-39
  • 1.­41
  • 1.­43-44
  • 1.­46-47
  • 1.­49
  • 1.­53
  • 1.­64
  • 1.­67
  • 1.­70
  • 1.­75
  • 1.­78
  • 1.­81
  • 1.­83
  • 1.­86-89
  • 1.­91
  • 1.­94-95
  • 1.­98
  • 1.­112
  • 1.­133
  • 1.­135-136
  • 1.­143
  • 2.­2-4
  • 2.­11-14
  • 2.­17-21
  • 2.­24
  • 2.­38
  • 2.­54
  • 2.­58
  • 2.­69-70
  • 2.­72-73
  • 2.­75
  • 2.­87
  • 2.­91
  • 2.­98
  • 2.­143
  • 2.­201
  • 2.­208
  • 2.­212
  • 2.­243
  • 2.­248
  • 2.­254
  • 2.­263-264
  • 2.­290
  • 2.­304
  • 2.­329
  • 2.­371
  • 2.­385
  • 2.A.­1-2
  • 2.A.­104-105
  • 2.B.­136
  • 2.B.­681
  • 2.B.­1130
  • 2.C.­424
  • 2.C.­1014
  • 2.C.­1016
  • 2.C.­1019-1026
  • 2.C.­1031
  • 2.C.­1037-1038
  • n.­36
  • n.­162
  • g.­323
  • g.­1764
  • g.­1789
  • g.­2605
  • g.­2875
  • g.­3057
  • g.­4129
  • g.­7329
  • g.­8462
g.­5713

meditative seclusion

Wylie:
  • nang du yang dag ’jog
  • nang du yang dag par ’jog pa
Tibetan:
  • ནང་དུ་ཡང་དག་འཇོག
  • ནང་དུ་ཡང་དག་པར་འཇོག་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • pratisaṃlayana

This term can mean both physical seclusion and a meditative state of withdrawal. It often refers specifically to the practice of calm abiding (śamatha) and special insight (vipaśyanā).

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2-3
  • 1.­22
  • 1.­128
  • 2.­18
  • 2.­23
  • 2.­27
  • 2.­255
g.­6351

one thousand buddhas of the Good Eon

Wylie:
  • bskal pa bzang po pa’i sangs rgyas stong
Tibetan:
  • བསྐལ་པ་བཟང་པོ་པའི་སངས་རྒྱས་སྟོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The one thousand and four buddhas that will appear in the current Good Eon.

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1-2
  • i.­4
  • i.­7-8
  • i.­15-16
  • 2.­3
  • 2.B.­1
  • 2.C.­1
  • n.­1
  • n.­33
  • g.­221
  • g.­8468
g.­6382

Palgyi Yang

Wylie:
  • dpal gyi dbyangs
Tibetan:
  • དཔལ་གྱི་དབྱངས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Tibetan translator of The Good Eon.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • i.­26
  • c.­1
g.­6383

Paltsek

Wylie:
  • dpal brtsegs
Tibetan:
  • དཔལ་བརྩེགས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Paltsek (eighth to early ninth century), from the village of Kawa north of Lhasa, was one of Tibet’s preeminent translators. He was one of the first seven Tibetans to be ordained by Śāntarakṣita and is counted as one of Guru Rinpoché’s twenty-five close disciples. In a famous verse by Ngok Lotsawa Loden Sherab, Kawa Paltsek is named along with Chokro Lui Gyaltsen and Zhang (or Nanam) Yeshé Dé as part of a group of translators whose skills were surpassed only by Vairotsana.

He translated works from a wide variety of genres, including sūtra, śāstra, vinaya, and tantra, and was an author himself. Paltsek was also one of the most important editors of the early period, one of nine translators installed by Tri Songdetsen (r. 755–797/800) to supervise the translation of the Tripiṭaka and help catalog translated works for the first two of three imperial catalogs, the Denkarma (ldan kar ma) and the Samyé Chimpuma (bsam yas mchims phu ma). In the colophons of his works, he is often known as Paltsek Rakṣita (rak+Shi ta).

In this text:

Tibetan editor of The Good Eon.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • i.­26
  • c.­1
g.­6645

Prāmodyarāja

Wylie:
  • mchog tu dga’ ba’i rgyal po
Tibetan:
  • མཆོག་ཏུ་དགའ་བའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • prāmodyarāja

Bodhisattva who requests the teaching of The Good Eon.

Located in 58 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­2-4
  • i.­6-7
  • i.­24
  • 1.­3-4
  • 1.­6-7
  • 1.­19-20
  • 1.­34
  • 1.­49
  • 1.­86
  • 1.­124
  • 1.­133-134
  • 1.­143
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­3-4
  • 2.­17
  • 2.­23
  • 2.­25-29
  • 2.­38-42
  • 2.­372
  • 2.A.­1-5
  • 2.B.­1-2
  • 2.B.­5-6
  • 2.C.­1-3
  • 2.C.­1019
  • 2.C.­1021-1022
  • 2.C.­1025-1026
  • 2.C.­1037-1039
  • n.­26
  • g.­1789
g.­6725

prophecy

Wylie:
  • lung bstan pa
Tibetan:
  • ལུང་བསྟན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • vyākaraṇa

In this text and many others, the formal statement by a buddha that a particular individual (or occasionally a group) will attain awakening as a named tathāgata, often in a named world system during a named future eon. The same term is also used (though not in this text) to refer to a category of scriptures in which such prophetic statements are made; more generally, it can mean simply a teaching or explanation.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • i.­11-12
  • i.­15-17
  • 1.­84
  • 1.­110
  • g.­3511
g.­7500

special insight

Wylie:
  • lhag mthong
  • lhag par mthong ba
Tibetan:
  • ལྷག་མཐོང་།
  • ལྷག་པར་མཐོང་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • vipaśyanā

One of the two primary forms of meditation in Buddhism, the other being calm abiding.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­25
  • 2.­30
  • 2.­35
  • 2.­47
  • 2.­56
  • 2.­74
  • 2.­95
  • 2.­101
  • 2.­115
  • 2.­136
  • 2.­265
  • g.­787
  • g.­5713
g.­7641

Śrāvasti

Wylie:
  • mnyan yod
Tibetan:
  • མཉན་ཡོད།
Sanskrit:
  • śrāvasti

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

During the life of the Buddha, Śrāvastī was the capital city of the powerful kingdom of Kośala, ruled by King Prasenajit, who became a follower and patron of the Buddha. It was also the hometown of Anāthapiṇḍada, the wealthy patron who first invited the Buddha there, and then offered him a park known as Jetavana, Prince Jeta’s Grove, which became one of the first Buddhist monasteries. The Buddha is said to have spent about twenty-five rainy seasons with his disciples in Śrāvastī, thus it is named as the setting of numerous events and teachings. It is located in present-day Uttar Pradesh in northern India.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • i.­2
  • 1.­2
g.­8468

the first list of one thousand buddhas of the Good Eon

Wylie:
  • —
Tibetan:
  • —
Sanskrit:
  • —

The first list of the of the one thousand buddhas which is found in The Good Eon beginning at 2.A.­7 and in fact lists one thousand and four buddhas in total.

Located in 1,013 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • n.­1
  • n.­144
  • n.­148-149
  • n.­165-166
  • n.­213
  • g.­16
  • g.­17
  • g.­18
  • g.­19
  • g.­20
  • g.­21
  • g.­22
  • g.­23
  • g.­81
  • g.­82
  • g.­125
  • g.­126
  • g.­129
  • g.­130
  • g.­189
  • g.­197
  • g.­199
  • g.­201
  • g.­202
  • g.­203
  • g.­210
  • g.­211
  • g.­212
  • g.­214
  • g.­215
  • g.­216
  • g.­217
  • g.­218
  • g.­219
  • g.­220
  • g.­223
  • g.­224
  • g.­225
  • g.­226
  • g.­227
  • g.­228
  • g.­229
  • g.­230
  • g.­231
  • g.­232
  • g.­233
  • g.­235
  • g.­236
  • g.­237
  • g.­238
  • g.­239
  • g.­240
  • g.­241
  • g.­242
  • g.­243
  • g.­244
  • g.­245
  • g.­246
  • g.­247
  • g.­248
  • g.­249
  • g.­250
  • g.­251
  • g.­252
  • g.­253
  • g.­254
  • g.­255
  • g.­257
  • g.­258
  • g.­259
  • g.­260
  • g.­261
  • g.­262
  • g.­264
  • g.­271
  • g.­273
  • g.­275
  • g.­276
  • g.­277
  • g.­278
  • g.­279
  • g.­280
  • g.­281
  • g.­282
  • g.­283
  • g.­324
  • g.­325
  • g.­326
  • g.­327
  • g.­328
  • g.­329
  • g.­330
  • g.­331
  • g.­332
  • g.­333
  • g.­334
  • g.­335
  • g.­336
  • g.­337
  • g.­338
  • g.­339
  • g.­340
  • g.­348
  • g.­349
  • g.­350
  • g.­351
  • g.­352
  • g.­353
  • g.­354
  • g.­362
  • g.­378
  • g.­379
  • g.­408
  • g.­409
  • g.­410
  • g.­428
  • g.­430
  • g.­438
  • g.­440
  • g.­441
  • g.­442
  • g.­444
  • g.­445
  • g.­607
  • g.­608
  • g.­611
  • g.­612
  • g.­613
  • g.­614
  • g.­619
  • g.­620
  • g.­621
  • g.­622
  • g.­623
  • g.­624
  • g.­625
  • g.­668
  • g.­669
  • g.­670
  • g.­671
  • g.­681
  • g.­684
  • g.­732
  • g.­733
  • g.­734
  • g.­735
  • g.­736
  • g.­737
  • g.­738
  • g.­739
  • g.­740
  • g.­741
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  • g.­745
  • g.­746
  • g.­779
  • g.­782
  • g.­783
  • g.­789
  • g.­799
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  • g.­804
  • g.­805
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  • g.­809
  • g.­811
  • g.­812
  • g.­813
  • g.­814
  • g.­822
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  • g.­826
  • g.­827
  • g.­867
  • g.­877
  • g.­878
  • g.­879
  • g.­880
  • g.­1039
  • g.­1132
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  • g.­1140
  • g.­1141
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  • g.­1335
  • g.­1356
  • g.­1358
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  • g.­1363
  • g.­1367
  • g.­1368
  • g.­1369
  • g.­1453
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  • g.­1455
  • g.­1457
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  • g.­1460
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  • g.­1462
  • g.­1463
  • g.­1464
  • g.­1466
  • g.­1467
  • g.­1468
  • g.­1469
  • g.­1470
  • g.­1471
  • g.­1472
  • g.­1473
  • g.­1474
  • g.­1480
  • g.­1724
  • g.­1725
  • g.­1726
  • g.­1727
  • g.­1728
  • g.­1729
  • g.­1730
  • g.­1731
  • g.­1732
  • g.­1733
  • g.­1734
  • g.­1736
  • g.­1737
  • g.­1738
  • g.­1740
  • g.­1741
  • g.­1742
  • g.­1743
  • g.­1752
  • g.­3144
  • g.­3145
  • g.­3146
  • g.­3148
  • g.­3150
  • g.­3151
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  • g.­3155
  • g.­3156
  • g.­3157
  • g.­3159
  • g.­3160
  • g.­3161
  • g.­3162
  • g.­3163
  • g.­3164
  • g.­3165
  • g.­3166
  • g.­3224
  • g.­3257
  • g.­3258
  • g.­3333
  • g.­3334
  • g.­3694
  • g.­3695
  • g.­3696
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  • g.­3699
  • g.­3700
  • g.­3701
  • g.­3702
  • g.­3703
  • g.­3704
  • g.­3705
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  • g.­3714
  • g.­3715
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  • g.­3720
  • g.­3721
  • g.­3722
  • g.­3723
  • g.­3724
  • g.­3725
  • g.­3726
  • g.­3727
  • g.­3765
  • g.­3767
  • g.­3879
  • g.­3880
  • g.­3924
  • g.­3925
  • g.­4083
  • g.­4084
  • g.­4085
  • g.­4357
  • g.­4358
  • g.­4359
  • g.­4360
  • g.­4361
  • g.­4362
  • g.­4370
  • g.­4371
  • g.­4372
  • g.­4373
  • g.­4374
  • g.­4375
  • g.­4380
  • g.­4381
  • g.­4382
  • g.­4517
  • g.­4518
  • g.­4519
  • g.­4520
  • g.­4521
  • g.­4522
  • g.­4523
  • g.­4524
  • g.­4525
  • g.­4526
  • g.­4527
  • g.­4528
  • g.­4529
  • g.­4530
  • g.­4531
  • g.­4532
  • g.­4533
  • g.­4534
  • g.­4535
  • g.­4536
  • g.­4537
  • g.­4538
  • g.­4539
  • g.­4540
  • g.­4541
  • g.­4542
  • g.­4543
  • g.­4544
  • g.­4717
  • g.­4718
  • g.­4719
  • g.­4720
  • g.­4721
  • g.­4722
  • g.­4723
  • g.­4724
  • g.­4725
  • g.­4731
  • g.­4732
  • g.­4733
  • g.­4734
  • g.­4742
  • g.­4743
  • g.­4744
  • g.­4748
  • g.­4750
  • g.­4751
  • g.­4752
  • g.­4753
  • g.­4754
  • g.­4851
  • g.­4853
  • g.­4854
  • g.­4855
  • g.­4856
  • g.­4859
  • g.­4860
  • g.­4861
  • g.­4862
  • g.­4863
  • g.­4869
  • g.­4870
  • g.­4871
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  • g.­4873
  • g.­4874
  • g.­4875
  • g.­4876
  • g.­4877
  • g.­4878
  • g.­4879
  • g.­4880
  • g.­4881
  • g.­4882
  • g.­4883
  • g.­4884
  • g.­4885
  • g.­4886
  • g.­4887
  • g.­5291
  • g.­5292
  • g.­5294
  • g.­5295
  • g.­5296
  • g.­5297
  • g.­5298
  • g.­5299
  • g.­5300
  • g.­5502
  • g.­5503
  • g.­5504
  • g.­5507
  • g.­5508
  • g.­5510
  • g.­5511
  • g.­5516
  • g.­5517
  • g.­5519
  • g.­5520
  • g.­5522
  • g.­5523
  • g.­5524
  • g.­5525
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  • g.­5527
  • g.­5528
  • g.­5529
  • g.­5530
  • g.­5531
  • g.­5532
  • g.­5533
  • g.­5534
  • g.­5536
  • g.­5537
  • g.­5538
  • g.­5539
  • g.­5541
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  • g.­5566
  • g.­5567
  • g.­5570
  • g.­5571
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  • g.­5576
  • g.­5578
  • g.­5579
  • g.­5581
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  • g.­5596
  • g.­5597
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  • g.­5651
  • g.­5652
  • g.­5653
  • g.­5654
  • g.­5656
  • g.­5657
  • g.­5717
  • g.­5718
  • g.­5829
  • g.­5830
  • g.­5831
  • g.­5832
  • g.­5833
  • g.­5834
  • g.­5954
  • g.­5955
  • g.­5956
  • g.­5957
  • g.­6156
  • g.­6157
  • g.­6158
  • g.­6159
  • g.­6178
  • g.­6179
  • g.­6180
  • g.­6181
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  • g.­6183
  • g.­6184
  • g.­6186
  • g.­6187
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  • g.­6191
  • g.­6192
  • g.­6194
  • g.­6195
  • g.­6198
  • g.­6259
  • g.­6261
  • g.­6262
  • g.­6263
  • g.­6264
  • g.­6345
  • g.­6346
  • g.­6347
  • g.­6348
  • g.­6349
  • g.­6355
  • g.­6356
  • g.­6364
  • g.­6365
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  • g.­6612
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g.­8841

Vaiśālī

Wylie:
  • yangs pa can
Tibetan:
  • ཡངས་པ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • vaiśālī

The ancient capital of the Licchavi republican state.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­2-3
  • 1.­2
  • 2.­18-19
  • 2.­319
  • g.­5055
g.­8950

Vidyākara­siṁha

Wylie:
  • bidyA ka ra sing ha
Tibetan:
  • བིདྱཱ་ཀ་ར་སིང་ཧ།
Sanskrit:
  • vidyākara­siṁha

Indian translator of The Good Eon.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • i.­26
  • c.­1
g.­9317

worthy one

Wylie:
  • dgra bcom pa
  • dgra bcom
Tibetan:
  • དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ།
  • དགྲ་བཅོམ།
Sanskrit:
  • arhat

One who has achieved the fourth and final level of attainment on the śrāvaka path and who has attained liberation with the cessation of all defilements.

Located in 251 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­13
  • 1.­20
  • 1.­22
  • 1.­55
  • 1.­86
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­18-19
  • 2.­37
  • 2.­347
  • 2.­351
  • 2.A.­6
  • 2.B.­6
  • 2.B.­9
  • 2.B.­29
  • 2.B.­31
  • 2.B.­43-45
  • 2.B.­47-50
  • 2.B.­52-58
  • 2.B.­60
  • 2.B.­62-63
  • 2.B.­83
  • 2.B.­111
  • 2.B.­131
  • 2.B.­139
  • 2.B.­155
  • 2.B.­163
  • 2.B.­171
  • 2.B.­187
  • 2.B.­191
  • 2.B.­202
  • 2.B.­214
  • 2.B.­218
  • 2.B.­226
  • 2.B.­238
  • 2.B.­257
  • 2.B.­261
  • 2.B.­276
  • 2.B.­280
  • 2.B.­284
  • 2.B.­288
  • 2.B.­296
  • 2.B.­304
  • 2.B.­308
  • 2.B.­320
  • 2.B.­324
  • 2.B.­328
  • 2.B.­336
  • 2.B.­340
  • 2.B.­348
  • 2.B.­352
  • 2.B.­360
  • 2.B.­364
  • 2.B.­372
  • 2.B.­380-381
  • 2.B.­384
  • 2.B.­392
  • 2.B.­396
  • 2.B.­408
  • 2.B.­412
  • 2.B.­416
  • 2.B.­424
  • 2.B.­428
  • 2.B.­432
  • 2.B.­440
  • 2.B.­444
  • 2.B.­448
  • 2.B.­452
  • 2.B.­460
  • 2.B.­472
  • 2.B.­476
  • 2.B.­480
  • 2.B.­488
  • 2.B.­496
  • 2.B.­500
  • 2.B.­504
  • 2.B.­544-546
  • 2.B.­557-558
  • 2.B.­562-569
  • 2.B.­574
  • 2.B.­593
  • 2.B.­599
  • 2.B.­608
  • 2.B.­616
  • 2.B.­633
  • 2.B.­649
  • 2.B.­653
  • 2.B.­665
  • 2.B.­680
  • 2.B.­732
  • 2.B.­744
  • 2.B.­760
  • 2.B.­772
  • 2.B.­796
  • 2.B.­804
  • 2.B.­808
  • 2.B.­816
  • 2.B.­828
  • 2.B.­832
  • 2.B.­856
  • 2.B.­860
  • 2.B.­880
  • 2.B.­940
  • 2.B.­988
  • 2.B.­1000
  • 2.B.­1004
  • 2.B.­1009-1014
  • 2.B.­1041
  • 2.B.­1125
  • 2.B.­1149
  • 2.B.­1157
  • 2.B.­1161
  • 2.B.­1165
  • 2.B.­1197
  • 2.B.­1217
  • 2.B.­1233
  • 2.B.­1237
  • 2.B.­1241
  • 2.B.­1249
  • 2.B.­1257
  • 2.B.­1261
  • 2.B.­1269
  • 2.B.­1277
  • 2.B.­1281
  • 2.B.­1313
  • 2.B.­1317
  • 2.B.­1325
  • 2.B.­1337
  • 2.B.­1341
  • 2.B.­1345
  • 2.B.­1405
  • 2.B.­1417
  • 2.B.­1445
  • 2.B.­1449
  • 2.B.­1457
  • 2.B.­1469
  • 2.B.­1473
  • 2.B.­1481
  • 2.B.­1485
  • 2.B.­1493
  • 2.B.­1536-1543
  • 2.B.­1545
  • 2.B.­1560-1562
  • 2.B.­1565-1568
  • 2.B.­1571-1578
  • 2.B.­1597-1598
  • 2.B.­1601
  • 2.B.­1645
  • 2.B.­1653
  • 2.B.­1661
  • 2.B.­1676
  • 2.B.­1680
  • 2.B.­1688
  • 2.B.­1700
  • 2.B.­1709
  • 2.B.­1724
  • 2.B.­1753
  • 2.B.­1756
  • 2.B.­1761
  • 2.B.­1781
  • 2.B.­1805
  • 2.B.­1812
  • 2.B.­1829
  • 2.B.­1849
  • 2.B.­1857
  • 2.B.­1884
  • 2.B.­1889
  • 2.B.­1904
  • 2.B.­1912
  • 2.B.­1916
  • 2.B.­1941
  • 2.B.­1945
  • 2.B.­1972
  • 2.B.­1976
  • 2.B.­1981
  • 2.B.­1989
  • 2.B.­1993
  • 2.B.­2117
  • 2.B.­2121
  • 2.B.­2125
  • 2.B.­2133
  • 2.B.­2173
  • 2.B.­2193
  • 2.B.­2209
  • 2.B.­2213
  • 2.B.­2225
  • 2.B.­2277
  • 2.B.­2297
  • 2.B.­2317
  • 2.B.­2337
  • 2.B.­2381
  • 2.B.­2389
  • 2.B.­2401
  • 2.B.­2405
  • 2.B.­2417
  • 2.B.­2421
  • 2.B.­2473
  • 2.B.­2477
  • 2.B.­2485
  • 2.B.­2489
  • 2.B.­2493
  • g.­3796
  • g.­5207
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    84000. The Good Eon (Bhadra­kalpika, bskal pa bzang po, Toh 94). Translated by Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2025. https://84000.co/translation/toh94/UT22084-045-001-end-notes.Copy
    84000. The Good Eon (Bhadra­kalpika, bskal pa bzang po, Toh 94). Translated by Dharmachakra Translation Committee, online publication, 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2025, 84000.co/translation/toh94/UT22084-045-001-end-notes.Copy
    84000. (2025) The Good Eon (Bhadra­kalpika, bskal pa bzang po, Toh 94). (Dharmachakra Translation Committee, Trans.). Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. https://84000.co/translation/toh94/UT22084-045-001-end-notes.Copy

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