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བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའི་སྡེ་སྣོད།

The Collected Teachings on the Bodhisatva
Introduction

Bodhisatva­piṭaka
འཕགས་པ་བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ཅེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེགས་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།
’phags pa byang chub sems dpa’i sde snod ces bya ba thegs chen po’i mdo
The Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra “The Collected Teachings on the Bodhisatva”
Ārya­bodhisatva­piṭaka­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra

Toh 56

Degé Kangyur, vol. 40 (dkon brtsegs, kha), folios 225.b–294.a; vol. 41 (dkon brtsegs, ga), folios 1.b–205.b

ᴛʀᴀɴsʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴛɪʙᴇᴛᴀɴ ʙʏ
  • Surendrabodhi, Śīlendra, Dharmatāśīla

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Translated by The Norwegian Institute of Palaeography and Historical Philology
under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha

First published 2023

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co.

Table of Contents

ti. Title
im. Imprint
co. Contents
s. Summary
ac. Acknowledgements
i. Introduction
tr. The Translation
+ 11 chapters- 11 chapters
1. Chapter 1: The Householder
2. Chapter 2: The Yakṣa Kimbhīra
3. Chapter 3: The Examination of the Bodhisatva
4. Chapter 4: The Inconceivable Tathāgata
5. Chapter 5: Love, Compassion, Empathetic Joy, and Equanimity
6. Chapter 6: The Perfection of Generosity
7. Chapter 7: The Perfection of Morality
8. Chapter 8: The Perfection of Patient Acceptance
9. Chapter 9: The Perfection of Vigor
10. Chapter 10: The Perfection of Meditation
11. Chapter 11: The Perfection of Wisdom
c. Colophon
ab. Abbreviations
n. Notes
b. Bibliography
g. Glossary

s.

Summary

s.­1

In The Collected Teachings on the Bodhisatva, the Buddha describes in detail the views and practices that are to be followed by the bodhisatva, the ideal Mahāyāna practitioner. Through his interactions with human and nonhuman interlocutors, and through stories of various past buddhas, we are led step by step through the topics of renunciation, the mind of awakening, the four immeasurables, and the six perfections. Among the many accounts of past buddhas included in the sūtra, we find the story of the prophecy made by the Buddha Dīpaṅkara to the brahmin Megha about his future attainment of awakening as the Buddha Śākyamuni.


ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

Translation by Prof. Jens Braarvig, Fredrik Liland, and David Welsh. Jens Braarvig directed the translation process and checked the translation against the Sanskrit and Tibetan. Fredrik Liland prepared the Sanskrit and Tibetan editions, translated chapters 1–9 and 11, and prepared the introduction and glossary. David Welsh prepared and translated chapter 10 and was responsible for editing the English. The translators would like to express their gratitude to all those who contributed in various ways to the translation process.

ac.­2

The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. The 84000 translation team edited the translation and the introduction, and Laura Goetz copyedited the text. Martina Cotter was in charge of the digital publication process.


The translation of this text has been made possible through the generous sponsorship of Chang Tai Kwang.


i.

Introduction

i.­1

The Collected Teachings on the Bodhisatva1 is the twelfth and lengthiest among the texts in the Great Heap of Jewels (Mahāratnakūṭa) section of the Tibetan Kangyur, where it makes up nearly an entire volume. It is an extensive presentation of the view and conduct of the bodhisatva, the ideal Mahāyāna practitioner. The title, Bodhisatva­piṭaka, can also be translated as The Basket of the Bodhisatvas, implying that it represents a basket (piṭaka) of teachings separate from the traditional three‍—Sūtra, Vinaya, and Abhidharma‍—distinguishing the path of the bodhisatva from the lesser path of the śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas.

i.­2

The first chapter opens with the Buddha traveling through the kingdom of Magadha, ending up at Vulture’s Peak in Rājagṛha. There he is approached by the merchant Bhadrapāla and five hundred other householders who have heard about the Buddha and want to meet him and ask his advice. Having praised him, they ask the Buddha why he became an ascetic, and in reply the Buddha describes the various things one has to suffer in saṃsāra, such as the ten afflictions, the ten situations, and so forth, explaining that he understood the futility of a life invested in these things and therefore left the householder life to become a renunciant. He also elaborates on the twelve links of dependent origination, as well as the empty nature of all experiences, and admonishes the householders to give up their desires. The householders are so inspired by the Buddha’s words that they all become renunciants.

i.­3

In the second chapter we are presented with the more miraculous side of the Buddha’s abilities. A yakṣa named Kimbhīra who is living in Rājagṛha makes various offerings to the Buddha together with a large group of yakṣas, and as a reply the Buddha displays a smile, followed by a miraculous display of light. This is an indication that the Buddha is making a prophecy that someone in the audience will attain complete awakening in the future. Ānanda asks the Buddha whom the prophecy concerns, and in reply the Buddha explains the course Kimbhīra will take on his way to complete awakening in the future. The scene is then prepared for the Buddha to commence his teaching.

i.­4

The third chapter starts with Śāriputra asking the Buddha about the distinguishing characteristic of a bodhisatva, what it is that makes them special. The Buddha responds that it is bodhicitta, the mind of awakening, that makes them special, and he goes on to explain what this entails, elaborating on the bodhisatva’s insight and the way they will relate to their surroundings.

i.­5

In chapter 4 the Buddha explains the ten ways a bodhisatva will perceive a tathāgata‍—as having an inconceivable tathāgata body, voice, knowledge, radiance, morality, and concentration, magical abilities, power, confidence, great compassion, and unique buddha qualities‍—and these are elaborated on in great detail.

i.­6

Chapter 5 presents the setting that frames the main section of the discourse. The Buddha tells Śāriputra about the Tathāgata Mahāskandha and his encounter with the prince Vīryacarita, who is later revealed to have been the Buddha in one of his former existences. This chapter also presents Mahāskandha’s teaching to Vīryacarita on the four immeasurables.

i.­7

The following chapters (6–11) present the six perfections and the four methods for bringing people together.

i.­8

The main literary device in the text, as in much of Buddhist literature, is the list. Typically, the Buddha starts off by posing a rhetorical question to Śāriputra about the topic at hand, and he then answers his own question by stating that the particular phenomenon or issue in question can be divided into a certain number of elements or factors. Apparently for stylistic and perhaps mnemonic reasons, numerical consistency is maintained. A particularly frequent number in this text is ten, and in chapter 1 we see that every list presented is given a tenfold division, even when this is not the number of elements the particular list usually contains, as in the case of the ten kinds of error, which are the opposite of the tenfold, but more commonly the eightfold, noble path. Another recurrent device is to say that a particular topic can be divided into one part, two parts, three parts, and so forth, illustrating the variety of ways it can be analyzed.

i.­9

The Buddha makes several references to various incidents in the past to illustrate his teachings, some of which concern his own previous lives. In a lengthy passage in chapter 9 dealing with vigor we hear of the two brothers Samvara (Disciplined) and Samvarasthita (Firm Discipline), sons of the merchant Suvicaya. The two brothers happen to meet the Tathāgata Abhyudgata, and being very impressed by him they develop faith and vow to follow the training of the bodhisatva. The vigor with which they approached the practice throughout many lifetimes is held up as an example of what is needed to traverse the bodhisatva path, and the fact that vigor is the topic discussed at greatest length in the text could be seen as an indication of the particular importance perseverance and the perfection of vigor play in the quest to become a successful bodhisatva.

i.­10

The earliest Chinese translation available, made by Xuanzang in the seventh century ᴄᴇ, presents the last section of the text, following the presentation of the perfection of wisdom, as a separate chapter called Da zi zai tian shou ji (大自在天授記 , The Prediction of Maheśvara). This is, however, not the case in any of the other text witnesses and has therefore not been followed here.

i.­11

After being presented with the four methods for bringing people together, which concludes the teaching given by the Tathāgata Mahāskandha to the prince Vīryacarita, the Buddha points out that the Tathāgata Mahāskandha did not make a prophecy about his future attainment of complete awakening. Later, he reiterates, when the Buddha, in the guise of a merchant named Suprajña, met and paid homage to the Tathāgata Ratnāṅga, he still did not receive a prophecy. Finally, we get the story of how the Tathāgata Dīpaṅkara appeared in the world, and how the Buddha as the apprentice brahmin Megha met him and made heartfelt and lavish offerings to him. Megha consequently receives the prophecy from Dīpaṅkara that he will become a tathāgata, arhat, fully accomplished buddha by the name of Śākyamuni. The Buddha addresses the question of why it was only then, in the presence of the Tathāgata Dīpaṅkara, that the prophecy came, explaining that although there was not a single act of goodness that he had not engaged in while on the bodhisatva path, it was only then, in the presence of Dīpaṅkara, that he realized the sameness of all phenomena and that his practice became free from attributes. Such a practice, he goes on, is what is laid out in the cycle of teachings contained in The Collected Teachings on the Bodhisatva, and any bodhisatva who wishes to receive a similar prophecy should therefore apply themselves to the teachings contained therein.

i.­12

This, then, is the core message of the discourse. Although the practice a bodhisatva should engage in is laid out in meticulous detail, we are reminded again and again of the fact that the practices of the bodhisatva, although a necessary step on the way, are only provisional, a means to an end, and that one should not get stuck by investing the practice with any notion that it possesses a true reality, that there is a real self who is engaging in the practice. For, as the Buddha says, “One who does not cling to the idea of a self does not cling to the idea of morality. One who does not cling to the idea of morality does not violate the training, and as he does not violate his training, neither will he violate his morality, although he will still not exaggerate its importance.”

i.­13

For the present translation we have mainly relied on the complete and unique Sanskrit manuscript of the Bodhisatva­piṭaka that was recently discovered, as well as on the Degé and Peking (Qianlong) editions of the Tibetan translation made by Surendrabodhi, Śīlendrabodhi, and Dharmatāśīla in the ninth century. The Sanskrit manuscript probably dates from the tenth century, and an edition of this is to be published in the near future.2 Concerning the Tibetan text witnesses, it has been shown3 that there are two main branches in the transmission of the Tibetan translation that exhibit consistent differences in terminology and style, and as Degé and Peking are representatives of these two, we have chosen to use them as our main sources for the Tibetan text. It has been noted in the translation when any of these three main textual sources disagree to a considerable extent. We have also consulted the two Chinese translations available in the Chinese canon, those by Xuanzang (645 ᴄᴇ) and Dharmarakṣa (1018–58 ᴄᴇ), when needed for clarification. We have also consulted the translation of the eleventh chapter by Pagel (1995), together with his considerations, as well as the translation of the Akṣayamati­nirdeśa­sūtra by Braarvig (1996), a text in which we find many sections that are identical to ones found in the Bodhisatva­piṭaka.

i.­14

Recently, fragments of two manuscripts of the Bodhisatva­piṭaka have been identified in the Schøyen Collection, one dating from the fifth–sixth century,4 and one probably dating from the second–third century, the latter written in the Kharoṣṭhī script.5 Although the Bodhisatva­piṭaka was little quoted in the śāstra literature, the relative “abundance” of older text witnesses gives us a clue to the greater importance it played in the early Mahāyāna period.


Text Body

The Translation
The Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra
The Collected Teachings on the Bodhisatva

1.

Chapter 1: The Householder

[V40] [F.255.b] [B1]


1.­1

[MS.1.b] Homage to all the buddhas and bodhisatvas. Homage to the noble and princely Mañjuśrī.6


1.­2

Thus did I hear at one time. The Lord once spent the rainy season in retreat at Śrāvastī. When the three months had passed, he prepared his mendicant robes, put them on, and started wandering the country again in the company of a large assembly of mendicants, 1,250 strong. The Lord was esteemed, revered, praised, and honored by monks and nuns, laymen and laywomen, by kings and ministers, by various followers of other teachings, by ascetics, brahmins, and householders, and by gods, nāgas, yakṣas, gandharvas, asuras, garuḍas, kinnaras, and mahoragas. The Lord received a great abundance of robes, foodstuffs, bedding and seats, medical supplies, and utensils.


2.

Chapter 2: The Yakṣa Kimbhīra

2.­1

After the Lord had left the five hundred householders in a balanced state of mind on his way to the city, he entered the great city of Rājagṛha with perfect grace.

2.­2

One of the city deities of Rājagṛha was a yakṣa named Kimbhīra. He thought to himself, “In this world, it is extremely rare to encounter anyone who is such a worthy recipient of offerings. We should make offerings to the Lord.”

2.­3

The yakṣa Kimbhīra then presented the Lord with offerings that looked exquisite, smelled exquisite, tasted exquisite, and felt exquisite, and because of his empathy for Kimbhīra, the Lord accepted his offerings. When Kimbhīra had given his offerings to the Lord, cheers of “Wonderful!” arose from a great crowd of sixty-eight thousand yakṣas surrounding Kimbhīra in the sky.


3.

Chapter 3: The Examination of the Bodhisatva

3.­1

The venerable Śāriputra got up from his seat, placed his robe over one shoulder, knelt down on his right knee, joined his hands in reverence, and spoke to the Lord: “I would like to ask the Lord, the tathāgata, arhat, fully accomplished Buddha, for some direction, if the Lord will grant that possibility with an explanation of the question when asked.”

3.­2

The Lord answered the venerable Śāriputra, “You may ask the tathāgata, arhat, fully accomplished Buddha whatever you like, Śāriputra, and I will delight your mind by explaining whatever it is you wish to ask about.”


4.

Chapter 4: The Inconceivable Tathāgata

4.­1

“Now, Śāriputra, a bodhisatva with firm confidence has faith in the inconceivable tathāgata, the arhat, the fully accomplished Buddha, in respect of his ten qualities. He has trust and confidence and does not doubt him, and to an even greater degree he feels pleasure, joy, and satisfaction. What are these ten qualities? He has faith in the inconceivable body of the Tathāgata, he has trust and confidence, and he does not doubt it, and to an even greater degree he feels pleasure, joy, and satisfaction as he produces the concept of it as being truly wondrous and extraordinary. He has great faith, and so forth in the voice of the Tathāgata, as he produces the concept of it as being truly wondrous and extraordinary. [MS.20.b] He has faith in the knowledge of the Tathāgata, his inconceivable tathāgata radiance, his inconceivable tathāgata morality and concentration, his inconceivable magical tathāgata abilities, his inconceivable tathāgata power, his inconceivable tathāgata confidence, his inconceivable great compassion, and his [F.288.b] inconceivable unique buddha qualities, he has trust and confidence and does not doubt it, and to an even greater degree he feels pleasure, joy, and satisfaction as he produces the concept of it as being truly wondrous and extraordinary. He sets forth with vigor, and he does not tire or become discouraged or intimidated in his pursuit of these ten inconceivable, wondrous and extraordinary qualities of the Tathāgata. He is so committed that even if his physical body with its sinews, muscles, skin, and bones were to rot, and even if his flesh and blood were to dry up, his vigor would not fail as long as he had not attained these ten inconceivable, wondrous, and extraordinary qualities of the Tathāgata. In this way, Śāriputra, the bodhisatva with faithful conviction has great faith in the inconceivable, truly wondrous and extraordinary qualities of the Tathāgata. He has trust and confidence and does not doubt it, and to an even greater degree he feels pleasure, joy, and satisfaction.”


5.

Chapter 5: Love, Compassion, Empathetic Joy, and Equanimity

5.­1

“Now, Śāriputra, [F.49.a] the lords, the buddhas, consider a bodhisatva with such firm devotion to be a suitable vessel. They consider him to be a suitable vessel for the cycle of teachings contained within The Collected Teachings on the Bodhisatva. They consider him to be a suitable vessel for the Buddhist teachings, and they reveal to him the path of the bodhisatva when he approaches them. Therefore, Śāriputra, [MS.54.a] one should understand things by means of this cycle of teachings. The lords, the buddhas, consider a bodhisatva with such firm devotion to be a suitable vessel. They consider him to be a suitable vessel for the cycle of teachings contained within The Collected Teachings on the Bodhisatva. They consider him to be a suitable vessel for the Buddhist teachings, and they reveal to him the path of the bodhisatva when he approaches them.


6.

Chapter 6: The Perfection of Generosity

6.­1

“Now, Śāriputra, how does one practice the perfections? Śāriputra, there are six perfections that bodhisatvas engage in when they practice the bodhisatva path. What are these six perfections? They are the perfection of generosity, the perfection of morality, the perfection of patient acceptance, the perfection of vigor, the perfection of meditation, and the perfection of wisdom.

6.­2

“What is the perfection of generosity? Śāriputra, the bodhisatva gives support to ascetics, brahmins, and the wretched. He gives food to those in need of food, [F.56.b] drink to those in need of drink. He gives vehicles, clothes, fragrance, garlands, ointments, shelter, utensils, medicine for the sick, light, music, male and female servants, gold, jewels, pearls, gems, conches, crystals, and coral. He gives horses, elephants, chariots, parks, hermitages, sons, daughters, wives, treasure, grain, stocks, storerooms, and all the pleasures enjoyed by the kings of the four continents. He gives all his joys and amusements, and he gives his hands, feet, ears, nose, eyes, head, flesh, blood, marrow, and bone. There is not a single worldly object that he will not part with for those in need.


7.

Chapter 7: The Perfection of Morality

7.­1

“What is the perfection of morality of bodhisatvas, great beings, like? [MS.61.a] How do bodhisatvas conduct themselves when they practice the bodhisatva path? Śāriputra, the conduct of bodhisatvas is good in three ways. What are these three ways? They are good bodily conduct, good verbal conduct, and good mental conduct. Now, what does good bodily conduct imply? Śāriputra, good bodily conduct implies that a bodhisatva abstains from taking life, abstains from taking what is not given, and abstains from sexual misconduct. Moreover, Śāriputra, good verbal conduct implies that a bodhisatva abstains from lying and abstains from slander, harsh words, and inane chatter. Finally, good mental conduct implies that a bodhisatva is not covetous, is without malice, and holds right views.


8.

Chapter 8: The Perfection of Patient Acceptance

8.­1

“Now, Śāriputra, what is the bodhisatva’s perfection of patient acceptance, by which he wholeheartedly practices the way of the bodhisatva? Śāriputra, the bodhisatva’s patience comes from a natural ability for endurance. He can patiently accept cold and heat, starvation and thirst, wind and scorching heat, [MS.81.a] insects and reptiles, and people speaking to him in unpleasant and unwelcome ways. He is patient with painful sensations that are related to or produced by the physical body and endures them easily, whether they are intense, strong, sharp, life threatening, or deadly.


9.

Chapter 9: The Perfection of Vigor

9.­1

“Now, Śāriputra, what is the bodhisatvas’ perfection of vigor like, the perfection of vigor by means of which bodhisatvas, great beings, practice the way of the bodhisatva and that makes bodhisatvas, great beings, invulnerable to attacks by Māra and his retinue, the gods, and all other opponents?101

9.­2

“Śāriputra, the vigor of the bodhisatva, the great being, is unyielding and involves no concern for his body or his life. When he has cultivated this powerful vigor, he will seek out the cycle of teachings contained in The Collected Teachings on the Bodhisatva. He will study it conscientiously, learn it, memorize it, recite it, absorb it, clarify it for others, teach it in great detail, commit it to writing, and preserve it.


10.

Chapter 10: The Perfection of Meditation

10.­1

“What, then, is the bodhisatva’s perfection of meditation like, the perfection of meditation by means of which bodhisatvas, great beings, practice the way of the bodhisatva? Śāriputra, the bodhisatva has left desires behind. He has left evil, unwholesome qualities behind, and he attains and abides in the first meditative state, the state of joy and happiness [F.144.a] that is born from seclusion and that includes conceptualization and deliberation.


11.

Chapter 11: The Perfection of Wisdom

11.­1

“Now, Śāriputra, what is the bodhisatvas’ perfection of wisdom like, the perfection of wisdom by means of which bodhisatvas, great beings, practice the way of the bodhisatva? Śāriputra, the bodhisatva conscientiously studies the cycle of teachings contained in The Collected Teachings on the Bodhisatva; he learns it, memorizes it, reads it, absorbs it, clarifies it to others, and teaches it in great detail. When he has conscientiously studied the cycle of teachings contained in The Collected Teachings on the Bodhisatva, when he has learned it, memorized it, read it, clarified it to others, and taught it in great detail, he develops the different aspects of wisdom.


c.

Colophon

c.­1

This was translated into Tibetan by the Indian preceptors Ācārya Surendra, Śīlendra, and Ācārya Dharmatāśīla [F.205.b] and revised according to the later language reform.


ab.

Abbreviations

Akṣ Akṣayamati­nirdeśa­sūtra (Braarvig 1996)
Chi Chinese; see Dh and Xu.
D Degé Kangyur
Dh Chinese translation of the Bodhisatva­piṭaka by Dharmarakṣa 法護 法護 (2) (1018–58 ᴄᴇ), Foshuo dashengpusacangzhengfajing 佛說大乘菩薩藏正法經, in Taishō 316.
MS Sanskrit manuscript of the Bodhisatva­piṭaka (Liland et al., forthcoming).
Q Peking 1737 (Qianlong) Kangyur.
Skt Sanskrit; see MS.
Taishō Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō 大正新修大藏經, Tokyo 1926–34.
Tib Tibetan translation of the Bodhisatva­piṭaka by Surendrabodhi, Śīlendrabodhi, and Dharmatāśīla (9th century ᴄᴇ), ’phags pa byang chub sems dpa’i sde snod ces bya ba thegs chen po’i mdo.
Xu Chinese translation of the Bodhisatva­piṭaka by Xuanzang 玄奘 (645 ᴄᴇ), da pu sa cang jing 大菩薩藏經, in Taishō 310(12).

n.

Notes

n.­1
We prefer to follow the mainstream Buddhist Sanskrit usage of manuscripts and inscriptions by spelling bodhisatva with a single rather than a double t, the latter being a convention of modern editors. See Gouriswar Bhattacharya, “How to Justify the Spelling of the Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Term Bodhisatva?” in From Turfan to Ajanta: Festschrift for Dieter Schlingloff on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday, ed. Eli Franco and Monika Zin (Rupandehi: Lumbini International Research Institute, 2010), 2:35–50. Note that this is also the spelling used in Gāndhārī, as well as in Khotanese, Tibetan lexicography, and old Thai documents.
n.­2
Liland et al., forthcoming.
n.­3
In Braarvig and Pagel 2006.
n.­4
Braarvig and Pagel 2006.
n.­5
Liland et al., forthcoming.
n.­6
This homage to Mañjuśrī is only included in MS.
n.­7
This sentence is missing in Tib.
n.­8
According to Tib and Chi, “You do not strike your ankles against each other when you walk.”
n.­101
Part of this sentence (D: bdud dang bdud kyi ris kyi lha’i bu rnams dang / de ma yin ba gzhan phas kyi rgol ba thams cad kyis, “to attacks by Māra and his retinue, the gods, and all other opponents”) is not found in MS.

b.

Bibliography

byang chub sems dpa’i sde snod (Bodhisatva­piṭaka). Degé Kangyur, vols. 40–41 (dkon brtsegs, kha–ga), folios 255.b (kha)–205.b (ga).

byang chub sems dpa’i sde snod (Bodhisatva­piṭaka). Peking 1737 (Qianlong) Kangyur, vols. 51–52 (dkon brtsegs, dzi–wi), folios 281.b (dzi)–234.a (wi).

byang chub sems dpa’i sde snod. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–9, vol. 40, p. 737–vol. 41, p. 503.

Baums, Stefan et al. “The Bodhisattvapiṭakasūtra in Gāndhārī.” In Buddhist Manuscripts Volume IV, edited by Jens Braarvig et al., 267–82. Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection. Oslo: Hermes, 2016.

Braarvig, Jens. Akṣayamati­nirdeśa­sūtra. 2 vols. Oslo: Solum Forlag, 1996.

Braarvig, Jens, and Ulrich Pagel. “Fragments of the Bodhisattvapiṭakasūtra.” In Buddhist Manuscripts Volume III, edited by Jens Braarvig et al., 11–88. Buddhist Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection. Oslo: Hermes, 2006.

Edgerton, Franklin. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. 2 vols. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1953.

Liland, Fredrik et al. Bodhisatva­piṭaka: A Critical Edition. Sanskrit Texts from the Tibetan Autonomous Region (STTAR). Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, forthcoming.

Pagel, Ulrich. The Bodhisattvapiṭaka: Its Doctrines, Practices and Their Position in Mahāyāna Literature. Tring: Institute of Buddhist Studies, 1995.

Pedersen, Kusumita Priscilla. “The ‘Dhyāna’ Chapter of the ‘Bodhisattvapiṭaka-sūtra.’ ” PhD diss., Columbia University, 1976.


g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for names and terms of the corresponding source language

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in a manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other manuscripts with a parallel or similar context.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in dictionaries matching Tibetan to the corresponding language.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where the relationship between the Tibetan and source language is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

Abhiyaśa

Wylie:
  • grags pa
Tibetan:
  • གྲགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • abhiyaśa AS

The father of the future buddha Kāruṇika.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 9.­164
g.­2

Abhyudgata

Wylie:
  • mngon par ’phags
Tibetan:
  • མངོན་པར་འཕགས།
Sanskrit:
  • abhyudgata AS

A buddha in the distant past.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • i.­9
  • 9.­201
  • 9.­203-204
  • 9.­231
  • 9.­243
  • 9.­257
  • 9.­261
  • 9.­263
  • 9.­274
  • g.­345
g.­3

abode of limitless consciousness

Wylie:
  • rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་ཤེས་མཐའ་ཡས་སྐྱེ་མཆེད།
Sanskrit:
  • vijñānānaṃ­tyāyatana AS

The fifth of the eight liberations.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­228
  • g.­243
g.­7

Ācārya Dharmatāśīla

Wylie:
  • chos nyid tshul khrims
Tibetan:
  • ཆོས་ཉིད་ཚུལ་ཁྲིམས།
Sanskrit:
  • dharmatāśīla

The 9th century Tibetan translator of this text.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • c.­1
g.­8

action

Wylie:
  • las
Tibetan:
  • ལས།
Sanskrit:
  • karma AS

See “karma.”

Located in 82 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­48
  • 1.­69
  • 1.­74-75
  • 1.­81
  • 1.­128
  • 1.­131
  • 1.­163
  • 3.­17
  • 3.­24-25
  • 4.­64
  • 4.­81
  • 4.­93
  • 4.­102
  • 4.­124
  • 4.­138
  • 4.­146-149
  • 4.­151
  • 4.­153-154
  • 4.­156-157
  • 4.­204
  • 4.­224
  • 4.­234
  • 4.­256
  • 4.­260
  • 4.­268
  • 4.­299
  • 4.­302
  • 4.­314
  • 5.­26
  • 6.­4
  • 6.­12
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­55
  • 7.­75
  • 7.­101
  • 7.­120
  • 7.­123
  • 7.­125
  • 7.­127
  • 7.­142
  • 7.­203
  • 7.­207
  • 7.­213
  • 7.­334
  • 7.­348
  • 7.­357
  • 8.­3
  • 8.­55
  • 9.­43
  • 9.­172
  • 9.­180
  • 9.­260
  • 10.­8-9
  • 10.­12
  • 10.­18
  • 10.­24
  • 10.­27
  • 11.­55
  • 11.­95
  • 11.­102-103
  • 11.­106
  • 11.­124
  • 11.­145
  • 11.­149
  • 11.­168
  • 11.­183
  • 11.­329
  • n.­71
  • g.­75
  • g.­248
  • g.­255
  • g.­354
  • g.­374
g.­10

affliction

Wylie:
  • gtse ba
Tibetan:
  • གཙེ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • upadrava AS

See “ten afflictions.”

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­37
  • 1.­126
  • 1.­135
  • 1.­195
  • g.­353
g.­17

Ānanda

Wylie:
  • kun dga’ bo
Tibetan:
  • ཀུན་དགའ་བོ།
Sanskrit:
  • ānanda AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A major śrāvaka disciple and personal attendant of the Buddha Śākyamuni during the last twenty-five years of his life. He was a cousin of the Buddha (according to the Mahāvastu, he was a son of Śuklodana, one of the brothers of King Śuddhodana, which means he was a brother of Devadatta; other sources say he was a son of Amṛtodana, another brother of King Śuddhodana, which means he would have been a brother of Aniruddha).

Ānanda, having always been in the Buddha’s presence, is said to have memorized all the teachings he heard and is celebrated for having recited all the Buddha’s teachings by memory at the first council of the Buddhist saṅgha, thus preserving the teachings after the Buddha’s parinirvāṇa. The phrase “Thus did I hear at one time,” found at the beginning of the sūtras, usually stands for his recitation of the teachings. He became a patriarch after the passing of Mahākāśyapa.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 2.­8
  • 2.­12
  • 2.­64-65
  • 11.­308-311
  • 11.­315
g.­21

arhat

Wylie:
  • dgra bcom pa
Tibetan:
  • དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • arhat AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

According to Buddhist tradition, one who is worthy of worship (pūjām arhati), or one who has conquered the enemies, the mental afflictions (kleśa-ari-hata-vat), and reached liberation from the cycle of rebirth and suffering. It is the fourth and highest of the four fruits attainable by śrāvakas. Also used as an epithet of the Buddha.

Located in 108 passages in the translation:

  • i.­11
  • 1.­3
  • 1.­5-6
  • 1.­210-211
  • 1.­214
  • 2.­20
  • 3.­1-2
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­45
  • 4.­47
  • 4.­62-63
  • 4.­65
  • 4.­67
  • 4.­81
  • 4.­97-99
  • 4.­108
  • 4.­112-113
  • 4.­116
  • 4.­137
  • 4.­140
  • 4.­145-146
  • 4.­149
  • 4.­171
  • 4.­423
  • 5.­2-3
  • 6.­13
  • 6.­15-16
  • 7.­218-219
  • 7.­221-222
  • 7.­248-249
  • 7.­290
  • 7.­292
  • 7.­306
  • 7.­322
  • 8.­7-8
  • 9.­6
  • 9.­20
  • 9.­66
  • 9.­77
  • 9.­79
  • 9.­112
  • 9.­114
  • 9.­133-134
  • 9.­136
  • 9.­144
  • 9.­164
  • 9.­166
  • 9.­170
  • 9.­177
  • 9.­201
  • 9.­203-204
  • 9.­231
  • 9.­243
  • 9.­257
  • 9.­274
  • 9.­282
  • 9.­284
  • 9.­286
  • 9.­300
  • 9.­304
  • 9.­312
  • 9.­354
  • 9.­356
  • 9.­362
  • 9.­369-370
  • 9.­372-373
  • 10.­9
  • 11.­99
  • 11.­233-236
  • 11.­241-242
  • 11.­252
  • 11.­255-256
  • 11.­262
  • 11.­273-275
  • 11.­277
  • 11.­281-282
  • 11.­285
  • 11.­296
  • 11.­309
  • 11.­311-312
  • g.­255
g.­23

ascetic

Wylie:
  • dge sbyong
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་སྦྱོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • śramaṇa AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A general term applied to spiritual practitioners who live as ascetic mendicants. In Buddhist texts, the term usually refers to Buddhist monastics, but it can also designate a practitioner from other ascetic/monastic spiritual traditions. In this context śramaṇa is often contrasted with the term brāhmaṇa (bram ze), which refers broadly to followers of the Vedic tradition. Any renunciate, not just a Buddhist, could be referred to as a śramaṇa if they were not within the Vedic fold. The epithet Great Śramaṇa is often applied to the Buddha.

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • i.­2
  • 1.­2-3
  • 1.­5-6
  • 1.­123
  • 1.­186
  • 2.­76
  • 3.­16
  • 4.­81
  • 4.­97
  • 4.­124
  • 4.­145
  • 4.­159
  • 4.­171
  • 4.­279
  • 4.­281
  • 4.­320
  • 4.­377
  • 4.­423
  • 5.­2
  • 6.­2
  • 7.­120
  • 7.­211
  • 7.­253
  • 9.­179
  • 10.­20
  • 10.­25
g.­26

asura

Wylie:
  • lha ma yin
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ་མ་ཡིན།
Sanskrit:
  • asura AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A type of nonhuman being whose precise status is subject to different views, but is included as one of the six classes of beings in the sixfold classification of realms of rebirth. In the Buddhist context, asuras are powerful beings said to be dominated by envy, ambition, and hostility. They are also known in the pre-Buddhist and pre-Vedic mythologies of India and Iran, and feature prominently in Vedic and post-Vedic Brahmanical mythology, as well as in the Buddhist tradition. In these traditions, asuras are often described as being engaged in interminable conflict with the devas (gods).

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2-3
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­57
  • 2.­76
  • 3.­22
  • 4.­81
  • 4.­97
  • 5.­2
  • 7.­210
  • 9.­93
  • 9.­113
  • 9.­365
  • 9.­367-368
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­12
  • 11.­180
  • 11.­331
  • g.­412
g.­27

attribute

Wylie:
  • mtshan ma
Tibetan:
  • མཚན་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • nimitta AS

Located in 47 passages in the translation:

  • i.­11
  • 1.­161
  • 3.­18
  • 3.­23
  • 3.­32
  • 4.­3
  • 4.­16
  • 4.­25
  • 4.­238
  • 4.­284
  • 4.­309
  • 4.­326
  • 4.­345
  • 4.­348
  • 4.­351
  • 4.­354-356
  • 4.­365
  • 5.­13
  • 7.­185-186
  • 7.­216
  • 7.­219
  • 8.­57-58
  • 8.­60
  • 10.­22
  • 10.­38
  • 11.­2
  • 11.­48
  • 11.­55
  • 11.­72-73
  • 11.­97
  • 11.­112
  • 11.­132-133
  • 11.­158
  • 11.­168
  • 11.­191
  • 11.­195
  • 11.­280-281
  • 11.­283-284
  • g.­371
g.­29

awakened

Wylie:
  • sangs rgyas
Tibetan:
  • སངས་རྒྱས།
Sanskrit:
  • buddha AS

Describes someone who has attained the highest goal of Buddhism. Also rendered here as “buddha.”

Located in 36 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­3
  • 1.­5
  • 1.­111
  • 4.­285
  • 4.­341
  • 4.­369
  • 4.­388
  • 4.­391
  • 5.­2
  • 6.­15-16
  • 6.­25
  • 7.­129
  • 7.­290
  • 7.­322
  • 8.­7-8
  • 9.­77
  • 9.­131
  • 9.­191
  • 9.­201
  • 9.­282
  • 9.­284
  • 9.­289
  • 9.­300
  • 9.­312
  • 9.­354
  • 9.­372
  • 10.­26
  • 11.­33
  • 11.­236
  • 11.­252
  • 11.­302
  • g.­112
  • g.­119
  • g.­365
g.­30

become a renunciant

Wylie:
  • rab tu byung
  • rab byung
  • mngon par byung
Tibetan:
  • རབ་ཏུ་བྱུང་།
  • རབ་བྱུང་།
  • མངོན་པར་བྱུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • pra√vraj AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Sanskrit pravrajyā literally means “going forth,” with the sense of leaving the life of a householder and embracing the life of a renunciant. When the term is applied more technically, it refers to the act of becoming a male novice (śrāmaṇera; dge tshul) or female novice (śrāmaṇerikā; dge tshul ma), this being a first stage leading to full ordination.

Located in 52 passages in the translation:

  • i.­2
  • 1.­10
  • 1.­38
  • 1.­42
  • 1.­49
  • 1.­54
  • 1.­62
  • 1.­70
  • 1.­76
  • 1.­83
  • 1.­91
  • 1.­98-100
  • 1.­104-106
  • 1.­108
  • 1.­110-111
  • 1.­124
  • 1.­165
  • 1.­196
  • 1.­208-209
  • 2.­28
  • 3.­22
  • 7.­210-211
  • 7.­225-226
  • 8.­21
  • 9.­151
  • 9.­192
  • 9.­230
  • 9.­251
  • 9.­256
  • 9.­261
  • 9.­280-282
  • 9.­299
  • 9.­356
  • 9.­363
  • 9.­365
  • 9.­367
  • 9.­371
  • 11.­214
  • 11.­252
  • 11.­266
  • 11.­278
  • 11.­313
g.­32

Bhadrapāla

Wylie:
  • bzang skyong
Tibetan:
  • བཟང་སྐྱོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • bhadrapāla AS

A resident of Rājagṛha and the main interlocutor in chapter 1 of the Bodhisatva­piṭaka.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • i.­2
  • 1.­4-5
  • 1.­7-8
  • 1.­10-11
  • 1.­37
g.­37

bodhisatva

Wylie:
  • byang chub sems dpa’
Tibetan:
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།
Sanskrit:
  • bodhisatva AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A being who is dedicated to the cultivation and fulfilment of the altruistic intention to attain perfect buddhahood, traversing the ten bodhisattva levels (daśabhūmi, sa bcu). Bodhisattvas purposely opt to remain within cyclic existence in order to liberate all sentient beings, instead of simply seeking personal freedom from suffering. In terms of the view, they realize both the selflessness of persons and the selflessness of phenomena.

Located in 443 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1
  • i.­4-5
  • i.­9
  • i.­11-12
  • 1.­1
  • 2.­7
  • 2.­42
  • 2.­48
  • 2.­64
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­7
  • 3.­10
  • 3.­12
  • 3.­14-16
  • 3.­21
  • 3.­25
  • 3.­28
  • 3.­30
  • 3.­33-34
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­7
  • 4.­14
  • 4.­17
  • 4.­19
  • 4.­29-30
  • 4.­32
  • 4.­43-44
  • 4.­55
  • 4.­62
  • 4.­68
  • 4.­77
  • 4.­80
  • 4.­106-108
  • 4.­116
  • 4.­123-124
  • 4.­137
  • 4.­140
  • 4.­149
  • 4.­162
  • 4.­175
  • 4.­205
  • 4.­211
  • 4.­229
  • 4.­245
  • 4.­257-258
  • 4.­264
  • 4.­269
  • 4.­280-281
  • 4.­283
  • 4.­286
  • 4.­290
  • 4.­304
  • 4.­321
  • 4.­339-340
  • 4.­358
  • 4.­376-377
  • 4.­386
  • 4.­396-398
  • 4.­422
  • 4.­424
  • 5.­1
  • 5.­4-5
  • 5.­7-27
  • 5.­29-30
  • 6.­1-12
  • 6.­14
  • 6.­16
  • 6.­18
  • 6.­33
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­5-6
  • 7.­10
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­27-29
  • 7.­41-42
  • 7.­44
  • 7.­54-56
  • 7.­66-68
  • 7.­83-85
  • 7.­99-102
  • 7.­106
  • 7.­112
  • 7.­119-121
  • 7.­135-137
  • 7.­150-153
  • 7.­160
  • 7.­166
  • 7.­173-175
  • 7.­191-194
  • 7.­203-204
  • 7.­206-211
  • 7.­213-215
  • 7.­219
  • 7.­250-256
  • 7.­285
  • 7.­288-289
  • 7.­291-292
  • 7.­294
  • 7.­306
  • 7.­332-333
  • 7.­344-347
  • 7.­372-375
  • 8.­1-5
  • 8.­11
  • 8.­20
  • 8.­23-24
  • 8.­44
  • 8.­46
  • 8.­50
  • 8.­54-57
  • 8.­61
  • 9.­1-8
  • 9.­10-11
  • 9.­40
  • 9.­164-180
  • 9.­191
  • 9.­194
  • 9.­198
  • 9.­200
  • 9.­263
  • 9.­267
  • 9.­271-272
  • 9.­283-285
  • 9.­300-307
  • 9.­310-311
  • 9.­328
  • 9.­332-333
  • 9.­335
  • 9.­337-339
  • 9.­348-349
  • 9.­351-353
  • 9.­355-356
  • 9.­368
  • 9.­370
  • 9.­372
  • 9.­374-375
  • 10.­1-4
  • 10.­6-29
  • 10.­48
  • 10.­51
  • 11.­1
  • 11.­3-4
  • 11.­17-18
  • 11.­25-26
  • 11.­35-36
  • 11.­41-45
  • 11.­47-48
  • 11.­50-56
  • 11.­58
  • 11.­61-66
  • 11.­68-73
  • 11.­80-83
  • 11.­86-87
  • 11.­99
  • 11.­101-104
  • 11.­106
  • 11.­119-122
  • 11.­124-125
  • 11.­128-136
  • 11.­144-145
  • 11.­153-155
  • 11.­160-162
  • 11.­165-168
  • 11.­173-176
  • 11.­178-183
  • 11.­186-187
  • 11.­193-194
  • 11.­196-197
  • 11.­203
  • 11.­217-218
  • 11.­229
  • 11.­231
  • 11.­241
  • 11.­247
  • 11.­252
  • 11.­255
  • 11.­262
  • 11.­280
  • 11.­283-285
  • 11.­310-311
  • 11.­326
  • n.­1
  • n.­74
  • n.­104
  • n.­115
  • g.­67
  • g.­68
  • g.­97
  • g.­200
  • g.­261
  • g.­292
  • g.­313
  • g.­318
  • g.­319
  • g.­324
  • g.­327
  • g.­337
  • g.­341
  • g.­359
  • g.­374
  • g.­391
g.­46

brahmin

Wylie:
  • bram ze
Tibetan:
  • བྲམ་ཟེ།
Sanskrit:
  • brāhmaṇa AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A member of the highest of the four castes in Indian society, which is closely associated with religious vocations.

Located in 49 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­11
  • 1.­2-3
  • 2.­76
  • 3.­16
  • 4.­30
  • 4.­81
  • 4.­97
  • 4.­124
  • 4.­145
  • 4.­159
  • 4.­171
  • 4.­279
  • 4.­281
  • 4.­320
  • 4.­377
  • 4.­423
  • 5.­2
  • 6.­2
  • 7.­120
  • 9.­195
  • 10.­20
  • 11.­244
  • 11.­246
  • 11.­257-261
  • 11.­263-265
  • 11.­269-279
  • 11.­281-282
  • g.­70
  • g.­216
  • g.­278
g.­54

concentration

Wylie:
  • ting nge ’dzin
Tibetan:
  • ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན།
Sanskrit:
  • samādhi AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In a general sense, samādhi can describe a number of different meditative states. In the Mahāyāna literature, in particular in the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, we find extensive lists of different samādhis, numbering over one hundred.

In a more restricted sense, and when understood as a mental state, samādhi is defined as the one-pointedness of the mind (cittaikāgratā), the ability to remain on the same object over long periods of time. The Drajor Bamponyipa (sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa) commentary on the Mahāvyutpatti explains the term samādhi as referring to the instrument through which mind and mental states “get collected,” i.e., it is by the force of samādhi that the continuum of mind and mental states becomes collected on a single point of reference without getting distracted.

Located in 100 passages in the translation:

  • i.­5
  • 1.­69
  • 1.­73
  • 1.­131
  • 3.­13
  • 3.­32
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­8
  • 4.­14-15
  • 4.­64
  • 4.­80-83
  • 4.­87
  • 4.­98-99
  • 4.­101
  • 4.­103
  • 4.­106
  • 4.­124
  • 4.­189
  • 4.­199
  • 4.­228-229
  • 4.­297
  • 4.­299
  • 4.­311
  • 4.­313-315
  • 4.­317
  • 4.­354
  • 4.­383
  • 4.­389
  • 4.­393-394
  • 4.­409
  • 5.­14
  • 6.­7
  • 6.­9
  • 6.­13
  • 7.­210
  • 7.­213
  • 7.­216-218
  • 9.­5
  • 9.­164
  • 10.­2
  • 10.­5
  • 10.­20
  • 10.­22-23
  • 10.­25
  • 10.­27-28
  • 10.­32-40
  • 10.­42-45
  • 10.­47-48
  • 11.­3
  • 11.­36
  • 11.­48
  • 11.­83
  • 11.­110
  • 11.­130
  • 11.­136
  • 11.­141-142
  • 11.­145
  • 11.­147
  • 11.­153
  • 11.­163
  • 11.­167
  • 11.­171-172
  • 11.­175
  • 11.­179
  • 11.­277
  • 11.­322
  • g.­75
  • g.­91
  • g.­94
  • g.­98
  • g.­248
  • g.­354
  • g.­356
g.­55

conceptualization

Wylie:
  • rnam par rtog pa
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་རྟོག་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • vikalpa AS

Thought constructions.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­51
  • 4.­61
  • 4.­104
  • 4.­227
  • 7.­287
  • 9.­342
  • 10.­1-2
  • 10.­50
  • 11.­126
g.­60

cyclic existence

Wylie:
  • ’khor ba
Tibetan:
  • འཁོར་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • saṃsāra AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A state of involuntary existence conditioned by afflicted mental states and the imprint of past actions, characterized by suffering in a cycle of life, death, and rebirth. On its reversal, the contrasting state of nirvāṇa is attained, free from suffering and the processes of rebirth.

Located in 35 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­37
  • 1.­39
  • 1.­91
  • 1.­126
  • 1.­134-135
  • 5.­15
  • 5.­18
  • 7.­73
  • 7.­104
  • 8.­3-4
  • 8.­57-58
  • 9.­15
  • 9.­173
  • 10.­26
  • 11.­53
  • 11.­55
  • 11.­60
  • 11.­74
  • 11.­83
  • 11.­96
  • 11.­131
  • 11.­152
  • 11.­168
  • 11.­191
  • 11.­197
  • 11.­203
  • g.­99
  • g.­117
  • g.­186
  • g.­187
  • g.­353
  • g.­355
g.­61

defilements

Wylie:
  • zag pa
Tibetan:
  • ཟག་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Literally, “to flow” or “to ooze.” Mental defilements or contaminations that “flow out” toward the objects of cyclic existence, binding us to them. Vasubandhu offers two alternative explanations of this term: “They cause beings to remain (āsayanti) within saṃsāra” and “They flow from the Summit of Existence down to the Avīci hell, out of the six wounds that are the sense fields” (Abhidharma­kośa­bhāṣya 5.40; Pradhan 1967, p. 308). The Summit of Existence (bhavāgra, srid pa’i rtse mo) is the highest point within saṃsāra, while the hell called Avīci (mnar med) is the lowest; the six sense fields (āyatana, skye mched) here refer to the five sense faculties plus the mind, i.e., the six internal sense fields.

Located in 34 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­14
  • 4.­124
  • 4.­267-269
  • 4.­271-274
  • 4.­287-289
  • 4.­336
  • 4.­343
  • 4.­355
  • 5.­2
  • 6.­16
  • 7.­219
  • 7.­322
  • 7.­328
  • 9.­164
  • 9.­173
  • 9.­201
  • 9.­300
  • 9.­354
  • 10.­24
  • 11.­3
  • 11.­48
  • 11.­236
  • g.­112
  • g.­119
  • g.­315
  • g.­356
  • g.­380
g.­69

Dīpaṅkara

Wylie:
  • mar me mdzad
Tibetan:
  • མར་མེ་མཛད།
Sanskrit:
  • dīpaṅkara AS

A previous buddha who gave Śākyamuni the prophecy of his buddhahood.

Located in 32 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­11
  • 9.­312
  • 11.­243
  • 11.­245-247
  • 11.­252
  • 11.­254-257
  • 11.­262-263
  • 11.­265
  • 11.­269-276
  • 11.­278-279
  • 11.­281-282
  • g.­70
  • g.­167
  • g.­216
  • g.­256
  • g.­278
g.­74

doomed to error

Wylie:
  • log par nges pa’i phung po
  • log pa nyid du nges pa
Tibetan:
  • ལོག་པར་ངེས་པའི་ཕུང་པོ།
  • ལོག་པ་ཉིད་དུ་ངེས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • mithyātvani­yata AS

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­69
  • 1.­74
  • g.­354
g.­76

eight liberations

Wylie:
  • rnam par thar pa brgyad
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་ཐར་པ་བརྒྱད།
Sanskrit:
  • aṣṭavimokṣa AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A series of progressively more subtle states of meditative realization or attainment. There are several presentations of these found in the canonical literature. One of the most common is as follows: (1) One observes form while the mind dwells at the level of the form realm. (2) One observes forms externally while discerning formlessness internally. (3) One dwells in the direct experience of the body’s pleasant aspect. (4) One dwells in the realization of the sphere of infinite space by transcending all conceptions of matter, resistance, and diversity. (5) Transcending the sphere of infinite space, one dwells in the realization of the sphere of infinite consciousness. (6) Transcending the sphere of infinite consciousness, one dwells in the realization of the sphere of nothingness. (7) Transcending the sphere of nothingness, one dwells in the realization of the sphere of neither perception nor nonperception. (8) Transcending the sphere of neither perception nor nonperception, one dwells in the realization of the cessation of conception and feeling.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­228
  • 9.­164
  • g.­3
  • g.­4
  • g.­5
  • g.­6
  • g.­186
  • g.­187
g.­80

eighteen unique buddha qualities

Wylie:
  • sangs rgyas kyi chos ma ’dres pa bco brgyad rnams
Tibetan:
  • སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཆོས་མ་འདྲེས་པ་བཅོ་བརྒྱད་རྣམས།
Sanskrit:
  • aṣṭādaśāveṇikā­buddha­dharma AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Eighteen special features of a buddha’s behavior, realization, activity, and wisdom that are not shared by other beings. They are generally listed as: (1) he never makes a mistake, (2) he is never boisterous, (3) he never forgets, (4) his concentration never falters, (5) he has no notion of distinctness, (6) his equanimity is not due to lack of consideration, (7) his motivation never falters, (8) his endeavor never fails, (9) his mindfulness never falters, (10) he never abandons his concentration, (11) his insight (prajñā) never decreases, (12) his liberation never fails, (13) all his physical actions are preceded and followed by wisdom (jñāna), (14) all his verbal actions are preceded and followed by wisdom, (15) all his mental actions are preceded and followed by wisdom, (16) his wisdom and vision perceive the past without attachment or hindrance, (17) his wisdom and vision perceive the future without attachment or hindrance, and (18) his wisdom and vision perceive the present without attachment or hindrance.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­13
  • 4.­138
  • 4.­377-378
  • 4.­398
  • 4.­423
  • 6.­12
  • 11.­2
  • g.­81
  • g.­389
g.­86

elements

Wylie:
  • khams
Tibetan:
  • ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • dhātu AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In the context of Buddhist philosophy, one way to describe experience in terms of eighteen elements (eye, form, and eye consciousness; ear, sound, and ear consciousness; nose, smell, and nose consciousness; tongue, taste, and tongue consciousness; body, touch, and body consciousness; and mind, mental phenomena, and mind consciousness).

This also refers to the elements of the world, which can be enumerated as four, five, or six. The four elements are earth, water, fire, and air. A fifth, space, is often added, and the sixth is consciousness.

Located in 48 passages in the translation:

  • i.­8
  • 1.­150
  • 1.­163
  • 1.­166
  • 1.­200
  • 4.­15
  • 4.­50
  • 4.­124
  • 4.­172-175
  • 4.­179-181
  • 4.­183
  • 4.­191
  • 4.­353
  • 4.­355-356
  • 7.­28
  • 7.­31
  • 7.­348
  • 9.­334-335
  • 10.­28
  • 11.­56
  • 11.­59
  • 11.­61
  • 11.­72
  • 11.­74
  • 11.­89
  • 11.­101
  • 11.­117
  • 11.­122-123
  • 11.­127
  • 11.­130
  • 11.­157
  • 11.­166
  • 11.­176
  • 11.­195
  • 11.­197
  • 11.­219
  • 11.­283
  • n.­18
  • g.­238
  • g.­356
g.­94

five faculties

Wylie:
  • dbang po lnga
Tibetan:
  • དབང་པོ་ལྔ།
Sanskrit:
  • pañcendriya AS

Faith, vigor, mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom. These are the same as the five powers but at a lesser stage of development. See also 11.­168.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 11.­167
  • 11.­173
  • 11.­175
  • 11.­181
  • g.­91
  • g.­98
  • g.­365
g.­97

five perfections

Wylie:
  • pha rol tu phyin pa lnga
Tibetan:
  • ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ་ལྔ།
Sanskrit:
  • pañcapāramitā AS

The practice of the bodhisatva, which consists of generosity (dāna), morality (śīla), patient acceptance (kṣānti), vigor (vīrya), meditation (dhyāna).

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­28
  • 11.­189
  • g.­261
g.­98

five powers

Wylie:
  • stobs lnga
Tibetan:
  • སྟོབས་ལྔ།
Sanskrit:
  • pañcabala AS

Faith, vigor, mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom. These are the same as the five faculties but at a greater stage of development. See also 11.­175.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 11.­110
  • g.­94
  • g.­265
  • g.­365
g.­104

foundations of magical abilities

Wylie:
  • rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa
Tibetan:
  • རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་གྱི་རྐང་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • ṛddhipāda AS

The four foundations of magical abilities are learning, vigor, volition, and investigation. These are among the thirty-seven elements that are conducive to awakening.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­157
  • 9.­173
  • 9.­260
  • 10.­20
  • 10.­26
  • 11.­2-3
  • 11.­80
  • g.­365
g.­106

four continents

Wylie:
  • gling bzhi
Tibetan:
  • གླིང་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • cāturdvīpa AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

According to traditional Buddhist cosmology, our universe consists of a central mountain, known as Mount Meru or Sumeru, surrounded by four island continents (dvīpa), one in each of the four cardinal directions. The Abhidharmakośa explains that each of these island continents has a specific shape and is flanked by two smaller subcontinents of similar shape. To the south of Mount Meru is Jambudvīpa, corresponding either to the Indian subcontinent itself or to the known world. It is triangular in shape, and at its center is the place where the buddhas attain awakening. The humans who inhabit Jambudvīpa have a lifespan of one hundred years. To the east is Videha, a semicircular continent inhabited by humans who have a lifespan of two hundred fifty years and are twice as tall as the humans who inhabit Jambudvīpa. To the north is Uttarakuru, a square continent whose inhabitants have a lifespan of a thousand years. To the west is Godānīya, circular in shape, where the lifespan is five hundred years.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­16
  • 6.­2
  • 6.­8
  • 8.­4
g.­108

four foundations of mindfulness

Wylie:
  • dran pa nye bar gzhag pa bzhi
Tibetan:
  • དྲན་པ་ཉེ་བར་གཞག་པ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • catuḥ­smṛtyupasthāna AS

Using the body to cultivate mindfulness by observing the body, using feelings to cultivate mindfulness by observing feelings, using the mind to cultivate mindfulness by observing the mind, and using phenomena to cultivate mindfulness by observing phenomena. Part of the thirty-seven elements that are conducive to awakening.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 11.­121
  • 11.­135
  • g.­222
  • g.­365
g.­111

four immeasurables

Wylie:
  • tshad med bzhi
Tibetan:
  • ཚད་མེད་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • caturapramāṇa AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The meditations on love (maitrī), compassion (karuṇā), joy (muditā), and equanimity (upekṣā), as well as the states of mind and qualities of being that result from their cultivation. They are also called the four abodes of Brahmā (caturbrahmavihāra).

In the Abhidharmakośa, Vasubandhu explains that they are called apramāṇa‍—meaning “infinite” or “limitless”‍—because they take limitless sentient beings as their object, and they generate limitless merit and results. Love is described as the wish that beings be happy, and it acts as an antidote to malice (vyāpāda). Compassion is described as the wish for beings to be free of suffering, and acts as an antidote to harmfulness (vihiṃsā). Joy refers to rejoicing in the happiness beings already have, and it acts as an antidote to dislike or aversion (arati) toward others’ success. Equanimity is considering all beings impartially, without distinctions, and it is the antidote to both attachment to pleasure and to malice (kāmarāgavyāpāda).

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­6
  • 11.­326
  • g.­158
g.­113

four kinds of perfect exertion

Wylie:
  • yang dag par spong ba bzhi
Tibetan:
  • ཡང་དག་པར་སྤོང་བ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • catur­samyakprahāṇāni AS

Not giving rise to any negativity that has not yet arisen, abandoning those negativities that have arisen, actively giving rise to virtues that have not yet arisen, and causing those virtues that have arisen to increase. Part of the thirty-seven elements that are conducive to awakening.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 11.­26
  • g.­365
g.­116

four methods for bringing people together

Wylie:
  • bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi
Tibetan:
  • བསྡུ་བའི་དངོས་པོ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • catuḥ­saṃgraha­vastu AS

Generosity, pleasant speech, conscientiousness, and egalitarianism. See F.191.b.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • i.­7
  • i.­11
  • 11.­190
  • 11.­218
  • 11.­231
  • 11.­326
  • g.­220
g.­122

fully accomplished buddha

Wylie:
  • yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas
Tibetan:
  • ཡང་དག་པར་རྫོགས་པའི་སངས་རྒྱས།
Sanskrit:
  • samyaksam­buddha AS

An epithet of a buddha.

Located in 99 passages in the translation:

  • i.­11
  • 1.­3
  • 1.­5-6
  • 3.­1-2
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­45
  • 4.­47
  • 4.­62-63
  • 4.­65
  • 4.­67
  • 4.­81
  • 4.­97-99
  • 4.­108
  • 4.­112-113
  • 4.­116
  • 4.­140
  • 4.­145-146
  • 4.­149
  • 4.­171
  • 4.­282-284
  • 4.­388
  • 4.­423
  • 5.­2-3
  • 6.­13
  • 6.­15-16
  • 7.­174
  • 7.­210-211
  • 7.­213
  • 7.­218-219
  • 7.­221-222
  • 7.­290
  • 7.­292
  • 7.­322
  • 9.­6
  • 9.­20
  • 9.­66
  • 9.­77
  • 9.­79
  • 9.­112
  • 9.­114
  • 9.­133-134
  • 9.­144
  • 9.­164
  • 9.­166
  • 9.­177
  • 9.­201
  • 9.­203-204
  • 9.­231
  • 9.­243
  • 9.­257
  • 9.­274
  • 9.­282
  • 9.­284
  • 9.­286
  • 9.­300
  • 9.­312
  • 9.­354
  • 9.­356
  • 9.­362
  • 9.­369-370
  • 9.­372
  • 11.­99
  • 11.­196
  • 11.­233-236
  • 11.­241-242
  • 11.­252
  • 11.­256
  • 11.­262
  • 11.­273-275
  • 11.­277
  • 11.­281-282
  • 11.­296
  • 11.­309
  • 11.­311-312
g.­123

gandharva

Wylie:
  • dri za
Tibetan:
  • དྲི་ཟ།
Sanskrit:
  • gandharva AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of generally benevolent nonhuman beings who inhabit the skies, sometimes said to inhabit fantastic cities in the clouds, and more specifically to dwell on the eastern slopes of Mount Meru, where they are ruled by the Great King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. They are most renowned as celestial musicians who serve the gods. In the Abhidharma, the term is also used to refer to the mental body assumed by sentient beings during the intermediate state between death and rebirth. Gandharvas are said to live on fragrances (gandha) in the desire realm, hence the Tibetan translation dri za, meaning “scent eater.”

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­63
  • 7.­210-211
  • 7.­213
  • 9.­93
  • 9.­113
  • 9.­314
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­12
  • 11.­76
  • 11.­331
g.­125

garuḍa

Wylie:
  • nam mkha’ lding
Tibetan:
  • ནམ་མཁའ་ལྡིང་།
Sanskrit:
  • garuḍa AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In Indian mythology, the garuḍa is an eagle-like bird that is regarded as the king of all birds, normally depicted with a sharp, owl-like beak, often holding a snake, and with large and powerful wings. They are traditionally enemies of the nāgas. In the Vedas, they are said to have brought nectar from the heavens to earth. Garuḍa can also be used as a proper name for a king of such creatures.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 2.­6
  • 7.­210-211
  • 7.­213
  • 9.­93
  • 9.­113
  • 10.­12
g.­127

generosity

Wylie:
  • sbyin pa
Tibetan:
  • སྦྱིན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • dāna AS

The first of the six or ten perfections, often explained as the essential starting point and training for the practice of the others.

Located in 59 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­30
  • 2.­42
  • 3.­17
  • 3.­28
  • 4.­20-21
  • 4.­42
  • 4.­126
  • 4.­191
  • 4.­297
  • 4.­393
  • 5.­7
  • 5.­21
  • 5.­28
  • 5.­31
  • 6.­1-4
  • 6.­6
  • 6.­18
  • 6.­20-21
  • 6.­33-34
  • 7.­60
  • 7.­116
  • 7.­155
  • 7.­168
  • 7.­255
  • 7.­374
  • 10.­15-16
  • 10.­22
  • 10.­26
  • 10.­44
  • 11.­3
  • 11.­80
  • 11.­83
  • 11.­102
  • 11.­107
  • 11.­119
  • 11.­182
  • 11.­189
  • 11.­197
  • 11.­218-224
  • 11.­226
  • 11.­228-229
  • g.­97
  • g.­116
  • g.­261
  • g.­313
g.­128

god

Wylie:
  • lha
  • lha’i bu
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ།
  • ལྷའི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • deva AS
  • devaputra AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In the most general sense the devas‍—the term is cognate with the English divine‍—are a class of celestial beings who frequently appear in Buddhist texts, often at the head of the assemblies of nonhuman beings who attend and celebrate the teachings of the Buddha Śākyamuni and other buddhas and bodhisattvas. In Buddhist cosmology the devas occupy the highest of the five or six “destinies” (gati) of saṃsāra among which beings take rebirth. The devas reside in the devalokas, “heavens” that traditionally number between twenty-six and twenty-eight and are divided between the desire realm (kāmadhātu), form realm (rūpadhātu), and formless realm (ārūpyadhātu). A being attains rebirth among the devas either through meritorious deeds (in the desire realm) or the attainment of subtle meditative states (in the form and formless realms). While rebirth among the devas is considered favorable, it is ultimately a transitory state from which beings will fall when the conditions that lead to rebirth there are exhausted. Thus, rebirth in the god realms is regarded as a diversion from the spiritual path.

Located in 148 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2-3
  • 1.­8
  • 1.­14
  • 1.­23
  • 1.­33
  • 1.­35
  • 1.­211
  • 2.­6-7
  • 2.­17
  • 2.­57
  • 2.­61
  • 2.­63-66
  • 2.­69-70
  • 2.­72
  • 2.­76
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­9
  • 3.­14
  • 3.­22
  • 4.­30
  • 4.­38
  • 4.­63
  • 4.­81
  • 4.­97
  • 4.­99
  • 4.­116
  • 4.­124
  • 4.­127
  • 4.­137
  • 4.­145
  • 4.­159
  • 4.­171
  • 4.­257
  • 4.­282
  • 4.­287
  • 4.­291
  • 4.­306
  • 4.­312
  • 4.­320
  • 4.­377
  • 4.­381
  • 4.­397
  • 4.­423
  • 5.­2
  • 6.­6
  • 6.­15
  • 7.­194
  • 7.­197
  • 7.­202-203
  • 7.­210-211
  • 7.­213
  • 7.­227
  • 7.­237
  • 7.­251
  • 7.­253
  • 7.­261
  • 7.­268
  • 7.­276
  • 7.­290
  • 7.­311
  • 7.­316
  • 7.­322
  • 7.­374-375
  • 8.­55
  • 8.­61
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­49
  • 9.­77
  • 9.­93
  • 9.­111
  • 9.­113
  • 9.­118
  • 9.­120
  • 9.­122
  • 9.­125
  • 9.­150
  • 9.­156
  • 9.­201
  • 9.­203
  • 9.­223
  • 9.­236
  • 9.­238
  • 9.­240
  • 9.­272
  • 9.­274
  • 9.­279
  • 9.­282
  • 9.­284
  • 9.­300
  • 9.­307
  • 9.­309
  • 9.­312
  • 9.­314
  • 9.­356
  • 9.­358
  • 9.­362-363
  • 9.­365
  • 9.­367-368
  • 10.­12
  • 10.­20
  • 10.­50
  • 11.­76
  • 11.­99
  • 11.­103
  • 11.­124
  • 11.­177
  • 11.­180
  • 11.­199
  • 11.­252
  • 11.­273
  • 11.­285
  • 11.­306
  • 11.­309
  • 11.­314
  • 11.­325
  • 11.­331
  • n.­41
  • n.­101
  • g.­38
  • g.­43
  • g.­44
  • g.­45
  • g.­73
  • g.­99
  • g.­135
  • g.­139
  • g.­140
  • g.­149
  • g.­151
  • g.­204
  • g.­242
  • g.­243
  • g.­337
  • g.­370
  • g.­392
  • g.­395
  • g.­412
g.­131

great beings

Wylie:
  • sems dpa’ chen po
Tibetan:
  • སེམས་དཔའ་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāsattva

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The term can be understood to mean “great courageous one” or "great hero,” or (from the Sanskrit) simply “great being,” and is almost always found as an epithet of “bodhisattva.” The qualification “great” in this term, according to the majority of canonical definitions, focuses on the generic greatness common to all bodhisattvas, i.e., the greatness implicit in the bodhisattva vow itself in terms of outlook, aspiration, number of beings to be benefited, potential or eventual accomplishments, and so forth. In this sense the mahā- (“great”) is close in its connotations to the mahā- in “Mahāyāna.” While individual bodhisattvas described as mahāsattva may in many cases also be “great” in terms of their level of realization, this is largely coincidental, and in the canonical texts the epithet is not restricted to bodhisattvas at any particular point in their career. Indeed, in a few cases even bodhisattvas whose path has taken a wrong direction are still described as bodhisattva mahāsattva.

Later commentarial writings do nevertheless define the term‍—variably‍—in terms of bodhisattvas having attained a particular level (bhūmi) or realization. The most common qualifying criteria mentioned are attaining the path of seeing, attaining irreversibility (according to its various definitions), or attaining the seventh bhūmi.

Located in 33 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­2
  • 3.­16
  • 4.­68
  • 4.­254
  • 5.­7-8
  • 5.­21
  • 5.­24
  • 5.­27
  • 5.­30
  • 6.­33
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­219
  • 7.­375
  • 8.­61
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­174
  • 9.­176
  • 9.­180
  • 9.­194
  • 9.­198
  • 9.­303
  • 9.­348
  • 9.­351
  • 10.­1
  • 10.­11
  • 10.­14
  • 10.­23
  • 10.­29
  • 11.­1
  • 11.­217
  • 11.­231
  • 11.­241
g.­155

householder

Wylie:
  • khyim bdag
Tibetan:
  • ཁྱིམ་བདག
Sanskrit:
  • —

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The term is usually used for wealthy lay patrons of the Buddhist community. It also refers to a subdivision of the vaiśya (mercantile) class of traditional Indian society, comprising businessmen, merchants, landowners, and so on.

Located in 93 passages in the translation:

  • i.­2
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­4-5
  • 1.­7-8
  • 1.­10-11
  • 1.­37-38
  • 1.­41-42
  • 1.­48-49
  • 1.­53-54
  • 1.­61-62
  • 1.­69-70
  • 1.­75-76
  • 1.­83
  • 1.­91
  • 1.­101
  • 1.­113
  • 1.­124-141
  • 1.­157-166
  • 1.­168-171
  • 1.­197-200
  • 1.­208
  • 1.­215
  • 2.­1
  • 4.­30
  • 7.­210
  • 7.­292
  • 7.­309
  • 7.­335
  • 9.­38
  • 9.­93
  • 9.­176-180
  • 9.­195
  • 9.­199
  • 9.­202
  • 9.­304
  • 9.­336
  • 9.­366
  • 11.­257
  • 11.­285
  • g.­20
  • g.­172
  • g.­181
  • g.­284
  • g.­296
  • g.­297
  • g.­309
  • g.­345
g.­170

karma

Wylie:
  • las
Tibetan:
  • ལས།
Sanskrit:
  • karma AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Meaning “action” in its most basic sense, karma is an important concept in Buddhist philosophy as the cumulative force of previous physical, verbal, and mental acts, which determines present experience and will determine future existences.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­163
  • 1.­188
  • 3.­15
  • 7.­334
  • 7.­362
  • 10.­8
  • g.­8
g.­173

Kimbhīra

Wylie:
  • ci ’jigs
Tibetan:
  • ཅི་འཇིགས།
Sanskrit:
  • kimbhīra AS

A yakṣa of Rājagṛha who interacts with the Buddha in chapter 2 of the Bodhisatva­piṭaka.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 2.­2-4
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­13
  • 2.­25
  • 2.­45-48
  • 2.­63
  • 2.­81
  • g.­287
g.­176

kinnara

Wylie:
  • mi ’am ci
Tibetan:
  • མི་འམ་ཅི།
Sanskrit:
  • kinnara AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings that resemble humans to the degree that their very name‍—which means “is that human?”‍—suggests some confusion as to their divine status. Kinnaras are mythological beings found in both Buddhist and Brahmanical literature, where they are portrayed as creatures half human, half animal. They are often depicted as highly skilled celestial musicians.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­63
  • 4.­31
  • 7.­210-211
  • 7.­213
  • 9.­93
  • 9.­113
  • 10.­12
  • 11.­76
g.­178

knowledge

Wylie:
  • ye shes
Tibetan:
  • ཡེ་ཤེས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Located in 238 passages in the translation:

  • i.­5
  • 1.­73
  • 1.­182
  • 3.­11-13
  • 3.­17
  • 3.­22
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­9
  • 4.­12
  • 4.­14-15
  • 4.­44-55
  • 4.­58-59
  • 4.­61
  • 4.­64
  • 4.­99
  • 4.­105
  • 4.­124-125
  • 4.­131
  • 4.­138-139
  • 4.­142
  • 4.­144
  • 4.­146
  • 4.­148-149
  • 4.­158
  • 4.­161
  • 4.­174
  • 4.­184-185
  • 4.­189
  • 4.­211
  • 4.­226-227
  • 4.­229
  • 4.­231
  • 4.­242-243
  • 4.­251
  • 4.­256
  • 4.­258
  • 4.­267-269
  • 4.­271-272
  • 4.­274
  • 4.­277
  • 4.­282
  • 4.­287-288
  • 4.­291
  • 4.­305
  • 4.­315
  • 4.­317-318
  • 4.­334
  • 4.­352
  • 4.­356
  • 4.­366
  • 4.­380
  • 4.­382
  • 4.­384-386
  • 4.­388
  • 4.­390-397
  • 4.­416
  • 4.­418
  • 4.­421
  • 5.­21
  • 6.­8-9
  • 6.­18
  • 7.­113
  • 7.­118
  • 7.­134
  • 7.­136
  • 7.­159
  • 7.­203
  • 7.­210
  • 7.­213
  • 7.­217-218
  • 7.­220-223
  • 7.­240-242
  • 7.­308
  • 7.­344
  • 7.­374
  • 8.­6
  • 9.­5
  • 9.­15
  • 9.­30
  • 9.­140-141
  • 9.­170-171
  • 9.­173
  • 9.­198
  • 9.­228
  • 9.­233
  • 9.­255
  • 9.­270
  • 9.­320
  • 9.­335-336
  • 9.­350
  • 10.­6-24
  • 10.­26-27
  • 10.­34
  • 10.­37
  • 10.­43
  • 11.­2
  • 11.­13
  • 11.­29
  • 11.­33
  • 11.­35
  • 11.­48-49
  • 11.­55-56
  • 11.­68
  • 11.­70
  • 11.­72
  • 11.­74-76
  • 11.­79-80
  • 11.­82-83
  • 11.­87-93
  • 11.­102
  • 11.­104-120
  • 11.­125
  • 11.­128
  • 11.­130-131
  • 11.­133
  • 11.­137-139
  • 11.­142
  • 11.­147
  • 11.­157
  • 11.­176
  • 11.­180
  • 11.­191-193
  • 11.­195-197
  • 11.­209
  • 11.­211-212
  • 11.­216
  • 11.­222
  • 11.­224
  • 11.­277
  • 11.­287
  • 11.­296
  • 11.­330
  • n.­42
  • g.­103
  • g.­121
  • g.­315
  • g.­339
  • g.­380
g.­186

liberation

Wylie:
  • rnam par grol ba
  • rnam par thar pa
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་གྲོལ་བ།
  • རྣམ་པར་ཐར་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • vimukti AS
  • vimokṣa AS

Liberation from cyclic existence. See “three liberations” and “eight liberations.”

Located in 82 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­69
  • 1.­73
  • 1.­131
  • 1.­136-139
  • 1.­169
  • 1.­171
  • 1.­186
  • 1.­193
  • 2.­56
  • 3.­13
  • 3.­17
  • 3.­25
  • 3.­28
  • 3.­32
  • 4.­8
  • 4.­14-15
  • 4.­40
  • 4.­60
  • 4.­64
  • 4.­143
  • 4.­161
  • 4.­168
  • 4.­196
  • 4.­204-205
  • 4.­225
  • 4.­228
  • 4.­237-238
  • 4.­240
  • 4.­267
  • 4.­276
  • 4.­284
  • 4.­315
  • 4.­317
  • 4.­328-329
  • 4.­331-332
  • 4.­335-336
  • 4.­354
  • 4.­387
  • 4.­391
  • 4.­402
  • 4.­411-412
  • 5.­7
  • 5.­14
  • 6.­9
  • 7.­187
  • 7.­210
  • 7.­213
  • 7.­217
  • 7.­224
  • 7.­240-241
  • 7.­286
  • 9.­15
  • 9.­173
  • 10.­9-10
  • 10.­25
  • 10.­31
  • 11.­45
  • 11.­51
  • 11.­72
  • 11.­83
  • 11.­133
  • 11.­147
  • 11.­180
  • 11.­195
  • 11.­197
  • 11.­203
  • 11.­330
  • g.­119
  • g.­154
  • g.­354
g.­190

lord

Wylie:
  • bcom ldan ’das
Tibetan:
  • བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས།
Sanskrit:
  • bhagavat AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In Buddhist literature, this is an epithet applied to buddhas, most often to Śākyamuni. The Sanskrit term generally means “possessing fortune,” but in specifically Buddhist contexts it implies that a buddha is in possession of six auspicious qualities (bhaga) associated with complete awakening. The Tibetan term‍—where bcom is said to refer to “subduing” the four māras, ldan to “possessing” the great qualities of buddhahood, and ’das to “going beyond” saṃsāra and nirvāṇa‍—possibly reflects the commentarial tradition where the Sanskrit bhagavat is interpreted, in addition, as “one who destroys the four māras.” This is achieved either by reading bhagavat as bhagnavat (“one who broke”), or by tracing the word bhaga to the root √bhañj (“to break”).

Located in 210 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2-5
  • 1.­7-11
  • 1.­26
  • 1.­36-37
  • 1.­43
  • 1.­50
  • 1.­71
  • 1.­77
  • 1.­92
  • 1.­113
  • 1.­115
  • 1.­124-126
  • 1.­135-136
  • 1.­159
  • 1.­172
  • 1.­198
  • 1.­201
  • 1.­208
  • 2.­1-3
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­8
  • 2.­12
  • 2.­45-46
  • 2.­48
  • 2.­59
  • 2.­63
  • 2.­65
  • 2.­75-76
  • 2.­78-80
  • 3.­1-3
  • 3.­10-11
  • 3.­31
  • 4.­2
  • 4.­18
  • 4.­48-49
  • 4.­56
  • 4.­66
  • 4.­83-84
  • 4.­87-88
  • 4.­100
  • 4.­109-111
  • 4.­115
  • 4.­117
  • 4.­141
  • 4.­163
  • 4.­194
  • 4.­212
  • 4.­246
  • 4.­251
  • 4.­259
  • 4.­273
  • 4.­322
  • 4.­359
  • 4.­392
  • 4.­399
  • 5.­6
  • 5.­31
  • 6.­15-16
  • 6.­19
  • 7.­4
  • 7.­30
  • 7.­45
  • 7.­57
  • 7.­86
  • 7.­103
  • 7.­122
  • 7.­161
  • 7.­176
  • 7.­196
  • 7.­222-223
  • 7.­228
  • 7.­257
  • 7.­268
  • 7.­292-293
  • 7.­306
  • 7.­323
  • 7.­349
  • 8.­3
  • 8.­12
  • 8.­25
  • 9.­9
  • 9.­22
  • 9.­44
  • 9.­66
  • 9.­72
  • 9.­79
  • 9.­87
  • 9.­127
  • 9.­133-135
  • 9.­141
  • 9.­144
  • 9.­146
  • 9.­164
  • 9.­175
  • 9.­181
  • 9.­196
  • 9.­203-205
  • 9.­231
  • 9.­243
  • 9.­257
  • 9.­261
  • 9.­263
  • 9.­270
  • 9.­274
  • 9.­285-286
  • 9.­293
  • 9.­299-300
  • 9.­303-304
  • 9.­308
  • 9.­312
  • 9.­332-333
  • 9.­340
  • 9.­354-355
  • 9.­359-361
  • 9.­368-370
  • 9.­372-373
  • 10.­30
  • 11.­9
  • 11.­19
  • 11.­27
  • 11.­37
  • 11.­99
  • 11.­205
  • 11.­233-236
  • 11.­240-242
  • 11.­252-257
  • 11.­262
  • 11.­265
  • 11.­269-276
  • 11.­278-279
  • 11.­281
  • 11.­285-287
  • 11.­295-297
  • 11.­301-305
  • 11.­307-309
  • 11.­316
  • 11.­326
  • 11.­328
  • 11.­331
  • g.­114
g.­191

Magadha

Wylie:
  • ma ga dha
Tibetan:
  • མ་ག་དྷ།
Sanskrit:
  • magadha AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

An ancient Indian kingdom that lay to the south of the Ganges River in what today is the state of Bihar. Magadha was the largest of the sixteen “great states” (mahājanapada) that flourished between the sixth and third centuries ʙᴄᴇ in northern India. During the life of the Buddha Śākyamuni, it was ruled by King Bimbisāra and later by Bimbisāra's son, Ajātaśatru. Its capital was initially Rājagṛha (modern-day Rajgir) but was later moved to Pāṭaliputra (modern-day Patna). Over the centuries, with the expansion of the Magadha’s might, it became the capital of the vast Mauryan empire and seat of the great King Aśoka.

This region is home to many of the most important Buddhist sites, including Bodh Gayā, where the Buddha attained awakening; Vulture Peak (Gṛdhra­kūṭa), where the Buddha bestowed many well-known Mahāyāna sūtras; and the Buddhist university of Nālandā that flourished between the fifth and twelfth centuries ᴄᴇ, among many others.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • i.­2
  • 1.­4-5
g.­192

magical abilities

Wylie:
  • rdzu ’phrul
Tibetan:
  • རྫུ་འཕྲུལ།
Sanskrit:
  • ṛddhi AS

Also rendered here as “magical powers.”

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • i.­5
  • 2.­63
  • 4.­7
  • 4.­15
  • 4.­45
  • 4.­98
  • 4.­108
  • 4.­111-112
  • 4.­114
  • 4.­116
  • 4.­118
  • 4.­122
  • 7.­227
  • 7.­318
  • 9.­223
  • 9.­312
  • 9.­332
  • 10.­19-21
  • 10.­27
  • 10.­47
  • 11.­257
  • 11.­305
  • 11.­307
  • g.­104
  • g.­194
g.­193

magical powers

Wylie:
  • rdzu ’phrul
Tibetan:
  • རྫུ་འཕྲུལ།
Sanskrit:
  • ṛddhi AS

See “magical abilitites.”

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­76
  • 2.­79-80
  • 4.­104
  • 7.­199
  • g.­192
g.­198

Mahāskandha

Wylie:
  • phung po chen po
Tibetan:
  • ཕུང་པོ་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāskandha AS

A buddha in the distant past.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • i.­6
  • i.­11
  • 5.­2-3
  • 5.­31
  • 7.­219
  • 11.­233-236
  • g.­401
  • g.­402
  • g.­404
g.­201

Maheśvara

Wylie:
  • dbang phyug chen po
Tibetan:
  • དབང་ཕྱུག་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • maheśvara AS

An epithet of Śiva.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • i.­10
  • 9.­164
  • n.­146
g.­202

mahoraga

Wylie:
  • lto ’phye chen po
Tibetan:
  • ལྟོ་འཕྱེ་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahoraga AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Literally “great serpents,” mahoragas are supernatural beings depicted as large, subterranean beings with human torsos and heads and the lower bodies of serpents. Their movements are said to cause earthquakes, and they make up a class of subterranean geomantic spirits whose movement through the seasons and months of the year is deemed significant for construction projects.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­63
  • 7.­210-211
  • 7.­213
  • 9.­93
  • 10.­12
  • 11.­76
g.­206

Mañjuśrī

Wylie:
  • ’jam pa’i dbyangs
Tibetan:
  • འཇམ་པའི་དབྱངས།
Sanskrit:
  • mañjuśrī AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Mañjuśrī is one of the “eight close sons of the Buddha” and a bodhisattva who embodies wisdom. He is a major figure in the Mahāyāna sūtras, appearing often as an interlocutor of the Buddha. In his most well-known iconographic form, he is portrayed bearing the sword of wisdom in his right hand and a volume of the Prajñā­pāramitā­sūtra in his left. To his name, Mañjuśrī, meaning “Gentle and Glorious One,” is often added the epithet Kumārabhūta, “having a youthful form.” He is also called Mañjughoṣa, Mañjusvara, and Pañcaśikha.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­1
  • n.­6
g.­208

Māra

Wylie:
  • bdud
Tibetan:
  • བདུད།
Sanskrit:
  • māra AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Māra, literally “death” or “maker of death,” is the name of the deva who tried to prevent the Buddha from achieving awakening, the name given to the class of beings he leads, and also an impersonal term for the destructive forces that keep beings imprisoned in saṃsāra:

(1) As a deva, Māra is said to be the principal deity in the Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations (paranirmitavaśavartin), the highest paradise in the desire realm. He famously attempted to prevent the Buddha’s awakening under the Bodhi tree‍—see The Play in Full (Toh 95), 21.1‍—and later sought many times to thwart the Buddha’s activity. In the sūtras, he often also creates obstacles to the progress of śrāvakas and bodhisattvas. (2) The devas ruled over by Māra are collectively called mārakāyika or mārakāyikadevatā, the “deities of Māra’s family or class.” In general, these māras too do not wish any being to escape from saṃsāra, but can also change their ways and even end up developing faith in the Buddha, as exemplified by Sārthavāha; see The Play in Full (Toh 95), 21.14 and 21.43. (3) The term māra can also be understood as personifying four defects that prevent awakening, called (i) the divine māra (devaputra­māra), which is the distraction of pleasures; (ii) the māra of Death (mṛtyumāra), which is having one’s life interrupted; (iii) the māra of the aggregates (skandhamāra), which is identifying with the five aggregates; and (iv) the māra of the afflictions (kleśamāra), which is being under the sway of the negative emotions of desire, hatred, and ignorance.

Located in 70 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­3
  • 1.­184
  • 2.­76
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­12
  • 3.­14
  • 4.­81
  • 4.­97
  • 4.­124
  • 4.­145
  • 4.­159
  • 4.­171
  • 4.­281
  • 4.­320
  • 4.­377
  • 4.­381
  • 4.­393
  • 4.­423
  • 5.­2
  • 5.­7
  • 5.­12
  • 7.­101
  • 7.­114
  • 7.­260
  • 7.­278
  • 7.­309
  • 7.­313
  • 7.­341
  • 7.­375
  • 8.­21-22
  • 8.­28
  • 8.­51-52
  • 8.­61
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­7
  • 9.­12
  • 9.­14-15
  • 9.­20-21
  • 9.­29
  • 9.­32
  • 9.­38-39
  • 9.­43
  • 9.­45
  • 9.­55
  • 9.­58
  • 9.­68
  • 9.­76
  • 9.­272
  • 10.­20
  • 10.­23-24
  • 10.­26
  • 10.­35
  • 11.­55
  • 11.­119
  • 11.­134
  • 11.­176
  • 11.­182
  • 11.­197
  • 11.­203
  • n.­97
  • n.­101
  • g.­89
  • g.­114
  • g.­294
g.­213

meditation

Wylie:
  • bsam gtan
Tibetan:
  • བསམ་གཏན།
Sanskrit:
  • dhyāna AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Dhyāna is defined as one-pointed abiding in an undistracted state of mind, free from afflicted mental states. Four states of dhyāna are identified as being conducive to birth within the form realm. In the context of the Mahāyāna, it is the fifth of the six perfections. It is commonly translated as “concentration,” “meditative concentration,” and so on.

Located in 55 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­12
  • 3.­17
  • 3.­28
  • 4.­23
  • 4.­81
  • 4.­191
  • 4.­208
  • 4.­217
  • 4.­239
  • 4.­383
  • 5.­21
  • 5.­28
  • 5.­31
  • 6.­1
  • 7.­117
  • 7.­129
  • 7.­168
  • 7.­255
  • 7.­335
  • 7.­344
  • 7.­374
  • 9.­173
  • 10.­1
  • 10.­5-6
  • 10.­10
  • 10.­15
  • 10.­18
  • 10.­22-23
  • 10.­25-29
  • 10.­31
  • 10.­48
  • 10.­51-52
  • 11.­3
  • 11.­55
  • 11.­80
  • 11.­114
  • 11.­119
  • 11.­156
  • 11.­179
  • 11.­182-183
  • 11.­189
  • 11.­197
  • 11.­228
  • g.­49
  • g.­97
  • g.­261
  • g.­313
g.­215

meditative state

Wylie:
  • bsam gtan
Tibetan:
  • བསམ་གཏན།
Sanskrit:
  • dhyāna AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Dhyāna is defined as one-pointed abiding in an undistracted state of mind, free from afflicted mental states. Four states of dhyāna are identified as being conducive to birth within the form realm. In the context of the Mahāyāna, it is the fifth of the six perfections. It is commonly translated as “concentration,” “meditative concentration,” and so on.

Located in 19 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­124
  • 4.­227
  • 4.­240
  • 10.­1-5
  • 10.­27
  • 11.­83
  • 11.­156
  • 11.­179
  • g.­43
  • g.­44
  • g.­45
  • g.­135
  • g.­139
  • g.­140
  • g.­356
g.­216

Megha

Wylie:
  • sprin
Tibetan:
  • སྤྲིན།
Sanskrit:
  • megha AS

A young brahmin during the time of the Buddha Dīpaṅkara, he was past life of the Buddha Śākyamuni in which he received his prophecy of awakening.

Located in 19 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­11
  • 11.­259-261
  • 11.­263-265
  • 11.­269-276
  • 11.­278-279
  • g.­337
g.­217

mendicant

Wylie:
  • dge slong
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་སློང་།
Sanskrit:
  • bhikṣu AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The term bhikṣu, often translated as “monk,” refers to the highest among the eight types of prātimokṣa vows that make one part of the Buddhist assembly. The Sanskrit term literally means “beggar” or “mendicant,” referring to the fact that Buddhist monks and nuns‍—like other ascetics of the time‍—subsisted on alms (bhikṣā) begged from the laity.

In the Tibetan tradition, which follows the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, a monk follows 253 rules as part of his moral discipline. A nun (bhikṣuṇī; dge slong ma) follows 364 rules. A novice monk (śrāmaṇera; dge tshul) or nun (śrāmaṇerikā; dge tshul ma) follows thirty-six rules of moral discipline (although in other vinaya traditions novices typically follow only ten).

In this text:

Also rendered here as “monk.”

Located in 73 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 1.­5
  • 1.­181
  • 1.­208-209
  • 1.­211
  • 2.­4-5
  • 2.­36
  • 2.­75
  • 4.­83
  • 4.­87
  • 4.­108-109
  • 4.­111
  • 4.­395
  • 6.­15
  • 7.­294
  • 7.­322
  • 8.­26
  • 9.­21
  • 9.­32-39
  • 9.­41-43
  • 9.­56
  • 9.­78-79
  • 9.­81
  • 9.­84
  • 9.­135
  • 9.­144-147
  • 9.­149-150
  • 9.­198-199
  • 9.­203
  • 9.­207
  • 9.­219
  • 9.­221
  • 9.­261
  • 9.­285
  • 9.­302
  • 9.­304
  • 9.­356-357
  • 9.­360
  • 9.­365
  • 9.­367
  • 9.­372
  • 11.­207
  • 11.­275
  • 11.­302
  • 11.­306
  • 11.­331
  • n.­23
  • g.­14
  • g.­169
  • g.­229
  • g.­239
  • g.­330
  • g.­334
  • g.­414
g.­221

mind of awakening

Wylie:
  • byang chub sems
Tibetan:
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས།
Sanskrit:
  • bodhicitta AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In the general Mahāyāna teachings the mind of awakening (bodhicitta) is the intention to attain the complete awakening of a perfect buddha for the sake of all beings. On the level of absolute truth, the mind of awakening is the realization of the awakened state itself.

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­4
  • 3.­10
  • 3.­12
  • 3.­14
  • 5.­8
  • 7.­79
  • 7.­106
  • 7.­154-159
  • 7.­205
  • 7.­211
  • 9.­154
  • 9.­167
  • 9.­172
  • 10.­18
  • 11.­102
  • 11.­110
  • 11.­129
  • 11.­199-200
  • 11.­229
  • 11.­287
  • 11.­289
g.­222

mindfulness

Wylie:
  • dran pa
Tibetan:
  • དྲན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • smṛti AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

This is the faculty that enables the mind to maintain its attention on a referent object, counteracting the arising of forgetfulness, which is a great obstacle to meditative stability. The root smṛ may mean “to recollect” but also simply “to think of.” Broadly speaking, smṛti, commonly translated as “mindfulness,” means to bring something to mind, not necessarily something experienced in a distant past but also something that is experienced in the present, such as the position of one’s body or the breath.

Together with alertness (samprajāna, shes bzhin), it is one of the two indispensable factors for the development of calm abiding (śamatha, zhi gnas).

In this text:

See also “four foundations of mindfulness.”

Located in 58 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­69
  • 1.­73
  • 1.­131
  • 4.­189
  • 4.­199
  • 4.­299
  • 4.­310-311
  • 4.­313-314
  • 5.­21
  • 7.­157
  • 9.­173
  • 9.­365-367
  • 10.­3-4
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­16
  • 10.­23
  • 10.­26
  • 11.­2-3
  • 11.­33-34
  • 11.­72
  • 11.­80
  • 11.­110
  • 11.­121-122
  • 11.­124-125
  • 11.­128-134
  • 11.­136-137
  • 11.­145
  • 11.­152
  • 11.­167
  • 11.­170-171
  • 11.­175
  • 11.­178
  • 11.­201
  • 11.­209
  • g.­75
  • g.­91
  • g.­94
  • g.­98
  • g.­108
  • g.­248
  • g.­354
g.­226

miraculous display

Wylie:
  • cho ’phrul
Tibetan:
  • ཆོ་འཕྲུལ།
Sanskrit:
  • pratihārya AS

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 1.­34
g.­229

monk

Wylie:
  • dge slong
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་སློང་།
Sanskrit:
  • bhikṣu AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The term bhikṣu, often translated as “monk,” refers to the highest among the eight types of prātimokṣa vows that make one part of the Buddhist assembly. The Sanskrit term literally means “beggar” or “mendicant,” referring to the fact that Buddhist monks and nuns‍—like other ascetics of the time‍—subsisted on alms (bhikṣā) begged from the laity.

In the Tibetan tradition, which follows the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, a monk follows 253 rules as part of his moral discipline. A nun (bhikṣuṇī; dge slong ma) follows 364 rules. A novice monk (śrāmaṇera; dge tshul) or nun (śrāmaṇerikā; dge tshul ma) follows thirty-six rules of moral discipline (although in other vinaya traditions novices typically follow only ten).

In this text:

Also rendered here as “mendicant.”

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 1.­8
  • 1.­13
  • 1.­52
  • 4.­30
  • 7.­214
  • 9.­30
  • 9.­177
  • 9.­185
  • n.­12
  • g.­85
  • g.­105
  • g.­217
g.­230

morality

Wylie:
  • tshul khrims
Tibetan:
  • ཚུལ་ཁྲིམས།
Sanskrit:
  • śīla AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Morally virtuous or disciplined conduct and the abandonment of morally undisciplined conduct of body, speech, and mind. In a general sense, moral discipline is the cause for rebirth in higher, more favorable states, but it is also foundational to Buddhist practice as one of the three trainings (triśikṣā) and one of the six perfections of a bodhisattva. Often rendered as “ethics,” “discipline,” and “morality.”

Located in 126 passages in the translation:

  • i.­5
  • i.­12
  • 1.­183
  • 1.­185
  • 2.­30
  • 2.­42
  • 3.­12-13
  • 3.­16-17
  • 3.­28
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­7
  • 4.­14-15
  • 4.­22
  • 4.­30
  • 4.­42
  • 4.­64
  • 4.­80-83
  • 4.­85-86
  • 4.­101-102
  • 4.­104
  • 4.­106
  • 4.­191
  • 4.­237
  • 4.­312
  • 4.­317
  • 4.­355
  • 4.­384-385
  • 4.­393
  • 5.­7
  • 5.­21
  • 5.­28
  • 5.­31
  • 6.­1
  • 6.­4
  • 6.­7
  • 6.­9
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­3
  • 7.­6
  • 7.­8-16
  • 7.­19-20
  • 7.­101
  • 7.­168
  • 7.­174
  • 7.­179
  • 7.­188
  • 7.­204
  • 7.­210
  • 7.­212-213
  • 7.­217
  • 7.­250-256
  • 7.­258
  • 7.­262
  • 7.­264
  • 7.­274
  • 7.­276
  • 7.­278
  • 7.­282
  • 7.­285
  • 7.­332-333
  • 7.­335
  • 7.­340
  • 7.­372-376
  • 8.­24
  • 9.­5
  • 9.­8
  • 9.­13
  • 9.­15
  • 9.­30
  • 9.­91
  • 9.­173
  • 9.­177
  • 9.­185
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­15-16
  • 10.­22
  • 10.­26
  • 11.­3
  • 11.­55
  • 11.­80
  • 11.­102-103
  • 11.­119
  • 11.­130
  • 11.­147
  • 11.­163
  • 11.­182
  • 11.­189
  • 11.­197
  • 11.­228
  • 11.­322
  • g.­97
  • g.­261
  • g.­307
  • g.­313
g.­237

nāga

Wylie:
  • klu
Tibetan:
  • ཀླུ།
Sanskrit:
  • nāga AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who live in subterranean aquatic environments, where they guard wealth and sometimes also teachings. Nāgas are associated with serpents and have a snakelike appearance. In Buddhist art and in written accounts, they are regularly portrayed as half human and half snake, and they are also said to have the ability to change into human form. Some nāgas are Dharma protectors, but they can also bring retribution if they are disturbed. They may likewise fight one another, wage war, and destroy the lands of others by causing lightning, hail, and flooding.

Located in 25 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­57
  • 2.­61
  • 2.­69
  • 2.­72
  • 3.­9
  • 7.­202
  • 7.­210-211
  • 7.­213
  • 7.­237
  • 7.­261
  • 7.­311
  • 9.­93
  • 9.­113
  • 9.­156
  • 9.­223
  • 9.­240
  • 9.­314
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­12
  • 10.­38
  • 11.­76
  • g.­370
g.­248

noble eightfold path

Wylie:
  • ’phags pa’i lam yan lag brgyad
Tibetan:
  • འཕགས་པའི་ལམ་ཡན་ལག་བརྒྱད།
Sanskrit:
  • āryāṣṭāṅga­mārga AS

Right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. See also 11.­145.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­314
  • g.­82
  • g.­250
  • g.­365
g.­250

noble path

Wylie:
  • ’phags pa’i lam
Tibetan:
  • འཕགས་པའི་ལམ།
Sanskrit:
  • āryapatha AS
  • āryamārga AS

See “noble eightfold path.”

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • i.­8
  • 1.­202
  • 4.­136
  • 5.­7
  • 7.­70
  • 7.­335
  • 9.­8
  • 9.­15
  • 9.­130
  • 10.­9
  • 11.­41
  • 11.­143
  • 11.­151-152
g.­252

nonhuman

Wylie:
  • mi ma yin
Tibetan:
  • མི་མ་ཡིན།
Sanskrit:
  • amanuṣya AS

A spirit.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­63
  • 3.­9
  • 7.­210-211
  • 7.­213
  • 9.­93
  • 9.­113
  • 9.­314
  • 10.­12
  • 11.­76
  • 11.­295
  • n.­21
g.­253

nun

Wylie:
  • dge slong ma
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་སློང་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • bhikṣuṇī AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The term bhikṣuṇī, often translated as “nun,” refers to the highest among the eight types of prātimokṣa vows that make one part of the Buddhist assembly. The Sanskrit term bhikṣu (to which the female grammatical ending ṇī is added) literally means “beggar” or “mendicant,” referring to the fact that Buddhist nuns and monks‍—like other ascetics of the time‍—subsisted on alms (bhikṣā) begged from the laity. In the Tibetan tradition, which follows the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, a bhikṣuṇī follows 364 rules and a bhikṣu follows 253 rules as part of their moral discipline.

For the first few years of the Buddha’s teachings in India, there was no ordination for women. It started at the persistent request and display of determination of Mahāprajāpatī, the Buddha’s stepmother and aunt, together with five hundred former wives of men of Kapilavastu, who had themselves become monks. Mahāprajāpatī is thus considered to be the founder of the nun’s order.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 4.­30
  • 9.­30
  • 9.­177
  • 9.­185
  • g.­105
g.­258

patient acceptance

Wylie:
  • bzod pa
Tibetan:
  • བཟོད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kṣānti AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A term meaning acceptance, forbearance, or patience. As the third of the six perfections, patience is classified into three kinds: the capacity to tolerate abuse from sentient beings, to tolerate the hardships of the path to buddhahood, and to tolerate the profound nature of reality. As a term referring to a bodhisattva’s realization, dharmakṣānti (chos la bzod pa) can refer to the ways one becomes “receptive” to the nature of Dharma, and it can be an abbreviation of anutpattikadharmakṣānti, “forbearance for the unborn nature, or nonproduction, of dharmas.”

Located in 39 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­22
  • 4.­42
  • 4.­101
  • 4.­128
  • 4.­137
  • 4.­191
  • 5.­7-8
  • 5.­21
  • 5.­28
  • 5.­31
  • 6.­1
  • 7.­116
  • 7.­374
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­20
  • 8.­54-55
  • 8.­57-59
  • 8.­61-62
  • 10.­15-16
  • 10.­22
  • 11.­3
  • 11.­80
  • 11.­83
  • 11.­112
  • 11.­119
  • 11.­182
  • 11.­189
  • 11.­197
  • 11.­228
  • 11.­283
  • g.­97
  • g.­261
  • g.­313
g.­261

perfection

Wylie:
  • pha rol tu phyin pa
Tibetan:
  • ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • pāramitā AS

The trainings of the bodhisatva path. The five perfections are generosity (dāna), morality (śīla), patient acceptance (kṣānti), vigor (vīrya), meditation (dhyāna). When listed as six, wisdom (prajñā) is included.

Located in 72 passages in the translation:

  • i.­9
  • 4.­21-22
  • 4.­65
  • 4.­67
  • 4.­81-83
  • 4.­85-87
  • 4.­98
  • 4.­112-114
  • 4.­161
  • 5.­4
  • 5.­23
  • 5.­31
  • 6.­1-2
  • 6.­33-34
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­116-117
  • 7.­155
  • 7.­301
  • 7.­344
  • 7.­374-376
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­62
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­301
  • 9.­305-306
  • 9.­333
  • 9.­339
  • 9.­349
  • 9.­352-353
  • 9.­362
  • 9.­374-376
  • 10.­1
  • 10.­6
  • 10.­18
  • 10.­22-23
  • 10.­28-29
  • 10.­48
  • 10.­51-52
  • 11.­2
  • 11.­102
  • 11.­117
  • 11.­153
  • 11.­157
  • 11.­182
  • 11.­189
  • 11.­195
  • 11.­197-198
  • 11.­228
  • 11.­232
  • 11.­327
  • g.­112
  • g.­127
g.­262

perfection of wisdom

Wylie:
  • shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa
Tibetan:
  • ཤེས་རབ་ཀྱི་ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • prajñā­pāramitā

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The sixth of the six perfections, it refers to the profound understanding of the emptiness of all phenomena, the realization of ultimate reality. It is often personified as a female deity, worshiped as the “Mother of All Buddhas” (sarva­jina­mātā).

Located in 43 passages in the translation:

  • i.­10
  • 4.­65
  • 4.­67
  • 5.­31
  • 6.­1
  • 7.­374
  • 11.­1
  • 11.­3-4
  • 11.­17-18
  • 11.­25-26
  • 11.­35-36
  • 11.­47-48
  • 11.­52-56
  • 11.­58
  • 11.­61
  • 11.­70
  • 11.­81
  • 11.­86-87
  • 11.­101
  • 11.­120
  • 11.­135
  • 11.­144
  • 11.­161
  • 11.­166
  • 11.­174
  • 11.­181-182
  • 11.­186
  • 11.­189
  • 11.­193-194
  • 11.­217
  • 11.­228
g.­263

phenomenon

Wylie:
  • chos
Tibetan:
  • ཆོས།
Sanskrit:
  • dharma AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the meanings of the Skt. term dharma. This applies to “phenomena” or “things” in general, and, more specifically, “mental phenomena” which are the object of the mental faculty (manas, yid).

Located in 190 passages in the translation:

  • i.­8
  • i.­11
  • 1.­61-62
  • 1.­130
  • 1.­140
  • 1.­153
  • 1.­157
  • 1.­160-161
  • 1.­164
  • 1.­169
  • 1.­171
  • 1.­176-177
  • 1.­190-193
  • 1.­196-197
  • 1.­200
  • 1.­205
  • 1.­207
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­14
  • 3.­19-20
  • 3.­23
  • 3.­31-32
  • 4.­12
  • 4.­15-16
  • 4.­23
  • 4.­44
  • 4.­51
  • 4.­53
  • 4.­99
  • 4.­173
  • 4.­237
  • 4.­249
  • 4.­268
  • 4.­274-276
  • 4.­284-285
  • 4.­288
  • 4.­292-302
  • 4.­310
  • 4.­313
  • 4.­318
  • 4.­342
  • 4.­344-345
  • 4.­347
  • 4.­349-355
  • 4.­357
  • 4.­364
  • 4.­375
  • 4.­382
  • 4.­384
  • 4.­389-390
  • 4.­394-395
  • 4.­397
  • 4.­409
  • 4.­418
  • 5.­8
  • 5.­27
  • 5.­29
  • 7.­3
  • 7.­16
  • 7.­185-186
  • 7.­218
  • 7.­256
  • 7.­287
  • 7.­344
  • 7.­351
  • 7.­366-372
  • 8.­57
  • 9.­82-83
  • 9.­173
  • 9.­333
  • 9.­339
  • 9.­342-343
  • 10.­10
  • 10.­13
  • 10.­16
  • 10.­18
  • 10.­20
  • 10.­22-26
  • 10.­33
  • 10.­49
  • 11.­3-8
  • 11.­10-13
  • 11.­18
  • 11.­26
  • 11.­36
  • 11.­44-48
  • 11.­51-53
  • 11.­55-56
  • 11.­59-61
  • 11.­64
  • 11.­71-75
  • 11.­83
  • 11.­92
  • 11.­101
  • 11.­121
  • 11.­126
  • 11.­130
  • 11.­132-134
  • 11.­137
  • 11.­142-143
  • 11.­153
  • 11.­157-158
  • 11.­164
  • 11.­168
  • 11.­183
  • 11.­185
  • 11.­187
  • 11.­193
  • 11.­197
  • 11.­203
  • 11.­224
  • 11.­282-283
  • n.­134
  • g.­16
  • g.­62
  • g.­108
  • g.­112
  • g.­262
  • g.­283
g.­267

pratyekabuddha

Wylie:
  • rang sangs rgyas
  • rang rgyal
Tibetan:
  • རང་སངས་རྒྱས།
  • རང་རྒྱལ།
Sanskrit:
  • pratyekabuddha AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Literally, “buddha for oneself” or “solitary realizer.” Someone who, in his or her last life, attains awakening entirely through their own contemplation, without relying on a teacher. Unlike the awakening of a fully realized buddha (samyaksambuddha), the accomplishment of a pratyeka­buddha is not regarded as final or ultimate. They attain realization of the nature of dependent origination, the selflessness of the person, and a partial realization of the selflessness of phenomena, by observing the suchness of all that arises through interdependence. This is the result of progress in previous lives but, unlike a buddha, they do not have the necessary merit, compassion or motivation to teach others. They are named as “rhinoceros-like” (khaḍgaviṣāṇakalpa) for their preference for staying in solitude or as “congregators” (vargacārin) when their preference is to stay among peers.

Located in 39 passages in the translation:

  • i.­1
  • 2.­7
  • 2.­48
  • 4.­147
  • 4.­155
  • 4.­229
  • 4.­239
  • 4.­244
  • 4.­257
  • 4.­283
  • 4.­391
  • 4.­396-397
  • 4.­411
  • 6.­6
  • 7.­120
  • 7.­220
  • 7.­344
  • 9.­7
  • 9.­169-170
  • 9.­309
  • 9.­349
  • 9.­351
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­12
  • 10.­20-21
  • 10.­24
  • 10.­27
  • 11.­99
  • 11.­102
  • 11.­104
  • 11.­131
  • 11.­134
  • 11.­196
  • 11.­313
  • g.­268
  • g.­377
g.­275

Rājagṛha

Wylie:
  • rgyal po’i khab
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་པོའི་ཁབ།
Sanskrit:
  • rājagṛha AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The ancient capital of Magadha prior to its relocation to Pāṭaliputra during the Mauryan dynasty, Rājagṛha is one of the most important locations in Buddhist history. The literature tells us that the Buddha and his saṅgha spent a considerable amount of time in residence in and around Rājagṛha‍—in nearby places, such as the Vulture Peak Mountain (Gṛdhrakūṭaparvata), a major site of the Mahāyāna sūtras, and the Bamboo Grove (Veṇuvana)‍—enjoying the patronage of King Bimbisāra and then of his son King Ajātaśatru. Rājagṛha is also remembered as the location where the first Buddhist monastic council was held after the Buddha Śākyamuni passed into parinirvāṇa. Now known as Rajgir and located in the modern Indian state of Bihar.

Located in 16 passages in the translation:

  • i.­2-3
  • 1.­4-5
  • 1.­7-8
  • 2.­1-2
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­46-47
  • 11.­295-296
  • g.­22
  • g.­32
  • g.­173
g.­280

Ratnāṅga

Wylie:
  • dkon mchog yan lag
Tibetan:
  • དཀོན་མཆོག་ཡན་ལག
Sanskrit:
  • ratnāṅga AS

A buddha in the distant past.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • i.­11
  • 11.­236
  • 11.­240-243
  • g.­166
  • g.­340
g.­291

Śākyamuni

Wylie:
  • shAkya thub pa
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • śākyamuni AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

An epithet for the historical Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama: he was a muni (“sage”) from the Śākya clan. He is counted as the fourth of the first four buddhas of the present Good Eon, the other three being Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni, and Kāśyapa. He will be followed by Maitreya, the next buddha in this eon.

Located in 21 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­11
  • 9.­66
  • 9.­312
  • 11.­275
  • 11.­277
  • 11.­281-282
  • g.­50
  • g.­69
  • g.­168
  • g.­199
  • g.­212
  • g.­216
  • g.­240
  • g.­274
  • g.­302
  • g.­332
  • g.­337
  • g.­340
  • g.­403
g.­295

saṃsāra

Wylie:
  • ’khor ba
Tibetan:
  • འཁོར་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • saṃsāra AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A state of involuntary existence conditioned by afflicted mental states and the imprint of past actions, characterized by suffering in a cycle of life, death, and rebirth. On its reversal, the contrasting state of nirvāṇa is attained, free from suffering and the processes of rebirth.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • i.­2
  • 4.­284
  • 4.­389
  • 9.­165
  • 9.­334
  • g.­156
  • g.­187
g.­296

Samvara

Wylie:
  • sdom pa
Tibetan:
  • སྡོམ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • samvara AS

Lit. Disciplined; a son of the householder Suvicaya. See also “Samvarasthita.” These are the same words that were translated as “vows” (Samvara) and “keeping to vows” (Samvarasthita) above.

Located in 18 passages in the translation:

  • i.­9
  • 9.­202
  • 9.­206
  • 9.­210
  • 9.­212
  • 9.­226
  • 9.­231
  • 9.­243
  • 9.­263
  • 9.­267
  • 9.­271-272
  • 9.­283-284
  • 9.­301
  • g.­294
  • g.­297
  • g.­391
g.­297

Samvarasthita

Wylie:
  • sdom pa la gnas pa
Tibetan:
  • སྡོམ་པ་ལ་གནས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • samvarasthita AS

Lit. Firm Discipline; a son of the householder Suvicaya. See also “Samvara.” These are the same words that were translated as “vows” (Samvara) and “keeping to vows” (Samvarasthita) above.

Located in 17 passages in the translation:

  • i.­9
  • 9.­202
  • 9.­204
  • 9.­206
  • 9.­210
  • 9.­212
  • 9.­226
  • 9.­231
  • 9.­267
  • 9.­271-272
  • 9.­283
  • 9.­285
  • 9.­301
  • g.­294
  • g.­296
  • g.­327
g.­299

Śāriputra

Wylie:
  • shA ri’i bu
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱ་རིའི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • śāriputra AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the principal śrāvaka disciples of the Buddha, he was renowned for his discipline and for having been praised by the Buddha as foremost of the wise (often paired with Maudgalyā­yana, who was praised as foremost in the capacity for miraculous powers). His father, Tiṣya, to honor Śāriputra’s mother, Śārikā, named him Śāradvatīputra, or, in its contracted form, Śāriputra, meaning “Śārikā’s Son.”

Located in 524 passages in the translation:

  • i.­4
  • i.­6
  • i.­8
  • 3.­1-3
  • 3.­10-11
  • 3.­14-15
  • 3.­21
  • 3.­24-25
  • 3.­33
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­14
  • 4.­17
  • 4.­29-32
  • 4.­44-49
  • 4.­51
  • 4.­55
  • 4.­62-68
  • 4.­80-82
  • 4.­84-99
  • 4.­106-116
  • 4.­123-134
  • 4.­136
  • 4.­138-140
  • 4.­145-146
  • 4.­148-149
  • 4.­159-160
  • 4.­162
  • 4.­171-173
  • 4.­175
  • 4.­187-189
  • 4.­193
  • 4.­202-203
  • 4.­206-207
  • 4.­211
  • 4.­222-223
  • 4.­226-227
  • 4.­229
  • 4.­241-243
  • 4.­245
  • 4.­255-256
  • 4.­258
  • 4.­266-269
  • 4.­279-282
  • 4.­284
  • 4.­286-287
  • 4.­290-291
  • 4.­302
  • 4.­304-305
  • 4.­317
  • 4.­320-321
  • 4.­339-340
  • 4.­342-356
  • 4.­358
  • 4.­376-398
  • 4.­423-424
  • 5.­1-3
  • 5.­31
  • 6.­1-18
  • 6.­33
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­28
  • 7.­41-43
  • 7.­54-55
  • 7.­66-67
  • 7.­83-84
  • 7.­100-101
  • 7.­119-120
  • 7.­135-136
  • 7.­152-153
  • 7.­173-175
  • 7.­191-194
  • 7.­203-213
  • 7.­215-225
  • 7.­250-256
  • 7.­285
  • 7.­287-293
  • 7.­306
  • 7.­322
  • 7.­332-336
  • 7.­340
  • 7.­342-347
  • 7.­372-375
  • 8.­1-5
  • 8.­11
  • 8.­20-24
  • 8.­54-57
  • 8.­61
  • 9.­1-8
  • 9.­14-15
  • 9.­17
  • 9.­19-21
  • 9.­30-43
  • 9.­65
  • 9.­67-71
  • 9.­77-79
  • 9.­86
  • 9.­92-94
  • 9.­97
  • 9.­103
  • 9.­109
  • 9.­112
  • 9.­118
  • 9.­120
  • 9.­122
  • 9.­125
  • 9.­127
  • 9.­133
  • 9.­135
  • 9.­144
  • 9.­157
  • 9.­159
  • 9.­162
  • 9.­164-165
  • 9.­167-172
  • 9.­174-180
  • 9.­194-195
  • 9.­198-201
  • 9.­203-204
  • 9.­206
  • 9.­210
  • 9.­212
  • 9.­226
  • 9.­231
  • 9.­243
  • 9.­263
  • 9.­267
  • 9.­271-273
  • 9.­282-285
  • 9.­301-313
  • 9.­316
  • 9.­319
  • 9.­321
  • 9.­324
  • 9.­332-333
  • 9.­335-339
  • 9.­349-356
  • 9.­362
  • 9.­365
  • 9.­367-371
  • 9.­373-375
  • 10.­1-4
  • 10.­7-24
  • 10.­27-29
  • 11.­1-4
  • 11.­17-18
  • 11.­25-26
  • 11.­35-36
  • 11.­41
  • 11.­47-51
  • 11.­53-56
  • 11.­122
  • 11.­130-136
  • 11.­144
  • 11.­175
  • 11.­194
  • 11.­196
  • 11.­198
  • 11.­204
  • 11.­217
  • 11.­233-238
  • 11.­240-247
  • 11.­252-255
  • 11.­259-260
  • 11.­263
  • 11.­275-276
  • 11.­278-282
  • 11.­284
  • 11.­326
  • 11.­331
g.­301

śāstra

Wylie:
  • bstan bcos
Tibetan:
  • བསྟན་བཅོས།
Sanskrit:
  • śāstra

May refer to a specific genre or style of scholastic Sanskritic literature, or simply to scholastic literature in general; in Buddhist traditions the term śāstra usually signifies a text that was composed by a human author, as opposed to texts first spoken, composed, or revealed by an enlightened being.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • i.­14
g.­304

self

Wylie:
  • bdag
Tibetan:
  • བདག
Sanskrit:
  • ātman AS

The idea of an autonomous individual.

Located in 109 passages in the translation:

  • i.­12
  • 1.­48
  • 1.­51
  • 1.­128
  • 1.­136-139
  • 1.­145
  • 1.­154-155
  • 1.­161
  • 1.­163
  • 1.­169
  • 1.­171
  • 3.­18
  • 3.­29
  • 3.­31-32
  • 4.­25
  • 4.­206
  • 4.­261-264
  • 4.­275
  • 4.­298
  • 4.­342
  • 4.­355
  • 4.­372
  • 4.­388
  • 5.­8
  • 5.­10
  • 5.­14
  • 5.­17
  • 5.­21
  • 5.­27
  • 6.­30
  • 7.­3
  • 7.­11
  • 7.­13-15
  • 7.­17-19
  • 7.­104
  • 7.­118
  • 7.­153
  • 7.­185
  • 7.­187
  • 7.­253
  • 7.­287-288
  • 7.­334-335
  • 7.­355-371
  • 7.­374
  • 8.­42
  • 8.­49
  • 9.­78
  • 9.­82
  • 9.­84-85
  • 9.­194
  • 9.­214
  • 9.­228
  • 10.­13
  • 10.­18
  • 10.­23
  • 10.­26
  • 10.­50
  • 11.­48
  • 11.­53
  • 11.­55
  • 11.­57
  • 11.­60
  • 11.­62
  • 11.­72
  • 11.­97
  • 11.­115
  • 11.­122-123
  • 11.­126
  • 11.­133-134
  • 11.­146
  • 11.­157
  • 11.­185
  • 11.­190
  • 11.­195
  • 11.­200
  • g.­100
g.­306

seven factors of awakening

Wylie:
  • byang chub kyi yan lag bdun
Tibetan:
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཡན་ལག་བདུན།
Sanskrit:
  • saptabodhyaṅga AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The set of seven factors or aspects that characteristically manifest on the path of seeing: (1) mindfulness (smṛti, dran pa), (2) discrimination between dharmas (dharmapravicaya, chos rab tu rnam ’byed/shes rab), (3) diligence (vīrya, brtson ’grus), (4) joy (prīti, dga’ ba), (5) mental and physical ease (praśrabdhi, shin sbyangs), (6) meditative absorption (samādhi, ting nge ’dzin), and (7) equanimity (upekṣā, btang snyoms).

In this text:

See also 11.­136.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 11.­136
  • 11.­144
  • g.­90
  • g.­365
g.­312

Śīlendra

Wylie:
  • shI len dra bo d+hi
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱི་ལེན་དྲ་བོ་དྷི།
Sanskrit:
  • śīlendrabodhi

An Indian paṇḍita resident in Tibet during the late eighth and early ninth centuries.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • i.­13
  • c.­1
g.­313

six perfections

Wylie:
  • pha rol tu phyin pa drug
Tibetan:
  • ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ་དྲུག
Sanskrit:
  • ṣaṭpāramitā AS

The practice of the bodhisatva, which consists of generosity (dāna), morality (śīla), patient acceptance (kṣānti), vigor (vīrya), meditation (dhyāna), and wisdom (prajñā).

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­7
  • 5.­31
  • 6.­1
  • 11.­326
  • g.­262
  • g.­400
g.­321

śrāvaka

Wylie:
  • nyan thos
Tibetan:
  • ཉན་ཐོས།
Sanskrit:
  • śrāvaka AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Sanskrit term śrāvaka, and the Tibetan nyan thos, both derived from the verb “to hear,” are usually defined as “those who hear the teaching from the Buddha and make it heard to others.” Primarily this refers to those disciples of the Buddha who aspire to attain the state of an arhat seeking their own liberation and nirvāṇa. They are the practitioners of the first turning of the wheel of the Dharma on the four noble truths, who realize the suffering inherent in saṃsāra and focus on understanding that there is no independent self. By conquering afflicted mental states (kleśa), they liberate themselves, attaining first the stage of stream enterers at the path of seeing, followed by the stage of once-returners who will be reborn only one more time, and then the stage of non-returners who will no longer be reborn into the desire realm. The final goal is to become an arhat. These four stages are also known as the “four results of spiritual practice.”

Located in 74 passages in the translation:

  • i.­1
  • 2.­7
  • 2.­37
  • 2.­43
  • 2.­48
  • 4.­108
  • 4.­111-114
  • 4.­118
  • 4.­147
  • 4.­155
  • 4.­201
  • 4.­229
  • 4.­239
  • 4.­244
  • 4.­257
  • 4.­263
  • 4.­272
  • 4.­391
  • 4.­396-397
  • 4.­411
  • 5.­2
  • 5.­8
  • 6.­6
  • 6.­15-16
  • 7.­120
  • 7.­219
  • 7.­290
  • 7.­322
  • 7.­344
  • 9.­7
  • 9.­79
  • 9.­98-102
  • 9.­164
  • 9.­201
  • 9.­284
  • 9.­300
  • 9.­303
  • 9.­309
  • 9.­349
  • 9.­351
  • 9.­354
  • 9.­369
  • 9.­373
  • 10.­12
  • 10.­20-21
  • 10.­24
  • 10.­27
  • 11.­104
  • 11.­131
  • 11.­134
  • 11.­196
  • 11.­234-236
  • 11.­241-242
  • 11.­256
  • 11.­262
  • 11.­275
  • n.­106
  • g.­71
  • g.­85
  • g.­322
  • g.­377
g.­323

Śrāvastī

Wylie:
  • mnyan yod
Tibetan:
  • མཉན་ཡོད།
Sanskrit:
  • śrāvastī AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

During the life of the Buddha, Śrāvastī was the capital city of the powerful kingdom of Kośala, ruled by King Prasenajit, who became a follower and patron of the Buddha. It was also the hometown of Anāthapiṇḍada, the wealthy patron who first invited the Buddha there, and then offered him a park known as Jetavana, Prince Jeta’s Grove, which became one of the first Buddhist monasteries. The Buddha is said to have spent about twenty-five rainy seasons with his disciples in Śrāvastī, thus it is named as the setting of numerous events and teachings. It is located in present-day Uttar Pradesh in northern India.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­2
g.­324

stage

Wylie:
  • sa
Tibetan:
  • ས།
Sanskrit:
  • bhūmi AS

Eight or ten levels or stages through which the bodhisatva traverses on the journey to complete awakening.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­48
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­12
  • 3.­14
  • 4.­68
  • 4.­77
g.­340

Suprajña

Wylie:
  • shes rab bzang
Tibetan:
  • ཤེས་རབ་བཟང་།
Sanskrit:
  • suprajña AS

A merchant in the distant past, during the time of the Buddha Ratnāṅga. A past life of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • i.­11
  • 11.­239-242
g.­342

Surendra

Wylie:
  • su ren+t+ra bo d+hi
  • su ren+d+ra bo d+hi
Tibetan:
  • སུ་རེནྟྲ་བོ་དྷི།
  • སུ་རེནྡྲ་བོ་དྷི།
Sanskrit:
  • surendrabodhi

Surendrabodhi came to Tibet during reign of King Ralpachen (ral pa can, r. 815–38 ᴄᴇ). He is listed as the translator of forty-three texts and was one of the small group of paṇḍitas responsible for the Mahāvyutpatti Sanskrit–Tibetan dictionary.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • i.­13
  • c.­1
g.­345

Suvicaya

Wylie:
  • rab tu rnam par ’byed pa
Tibetan:
  • རབ་ཏུ་རྣམ་པར་འབྱེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • suvicaya AS

A householder in the distant past, during the time of the Buddha Abhyudgata.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • i.­9
  • 9.­202
  • g.­296
  • g.­297
g.­347

tathāgata

Wylie:
  • de bzhin gshegs pa
Tibetan:
  • དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • tathāgata AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A frequently used synonym for buddha. According to different explanations, it can be read as tathā-gata, literally meaning “one who has thus gone,” or as tathā-āgata, “one who has thus come.” Gata, though literally meaning “gone,” is a past passive participle used to describe a state or condition of existence. Tatha­(tā), often rendered as “suchness” or “thusness,” is the quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. Therefore, this epithet is interpreted in different ways, but in general it implies one who has departed in the wake of the buddhas of the past, or one who has manifested the supreme awakening dependent on the reality that does not abide in the two extremes of existence and quiescence. It is also often used as a specific epithet of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Located in 361 passages in the translation:

  • i.­5-6
  • i.­9
  • i.­11
  • 1.­3
  • 1.­5-6
  • 1.­60
  • 1.­203
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­38
  • 2.­64-65
  • 3.­1-2
  • 3.­13
  • 3.­31
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­14
  • 4.­17
  • 4.­26
  • 4.­29-32
  • 4.­42-48
  • 4.­62-65
  • 4.­67-68
  • 4.­80-83
  • 4.­85-99
  • 4.­106-109
  • 4.­112-116
  • 4.­119
  • 4.­123-125
  • 4.­138-140
  • 4.­145-149
  • 4.­151
  • 4.­159-162
  • 4.­171-173
  • 4.­175
  • 4.­187-193
  • 4.­202-211
  • 4.­221
  • 4.­223-229
  • 4.­241-245
  • 4.­255-258
  • 4.­266-269
  • 4.­279-291
  • 4.­302-306
  • 4.­318-321
  • 4.­323
  • 4.­339-355
  • 4.­357-358
  • 4.­366
  • 4.­376-398
  • 4.­422-425
  • 5.­2-3
  • 5.­22-23
  • 5.­31
  • 6.­8
  • 6.­12-16
  • 7.­214-224
  • 7.­255
  • 7.­290
  • 7.­292-294
  • 7.­297-298
  • 7.­300
  • 7.­304
  • 7.­306
  • 7.­308
  • 7.­310
  • 7.­316
  • 7.­320
  • 7.­322
  • 7.­335
  • 8.­7-8
  • 8.­23
  • 8.­55
  • 9.­6
  • 9.­14
  • 9.­18
  • 9.­20
  • 9.­30
  • 9.­39
  • 9.­43
  • 9.­66
  • 9.­70
  • 9.­77
  • 9.­79
  • 9.­84
  • 9.­112
  • 9.­114
  • 9.­127
  • 9.­133-135
  • 9.­141
  • 9.­144
  • 9.­148
  • 9.­164
  • 9.­166
  • 9.­169-170
  • 9.­177
  • 9.­179
  • 9.­198
  • 9.­201
  • 9.­203-204
  • 9.­231
  • 9.­234
  • 9.­243
  • 9.­257
  • 9.­261
  • 9.­263
  • 9.­274
  • 9.­282
  • 9.­284-286
  • 9.­300
  • 9.­303-305
  • 9.­307
  • 9.­309-310
  • 9.­312
  • 9.­335
  • 9.­349
  • 9.­351
  • 9.­354-356
  • 9.­359-362
  • 9.­367-370
  • 9.­372-374
  • 10.­13
  • 10.­23
  • 10.­27
  • 10.­44
  • 11.­2-3
  • 11.­36
  • 11.­41
  • 11.­46
  • 11.­99
  • 11.­102
  • 11.­122
  • 11.­202
  • 11.­233-236
  • 11.­240-243
  • 11.­252
  • 11.­254-257
  • 11.­262-263
  • 11.­266
  • 11.­269
  • 11.­271-279
  • 11.­281-282
  • 11.­291-292
  • 11.­294
  • 11.­296
  • 11.­309
  • 11.­311-313
  • 11.­315
  • 11.­318
  • 11.­327
  • n.­52
  • n.­115
  • g.­255
  • g.­349
  • g.­380
g.­348

tathāgata power

Wylie:
  • de bzhin gshegs pa’i stobs
Tibetan:
  • དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྟོབས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

See “ten powers.”

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­1
  • 4.­124-125
  • 4.­145-146
  • 4.­159
  • 4.­171
  • 4.­187
  • 4.­202
  • 4.­222
  • 4.­241
  • 4.­255
  • 4.­266-267
  • 4.­279
g.­352

teaching

Wylie:
  • chos
Tibetan:
  • ཆོས།
Sanskrit:
  • dharma AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The term dharma conveys ten different meanings, according to Vasubandhu’s Vyākhyā­yukti. The primary meanings are as follows: the doctrine taught by the Buddha (Dharma); the ultimate reality underlying and expressed through the Buddha’s teaching (Dharma); the trainings that the Buddha’s teaching stipulates (dharmas); the various awakened qualities or attainments acquired through practicing and realizing the Buddha’s teaching (dharmas); qualities or aspects more generally, i.e., phenomena or phenomenal attributes (dharmas); and mental objects (dharmas).

Located in 179 passages in the translation:

  • i.­1
  • i.­3
  • i.­6
  • i.­9
  • i.­11
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­187
  • 1.­196
  • 2.­20
  • 2.­37-38
  • 2.­40
  • 2.­48
  • 2.­60
  • 2.­67
  • 2.­74
  • 2.­76
  • 3.­12
  • 3.­18
  • 3.­20
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­31
  • 3.­33
  • 4.­30
  • 4.­199-201
  • 4.­204
  • 4.­231
  • 4.­275
  • 4.­382
  • 4.­390
  • 4.­395
  • 5.­1
  • 5.­3
  • 5.­22-23
  • 6.­8
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­23
  • 7.­26-27
  • 7.­41
  • 7.­44
  • 7.­54-55
  • 7.­66-67
  • 7.­72
  • 7.­74
  • 7.­83
  • 7.­85
  • 7.­94
  • 7.­100
  • 7.­120
  • 7.­127
  • 7.­130
  • 7.­136
  • 7.­140
  • 7.­149
  • 7.­170
  • 7.­174
  • 7.­177-178
  • 7.­181
  • 7.­183
  • 7.­192
  • 7.­213-214
  • 7.­225
  • 7.­254
  • 7.­263
  • 7.­265
  • 7.­268
  • 7.­274
  • 7.­276
  • 7.­303
  • 7.­305
  • 7.­307
  • 7.­310
  • 7.­312
  • 7.­318
  • 7.­322
  • 7.­330-331
  • 9.­2-4
  • 9.­6
  • 9.­10-11
  • 9.­14-17
  • 9.­23
  • 9.­26
  • 9.­37
  • 9.­60
  • 9.­62
  • 9.­64-65
  • 9.­68
  • 9.­92
  • 9.­173
  • 9.­244
  • 9.­298
  • 9.­300
  • 9.­304
  • 9.­352-353
  • 9.­356-358
  • 9.­361-363
  • 9.­365
  • 9.­367
  • 9.­374-375
  • 10.­13
  • 10.­20-21
  • 11.­1
  • 11.­3-4
  • 11.­8
  • 11.­18
  • 11.­25-26
  • 11.­31-32
  • 11.­36
  • 11.­41-42
  • 11.­47
  • 11.­55
  • 11.­65-66
  • 11.­75
  • 11.­77
  • 11.­80
  • 11.­82-83
  • 11.­85
  • 11.­98-99
  • 11.­102-103
  • 11.­107
  • 11.­112-113
  • 11.­118
  • 11.­130
  • 11.­134
  • 11.­138
  • 11.­168
  • 11.­176
  • 11.­179
  • 11.­197-198
  • 11.­200
  • 11.­204
  • 11.­209
  • 11.­215
  • 11.­226
  • 11.­240
  • 11.­266
  • 11.­280-281
  • 11.­283-285
  • 11.­326
  • 11.­332
  • n.­11
  • n.­43
  • g.­121
g.­353

ten afflictions

Wylie:
  • gtse ba bcu
Tibetan:
  • གཙེ་བ་བཅུ།
Sanskrit:
  • daśopadrava AS

These are listed in the Bodhisatva­piṭaka as the afflictions of birth, old age, disease, death, sorrow, lamentation, suffering, depression, grief, and cyclic existence.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • i.­2
  • 1.­37-38
  • 1.­126
  • 1.­135
  • g.­10
g.­354

ten kinds of error

Wylie:
  • log pa’i chos bcu
  • log pa’i chos bcu po
Tibetan:
  • ལོག་པའི་ཆོས་བཅུ།
  • ལོག་པའི་ཆོས་བཅུ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • daśamithyātva AS

Ten kinds of error that cause one to be immersed in the world, doomed to error: wrong view, wrong intention, wrong speech, wrong action, wrong livelihood, wrong effort, wrong mindfulness, wrong concentration, wrong liberation, and wrong understanding.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • i.­8
  • 1.­69-70
  • 1.­131
g.­356

ten powers

Wylie:
  • stobs bcu
Tibetan:
  • སྟོབས་བཅུ།
Sanskrit:
  • daśabala AS

Ten things that a buddha knows: (1) what is possible and what is impossible, (2) karmic maturation, (3) various elements, (4) various inclinations, (5) levels of ability, (6) every path of travel, (7) the pure and afflicted sides of concentration, meditative states, and absorptions, (8) memory of former abodes, (9) death and rebirth, and (10) that the defilements have been eliminated. These are listed in more detail at F.10.b.

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­123
  • 2.­50
  • 3.­13
  • 4.­27
  • 4.­58
  • 4.­61
  • 4.­85
  • 4.­102-105
  • 4.­124
  • 4.­144
  • 4.­335
  • 4.­338
  • 6.­12
  • 9.­234
  • 10.­36
  • g.­348
  • g.­380
g.­357

ten situations

Wylie:
  • —
Tibetan:
  • —
Sanskrit:
  • —

See “ten situations that lead to malice.”

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • i.­2
  • 1.­127
  • g.­358
g.­358

ten situations that lead to malice

Wylie:
  • kun nas mnar sems kyi dngos po bcu
Tibetan:
  • ཀུན་ནས་མནར་སེམས་ཀྱི་དངོས་པོ་བཅུ།
Sanskrit:
  • daśāghātavastu AS

Ten situations that give rise to malicious thoughts. These are listed in the Bodhisatva­piṭaka (F.258.b and F.263.b.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­41-42
  • 1.­44
  • 1.­127
  • g.­357
g.­365

thirty-seven elements that are conducive to awakening

Wylie:
  • byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos sum cu rtsa bdun gyi chos rnams
Tibetan:
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཕྱོགས་ཀྱི་ཆོས་སུམ་ཅུ་རྩ་བདུན་གྱི་ཆོས་རྣམས།
Sanskrit:
  • saptatriṅśad­bodhi­pakṣika­dharma AS

Thirty-seven practices that lead the practitioner to the awakened state: the four foundations of mindfulness, the four kinds of perfect exertion, the four foundations of magical abilities, the five faculties, the five powers, the noble eightfold path, and the seven factors of awakening.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 11.­83
  • g.­104
  • g.­108
  • g.­113
g.­369

three doors of liberation

Wylie:
  • rnam par thar pa’i sgo gsum
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་ཐར་པའི་སྒོ་གསུམ།
Sanskrit:
  • trivimokṣa­mukha AS

See “three liberations.”

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­173
  • g.­371
g.­371

three liberations

Wylie:
  • rnam par thar pa gsum
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་ཐར་པ་གསུམ།
Sanskrit:
  • trivimokṣa AS

Emptiness, being without attributes, and being without aspiration. Also known as the “three doors of liberation.”

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­393
  • g.­186
  • g.­369
g.­386

twelve links of dependent origination

Wylie:
  • rten cing ’brel bar ’byung ba yan lag bcu gnyis
Tibetan:
  • རྟེན་ཅིང་འབྲེལ་བར་འབྱུང་བ་ཡན་ལག་བཅུ་གཉིས།
Sanskrit:
  • dvāda­śāṅgapratītya­samutpāda

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The principle of dependent origination asserts that nothing exists independently of other factors, the reason for this being that things and events come into existence only by dependence on the aggregation of multiple causes and conditions. In general, the processes of cyclic existence, through which the external world and the sentient beings within it revolve in a continuous cycle of suffering, propelled by the propensities of past actions and their interaction with afflicted mental states, originate dependent on the sequential unfolding of twelve links: (1) fundamental ignorance, (2) formative predispositions, (3) consciousness, (4) name and form, (5) sense field, (6) sensory contact, (7) sensation, (8) craving, (9) grasping, (10) rebirth process, (11) actual birth, (12) aging and death. It is through deliberate reversal of these twelve links that one can succeed in bringing the whole cycle to an end.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • i.­2
  • g.­31
  • g.­314
  • g.­385
g.­389

unique buddha qualities

Wylie:
  • sangs rgyas kyi chos ma ’dres pa rnams
Tibetan:
  • སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཆོས་མ་འདྲེས་པ་རྣམས།
Sanskrit:
  • āveṇikā­buddha­dharma AS

See “eighteen unique buddha qualities.”

Located in 24 passages in the translation:

  • i.­5
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­15
  • 4.­377
  • 4.­380-398
  • 9.­14
g.­400

vigor

Wylie:
  • brtson ’grus
Tibetan:
  • བརྩོན་འགྲུས།
Sanskrit:
  • vīrya AS

One of the six perfections.

Located in 126 passages in the translation:

  • i.­9
  • 1.­87
  • 1.­91
  • 3.­17
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­22
  • 4.­108
  • 4.­112-113
  • 4.­124
  • 4.­129
  • 4.­188-189
  • 4.­191
  • 4.­199
  • 4.­248
  • 4.­311
  • 4.­313
  • 4.­387
  • 4.­393
  • 4.­407
  • 5.­7
  • 5.­20-21
  • 5.­31
  • 6.­1
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­55
  • 7.­59
  • 7.­67
  • 7.­84
  • 7.­116
  • 7.­120
  • 7.­129
  • 7.­136
  • 7.­141
  • 7.­159
  • 7.­168
  • 7.­182
  • 7.­255
  • 7.­260
  • 7.­374
  • 9.­1-5
  • 9.­7-8
  • 9.­10
  • 9.­12-13
  • 9.­15
  • 9.­18-20
  • 9.­31
  • 9.­40
  • 9.­43
  • 9.­65-66
  • 9.­68
  • 9.­165-174
  • 9.­233
  • 9.­268
  • 9.­270
  • 9.­287
  • 9.­295
  • 9.­297-298
  • 9.­301
  • 9.­305-306
  • 9.­333
  • 9.­339
  • 9.­349
  • 9.­352-353
  • 9.­356
  • 9.­358
  • 9.­362
  • 9.­374-376
  • 10.­15-16
  • 10.­20
  • 10.­22
  • 10.­26
  • 11.­3
  • 11.­26
  • 11.­29
  • 11.­32
  • 11.­55
  • 11.­80
  • 11.­83
  • 11.­110
  • 11.­113
  • 11.­119
  • 11.­136
  • 11.­139
  • 11.­165
  • 11.­167
  • 11.­169
  • 11.­175
  • 11.­177
  • 11.­182
  • 11.­189
  • 11.­197
  • 11.­228
  • g.­91
  • g.­94
  • g.­97
  • g.­98
  • g.­104
  • g.­261
  • g.­313
g.­402

Vijitāyus

Wylie:
  • tshe rnam par rgyal ba
Tibetan:
  • ཚེ་རྣམ་པར་རྒྱལ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • vijitāyus AS

A king in the distant past, during the time of the Buddha Mahāskandha.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­3
  • g.­401
  • g.­404
g.­404

Vīryacarita

Wylie:
  • brtson ’grus spyod pa
Tibetan:
  • བརྩོན་འགྲུས་སྤྱོད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • vīryacarita AS

The son of King Vijitāyus in the distant past, during the time of the Buddha Mahāskandha.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • i.­6
  • i.­11
  • 5.­3
  • 11.­233-235
g.­406

Vulture’s Peak

Wylie:
  • bya rgod phung po
Tibetan:
  • བྱ་རྒོད་ཕུང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • gṛdhrakūṭa AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Gṛdhra­kūṭa, literally Vulture Peak, was a hill located in the kingdom of Magadha, in the vicinity of the ancient city of Rājagṛha (modern-day Rajgir, in the state of Bihar, India), where the Buddha bestowed many sūtras, especially the Great Vehicle teachings, such as the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras. It continues to be a sacred pilgrimage site for Buddhists to this day.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • i.­2
  • 1.­4-5
  • 2.­45-47
  • 2.­63
  • 2.­78
  • 11.­296
g.­410

yakṣa

Wylie:
  • gnod sbyin
Tibetan:
  • གནོད་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • yakṣa AS

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who inhabit forests, mountainous areas, and other natural spaces, or serve as guardians of villages and towns, and may be propitiated for health, wealth, protection, and other boons, or controlled through magic. According to tradition, their homeland is in the north, where they live under the rule of the Great King Vaiśravaṇa.

Several members of this class have been deified as gods of wealth (these include the just-mentioned Vaiśravaṇa) or as bodhisattva generals of yakṣa armies, and have entered the Buddhist pantheon in a variety of forms, including, in tantric Buddhism, those of wrathful deities.

Located in 29 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­8
  • 2.­2-3
  • 2.­5-6
  • 2.­14
  • 2.­19
  • 2.­21
  • 2.­45-46
  • 2.­48
  • 2.­59
  • 2.­63
  • 2.­81
  • 7.­206
  • 7.­210-211
  • 7.­213
  • 8.­3
  • 9.­93
  • 9.­113
  • 9.­314
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­12
  • 11.­76
  • g.­173
  • g.­287
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    84000. The Collected Teachings on the Bodhisatva (Bodhisatva­piṭaka, byang chub sems dpa’i sde snod, Toh 56). Translated by Norwegian Institute of Palaeography and Historical Philology (PHI). Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2024. https://84000.co/translation/toh56/UT22084-040-007-introduction.Copy
    84000. The Collected Teachings on the Bodhisatva (Bodhisatva­piṭaka, byang chub sems dpa’i sde snod, Toh 56). Translated by Norwegian Institute of Palaeography and Historical Philology (PHI), online publication, 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2024, 84000.co/translation/toh56/UT22084-040-007-introduction.Copy
    84000. (2024) The Collected Teachings on the Bodhisatva (Bodhisatva­piṭaka, byang chub sems dpa’i sde snod, Toh 56). (Norwegian Institute of Palaeography and Historical Philology (PHI), Trans.). Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. https://84000.co/translation/toh56/UT22084-040-007-introduction.Copy

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