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ཡང་དག་པར་སྤྱོད་པའི་ཚུལ་ནམ་མཁའི་མདོག་གིས་འདུལ་བའི་བཟོད་པ།

The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct
Chapter 9

Samyagācāra­vṛtta­gaganavarṇavina­yakṣānti
འཕགས་པ་ཡང་དག་པར་སྤྱོད་པའི་ཚུལ་ནམ་མཁའི་མདོག་གིས་འདུལ་བའི་བཟོད་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།
’phags pa yang dag par spyod pa’i tshul nam mkha’i mdog gis ’dul ba’i bzod pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo
The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra “The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct”
Ārya­samyagācāra­vṛtta­gaganavarṇavina­yakṣānti­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra

Toh 263

Degé Kangyur, vol. 67 (mdo sde, ’a), folios 90.a–209.b

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co.

Table of Contents

ti. Title
im. Imprint
co. Contents
s. Summary
ac. Acknowledgements
i. Introduction
tr. The Translation
+ 10 chapters- 10 chapters
1. The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct
1-3. Chapters 1–3
4. Chapter 4
5. Chapter 5
6. Chapter 6
7. Chapter 7
8. Chapter 8
9. Chapter 9
10. Chapter 10
11. Chapter 11
12. Conclusion
ab. Abbreviations
n. Notes
b. Bibliography
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· Tibetan Sources
· Other References
g. Glossary

s.

Summary

s.­1

In The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct, the Buddha Śākyamuni and several bodhisattvas deliver a series of teachings focusing on the relationship between the understanding of emptiness and the conduct of a bodhisattva, especially the perfection of acceptance or patience. The text describes the implications of the view that all inner and outer formations‍—that is, all phenomena made up of the five aggregates‍—are empty. It also provides detailed descriptions of the ascetic practices of non-Buddhists and insists on the importance for bodhisattvas of being reborn in buddha realms inundated with the five impurities for the sake of the beings living there, and of practicing in such realms to fulfill the highest goals of the bodhisattva path.


ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

This text was translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee under the guidance of Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche. Benjamin Collet-Cassart translated the text from Tibetan into English and wrote the introduction. Adam Krug compared the draft translation with the Tibetan and edited the text.

ac.­2

The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. David Fiordalis and others in the editorial team provided further editorial support, and Ven. Konchog Norbu copyedited the text. Martina Cotter was in charge of the digital publication process.

ac.­3

The translation of this text has been made possible through the generous sponsorship of Wang Jing and family, Chen Yiqiong and family, and Gu Yun and family.


i.

Introduction

i.­1

The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct presents a series of teachings, in eleven chapters1 spanning over 230 Tibetan folios in the Degé Kangyur, that focus on the implications of the view of emptiness on the conduct of a bodhisattva. The text addresses three core issues: How should one teach the hearers and solitary buddhas from the perspective of the Great Vehicle? Why should bodhisattvas choose to teach in unfavorable world systems and to the afflicted beings who are living there? And how should they tame non-Buddhists and direct them toward the Dharma?


Text Body

The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra
The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct

1.

The Translation

[B1] [F.90.a]


1.­1

Homage to all buddhas and bodhisattvas.


1-3.

Chapters 1–3

1-3.­1

Thus did I hear at one time. The Blessed One was residing in the Land of Activity. He was near the market town in the Land of Activity called Removing Impurities,6 on a mountain called Increasing Light, at the hermitage of the seer Wind Horse.

1-3.­2

He was surrounded by a great saṅgha of 1,250 monks and by bodhisattva great beings who had emanated in the domain of the thus-gone ones by means of their unattached wisdom. All those bodhisattva great beings had developed the transformative power of immeasurable great love. With their immeasurable great compassion, they emanated to sustain the flood of beings. Through the transformative power of immeasurable joy, they showered down thoughts of comfort for all beings, satiating them. Through the wisdom of immeasurable equanimity, they were skilled in engaging with all phenomena being the same as the sky. With the strength of clouds of Dharma, special insight, knowledge, and wisdom, they were skilled in clearing away the dense darkness of ignorance. Through the four means of attracting disciples, they were endowed with the wisdom that can liberate beings from the four floods. Since they considered all beings as equal, they were loving, devoid of hostility,7 and had purified the path of the factors of awakening. They were genuinely engaged in the Dharma. They were experts in great wisdom. They revealed the supreme path to the world. They brought prosperity to beings, had dried up8 the river of craving with their roots of virtue, and were engaged in the activity of wisdom. Their moon-like supernormal faculties were the play of their knowledge of the great supernormal faculties. In order to bring them happiness, a wish that they know is the intent that all beings share, [F.90.b] they displayed a vast array of skillful means. In order to fill immeasurable vessels with the precious Dharma using dhāraṇīs as vast in number to fill the sky, and because of their bodhisattva practice, they sustained all beings. With the great strength of their own feet, they had followed the profound path of the Dharma, using the four noble truths. They subjugated all opponents with the Dharma of sameness. They continuously manifested all the infinite qualities of bodhisattva conduct, which are attained after countless hundreds of thousands of eons of practice. Like the wind, their minds were untainted by any mundane or supramundane qualities. They had abandoned the afflictions associated with all the habitual tendencies, and they were experts in reveling in immeasurable and countless absorptions, retentions, and acceptances.


4.

Chapter 4

4.­1

“Noble sons, what is the bodhisattvas’ accumulation of the qualities of the buddha realms? Noble sons, whenever compassionate bodhisattva great beings are born in this buddha realm inundated with the afflictions and the five impurities, they ripen beings who commit the acts with immediate retribution, who reject the sacred Dharma, who denigrate the noble ones, and who involve themselves with the roots of nonvirtue. They motivate them to adopt all the virtuous qualities, and they completely ripen beings from their habitual tendencies pertaining to the afflictions and views. They withstand the many types of suffering of the eon in order to benefit each and every being, they liberate those beings from the swamp of saṃsāra, and they make offerings to one buddha up to myriads of buddhas.


5.

Chapter 5

5.­1

Then the bodhisattva King of the Infinite Accumulation of Wisdom manifested staircases made of divine gold and divine blue beryl for the Blessed One that equaled the number of storied mansions in which he was not residing. [F.136.b] He manifested 84,000 young brahmins on both sides of those staircases. They were about thirty years old, had voices as melodious as Brahmā, held parasols with poles made out of gold, and practiced the religious life. Those young brahmins prostrated to the Blessed One with their palms together and praised him with the following verses:


6.

Chapter 6

6.­1

“Furthermore, noble son, bodhisattvas should correctly analyze the aggregate of feeling. What is the aggregate of feeling? The groups of feelings are of six types: feelings that arise through eye contact, ear contact, nose contact, tongue contact, body contact, and mind contact. These are known as the aggregate of feeling. The aggregate of feeling is understood in terms of three types of feelings. What are those three? Pleasant feelings, unpleasant feelings, and feelings that are neither pleasant nor unpleasant. Those three types of feelings are referred to as the aggregate of feeling. Noble son, bodhisattvas should correctly analyze the aggregate of feeling using these eight aspects. What are the eight aspects? Noble son, there are three root afflictions‍—desire, anger, and delusion. Afflicted beings are not free from desires and their defilements have not been extinguished. The three root afflictions enter into the three types of feelings and then different kinds of afflictions emerge. [F.143.a] A bodhisattva should correctly analyze the three types of feelings using the six groups of feelings. They should use the three types of feeling to correctly analyze the arising of the root afflictions, the root of karma, the root of their destruction, and their disappearance.69


7.

Chapter 7

7.­1

At that moment, the thus-gone one, the worthy, perfect, and completely awakened Buddha Śākyamuni, interrupted his absorption of the twenty meteors, [F.166.a] adopted the form of a thus-gone one, and taught the Dharma to the beings. All the assemblies of gods, gandharvas, and humans also recovered their previous physical appearances. The Blessed One then entered the absorption known as the circle of saṃsāra, and as soon as he entered the circle of saṃsāra absorption, multicolored light rays radiated from the coil of hair between his eyebrows. The light rays illuminated the followers of the vehicle of the solitary buddhas in the buddha realms of the ten directions, numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges and inundated with the five impurities. As the bodies of those beings were touched by those light rays, they abandoned the fundamental ground of attachment, anger, and delusion, and their bodies became filled with bliss. Because of that light illuminating the four directions, they experienced the same levels of bliss and the same feelings as monks who have entered the second level of concentration. Through the power of the Buddha, they saw that the Thus-Gone One Śākyamuni and his assembly were not far away from them‍—approximately half a league away. They had intense faith, and solely through the power of the Buddha, they came before the Blessed One. The buddha fields of the ten directions that are inundated with the five impurities emptied, and eighty-four thousand myriads127 of beings following the vehicle of the solitary buddhas arrived before Śākyamuni, prostrated at the Blessed One’s feet, and sat before him to listen to the Dharma. The Blessed One then summoned the bodhisattvas who were hard to tame:


8.

Chapter 8

8.­1

The Blessed One then entered the invisible ornament absorption. After the Thus-Gone One entered that absorption, multicolored light radiated from the Blessed One’s mouth and illuminated buddha realms of the ten directions inundated with the five impurities as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges. As the hearers and beings who followed the vehicle of the hearers in those places were touched by that light, they experienced blissful feelings in their bodies. When the monks who did not experience such joy because they had entered the absorption of the third concentration level scanned the four directions, they saw that the blessed Śākyamuni was half a league away from them and saw all the ornaments that adorned Mount Gandhamādana just as they were described before. They saw Mount Gandhamādana in its natural state, in which it is made of the seven precious substances, and saw that it was filled with bodhisattvas. Through the power of the Blessed One, they departed for the place where the blessed Śākyamuni was residing and assembled before the Blessed One as soon as they were given the opportunity. The hearers and beings following the vehicle of the hearers also departed for the place where the blessed Śākyamuni was residing and assembled before Śākyamuni to listen to the Dharma.


9.

Chapter 9

9.­1

Then the Blessed One entered the absorption known as the absorption of complete discernment, and from within that absorption a multitude of multicolored light rays displaying hundreds of thousands of colors radiated from every pore of the Blessed One’s body. The Blessed One then looked at those beings dressed like seers who were engaging in all kinds of unwholesome austerities and observances. His radiating light illuminated buddha realms of the ten directions inundated with the five impurities that were as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges. The members of other non-Buddhist sects in those buddha realms inundated with the five impurities that were as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges, who were engaging in unwholesome austerities and observances, faithfully followed brahmins, so the Buddha manifested himself as a brahmin. With faith in that brahmin, those beings said, “Since we trust this teacher as a brahmin, let us look to this brahmin!”

9.­2

Filled with joy and delight, they quickly stood up, prostrated at the brahmin’s feet, and bowed to the brahmin with their palms together as they said, “After a very long time, our assembly has been drawn to become your disciples so that we might look upon, pay homage to, and serve the Blessed One.” [F.172.a]

9.­3

The emanated brahmin replied, “There is a great brahmā, superior to me, who is my master,” and he gestured with his hand to show the direction. “He is the blessed Śākyamuni, and he resides not far from here.”139

9.­4

Through the power of the Blessed One, those beings saw the great brahmin‍—the blessed Śākyamuni‍—who was residing on Mount Gandhamādana about half a league away from them. Filled with intense joy and delight, they instantly arrived at Mount Gandhamādana, prostrated at the feet of the great brahmin Śākyamuni, and sat before the Blessed One to listen to the Dharma.

9.­5

As everyone was gathering‍—from those who had faith in Īśvara, to those who had faith in Śakra, those who had faith in the Four Great Kings, those who had faith in the Sun and Moon, those who had faith in the Dark One and Youthful Mahākāla, and those who had faith in Agni‍—a mass of radiating light appeared before them. A god with a white body and white clothes, who was handsome, had a superior complexion, and was in the full bloom of his youth, appeared out of the mass of radiating light. The god of fire declared, “You are definitely my disciples!”

“That is correct, Blessed One!” they replied.

9.­6

The god then said, “There is another lord of fire who acts as my master,” and he pointed his arm to show the direction.

9.­7

Through the power of the Blessed One, those beings also saw the blessed Śākyamuni, who was residing not far away from them‍—about half a league away‍—on Mount Gandhamādana. Everyone from that great bonfire took their place before that handsome and attractive deity who had appeared out of the great ball of fire with a white body, clothes, and hair, and who had a supreme complexion and was in the full bloom of his youth. At that point, immeasurable, countless non-Buddhists who were engaged in improper practices and observances, as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges, had taken their places before the Blessed One to listen to the Dharma. Those beings who had faith in brahmins saw the Blessed One in the form of a brahmin. [F.172.b] The thought occurred to them, “We should converse with that great brahmin! We should ask that blessed great brahmin about our doubts and hesitations. How is it that everyone in this entire assembly has faith in that great brahmin? Look at everyone, from those beings who practice the fire observance up to that handsome and attractive god who has manifested from that great fireball with a white body, hair, and clothes, a perfect complexion, and who is in the full bloom of his youth!” Then they wondered, “How could everyone in this entire assembly have become practitioners of the fire observance?”

9.­8

Then, Immaculately Clothed Youth spoke to the entire assembly with a melodious voice, saying, “Good people, all you great brahmins who have come here, please listen! The great seer Śākyamuni, the thus-gone one, the worthy, perfect buddha, is learned and venerable. He is the well-gone one, the unsurpassed knower of the world, the trainer who tames beings, the teacher of both gods and humans, the blessed buddha for whom one longs. He surpasses all beings and all qualities. He is the father of the bodhisattvas and the teacher of all who practice austerities and observances, and who lead the religious life. He has completely eliminated all defilements, he is the king of noble people, he does not think of himself before all beings,140 he is the captain who leads beings to nirvāṇa, and he knows all the buddhas of the three times. He knows the wishes of all beings with his immeasurable wisdom that is a storehouse of merit and a path to merit. His immeasurable eloquence clears away the darkness of ignorance in its entirety. His roar and melodious voice are completely pure, he is adorned with patience, he has the characteristic of a flower, and his body is ornamented by the excellent minor marks. He displays a form that cannot turn away beings and he teaches the various classes of beings. [F.173.a] He brings joy to beings of all forms.141 He delights those who are inclined toward virtue. He does not oppose insight, and he dries up all the destinies of cyclic existence. He does not pay fidelity to any of the fields of learning.142 His body is unequaled. He is not veiled by desire, nor is he veiled by forms, by marks, or by characteristics. He transcends the formless realm, he is free from all forms of suffering, he has given up the bonds, and he has reversed the course of all death and rebirth. He is a physician to all beings, causing them to cast off suffering, and he is liberated from the aggregates of the three times. He has extinguished the sense fields and craving, and he does not have attachment. He has crossed over the four rivers, his wisdom is insatiable, and he abides in ultimate reality. Since he has accomplished knowledge, he has achieved complete understanding. He is generous, he is endowed with great compassion, he establishes beings on the path leading to nirvāṇa, and he completely transcends the domain of the four māras.

9.­9

“All of you great beings who comprehend the inexpressible should rejoice and show him your love.143 A human body is difficult to obtain, and it is difficult to obtain at the right moment in time. It is difficult to find those who are inclined toward virtue, and it is difficult to find virtuous companions. It is difficult to maintain the religious life, and it is difficult to obtain fully functioning faculties. It is difficult to find an assembly like this that is intent upon the Dharma, it is difficult to find a place of retreat like this where one can observe virtuous companions, and it is difficult to find beings like this who listen to and focus on the Dharma. Now that you have obtained those circumstances, listen to this Dharma teaching that has never been heard before! May those who lack understanding gain understanding and comprehend the path that they did not comprehend before. May the aggregates, elements, and sense fields that were not apparent to you before become apparent. May those of you who have not cultivated the noble eightfold path before cultivate that intention now. [F.173.b] May you eliminate the defilements that are not yet eliminated and be endowed with the light of great insight that illuminates those who circle in the dense obscurity of darkness! Listen at once to the fully ripened result of all your austerities, observances, and religious conduct. The blessed great sage will now teach to you one-pointedly!”

9.­10

Pleased, delighted, and thrilled, all those non-Buddhists joined their palms with one-pointed attention and gazed at the Blessed One without blinking.

9.­11

The Blessed One then asked Immaculately Clothed Youth, “Noble son, how will each of these beings obtain acceptance? What sacred Dharma will lead these beings to liberation at the seat of awakening? Can any method lead them to the other shore of extinction? Does matted hair cause beings to be liberated? Do bones, smearing with dung, or making one’s bed in ashes lead to complete liberation? Do the practices that rely on Śakra, Brahmā, the Moon, the Sun, or Agni lead to liberation at the seat of awakening? Can any type of fear lead them to the other shore of extinction?”

9.­12

Youthful Immaculately Clothed Youth replied, “Respected Blessed One, beings who adhere to wrong views will not reach the seat of awakening. When they analyze the process of death, birth, and existence they will not overcome the fetters of existence. Due to the two extremes, those beings will completely corrupt this acceptance of taming beings with the perfect method of conduct and light rays that travel through space. Those who strive for a lowly human birth because their nature is to pursue their desires and pleasures, and those who inflict harm upon themselves through the pointless, ignoble, and inferior practices and observances of the ninety-five nirgranthas, these two types of people are led to ruin because they lack acceptance. [F.174.a] They give rise to a great mass of afflictions. Respected Blessed One, such people who cultivate this acceptance do not know how to attain acceptance.

9.­13
“When one harbors attachment,
Anger, pride, and jealousy,
And thinks and acts as if one does not
Consist of the five aggregates, one will not be liberated.
9.­14
“They will be liberated who rely upon the fact that
One’s parents and the worthy ones are empty,
And phenomena are empty, because they are
Insubstantial, unadulterated, and a likeness.
9.­15
“Those who are not tainted by the three types of feelings,
And are not arrogant regarding the three types of formations,
Exhaust existence and attain liberation
Through their supreme knowledge.
9.­16
“They have no conceit related to the three realms,
They have thoroughly trained in the three types of knowledge,
They understand the three types of feelings,
And they are not attached to the three times.
9.­17
“Their desires are extinguished,
And they will attain inexpressible liberation.
Just as the sun and the moon
Move within space without attachment,
9.­18
“Those who completely abandon the two extremes
Will attain liberation that is the extinction of birth.
The great compassionate ones who abandon the two extremes
Will become free from all suffering.
9.­19
“Those who have abandoned intellect and concepts
Will attain liberation at the seat of awakening.
Those who have abandoned thoughts and concepts
Are free from misdeeds related to attachment to merit.
9.­20
“They act out of loving compassion
And liberate all beings from attachment:
Gods, gandharvas, and humans
Who do not know the right path.
9.­21
“They conduct themselves according to
Their realization and liberate them from attachment.
One cannot fathom the conduct
Of those compassionate and wise beings.
9.­22
“Since they are endowed with supreme wisdom,
They will liberate beings into the state of buddhahood.”
9.­23

When Immaculately Clothed Youth delivered this teaching, 9,800,000,000 non-Buddhists who had purified themselves in the past achieved the acceptance of taming beings with the perfect method of conduct and light rays that travel through space. [F.174.b] One thousand myriads144 of other non-Buddhists gave rise to the mind set on unsurpassed and perfect awakening and reached the level of nonregression. The entire assembly of gods, gandharvas, and humans applauded Immaculately Clothed Youth and exclaimed, “Holy being, your explanations are excellent, excellent!”

The Blessed One also gave his approval to Immaculately Clothed Youth, saying, “Holy being, you have ripened many beings and explained this perfectly!”

9.­24

The Blessed One then said to the observant ājīvikas who maintain the fire observance, “Observant ājīvikas, the absence of attachment to mental activity related to the ripening of actions is known as completely purifying karmic hindrances. All phenomena are without conceit. The end of attachment lacks accumulation. The end of anger and ignorance also lacks accumulation, conceit, approaching, and grasping. Ultimate reality is not made manifest. Whatever is not made manifest is without thoughts and volition. Whatever lacks thoughts and volition lacks apprehension. Whatever lacks apprehension lacks attachment. Whatever lacks attachment is insubstantial. Whatever is insubstantial lacks knowledge. Whatever lacks knowledge tends toward this side or that side. Whatever tends toward this side or that side is inexpressible. Whatever is inexpressible is immaterial. Whatever is immaterial does not arise. Whatever does not arise does not cease. Whatever does not cease is wordless. Whatever is wordless is free from the three times and from momentariness. Whatever is free from the three times and from momentariness causes bodhisattvas endowed with the acceptance that tames beings with the method of perfect conduct and light rays that travel through space to purify145 the path of all of the māras. Furthermore, observant ājīvikas, those bodhisattvas do not come into contact with the vehicles of the hearers or the solitary buddhas. [F.175.a] They are not arrogant about conditioned phenomena, and they do not come into contact with them. Analogously, just as space and all phenomena have no conceit and lack contact, in the same way there is no conceit and no contact with respect to the qualities of the bodhisattvas, and so they completely purify karmic hindrances.”

9.­25

As this teaching was being delivered, non-Buddhists as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges who had performed deeds in their past lives each attained this acceptance of taming beings with the method of perfect conduct and light that travels through space. Other non-Buddhists as numerous as all the grains of sand in seven Ganges Rivers gave rise to the mind set on unsurpassed and perfect awakening and reached the level of nonregression.

9.­26

The Blessed One then said to the parivrājakas who renounce Māra, “Renouncers of Māra who renounce their households and strive for liberation will not, through those circumstances, completely understand phenomena and their true nature, and they will not be liberated. They will not be liberated from birth, old age and death, misery, lamentation, suffering, unhappiness, and distress. In the future, they will always be endowed with the aggregates, the elements, and the sense fields, and the rivers of saṃsāra will flow continuously. Without the appropriate mindset, they will not gain understanding through those circumstances.146

9.­27

“Your physical austerities, observances, and practice of the religious life are fruitless and they are condemned by the noble ones. Some among you are naked, some cast off their clothes, some smear their bodies with ashes from bones, some smear their bodies with dust, some smear their bodies with soot, some smear their bodies with saliva, some smear their bodies with phlegm, and some smear their bodies with garbage. Some wear clothes made of hair, some wear woolen clothes, some wear clothes made of bamboo, some wear clothes made of blades of grass, some wear clothes from the charnel grounds, some wear clothes that only convey a name,147 some dress like a bird, some join a herd of cows,148 some wear rubbish, [F.175.b] some wear hides, and some wear worn-out clothes. Some eat vegetable broth, some eat barley, some eat food derived from barley, some eat grain chaffs, some eat fowl, some eat deer, some eat poison, some eat butter, some eat fruit, some eat roots, some eat bark,149 some eat leaves, some eat flowers, some feed on fruit juices, some eat pieces of lotus root, some feed on air, some eat skin, some feed on blood, and some spend the entire day eating dried vomit. Some do not accept food to eat that has touched the ground or has been touched by someone’s hand or by someone’s mouth. Some do not accept food to eat that comes from a begging bowl, from a leather vessel, from a pestle, or food that is made with herbs.150 Some do not accept food that comes from the hands of a member of the vaiśya caste. Some do not accept food that comes from the hands of brahmins, food that comes from undetermined hands, food that comes from the mouth of animals, food that has been thrown in water, food that has been left on the ground, food that is found on mountain passes, two different types of food that are mixed in a single pot, or food from the hands of someone who is eating. Some do not eat food made with fat, some do not eat in the presence of pregnant women, some do not eat food inside households, some do not eat food during a ritual, and some do not eat food in places where flies are flying around.

9.­28

“Venerable ones, when someone holds a feast in your honor, you acknowledge that they did so, but do not eat those offerings.151 Some do not eat butter, meat, garlic, or food made purposefully. Some do not drink alcohol. Some only drink liquors made with honey, molasses, or grapes, as well as butter, and they do not accept any other food or drinks. Some eat everything in a single household. Some eat a single lump of food in a whole day. Some eat two to seven lumps of food in a whole day. Some eat a single lump of food in a whole day, and others do so in three, four, five, six, [F.176.a] or up to seven days and nights. Some beg for food once in a whole day, and some beg two, three, or up to seven times in a whole day. Some undergo suffering by sleeping on beds covered with thorns, in the furrow of a field, on bones, on heaps of dust, on pebbles, on stones, or on pestles. Some surround themselves with mats. Some spend both day and night with one arm raised. Some spend both day and night with their hand holding a tree branch. Some spend both day and night hanging from a branch by their hair, beards, or feet. Some spend both day and night in water. Some spend both day and night praising the moon while standing on one foot. Some can spend five full days drying up under the sun. Some spend both day and night plucking out their hair and beards. Some wear matted hair, carry water, and perform the conduct of the triple restraint. Some throw themselves from mountains, some throw themselves into fire, and some plunge into the water. Some spend both day and night revering divine beings living in mountains, forests, and ponds, and some spend both day and night engaged in the observances of animals. Renouncers of misdeeds, the physical austerities, observances, and religious lifestyles you maintain do not lead to nirvāṇa because they contradict it and are most certainly condemned by the noble ones!”

“Respected Blessed One, it is so.”152

9.­29

The Blessed One continued, “Renouncers of misdeeds, you are condemned by the noble ones because nirvāṇa stands in opposition to your liberation. Just as beings who try to clean dirt with filth, who try to remove red stains by applying red substances, who try to clear away darkness with obscurity, who try to cure poison by eating poison, and who throw themselves into fires when they are burned, [F.176.b] you strive in that same way for the liberation that transcends suffering and misery. Thus, you engage in practices that are extremely difficult on your physical body and harm yourself to become free from afflictions, but you will become increasingly bound and tied by severe afflictions.

9.­30

“Renouncers of misdeeds, I remember clearly that, countless eons ago, so long ago that the amount of time cannot be measured or fathomed, I was born as a king named Treasury of Light Rays of Merit in a buddha realm inundated with the five impurities. I ruled for a thousand years over the four central continents and over Jambudvīpa. At that time, beings were extremely troubled by old age and death. A buddha had not appeared in the world, and there were no teachings of a buddha. There weren’t even any solitary buddhas, and there were no sages. One day, I went to the jungle and saw many myriads of beings, some of them sitting cross-legged and displaying the four colors of the divine birds as well as physical strength. I asked those beings who were praising the Sun and the Moon, ‘What afflicts you and what are you trying to get rid of? Who is the teacher that told you to go live in the jungle?’153

9.­31

“They replied, ‘We are troubled by old age and death. We are afflicted by abscesses, diseases, and sharp pains, and we spend our days and nights in this forest, without knowing how to get rid of all those afflictions, or how to gain freedom.’

9.­32

“I asked them again, ‘Who is your teacher?’

“They replied, ‘The sun and the moon are both our teachers, but we do not know any refuge against the arising of old age and death.’154

9.­33

“I thought, ‘I will ripen these beings and become an unsurpassed, perfect, completely awakened buddha, but I will not observe the path these beings follow. [F.177.a] In the future, I will be free from the karmic hindrances to the unobstructed wisdom of liberation.’

9.­34

“I then came back to my royal palace, completely renounced frolicking with girls, and gave up all my royal functions. I then remained for seven days and nights in a state of repose without eating any food. I made this aspiration: ‘I dedicate the roots of virtue I have generated before myriads of buddhas to unsurpassed and perfect awakening. May those buddhas consider me, and may I live in, thrive in, and sustain innumerable, countless world systems throughout the ten directions and teach the Dharma to beings out of great compassion. May I teach the unobscured wisdom of the blessed buddhas and fulfill my every wish! May whatever method I might find related to such grasping be helpful for beings, and may those beings see the path that liberates from old age and death! Since I do not have the realization of the blessed buddhas, if I do not consume any food or drinks until I die from hunger and thirst I will then experience unbearable, intense, and scorching feelings of suffering in the great Hell of Endless Torment. In the future, all beings will remain in saṃsāra, not a single being will be liberated in the least, and I will not be liberated from the hell realms. May all past and future beings born into affliction and born into suffering cast off the hindrances of beings, the hindrances of the afflictions, the hindrances of action, and hindrances to the Dharma. May they be free from karmic ripening and from harm, and may all of the karmic ripening of the qualities of the three lower realms that make things difficult for beings ripen in my body when I am born in the hell realms! [F.177.b] May beings in the future cast off the karma of their negative actions, and may it ripen in my body when I am born in the Hell of Endless Torment! I dedicate the virtue I have accumulated so that beings may bring about virtuous karma. Until all beings reside in a house that is free from fear, may I not be free from the great Hell of Endless Torment!’ Renouncers of misdeeds, I made this special aspiration for seven days and nights without eating any food.

9.­35

“In the northern direction, renouncers of misdeeds, beyond more than ten million buddha realms, there is a buddha realm inundated with the five impurities called Virtue, where the blessed buddha King of the Glorious Heap of Supreme Acceptance resides, thrives, offers sustenance, and expounds the Dharma teachings of the three vehicles. [B9]

9.­36

“The blessed thus-gone one King of the Glorious Heap of Supreme Acceptance said to the bodhisattva Light of Immaculate Splendor and to the other bodhisattvas, ‘Noble sons, you should go to the south, beyond 920,000,000 buddha realms. There, in the buddha realm called Apportioned, in the middle of the four-continent world, there is a king named Treasury of Light Rays of Merit. Offer him these two bouquets of pentapetes flowers, and explain to him this Dharma scripture on acceptance. Tell him the words of this sky-colored mantra. That king will attain the acceptance of discipline through taming beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct using that mantra. This acceptance will completely exhaust the arising of afflictions, the arising of suffering, and all the severe, middling, and lesser hindrances of beings, the hindrances of the afflictions, [F.178.a] the hindrances to the Dharma, and the hindrances of action and of the afflictions belonging to that king and all beings. That king will then act as a virtuous friend and show the path to myriads of beings. He will ripen myriads of beings through the three vehicles, and he will swiftly awaken to unsurpassed and perfect buddhahood.’

9.­37

“As the bodhisattva Great Light of Immaculate Splendor, the other bodhisattvas, and the entire assembly of gods and gandharvas listened to the Thus-Gone One King of the Glorious Heap of Supreme Acceptance, he continued, ‘Noble sons, say to King Treasure of the Light Rays of Merit, “Just as the realm of phenomena that is naturally devoid of affliction should be understood through the gateway to the Dharma of nonduality, Great King, the gateway of the forms perceived by the eyes can reveal nonduality, the absence of passing away, and the absence of being reborn. Furthermore, the gateway of those phenomena up to the mental consciousness can likewise reveal nonduality, the absence of passing away, and the absence of being reborn. Why? Because all phenomena are devoid of sentient beings and are free from sentient beings. All phenomena that are devoid of life force are referred to with the label life force. All phenomena that are devoid of a soul are imagined with the label soul. All phenomena that are devoid of person are referred to with the label person. All phenomena that are inconceivable are free from inconceivability. All phenomena that are ultimately known to be free from desires are insubstantial. All phenomena are faultless and free from diseases. All phenomena are without delusion and incorporeal. All phenomena are groundless and lack the apprehension of a ground. All phenomena are groundless and like the nature of space. All phenomena are unreal and lack the apprehension of objects. All phenomena are hollow and free from afflictions. [F.178.b] All phenomena lack going and are without an agent. All phenomena lack adoption and are without volition. All phenomena are without thoughts and free from illusions. All phenomena lack elaboration and are free from physical, verbal, and mental formations.

9.­38

tadyathā | vedini vedini vedini paṇḍini paṇḍini paṇḍini trijñani trijñani trijñani upadāni upadāni upadāni napīni napīni napīni mujini mujini mujini ariṣṭha variṣṭha hetaṅgrama mahuśoca dhari dhari dhaṣṭe pradhaṣṭe urukānte gambhiri avartani vartanim eva avartani iha nivartani kānte sarvakānte hṛdayakānte155 viraje varaje varaviraje skandhavame ayatanarahe bhatusare darvaphalgu dharmarājer prekṣite svāhā

“ ‘ “Go now to tame the views of all those corrupted beings.” ’156

9.­39

“The Blessed One then said, ‘Noble sons, the time has come for you to leave.’ He tied the two bouquets of pentapetes flowers around locks of hair of the bodhisattva Light of Immaculate Splendor and the other bodhisattvas. Together with 95,000 noble sons, they knelt on both knees, prostrated to the feet of the Thus-Gone One Glorious Heap, and then circumambulated him three times clockwise. Then, they instantly set out for the buddha realm called Apportioned and came upon the city in the middle of the four-continent world where the king was residing. After seven days had passed, he was finally present before them. As he looked at them, they said, “Great King, please come here! Great King, this is excellent! In the north, beyond 920,000,000 buddha realms, there is a universe called Acceptance157 where the thus-gone one, the worthy, perfect Buddha King of the Glorious Heap of Supreme Acceptance, resides, [F.179.a] thrives, offers sustenance, and teaches the Dharma. That thus-gone one has sent us here to teach you this Dharma scripture. Great King, just as the entire realm of phenomena that is naturally devoid of affliction should be understood through the gateway of nonduality, the elements related to the self and the elements related to sentient beings are just like the realm of phenomena in that they too should be understood through the gateway of nonduality. Similarly, the gateway of the forms perceived by the eyes will reveal nonduality, the absence of passing away, and the absence of being reborn, up to the gateway of mental consciousness revealing nonduality, the absence of passing away, and the absence of being reborn. Why? Because, great King, all phenomena lack being and are free from being, all phenomena that lack a life force are referred to with the label life force, right up to the fact that all phenomena are without elaboration and free from physical, verbal, and mental formations.” ’

9.­40

tadyathā | vedini vedini vedini paṇḍini paṇḍini paṇḍini trijñani trijñani trijñani upadāni upadāni upadāni napīni napīni napīni mujini mujini mujini ariṣṭha variṣṭha hetaṅ grama mahuśoca dhari dhari dhaṣṭe pradhaṣṭe urukānte gambhire avartani vartanim eva avartani iha nivartani kānte sarvakānte hṛdayakānte viraje varaje varaje158 varaviraje skandhavame ayatanarahe bhatusare darpaphalgu159 dharmarājer prekṣite svāhā

9.­41

“As soon as those beings had uttered the words of this mantra to King Treasury of Light Rays of Merit, the buddha realm Apportioned shook in six ways. The tunes of myriads of cymbals resounded without anyone playing them, and showers of divine flowers and incense powders fell from the sky. All the gods and humans living in that buddha realm were delighted, their hair stood on end, and they thought they were liberated from old age and death. [F.179.b]

9.­42

“The bodhisattvas then let loose their crowns of pentapetes flowers from their bodies, and they offered those flowers to King Treasury of Light Rays of Merit, saying, ‘The Thus-Gone One sends you these flowers. He also sends those words of the mantra of the acceptance of taming beings with the sky-colored method for non-Buddhists who are hindered. Great King, meditate on the words of this mantra! Great King, through the words of this mantra, you will achieve the acceptance of taming beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct. With this acceptance, Great King, you will completely eliminate the hindrances and distresses of beings and all severe, middling, and lesser afflictive hindrances, karmic hindrances, hindrances to the Dharma, and hindrances of karma and of the afflictions. Great King, you will also act as a virtuous friend and show the path to many myriads of beings. Great King, you will ripen countless myriads of beings through the three vehicles, and you will swiftly awaken to unsurpassed and perfect buddhahood.’

9.­43

“When I heard those words, I became utterly elated, thrilled, and delighted, and I made an offering to those bodhisattvas with a variety of the most magnificent flowers, garlands, perfumes, incense, ointments, parasols, banners, flags, and music. I knelt on both knees and prostrated to their feet. As I took the two bouquets of pentapetes flowers and tied them up to my locks of hair, I attained the power, ability, and recollection of that type of diligence that has a supremely vast nature. All the hungry and thirsty beings also interrupted their practices, sat in front of those bodhisattvas to listen to the Dharma, and were filled with intense joy. [F.180.a] I asked them how with that type of diligence one could cultivate the acceptance of taming beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct.

9.­44

“The bodhisattvas replied, ‘Great King, if noble sons are endowed with four qualities, they cultivate this acceptance. What are those four qualities? Not relying upon the aggregates, the elements, or the sense fields; not interrupting the skillful means of great compassion; not seeking permanence or annihilation or the vehicles of the hearers or the solitary buddhas; and understanding that all phenomena are a likeness that has the nature of space. The noble sons who are endowed with those four qualities will attain this acceptance of taming beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct.’

9.­45

“As this instruction was being delivered, the king attained the acceptance of the arising of light rays through those very same means right where he sat. He knelt on both knees, prostrated at those bodhisattvas’ feet, made various offerings to them, circumambulated them three times clockwise, and sat down. The bodhisattvas then returned to their buddha realm.

9.­46

“I then informed my ministers, my government officials, and my retinues of attendants that, in seven days, I would renounce my ruling power, my wealth, my possessions, my duties, and all the attributes of a householder. ‘My friends,’ I told them, ‘I want to let you know that I will go to the forest of ascetics to reach the other shore of old age and death.’ My ministers, my government officials, and my retinues of attendants replied to me, ‘This is not a fortunate time to become a renunciant. Why? Because many myriads of beings have left for the forest of ascetics motivated by their fear of old age and death, but they have not yet found such teachings. Not a single one among them has even comprehended the full extent of the highest noble Dharma of human beings.’

9.­47

“ ‘I will become all of those beings’ teacher,’ I replied, ‘and I will show them the path that leads to the other shore of old age and death.’

9.­48

“As soon as I uttered the words ‘all those beings,’ [F.180.b] the ground of this great trichiliocosm shook repeatedly. Many myriads of gods applauded, played myriads of musical instruments, and rained various showers of divine flowers, incense, perfumes, powders, and ointments. They exclaimed in unison, ‘Holy being, your ability to manifest this great strength and your statements are excellent, excellent! Holy being, you and we will be friends bound by love! Holy being, will you please show us the path that leads to the other shore of old age and death?’

9.­49

“Renouncers of misdeeds, I reflected and resided in solitude for a total of two weeks. In seven days, I reached the acceptance of discipline through taming beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct. After those seven days had passed, many millions of yakṣas started to shout, and their voices resounded everywhere in this buddha realm Apportioned, instilling weariness in beings. They said, ‘Get up beings! Go to the middle of this four-continent world, to the place where King Treasury of Light Rays of Merit is residing. In seven days, he will emerge, go to the forest of the ascetics, and show to beings the path of peace that leads to the other shore of old age and death.’

9.­50

“After those seven days had passed, I came out together with sixty-four rulers of forts and their sons, the 920,000,000 sons of the fort rulers, and countless other beings. I renounced all my home possessions, all my duties, and all my attributes of a householder. I shaved my hair and facial hair, tied all the pentapetes flowers to my locks, donned the monastic robes, and went to the forest of ascetics. [F.181.a] While residing there, I demonstrated to countless beings the path of cultivating this acceptance of taming beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct. Before long, many myriads of beings achieved this acceptance of taming beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct. I also connected countless beings to the vehicle of the hearers, the vehicle of the solitary buddhas, and the vehicle of gods and humans. As a consequence, countless beings started to venerate the blessed buddhas of the ten directions.

9.­51

“Then I made this aspiration in the presence of those blessed buddhas: ‘Today, I will show the beings in this buddha realm Apportioned the path of acceptance that leads to the other shore of old age and death. I will also show this path of acceptance that leads to the other shore of old age and death to beings in the afflicted buddha realms of the ten directions inundated with the five impurities that are as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges.’ Renouncers of misdeeds, I put forth great strength through my efforts in this activity. For more than seven intermediate eons, I put forth great strength while dressed as a parivrājaka in all the afflicted buddha realms of the ten directions inundated with the five impurities that are as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges. In each buddha realm, I established countless beings in the acceptance of taming beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct, I connected countless beings to the mind set on awakening, and I also connected some among them to the vehicle of the hearers, the vehicle of the solitary buddhas, and the vehicle of gods and humans. Renouncers of misdeeds, for seven intermediate eons [F.181.b] I put forth great strength dressed as a parivrājaka in all the empty realms of the ten directions inundated with the five impurities that are as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges.

9.­52

“Later on, those four-continent worlds will fall under the influence of māras, and at that point I will sit before the beings in those worlds in the form of Brahmā and liberate them from holding the wrong view of permanence. I will sit before them in any form from Śakra, Moon, Sun, and Īśvara, up to a mass of radiating light. Just as I taught the cultivation of this acceptance of taming beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct in the past while taking the form of a parivrājaka, I will make them understand the realm of afflicted phenomena through the method of nonduality, and I will make them understand the elements that pertain to a self and the elements that pertain to a being through the method of nonduality. And thus the gateway of the forms perceived by the eyes will reveal nonduality, the absence of passing away, and the absence of being reborn. Why? Because all phenomena are everything from being devoid of a being and free of a being, up to all phenomena being without elaboration and free of physical, verbal, and mental formations.

9.­53

“When I, the great king Treasury of Light Rays of Merit, cultivated the path of happiness while dressed as a parivrājaka in such a way that I gave rise to views in order to ripen beings, later on, some māras who had taken on the appearance of anyone from Brahmā to Agni approached those beings who were not attached to that four-continent world and taught paths such as those that follow to those beings who adhered to utterly deceitful views:

9.­54

“They said to some of them, ‘Come here, beings! Excellent, beings! You must strive to create roots of virtue to reach the other shore of saṃsāra and be liberated from old age and death. I will show you the path that leads to nirvāṇa so that you alone may perfect that path leading to nirvāṇa: [F.182.a] spend both day and night naked, and you will reach liberation.’

9.­55

“To others, they said, ‘In order to reach liberation, do anything from being naked to wearing clothes made of hides.’

“To others, they said, ‘Come here! Feed on anything from leaves to undigested food and vomit.’

“To others, they said, ‘Come here! None of you should accept or eat food that comes from pots.’

“To others, they said, ‘Come here! Sustain yourselves for a whole day and night with the food you received by begging a single time.’

“To others, they said, ‘You should do everything from sitting on beds and seats made of thorns to sleeping while sitting up.’

“To others, they said, ‘You should do everything from giving up cushions to spending both day and night with your legs tied to the branches of a tree.’

“To others, they said, ‘Come here! You should do everything from immersing yourself in water to spending day and night drying yourself out while surrounded by the five suns.’160

“To others, they said, ‘Come here! Train by doing everything from spending both day and night shaving your hair and facial hair to living in swamps. You should do everything from throwing yourself from mountain cliffs to jumping into rivers.’

9.­56

“They encouraged others to train by saying, ‘All of you come here! Prostrate to the goddesses of mountains, trees, and ponds.’

“To others, they said, ‘Do everything from the yakṣa observance to the animal observances and you will reach liberation.’

“To others, they said, ‘Come here. Kill many of those beings living around you and you will reach liberation.’

“They instructed others by saying, ‘By killing various beings, you will reach liberation.’

9.­57

“To others, they said, [F.182.b] ‘The path to realizing nirvāṇa is the destruction of all karma. This is liberation. How does this happen? It happens when someone’s nonvirtuous actions and merit both become extinguished. After that person’s merit and negative actions are both completely extinguished, they will reach awakening.’

9.­58

“They trained others by saying, ‘Both exertion and emergence are liberation.’161

“They inspired others to train by saying, ‘The two forms of nothing do not exist as something. What are the two? Phenomena and the lack of phenomena are verbal remnants. Liberation is thus the emergence of wisdom that is not attached to either this body or another body.’162

9.­59

“They inspired others to train by saying, ‘You should do everything from killing and taking what is not given to maintaining wrong views,’ without saying anything else.

9.­60

“And in the past the māras encouraged beings to train, saying everything from, ‘The worthy ones are not in the world. I know that because I can actually perceive when beings have left this world and entered the next world, and I have attained a state in which I directly perceive it happening,’163 and, ‘When my life comes to an end, I will have practiced the religious life, accomplished the goal, and the fetters of existence will be extinguished,’ up to ‘According to adherents of Sāṃkhya, who say that the correct instruction that the mind is utterly liberated is how liberation will be attained, you will attain liberation through knowledge of prakṛti and puruṣa.’ In this respect, the term prakṛti refers to the causes of saṃsāra, and puruṣa is none other than the self. In this respect, when prakṛti is viewed as the self and prakṛti becomes the self, then one will attain liberation. In this way, according to adherents of Sāṃkhya, you will attain liberation. Those of you who renounce the life of a householder and understand Dharma and non-Dharma in that manner will never reach liberation!”

9.­61

When the Blessed One said that to the parivrājakas who renounce misdeeds, the parivrājakas replied, [F.183.a] “Thus it is, Blessed One! Thus it is, Well-Gone One!”

9.­62

The Blessed One then said, “Renouncers of misdeeds, those who seek liberation while adhering to wrong views will be hung by the māras’ noose. They will be hung by the noose of the māra of the afflictions, the māra of the aggregates, the māra of death, and the māra of being under their control. Renouncers of misdeeds, those who are attached to these four māras have contaminated their observance of the religious life. Those whose observance of the religious life is adulterated always bring about their own demise and are carried away by the four floods that lead to old age and death. Your observance of the religious life is therefore useless, and it is disparaged by the noble ones. You make false claims of liberation!

9.­63

“Renouncers of misdeeds, this is what is true and what is not true. There is no permanence and there is no annihilation. The body is like space. There is no internal and no external. All formations lack apprehension. ‘Mind’ is just a label. The conceptual characteristics one engages are space. Virtuous and nonvirtuous qualities lack apprehension of the mind, and the mind lacks apprehension of virtuous and nonvirtuous qualities. Just as a tree is devoid of concepts, so too the flowers and fruits are devoid of concepts. One who does not generate concepts about flowers, fruits, and trees should not say these things are existent or nonexistent. Since they are mutually devoid of thought and lack concepts, all phenomena are inaccessible. All phenomena are nondual, not like two things, without thoughts, and without concepts. One should meditate in accordance with the fact that the life force, breath, and consciousness are like a mirage and without apprehension, and in accordance with the fact that one cannot say anything about what is inexpressible. One who has been introduced to the idea that all phenomena are inactive should meditate in accordance with the nonapprehension of an agent and the nonapprehension of an action.164 One who does not perceive any phenomena should meditate using the nonconceptual method based on not apprehending a life force. [F.183.b] One who does not apprehend any phenomena should meditate by applying that to all one apprehends. One who is free from recollecting all phenomena should meditate by focusing on recollection. One who engages the nature of all phenomena should cultivate this acceptance by abandoning all the views related to internal and external apprehension.

9.­64

“This is the acceptance of emptiness, of the absence of marks, and of the absence of wishes. This is the acceptance that calms physical, verbal, and mental formations. This is the acceptance that calms the severe, middling, and lesser influences of the afflictions. This is the acceptance in which one’s aspiration puts an end to all mistaken views and paths. This is the acceptance that ripens those who have encountered wrong views and narrow paths, set out on unwholesome paths, and adopted unwholesome teachings. This is the acceptance that causes one to master the perfections of the noble ones. This is the acceptance that causes one to revel in the supernormal faculties. This is the acceptance that makes one travel to countless buddha realms. This is the acceptance that causes one to venerate countless blessed ones. This is the acceptance that causes one to ask countless questions of each blessed buddha. This is the acceptance that causes one to manifest immeasurable eloquence devoid of attachment. This is the acceptance that makes one attain the unobstructed wisdom related to the thirty-seven factors of awakening. This is the acceptance that completely destroys the four māras. This is the acceptance that causes one to turn the wheel of the Dharma. This is the acceptance that harms the teachings associated with non-Buddhists. This is the acceptance that makes one attain all the realizations of a buddha. This is the great acceptance that causes one to pass into nirvāṇa. This is the acceptance that crushes the body into dust. Noble sons, this is the acceptance that makes you listen without any doubt.”

9.­65

As that teaching about the past methods was being delivered, [F.184.a] twenty-four non-Buddhists who had firmly given rise to the mind set on unsurpassed and perfect awakening achieved this acceptance. Ninety-two of them who had not yet given rise to the mind set on unsurpassed and perfect awakening gave rise to that mind and would no longer regress from it, and eighty-four trillion of them achieved the same type of acceptance.

9.­66

Then, the ājīvika Flower Light asked the Blessed One, “Respected Blessed One, what kind of recollection should one practice and how does someone with that recollection achieve the vehicle of the solitary buddhas?”

9.­67

The Blessed One replied, “O ājīvika, don’t you know about the conditioned phenomena and the consequences of phenomena?”165

“Respected Blessed One, please explain this to me!”

9.­68

The Blessed One then asked, “Do you recognize that the eye is attached to the eye and that the eye consciousness is attached to the eye? Moreover, do you recognize that the eye is attached to the eye consciousness all the way up to the fact that mental phenomena are attached to the mind and the mind is attached to mental phenomena?”

“Respected Blessed One, I acknowledge that the eye is not attached to the eye all the way up to the fact that mental phenomena are not attached to the mind.”

9.­69

“This view you are attached to is an annihilationist view, and those who hold annihilationist views about persons will not reach the other shore of old age and death. From the perspective of the twelve links, those are related to each other through conditions.”

9.­70

“Respected Blessed One, is the one named ‘Flower Light’ and the eye present in the object of the eye consciousness? Blessed One, is the same the case up to mental phenomena being present in the object of mental consciousness?”166

9.­71

“ ‘Flower Light’ is a conventional designation for a person that becomes the view that it is permanent. Flower Light, the view of permanence related to persons does not lead to the other shore of old age and death. Flower Light, [F.184.b] the inclination to make such an inquiry after hearing about this true condition of phenomena is the middle way related to permanence and annihilation. Concerning the arising of the appearances of forms that are the basis for the eye, when the eye, the eye consciousness, and forms interact, they exist in that interaction in the three times. When the eye and the eye consciousness interact, they also do not exist in that interaction in the three times. The eye consciousness does not come from or go anywhere. However, since the characteristic of disintegration follows the condition of arising, the cessation that follows arising‍—the cessation of conditions‍—brings forth the eye consciousness.167

9.­72

“O Flower Light, those mental images depend on the eye and forms. The threefold condition of consciousness coming together with the conditions of the eye and forms leads to contact. Everything from feelings to the entire great mass of suffering arises due to the condition of contact. When the eye has ceased, forms will cease. When the eye and forms have ceased, the eye consciousness will cease. When the eye consciousness has ceased, everything up to this great mass of suffering will also cease. In the same way, contact occurs when three factors come together after the mental consciousness has arisen conditioned by the ear, nose, tongue, body, mind, and mental phenomena. Everything from feelings to this great mass of suffering arises due to the condition of contact. When the mind has ceased, mental phenomena will cease, and the mental consciousness will cease. When the mental consciousness has ceased, contact will cease, and everything up to the great mass of suffering will cease. Flower Light, you should inquire about ‘the middle way’ so that you may comprehend the wisdom of those who possess the factors of awakening.”

9.­73

As this teaching was being delivered by the Blessed One, the ājīvika Flower Light together with 9,200,000,000 non-Buddhists gave rise to the mind set on the vehicle of the solitary buddhas. Since they achieved the wisdom of the vehicle of the solitary buddhas, they reached the level of nonregression. [F.185.a]

9.­74

The Blessed One then got the attention of all the assemblies filling the earth and the sky of this whole buddha realm with the thought, “All of you respectable ones who have assembled in this place, listen!”

9.­75

Then all those assemblies filling the earth and the sky of this whole buddha realm, and the world with its gods, gandharvas, humans, and asuras, joined their palms and gazed at the blessed great seer while displaying their various complexions, physical appearances, and shapes, and engaging in their ascetic practices and observances. The entire assembly filling the earth and the sky of this whole buddha realm saw him in the physical form of a buddha as he had been before, circumambulated him three times, and exclaimed in unison, “We pay homage to the thus-gone one, the worthy, perfect Buddha! We pay homage to the thus-gone one, the worthy, perfect Buddha! Homage to you! You have ripened the beings in this assembly with the three vehicles!’ They had never heard or seen a teaching on that great tradition before.”

9.­76

This was the ninth chapter of the Great Vehicle sūtra entitled “The Acceptance of Taming Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct.”


10.

Chapter 10

10.­1

The Blessed One said, “All of the blessed buddhas who became the thus-gone, worthy, perfect buddhas in the past, arose in afflicted buddha realms inundated with the five impurities, and performed deeds in those buddha realms have taught to beings this acceptance that tames beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct. [F.185.b] All of the blessed buddhas who will arise in afflicted buddha realms inundated with the five impurities and perform the deeds of a buddha there in the future will teach this acceptance that tames beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct in order to ripen all beings. All the blessed buddhas of the present who reside, offer sustenance, and teach the Dharma to beings in the countless, immeasurable afflicted buddha realms of the ten directions that are inundated with the five impurities are teaching this acceptance of taming beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct in order to ripen beings.


11.

Chapter 11

11.­1

Then, the parivrājaka named Holder of Manifold Light Rays prostrated to the Blessed One with his palms together and addressed these verses to the Blessed One:

11.­2
“Supreme human, you bestow happiness,
You hold the torch for beings with mistaken views,
And you initiate the sound of the Dharma’s wheels
In a way that severs the net of wrong views.
11.­3
“Having abandoned the three stains, you can bestow the three eyes,
And you satisfy all beings with the Dharma.
You hold the torch for beings in the three realms
And tear down the net of wrong views.

12.

Conclusion

12.­1

The Blessed One then entered the absorption known as entering all sounds. Through that absorption, he brought satisfaction to all the beings living in the different places of birth by using that absorption to speak in the 84,000 languages and dialects of those 84,000 places of birth. [F.202.a] The Blessed One said, “Listen to these syllables and expressions! Listen, my friends! My friends, teach the path of happiness and peace that leads to rebirth as a god or a human, to the attainment of the vehicle of the hearers through which all forms of suffering will be extinguished, to the attainment of the vehicle of the solitary buddhas, and to the attainment of unsurpassed and perfect awakening!”


ab.

Abbreviations

C Choné (co ne) Kangyur
D Degé (sde dge) Kangyur
H Lhasa (lha sa/zhol) Kangyur
J Lithang (li thang) Kangyur
K Peking (pe cin) or “Kangxi” Kangyur
N Narthang (snar thang) Kangyur
S Stok Palace (stog pho brang bris ma) Kangyur
U Urga (phyi sog khu re) Kangyur
Y Yongle (g.yung lo) Kangyur

n.

Notes

n.­1
However, the two first chapters are not marked by a chapter colophon in the Tibetan editions.
n.­2
bam po bcu gcig rgya las ’gyur/ ’gyur snying pa skad gsar cad kyis ma bcos par snang ngo.
n.­3
Silk 2019, p. 239, includes this sūtra in the list of those translated from Chinese but for which the Chinese has not yet been identified, rather than among those he lists as “questionable cases.” See also the brief mention of it in Li 2021, p. 195.
n.­4
Denkarma, 297a.2. See also Herrmann-Pfandt 2008, p. 47, no. 83.
n.­5
nam mkha’ la ’gro ba’i ’od kyis ’dul ba’i bzod pa. Note that throughout our translation we render nam mkha’ sometimes as sky and sometimes as space.
n.­6
D rnyog pa sel ba zhes bya ba’i byed pa can gyi grong rdal du. The translation of byed pa can as “Land of Activity” is based on the assumption that it is the name of a region or land, such as bde ba can, which means “[a place or land] possessing bliss” and which has thus been sometimes translated “Land of Bliss.” The kind of activity meant here could encompass both trade or economic work as well as religious austerities, but the name remains ambiguous and somewhat unclear to us. We understand the name of the specific town as possibly referring to the “five impurities” (rnyog pa lnga) that are mentioned throughout the text.
n.­7
S sems can thams cad la mtshungs par sems pa’i phyir/ byams pa dang khong khro ba med pas; D sems can thams cad la mtshungs par sems pa’i phyir byams pa dang/ khong khro ba med pas.
n.­8
Y, K, S bskam; D brkam. Translated based on Yongle, Peking, and Stok Palace Kangyurs.
n.­69
D tshor ba rnam gsum gyis nyon mongs pa’i rtsa ba ’byung ba dang/ las kyi rtsa ba dang/ zad pa’i rtsa ba nub pa tshul bzhin du brtag par bya’o. This translation is tentative.
n.­127
D me bcu rdul yal. We have been unable to identify this phrase as a number.
n.­139
D bdag kyang gzhan tshangs pa chen po bdag gi bla ma yod pa’i lag pa bstan pa’i phyir bcom ldan ’das shAkya thub pa de bzhin du mi ring bar zhugs so. This translation is tentative.
n.­140
Y, J, K, N, C, S ngar sems pa med pa; D der sems pa med pa. Translated based on the variant in the Yongle, Lithang, Peking, Narthang, Choné, and Stok Palace Kangyurs.
n.­141
D gtang du mi bra ba’i gzugs ston pa/ rigs dang mi mthun par ston pa/ gzugs kyi spyod yul dag dga’ bar byed pa. The translation of these three lines is tentative.
n.­142
D gtsug lag thams cad kyi dam tshig dul ba med pa. This translation is tentative.
n.­143
D sems can chen po brjod du med par khung du chud pa de thams cad khyod dga’ ba skyed cing byams pa ’byung bar byos shig. This translation is tentative.
n.­144
D me bcu rdul yal. We have been unable to identify this number.
n.­145
S yongs su sbyong bar byed; D yongs su sbyor bar byed. This translation is based on the variant in the Stok Palace Kangyur.
n.­146
D ci ’dra ba’i yid ma bgyis na rkyen gyis rab tu mi shes. This translation is tentative.
n.­147
D la la ming mkhan tsam gyi gos. This translation is tentative.
n.­148
S ba glang gi gling bu; D ba lang gi slud bu. This translation is tentative, and is based on the variant in the Stok Palace Kangyur.
n.­149
S la la shun lpags za ba dang; D la la shun phrags za ba dang. Translated based on the variant in the Stok Palace Kangyur.
n.­150
D nying rum las za ba so sor len pa med do. We have been unable to identify this item and have omitted it from the English translation.
n.­151
D btsun pa khyod kyi phyir gang su zhig gis mchod ston de ltar byas so zhes de bzhin smras pa ’di zos pa med do. This translation is tentative.
n.­152
D btsun pa bcom ldan ’das de bzhin no. The text does not give us any indication who is responding to the Buddha here.
n.­153
D gang bdag gis bzung zhing brang ste/ dgon pa dang nags ’dab tu spyod cig ces khyod la stong pa su des smras pa. This translation is tentative.
n.­154
H nyi ma dang zla ba gnyis bdag gis bstan te/ rga shi ’byung ba la brten par yang mi shes so; D nyi ma dang zla ba gnyis bdag gis bstan te/ rga shi ’byung ba la bsten par yang mi shes so. This translation is tentative, and follows the variant in the Lhasa Kangyur.
n.­155
Y, K kānte; D kānti. This transliteration follows the variant in the Yongle and Peking Kangyurs.
n.­156
D sems can ngan pa rnams lta ba dang ’dul ba’i phyir ’gro’o. This translation is tentative.
n.­157
It seems that this same universe was called “Virtue” previously.
n.­158
D ba ra dze/ ba ra dze/ ba ra bi ra dze. Unlike immediately above, here the mantra repeats the term varaje.
n.­159
D da r+pa phalgu. Unlike immediately above where this reads darvaphalgu, here the mantra reads darpaphalgu.
n.­160
D nyi ma lnga pas yongs su skems pa na. It is not entirely clear, but this would seem to refer to what is more commonly described as the five fires ascetic practice, even in this same sūtra.
n.­161
D de gnyis sbyor ba dang ’byung bar gyur pa de thar pa. This translation is tentative.
n.­162
D dngos po med pa de gnyis ni dngos po yod pa ma yin no/ gnyis gang zhe na/ chos dang chos ma yin pa zhes bya ba ni tshig gi lhag ma’o/ lus ’di’i lus gzhan gyis chags pa med pa’i ye shes ’byung bar ’gyur ba de yang de bzhin du thar pa. This translation is tentative.
n.­163
D ’jig rten pha rol dang ’jig rten ’dir yang dag par song ba dang/ yang dag par zhugs par bdag mngon par shes nas mngon sum du byas pa nye bar bsgrubs te rab tu shes so. This translation is tentative.
n.­164
D chos thams cad bya ba med par ’jug pa ni byed pa po dmigs pa med pa med pa las dmigs pa med pa’i tshul gyis bsgom par bya’o. This translation is tentative.
n.­165
D kye kun tu ’tsho ci khyod rkyen gyi chos dang chos kyi rjes rab tu mi shes sam. This translation is tentative.
n.­166
D btsun pa bcom ldan ’das ci kye me tog ’od ces bya ba dang/ mig mig gi rnam par shes pa’i gnas la ’dug pa nas bcom ldan ’das ci chos yid kyi rnam par shes pa’i bar gyi gnas la ’jug gam. This translation is tentative.
n.­167
D mig brten pa’i gzugs snang ba ’byung ba de la mig dang/ rnam par shes pa dang/ gzugs rnams ’dres nas dus gsum du ’dres par ’dug go/ mig mig gi rnam par shes pa la ’dres nas dus gsum du ’dres shing ’dug pa yang med do/ mig gi rnam par shes pa ni gang nas kyang mi ’ong gang du yang mi ’gro’i ’jig pa’i mtshan nyid ’byung ba’i rkyen gyi rjes su nus na ’byung ba dang/ rkyen ’gog pa las ’gog pa ni mig gi rnam par shes pa’o. This translation is tentative.

b.

Bibliography

Tibetan Sources

’phags pa yang dag par spyod pa’i tshul nam mkha’i mdog gis ’dul ba’i bzod pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo. Toh 263, Degé Kangyur vol. 67 (mdo sde, ’a), folios 90.a–209.b.

’phags pa yang dag par spyod pa’i tshul nam mkha’i mdog gis ’dul ba’i bzod pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–9, vol. 67, pp. 221–513.

’phags pa yang dag par spyod pa’i tshul nam mkha’i mdog gis ’dul ba’i bzod pa zhes bya batheg pa chen po’i mdo. Stok Palace Kangyur, vol. 64 (mdo sde, pa), folios 1.b–175.b.

Denkarma (pho brang stod thang ldan dkar gyi chos ’gyur ro cog gi dkar chag). Toh 4364, Degé Tengyur, vol. 206 (sna tshogs, jo), folios 294.b–310.a.

Other References

Edgerton, Franklin. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2004.

Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. Die lHan kar ma: ein früher Katalog der ins Tibetische übersetzten buddhistischen Texte. Wien: Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2008.

Resources for Kanjur and Tanjur Studies. Universität Wien. Accessed February 10, 2020.

Li, Channa. “A Survey of Tibetan Sūtras Translated from Chinese as Recorded in Early Tibetan Catalogues.” Revue d’Études Tibétaines 60 (2021): 174–219.

Silk, Jonathan A. “Chinese Sūtras in Tibetan Translation: A Preliminary Survey.” In Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology (ARIRIAB) at Soka University 22 (2019): 227–46.


g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for names and terms of the corresponding source language

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in a manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other manuscripts with a parallel or similar context.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in dictionaries matching Tibetan to the corresponding language.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where the relationship between the Tibetan and source language is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

abodes of Brahmā

Wylie:
  • tshangs pa’i gnas
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་པའི་གནས།
Sanskrit:
  • brahmavihāra AD

The practices and resulting states of boundless loving kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­245
  • 8.­12
g.­2

Absence of Concepts

Wylie:
  • rnam par mi rtog pa
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་མི་རྟོག་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1-3.­17
g.­3

absence of marks

Wylie:
  • mtshan ma med pa
Tibetan:
  • མཚན་མ་མེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • animitta AD

The absence of the conceptual identification of perceptions. Knowing that the true nature has no attributes, such as color, shape, etc. One of the three gateways to liberation.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­16
  • 1-3.­157
  • 1-3.­228
  • 4.­10
  • 5.­17
  • 5.­26
  • 9.­64
g.­4

absence of wishes

Wylie:
  • smon pa med pa
Tibetan:
  • སྨོན་པ་མེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • apraṇihita AD

The absence of any conceptual goal that one is focused upon achieving, knowing that all composite phenomena create suffering. One of the three gateways to liberation.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 9.­64
g.­5

acceptance

Wylie:
  • bzod pa
Tibetan:
  • བཟོད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kṣānti AD

The sūtra tradition speaks of three levels of intellectual receptivity or acceptance of the Dharma. At the highest level is “the acceptance of the fact that things do not arise” (anutpattikadharmakṣānti), which is tantamount to an acceptance of the emptiness of all things, the fact that they do not arise or cease as substantial or essentially real phenomena. This level follows from a second level of acceptance, which brings one into conformity with the Dharma (ānulomika­dharmakṣānti). This second level is in turn preceded by a first stage of acceptance in which one follows the voice (ghoṣānugā kṣānti) of the teacher of the Dharma. This is a distinctive but related use of the term kṣānti, which is also translated in this sūtra as “patience,” when it refers to the perfection and virtue of “patience” (kṣānti) more generally.

Located in 186 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­2-6
  • i.­8
  • 1-3.­2
  • 1-3.­13-14
  • 1-3.­16
  • 1-3.­19
  • 1-3.­26
  • 1-3.­30
  • 1-3.­38
  • 1-3.­41
  • 1-3.­45-54
  • 1-3.­63
  • 1-3.­66-67
  • 1-3.­90-91
  • 1-3.­95-96
  • 1-3.­109
  • 1-3.­112
  • 1-3.­115
  • 1-3.­118-119
  • 1-3.­123
  • 1-3.­140
  • 1-3.­143-144
  • 1-3.­148
  • 1-3.­152
  • 1-3.­160
  • 1-3.­166-193
  • 1-3.­195-196
  • 1-3.­205
  • 1-3.­208
  • 1-3.­211-212
  • 1-3.­217
  • 1-3.­227
  • 1-3.­230
  • 1-3.­234
  • 1-3.­243-244
  • 1-3.­246
  • 4.­6
  • 4.­14
  • 4.­16
  • 5.­9
  • 5.­17-18
  • 5.­20-23
  • 5.­27
  • 6.­4
  • 6.­6-8
  • 6.­16
  • 6.­27
  • 6.­33
  • 6.­35
  • 6.­45
  • 6.­47
  • 6.­60-62
  • 6.­67-70
  • 6.­72
  • 6.­75
  • 6.­79
  • 6.­82-85
  • 6.­87-90
  • 6.­92
  • 6.­94-98
  • 6.­103-107
  • 6.­109
  • 6.­111
  • 6.­114
  • 7.­7
  • 7.­12
  • 8.­14
  • 9.­11-12
  • 9.­23-25
  • 9.­36
  • 9.­42-45
  • 9.­49-52
  • 9.­63-65
  • 10.­1-3
  • 10.­11-12
  • 11.­4
  • 11.­7
  • 11.­34
  • 11.­54
  • 12.­6
  • 12.­18-20
  • 12.­22-23
  • 12.­25-27
  • 12.­29-37
g.­6

Acceptance

Wylie:
  • bzod pa
Tibetan:
  • བཟོད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A name for a universe, and seemingly another name for the same universe that had previously been called Virtue in this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 9.­39
g.­7

acts with immediate retribution

Wylie:
  • mtshams med pa byed pa
Tibetan:
  • མཚམས་མེད་པ་བྱེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • ānantaryakṛta AD

The five extremely negative actions that, once those who have committed them die, result in their going immediately to the hells without experiencing the intermediate state. They are killing an arhat, killing one’s mother, killing one’s father, creating a schism in the saṅgha, and maliciously drawing blood from a tathāgata’s body.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­19
  • 1-3.­164
  • 1-3.­204
  • 1-3.­247
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­13
  • 4.­22-23
g.­8

adherents of Sāṃkhya

Wylie:
  • grangs can
Tibetan:
  • གྲངས་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • sāṃkhya AD

Sāṃkhya is one of the classical schools of Indian philosophy, connected to but also sometimes contrasted with the classical yoga system. A sāṃkhya can also be a follower or adherent to this school of philosophy.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 9.­60
g.­9

aggregate

Wylie:
  • phung po
Tibetan:
  • ཕུང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • skandha AD

The fivefold basic grouping of the components out of which the world and the personal self are formed: forms, feelings, perceptions, formative factors, and consciousness.

Located in 67 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­4
  • 1-3.­9-12
  • 1-3.­18
  • 1-3.­64
  • 1-3.­84
  • 1-3.­126
  • 1-3.­128-129
  • 1-3.­132-133
  • 1-3.­135
  • 1-3.­139
  • 1-3.­211
  • 1-3.­224
  • 1-3.­244-245
  • 4.­10
  • 4.­22
  • 5.­13
  • 5.­16
  • 5.­18
  • 5.­23
  • 5.­26
  • 6.­1
  • 6.­9
  • 6.­14-17
  • 6.­27-29
  • 6.­32
  • 6.­35
  • 6.­42
  • 6.­48
  • 6.­50-52
  • 6.­64
  • 6.­66
  • 6.­74
  • 6.­89-91
  • 6.­94-95
  • 6.­98-99
  • 6.­101
  • 6.­104
  • 8.­7
  • 8.­12
  • 9.­8-9
  • 9.­13
  • 9.­26
  • 9.­44
  • 9.­62
  • 11.­34
  • 11.­51
  • g.­66
  • g.­196
g.­14

Agni

Wylie:
  • me
Tibetan:
  • མེ།
Sanskrit:
  • agni AD

The god of fire in Brahmanic literature.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­5
  • 9.­11
  • 9.­53
g.­15

ājīvika

Wylie:
  • kun tu ’tsho ba
Tibetan:
  • ཀུན་ཏུ་འཚོ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • ājīvika AD

A follower of a non-Buddhist mendicant movement.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­24
  • 9.­66-67
  • 9.­73
  • g.­60
g.­25

Apportioned

Wylie:
  • rnam par phye ba
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་ཕྱེ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The name of a buddha field in the southern direction where the buddha King of the Glorious Heap of Supreme Acceptance (bzod pa’i mchog dpal gyi phung po’i rgyal po) resides.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­36
  • 9.­39
  • 9.­41
  • 9.­49
  • 9.­51
g.­26

apprehend

Wylie:
  • dmigs pa
Tibetan:
  • དམིགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The mental or perceptual act of cognizing or perceiving a mental object or impression that forms the basis for cognition.

Located in 43 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­12
  • 1-3.­16
  • 1-3.­18
  • 1-3.­156
  • 1-3.­171
  • 1-3.­195
  • 1-3.­238-240
  • 1-3.­244
  • 5.­22-26
  • 6.­4
  • 6.­9
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­14
  • 6.­16
  • 6.­20
  • 6.­27-28
  • 6.­31-32
  • 6.­35
  • 6.­49
  • 6.­61-62
  • 6.­74-75
  • 6.­87-89
  • 6.­96
  • 6.­102-105
  • 9.­63
  • 10.­3
  • 11.­52-53
g.­27

apprehension

Wylie:
  • dmigs pa
Tibetan:
  • དམིགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • ālambana AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

dmigs (pa) translates a number of Sanskrit terms, including ālambana, upalabdhi, and ālambate. These terms commonly refer to the apprehending of a subject, an object, and the relationships that exist between them. The term may also be translated as “referentiality,” meaning a system based on the existence of referent objects, referent subjects, and the referential relationships that exist between them. As part of their doctrine of “threefold nonapprehending/nonreferentiality” (’khor gsum mi dmigs pa), Mahāyāna Buddhists famously assert that all three categories of apprehending lack substantiality.

Located in 24 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­14
  • 1-3.­156
  • 1-3.­158
  • 1-3.­170
  • 1-3.­175
  • 1-3.­209
  • 5.­20
  • 5.­23-24
  • 5.­26
  • 6.­3-4
  • 6.­7
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­16
  • 6.­18
  • 6.­25
  • 6.­89
  • 6.­103
  • 6.­105
  • 9.­24
  • 9.­37
  • 9.­63
  • g.­139
g.­28

asura

Wylie:
  • lha ma yin
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ་མ་ཡིན།
Sanskrit:
  • asura AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A type of nonhuman being whose precise status is subject to different views, but is included as one of the six classes of beings in the sixfold classification of realms of rebirth. In the Buddhist context, asuras are powerful beings said to be dominated by envy, ambition, and hostility. They are also known in the pre-Buddhist and pre-Vedic mythologies of India and Iran, and feature prominently in Vedic and post-Vedic Brahmanical mythology, as well as in the Buddhist tradition. In these traditions, asuras are often described as being engaged in interminable conflict with the devas (gods).

Located in 16 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­33
  • 1-3.­55
  • 1-3.­67
  • 1-3.­76-77
  • 1-3.­105
  • 1-3.­141
  • 1-3.­197
  • 5.­10
  • 6.­113-114
  • 9.­75
  • 11.­38
  • 12.­19
  • 12.­33
  • 12.­38
g.­36

Brahmā

Wylie:
  • tshangs pa
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • brahmā AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A high-ranking deity presiding over a divine world; he is also considered to be the lord of the Sahā world (our universe). Though not considered a creator god in Buddhism, Brahmā occupies an important place as one of two gods (the other being Indra/Śakra) said to have first exhorted the Buddha Śākyamuni to teach the Dharma. The particular heavens found in the form realm over which Brahmā rules are often some of the most sought-after realms of higher rebirth in Buddhist literature. Since there are many universes or world systems, there are also multiple Brahmās presiding over them. His most frequent epithets are “Lord of the Sahā World” (sahāṃpati) and Great Brahmā (mahābrahman).

Located in 21 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­13
  • 1-3.­15
  • 1-3.­43
  • 1-3.­76-77
  • 1-3.­105
  • 1-3.­119-121
  • 4.­32
  • 5.­1
  • 9.­3
  • 9.­11
  • 9.­52-53
  • 11.­16
  • 11.­45
  • 12.­5
  • 12.­26-27
  • g.­141
g.­38

buddha realm

Wylie:
  • sangs rgyas kyi zhing
Tibetan:
  • སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཞིང་།
Sanskrit:
  • buddhakṣetra AD

This term denotes the operational field of a specific buddha, spontaneously arising as a result of his altruistic aspirations. This sūtra mentions “empty buddha realms,” seemingly referring to world systems that do not have a buddha, as well as buddha realms that are inundated with the five impurities, which seems to be a term for world systems containing buddhas but where beings experience overt suffering.

Located in 112 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­3
  • 1-3.­13-14
  • 1-3.­55-56
  • 1-3.­59
  • 1-3.­63
  • 1-3.­65
  • 1-3.­93-94
  • 1-3.­96
  • 1-3.­98-104
  • 1-3.­115-117
  • 1-3.­160
  • 1-3.­196
  • 1-3.­198
  • 1-3.­200-204
  • 1-3.­217
  • 1-3.­224-226
  • 1-3.­231-233
  • 1-3.­247
  • 4.­1-9
  • 4.­11-16
  • 4.­18-19
  • 4.­21-23
  • 5.­10-11
  • 6.­87-89
  • 6.­106
  • 6.­114
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­11
  • 8.­1-2
  • 8.­13
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­30
  • 9.­35-36
  • 9.­39
  • 9.­41
  • 9.­45
  • 9.­49
  • 9.­51
  • 9.­64
  • 9.­74-75
  • 10.­1
  • 10.­3
  • 10.­8-9
  • 10.­11-12
  • 11.­14
  • 11.­31
  • 11.­33-34
  • 11.­36-37
  • 11.­42-45
  • 12.­2
  • 12.­6
  • 12.­20-25
  • 12.­35-37
  • n.­23
  • g.­129
  • g.­191
g.­46

eightfold path

Wylie:
  • lam gyi yan lag brgyad pa
Tibetan:
  • ལམ་གྱི་ཡན་ལག་བརྒྱད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • aṣṭāṅga­mārga AD

The path leading to the cessation of suffering, comprised of correct view, correct thought, correct speech, correct action, correct livelihood, correct effort, correct mindfulness, and correct absorption.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­9
  • 11.­8
  • g.­182
g.­47

elements

Wylie:
  • khams
  • ’byung ba chen po bzhi
Tibetan:
  • ཁམས།
  • འབྱུང་བ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • dhātu AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In the context of Buddhist philosophy, one way to describe experience in terms of eighteen elements (eye, form, and eye consciousness; ear, sound, and ear consciousness; nose, smell, and nose consciousness; tongue, taste, and tongue consciousness; body, touch, and body consciousness; and mind, mental phenomena, and mind consciousness).

This also refers to the elements of the world, which can be enumerated as four, five, or six. The four elements are earth, water, fire, and air. A fifth, space, is often added, and the sixth is consciousness.

Located in 42 passages in the translation:

  • i.­4
  • 1-3.­7-8
  • 1-3.­18
  • 1-3.­129
  • 1-3.­132-133
  • 1-3.­135
  • 1-3.­139
  • 1-3.­211
  • 4.­10
  • 5.­16
  • 5.­18-26
  • 6.­9
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­14-15
  • 6.­17
  • 6.­28-29
  • 6.­31
  • 6.­50-52
  • 6.­60
  • 8.­7
  • 9.­9
  • 9.­26
  • 9.­39
  • 9.­44
  • 9.­52
  • 11.­27
  • 11.­30
  • 11.­52
g.­49

emptiness

Wylie:
  • stong pa nyid
Tibetan:
  • སྟོང་པ་ཉིད།
Sanskrit:
  • śūnyatā AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Emptiness denotes the ultimate nature of reality, the total absence of inherent existence and self-identity with respect to all phenomena. According to this view, all things and events are devoid of any independent, intrinsic reality that constitutes their essence. Nothing can be said to exist independent of the complex network of factors that gives rise to its origination, nor are phenomena independent of the cognitive processes and mental constructs that make up the conventional framework within which their identity and existence are posited. When all levels of conceptualization dissolve and when all forms of dichotomizing tendencies are quelled through deliberate meditative deconstruction of conceptual elaborations, the ultimate nature of reality will finally become manifest. It is the first of the three gateways to liberation.

Located in 38 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1
  • 1-3.­14
  • 1-3.­16
  • 1-3.­19
  • 1-3.­31
  • 1-3.­139
  • 1-3.­217
  • 1-3.­221
  • 1-3.­228
  • 1-3.­230
  • 1-3.­238
  • 4.­10
  • 4.­15
  • 4.­28
  • 4.­30-34
  • 5.­9-10
  • 5.­15
  • 5.­18
  • 5.­26
  • 6.­4
  • 6.­59
  • 6.­83
  • 6.­87
  • 6.­90
  • 6.­95
  • 7.­10-11
  • 8.­4
  • 9.­64
  • 10.­2
  • 11.­53
  • g.­5
g.­54

fire observance

Wylie:
  • me’i brtul zhugs
Tibetan:
  • མེའི་བརྟུལ་ཞུགས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The name of a particular ascetic observance.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­92
  • 1-3.­198
  • 9.­7
  • 9.­24
g.­56

five fires ascetic practice

Wylie:
  • dka’ thub lnga pa
Tibetan:
  • དཀའ་ཐུབ་ལྔ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • pañcatapas AD

An ascetic practice in which the practitioner remains in the middle of four fires (each in the four directions) with the sun overhead constituting the fifth fire.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • n.­160
g.­57

five impurities

Wylie:
  • rnyog pa lnga
Tibetan:
  • རྙོག་པ་ལྔ།
Sanskrit:
  • pañcakaṣāya AD

Five particular aspects of life that indicate the degenerate nature of a given age. They are the impurities of views, of afflictions, of sentient beings, of life, and of time.

Located in 48 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­3
  • 1-3.­13-14
  • 1-3.­55
  • 1-3.­95
  • 1-3.­198
  • 1-3.­200
  • 1-3.­203
  • 1-3.­217
  • 1-3.­224-226
  • 1-3.­232-233
  • 1-3.­247
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­4
  • 4.­6-9
  • 4.­13-15
  • 4.­22-23
  • 6.­87
  • 7.­1
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­13
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­30
  • 9.­35
  • 9.­51
  • 10.­1
  • 11.­14
  • 11.­33
  • 11.­42-43
  • 12.­2
  • 12.­6
  • 12.­22-25
  • n.­6
  • g.­38
g.­60

Flower Light

Wylie:
  • me tog ’od
Tibetan:
  • མེ་ཏོག་འོད།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Name of an ājīvika.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­66
  • 9.­70-73
g.­63

four floods

Wylie:
  • chu bo bzhi
Tibetan:
  • ཆུ་བོ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • caturogha AD

These are the equivalents of the four passions (zad pa, āsrava) that it is necessary to overcome to attain liberation.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­2
  • 1-3.­96
  • 9.­62
g.­64

Four Great Kings

Wylie:
  • rgyal chen bzhi
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་ཆེན་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Four gods who live on the lower slopes (fourth level) of Mount Meru in the eponymous Heaven of the Four Great Kings (Cāturmahā­rājika, rgyal chen bzhi’i ris) and guard the four cardinal directions. Each is the leader of a nonhuman class of beings living in his realm. They are Dhṛtarāṣṭra, ruling the gandharvas in the east; Virūḍhaka, ruling over the kumbhāṇḍas in the south; Virūpākṣa, ruling the nāgas in the west; and Vaiśravaṇa (also known as Kubera) ruling the yakṣas in the north. Also referred to as Guardians of the World or World Protectors (lokapāla, ’jig rten skyong ba).

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 9.­5
g.­66

four māras

Wylie:
  • bdud bzhi
Tibetan:
  • བདུད་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • caturmāra AD

These are symbolic of the defects within a person that prevent enlightenment, which are sometimes given as four personifications of Māra: the divine māra (devaputramāra lha’i bu’i bdud), which is the distraction of pleasures; the māra of death (mṛtyumāra ’chi bdag gi bdud); the māra of the aggregates (skandhamāra phung po’i bdud), which is the body; and the māra of the afflictions (kleśamāra (nyon mongs pa’i bdud).

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­14
  • 1-3.­204
  • 1-3.­230-231
  • 6.­92
  • 6.­114
  • 9.­8
  • 9.­62
  • 9.­64
  • 10.­2
  • 12.­8
g.­67

four means of attracting disciples

Wylie:
  • bsdu ba’i dngos po
  • bsdu pa rnam pa bzhi
Tibetan:
  • བསྡུ་བའི་དངོས་པོ།
  • བསྡུ་པ་རྣམ་པ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • catvāri saṁgrahavastūni AD

These are traditionally listed as four: generosity, kind talk, meaningful actions, and practicing what one preaches.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­2
  • 1-3.­19
  • 1-3.­96
  • 1-3.­204
  • 1-3.­214
  • 1-3.­219-220
  • 1-3.­225-226
  • 1-3.­232
  • 1-3.­246-247
  • 12.­25
g.­69

four rivers

Wylie:
  • chu bo bzhi
Tibetan:
  • ཆུ་བོ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • —

This probably refers to birth, old age, illness, and death.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 9.­8
g.­71

gandharva

Wylie:
  • dri za
Tibetan:
  • དྲི་ཟ།
Sanskrit:
  • gandharva AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of generally benevolent nonhuman beings who inhabit the skies, sometimes said to inhabit fantastic cities in the clouds, and more specifically to dwell on the eastern slopes of Mount Meru, where they are ruled by the Great King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. They are most renowned as celestial musicians who serve the gods. In the Abhidharma, the term is also used to refer to the mental body assumed by sentient beings during the intermediate state between death and rebirth. Gandharvas are said to live on fragrances (gandha) in the desire realm, hence the Tibetan translation dri za, meaning “scent eater.”

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­77
  • 1-3.­79
  • 4.­24
  • 7.­1
  • 9.­20
  • 9.­23
  • 9.­37
  • 9.­75
  • 11.­38
  • 12.­19
  • 12.­38
g.­73

Ganges

Wylie:
  • gang gA
Tibetan:
  • གང་གཱ།
Sanskrit:
  • gaṅgā AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Gaṅgā, or Ganges in English, is considered to be the most sacred river of India, particularly within the Hindu tradition. It starts in the Himalayas, flows through the northern plains of India, bathing the holy city of Vārāṇasī, and meets the sea at the Bay of Bengal, in Bangladesh. In the sūtras, however, this river is mostly mentioned not for its sacredness but for its abundant sands‍—noticeable still today on its many sandy banks and at its delta‍—which serve as a common metaphor for infinitely large numbers.

According to Buddhist cosmology, as explained in the Abhidharmakośa, it is one of the four rivers that flow from Lake Anavatapta and cross the southern continent of Jambudvīpa‍—the known human world or more specifically the Indian subcontinent.

Located in 29 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­94
  • 1-3.­99
  • 1-3.­101-103
  • 1-3.­117
  • 4.­2
  • 4.­14
  • 4.­16
  • 4.­22
  • 4.­24
  • 6.­60
  • 6.­107
  • 6.­109
  • 6.­111
  • 7.­1
  • 8.­1
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­7
  • 9.­25
  • 9.­51
  • 11.­32
  • 11.­42-43
  • 12.­2
  • 12.­5-6
  • 12.­23-24
g.­80

god

Wylie:
  • lha
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ།
Sanskrit:
  • deva AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In the most general sense the devas‍—the term is cognate with the English divine‍—are a class of celestial beings who frequently appear in Buddhist texts, often at the head of the assemblies of nonhuman beings who attend and celebrate the teachings of the Buddha Śākyamuni and other buddhas and bodhisattvas. In Buddhist cosmology the devas occupy the highest of the five or six “destinies” (gati) of saṃsāra among which beings take rebirth. The devas reside in the devalokas, “heavens” that traditionally number between twenty-six and twenty-eight and are divided between the desire realm (kāmadhātu), form realm (rūpadhātu), and formless realm (ārūpyadhātu). A being attains rebirth among the devas either through meritorious deeds (in the desire realm) or the attainment of subtle meditative states (in the form and formless realms). While rebirth among the devas is considered favorable, it is ultimately a transitory state from which beings will fall when the conditions that lead to rebirth there are exhausted. Thus, rebirth in the god realms is regarded as a diversion from the spiritual path.

Located in 71 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­13
  • 1-3.­15
  • 1-3.­18-19
  • 1-3.­55
  • 1-3.­67
  • 1-3.­69
  • 1-3.­71-72
  • 1-3.­74-76
  • 1-3.­79-80
  • 1-3.­92
  • 1-3.­105
  • 1-3.­118
  • 1-3.­141
  • 1-3.­145
  • 1-3.­164
  • 1-3.­166
  • 1-3.­197
  • 1-3.­221-223
  • 1-3.­227
  • 4.­11
  • 4.­22-24
  • 5.­7
  • 5.­10
  • 6.­86
  • 6.­90
  • 6.­109
  • 6.­114
  • 7.­1
  • 9.­5-8
  • 9.­20
  • 9.­23
  • 9.­37
  • 9.­41
  • 9.­48
  • 9.­50-51
  • 9.­75
  • 11.­8
  • 11.­16
  • 11.­34
  • 11.­36
  • 11.­38
  • 11.­42
  • 11.­44-45
  • 12.­1
  • 12.­3
  • 12.­5-6
  • 12.­10
  • 12.­19
  • 12.­33
  • 12.­38
  • g.­14
  • g.­50
  • g.­96
  • g.­117
  • g.­180
  • g.­181
g.­84

Great Light of Immaculate Splendor

Wylie:
  • gzi brjid dri ma med pa’i ’od chen po
Tibetan:
  • གཟི་བརྗིད་དྲི་མ་མེད་པའི་འོད་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Name of a bodhisattva.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 9.­37
g.­90

Hell of Endless Torment

Wylie:
  • mnar med pa
Tibetan:
  • མནར་མེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • avīci AD

One of the eight hot hells.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 9.­34
g.­91

Holder of Manifold Light Rays

Wylie:
  • rnam par phye ba’i ’od zer ’chang ba
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་ཕྱེ་བའི་འོད་ཟེར་འཆང་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Name of a parivrājaka.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 11.­1
g.­93

Immaculate Splendor

Wylie:
  • gzi brjid dri ma med pa
Tibetan:
  • གཟི་བརྗིད་དྲི་མ་མེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Name of a bodhisattva.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­122-123
  • 1-3.­140-141
  • 9.­36
  • 9.­39
g.­94

Immaculately Clothed Youth

Wylie:
  • dri ma med pa’i gos gzhon nur gyur pa
Tibetan:
  • དྲི་མ་མེད་པའི་གོས་གཞོན་ནུར་གྱུར་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Name of a bodhisattva.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­8
  • 9.­11-12
  • 9.­23
g.­95

Increasing Light

Wylie:
  • snang ba ’phel ba
Tibetan:
  • སྣང་བ་འཕེལ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The name of the mountain on which is located the hermitage that forms the setting of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1-3.­1
g.­96

Īśvara

Wylie:
  • dbang phyug
Tibetan:
  • དབང་ཕྱུག
Sanskrit:
  • īśvara AD

A common epithet in the Brahmanic traditions designating the great god or lord. Can refer to Śiva, Viṣṇu, or to another deity considered to be preeminent.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­5
  • 9.­52
  • 12.­5
g.­98

Jambudvīpa

Wylie:
  • ’dzam bu’i gling
Tibetan:
  • འཛམ་བུའི་གླིང་།
Sanskrit:
  • jambudvīpa AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The name of the southern continent in Buddhist cosmology, which can signify either the known human world, or more specifically the Indian subcontinent, literally “the jambu island/continent.” Jambu is the name used for a range of plum-like fruits from trees belonging to the genus Szygium, particularly Szygium jambos and Szygium cumini, and it has commonly been rendered “rose apple,” although “black plum” may be a less misleading term. Among various explanations given for the continent being so named, one (in the Abhidharmakośa) is that a jambu tree grows in its northern mountains beside Lake Anavatapta, mythically considered the source of the four great rivers of India, and that the continent is therefore named from the tree or the fruit. Jambudvīpa has the Vajrāsana at its center and is the only continent upon which buddhas attain awakening.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­88
  • 9.­30
g.­103

King of the Glorious Heap of Supreme Acceptance

Wylie:
  • bzod pa’i mchod dpal brtsegs pa’i rgyal po
Tibetan:
  • བཟོད་པའི་མཆོད་དཔལ་བརྩེགས་པའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Name of a thus-gone one.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­35-37
  • 9.­39
  • 10.­5
  • g.­25
g.­104

King of the Infinite Accumulation of Wisdom

Wylie:
  • blo gros kyi tshogs mtha’ yas pa’i rgyal po
Tibetan:
  • བློ་གྲོས་ཀྱི་ཚོགས་མཐའ་ཡས་པའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Name of a bodhisattva.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­118-121
  • 5.­1
g.­109

Lake Anavatapta

Wylie:
  • ma dros pa
Tibetan:
  • མ་དྲོས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • anavatapta AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A vast legendary lake on the other side of the Himalayas. Only those with miraculous powers can go there. It is said to be the source of the world’s four great rivers. (Provisional 84000 definition. New definition forthcoming.)

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­90
  • g.­132
g.­111

Land of Activity

Wylie:
  • byed pa can
Tibetan:
  • བྱེད་པ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The name of the region or land that is the main setting for this sūtra.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­1
  • n.­6
g.­117

Mahākāla

Wylie:
  • nag po chen po
Tibetan:
  • ནག་པོ་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahākāla AD

Wrathful manifestation of the Hindu god Śiva.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 9.­5
g.­123

Māra

Wylie:
  • bdud
Tibetan:
  • བདུད།
Sanskrit:
  • māra AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Māra, literally “death” or “maker of death,” is the name of the deva who tried to prevent the Buddha from achieving awakening, the name given to the class of beings he leads, and also an impersonal term for the destructive forces that keep beings imprisoned in saṃsāra:

(1) As a deva, Māra is said to be the principal deity in the Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations (paranirmitavaśavartin), the highest paradise in the desire realm. He famously attempted to prevent the Buddha’s awakening under the Bodhi tree‍—see The Play in Full (Toh 95), 21.1‍—and later sought many times to thwart the Buddha’s activity. In the sūtras, he often also creates obstacles to the progress of śrāvakas and bodhisattvas. (2) The devas ruled over by Māra are collectively called mārakāyika or mārakāyikadevatā, the “deities of Māra’s family or class.” In general, these māras too do not wish any being to escape from saṃsāra, but can also change their ways and even end up developing faith in the Buddha, as exemplified by Sārthavāha; see The Play in Full (Toh 95), 21.14 and 21.43. (3) The term māra can also be understood as personifying four defects that prevent awakening, called (i) the divine māra (devaputra­māra), which is the distraction of pleasures; (ii) the māra of Death (mṛtyumāra), which is having one’s life interrupted; (iii) the māra of the aggregates (skandhamāra), which is identifying with the five aggregates; and (iv) the māra of the afflictions (kleśamāra), which is being under the sway of the negative emotions of desire, hatred, and ignorance.

Located in 17 passages in the translation:

  • i.­5
  • 1-3.­77
  • 1-3.­90
  • 1-3.­214
  • 1-3.­230
  • 5.­10
  • 5.­17
  • 5.­20
  • 6.­26
  • 9.­24
  • 9.­26
  • 9.­52-53
  • 9.­60
  • 9.­62
  • 10.­3
  • g.­66
g.­132

Mount Gandhamādana

Wylie:
  • spos kyi ngad ldang ba
Tibetan:
  • སྤོས་ཀྱི་ངད་ལྡང་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • gandhamādana AD

According to Buddhist cosmology, a mountain said to be situated north of the Himalayas, with Lake Anavatapta, the source of this world’s great rivers, at its base. It is sometimes said to be south of Mount Kailash, though both mountains have been identified with Mount Tise in west Tibet.

Located in 17 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • i.­5
  • 1-3.­54
  • 1-3.­67
  • 1-3.­69
  • 1-3.­78
  • 1-3.­80
  • 1-3.­85-86
  • 1-3.­89
  • 1-3.­91
  • 1-3.­105
  • 1-3.­116
  • 8.­1-2
  • 9.­4
  • 9.­7
g.­137

nirgrantha

Wylie:
  • zhags pa ’thub pa
Tibetan:
  • ཞགས་པ་འཐུབ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • nirgrantha AD

In Buddhist usage, a non-Buddhist religious mendicant, usually referring to Jains, who eschews clothing and possessions.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­34
  • 6.­60
  • 9.­12
g.­138

non-Buddhist

Wylie:
  • mu stegs
Tibetan:
  • མུ་སྟེགས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Those of other religious or philosophical orders, contemporary with the early Buddhist order, including Jains, Jaṭilas, Ājīvikas, and Cārvākas. Tīrthika (“forder”) literally translates as “one belonging to or associated with (possessive suffix –ika) stairs for landing or for descent into a river,” or “a bathing place,” or “a place of pilgrimage on the banks of sacred streams” (Monier-Williams). The term may have originally referred to temple priests at river crossings or fords where travelers propitiated a deity before crossing. The Sanskrit term seems to have undergone metonymic transfer in referring to those able to ford the turbulent river of saṃsāra (as in the Jain tīrthaṅkaras, “ford makers”), and it came to be used in Buddhist sources to refer to teachers of rival religious traditions. The Sanskrit term is closely rendered by the Tibetan mu stegs pa: “those on the steps (stegs pa) at the edge (mu).”

Located in 26 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1
  • i.­3
  • i.­5
  • 1-3.­47
  • 1-3.­96
  • 1-3.­115
  • 1-3.­198
  • 1-3.­203
  • 1-3.­213
  • 1-3.­222-223
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­7
  • 9.­10
  • 9.­23
  • 9.­25
  • 9.­42
  • 9.­64-65
  • 9.­73
  • 11.­54
  • 12.­19
  • g.­15
  • g.­137
  • g.­180
g.­140

parivrājaka

Wylie:
  • kun tu rgyu
Tibetan:
  • ཀུན་ཏུ་རྒྱུ།
Sanskrit:
  • parivrājaka AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A non-Buddhist religious mendicant who literally “roams around.” Historically, they wandered in India from ancient times, including the time of the Buddha, and held a variety of beliefs, engaging with one another in debate on a range of topics. Some of their metaphysical views are presented in the early Buddhist discourses of the Pali Canon. They included women in their number.

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­26
  • 9.­51-53
  • 9.­61
  • 10.­6
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­11
  • 11.­1
  • 11.­54
  • g.­18
  • g.­91
g.­151

Removing Impurities

Wylie:
  • rnyog pa sel ba
Tibetan:
  • རྙོག་པ་སེལ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Name of the town in this sūtra where the Buddha teaches the Dharma.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • i.­2
  • 1-3.­1
  • 1-3.­66
  • 1-3.­78
g.­155

Śakra

Wylie:
  • brgya byin
Tibetan:
  • བརྒྱ་བྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • śakra AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The lord of the gods in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three (trāyastriṃśa). Alternatively known as Indra, the deity that is called “lord of the gods” dwells on the summit of Mount Sumeru and wields the thunderbolt. The Tibetan translation brgya byin (meaning “one hundred sacrifices”) is based on an etymology that śakra is an abbreviation of śata-kratu, one who has performed a hundred sacrifices. Each world with a central Sumeru has a Śakra. Also known by other names such as Kauśika, Devendra, and Śacipati.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­76-77
  • 1-3.­118
  • 4.­32
  • 9.­5
  • 9.­11
  • 9.­52
  • 11.­16
  • 11.­45
  • 12.­26-27
g.­156

Śākyamuni

Wylie:
  • shAkya thub pa
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • śākyamuni AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

An epithet for the historical Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama: he was a muni (“sage”) from the Śākya clan. He is counted as the fourth of the first four buddhas of the present Good Eon, the other three being Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni, and Kāśyapa. He will be followed by Maitreya, the next buddha in this eon.

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­2
  • i.­6
  • 1-3.­66-67
  • 1-3.­95
  • 1-3.­97-98
  • 1-3.­104
  • 1-3.­118
  • 4.­7
  • 4.­16
  • 4.­23
  • 7.­1
  • 8.­1
  • 9.­3-4
  • 9.­7-8
  • 12.­6
  • 12.­24
  • n.­23
  • g.­16
  • g.­31
  • g.­43
  • g.­102
  • g.­118
  • g.­161
g.­160

seer

Wylie:
  • drang srong
Tibetan:
  • དྲང་སྲོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • ṛṣi AD

A sage or ascetic or wise man. For the Brahmanic tradition, the seers are the ones who saw the sacred Vedic hymns and conveyed them to human beings, while in Buddhist literature they can have a broader usage as ascetics who are hermits or live in community and can cultivate magical powers.

Located in 39 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3-4
  • 1-3.­1
  • 1-3.­3
  • 1-3.­13
  • 1-3.­15
  • 1-3.­55-56
  • 1-3.­65-80
  • 1-3.­93-94
  • 1-3.­98-99
  • 1-3.­104-105
  • 1-3.­116-117
  • 1-3.­141
  • 1-3.­144
  • 1-3.­221
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­8
  • 9.­75
  • n.­23
g.­162

sense fields

Wylie:
  • skye mched
Tibetan:
  • སྐྱེ་མཆེད།
Sanskrit:
  • āyatana AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

These can be listed as twelve or as six sense sources (sometimes also called sense fields, bases of cognition, or simply āyatanas).

In the context of epistemology, it is one way of describing experience and the world in terms of twelve sense sources, which can be divided into inner and outer sense sources, namely: (1–2) eye and form, (3–4) ear and sound, (5–6) nose and odor, (7–8) tongue and taste, (9–10) body and touch, (11–12) mind and mental phenomena.

In the context of the twelve links of dependent origination, only six sense sources are mentioned, and they are the inner sense sources (identical to the six faculties) of eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind.

Located in 32 passages in the translation:

  • i.­4
  • 1-3.­12
  • 1-3.­18
  • 1-3.­129
  • 1-3.­132-133
  • 1-3.­135
  • 1-3.­137
  • 1-3.­139
  • 1-3.­168
  • 4.­10
  • 5.­16
  • 5.­22
  • 6.­9
  • 6.­18
  • 6.­23
  • 6.­26-29
  • 6.­50-52
  • 6.­73-74
  • 6.­95
  • 8.­7
  • 9.­8-9
  • 9.­26
  • 9.­44
  • 11.­51
g.­166

special insight

Wylie:
  • lhag mthong
Tibetan:
  • ལྷག་མཐོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • vipaśyanā AD

One of the basic forms of Buddhist meditation, aiming at developing insight into the nature of reality. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, with the other technique being “tranquility” (śamatha).

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­2
  • 4.­10
  • 5.­20-22
  • 6.­11
  • 12.­4
g.­173

supernormal faculties

Wylie:
  • mngon par shes pa
Tibetan:
  • མངོན་པར་ཤེས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • abhijñā AD

Divine sight, divine hearing, the ability to know past and future lives, the ability to know the minds of others, and the ability to produce miracles.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­2
  • 1-3.­13
  • 1-3.­15
  • 1-3.­196
  • 1-3.­245
  • 4.­6-7
  • 4.­12
  • 5.­17
  • 6.­106
  • 9.­64
  • 11.­34
  • 11.­45
  • 12.­25
g.­181

The Dark One

Wylie:
  • nag po
Tibetan:
  • ནག་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • kṛṣṇa AD

Appears to refer here to Kṛṣṇa, whose name means the dark one, the god who figures prominently in the Bhagavad Gītā and the Mahābhārata, and is considered by the Purāṇas and other Brahmanic literature as an incarnated form of the god Viṣṇu.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 9.­5
g.­182

thirty-seven factors of awakening

Wylie:
  • byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos sum cu rtsa bdun
Tibetan:
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཕྱོགས་ཀྱི་ཆོས་སུམ་ཅུ་རྩ་བདུན།
Sanskrit:
  • saptatriṃśad­bodhyaṅga AD

Thirty-seven practices that lead the practitioner to the awakened state: the four applications of mindfulness, the four thorough relinquishments, the four bases of miraculous power, the five faculties, the five powers, the eightfold path, and the seven branches of awakening.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­2
  • 6.­114
  • 9.­64
  • 9.­72
  • 11.­26
g.­184

tranquility

Wylie:
  • zhi gnas
Tibetan:
  • ཞི་གནས།
Sanskrit:
  • śamatha AD

One of the basic forms of Buddhist meditation, which focuses on calming the mind. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, with the other technique being “insight.”

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­14
  • 1-3.­105
  • 4.­10
  • 4.­29
  • 5.­19
  • 5.­22
  • 5.­26
  • 6.­11
  • 11.­42
  • 12.­4
  • g.­166
g.­185

Treasury of Light Rays of Merit

Wylie:
  • bsod nams kyi ’od zer gyi mdzod
Tibetan:
  • བསོད་ནམས་ཀྱི་འོད་ཟེར་གྱི་མཛོད།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Name of a king who was one of the Buddha’s previous incarnations.

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­30
  • 9.­36-37
  • 9.­41-42
  • 9.­49
  • 9.­53
  • 10.­5-6
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­11-12
g.­186

trichiliocosm

Wylie:
  • stong gsum gyi stong chen po’i ’jig rten gyi khams
Tibetan:
  • སྟོང་གསུམ་གྱི་སྟོང་ཆེན་པོའི་འཇིག་རྟེན་གྱི་ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • trisāha­sramahāsāhasra­loka­dhātu AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The largest universe described in Buddhist cosmology. This term, in Abhidharma cosmology, refers to 1,000³ world systems, i.e., 1,000 “dichiliocosms” or “two thousand great thousand world realms” (dvi­sāhasra­mahā­sāhasra­lokadhātu), which are in turn made up of 1,000 first-order world systems, each with its own Mount Sumeru, continents, sun and moon, etc.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­61
  • 1-3.­72
  • 1-3.­76-77
  • 1-3.­92
  • 4.­24
  • 9.­48
  • 11.­45
g.­188

ultimate reality

Wylie:
  • yang dag pa’i mtha’
Tibetan:
  • ཡང་དག་པའི་མཐའ།
Sanskrit:
  • bhūtakoṭi AD

The final or ultimate endpoint, and a synonym for ultimate truth as well as the goal of the path. In this text, it seems to be used as a way of referring to the ultimate truth with respect to reality.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­16
  • 6.­20
  • 6.­32
  • 6.­89
  • 6.­102
  • 7.­11
  • 9.­8
  • 9.­24
  • 11.­52
g.­192

vaiśya caste

Wylie:
  • rje’u rigs
Tibetan:
  • རྗེའུ་རིགས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

In the Brahmanic social system of four castes or varṇas, the vaiśya caste refers in general to the mercantile group, alongside the other three groups of brahmins, kṣatriyas, and śudras.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 9.­27
g.­198

Wind Horse

Wylie:
  • rta rlung
Tibetan:
  • རྟ་རླུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Name of a sage.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­1
  • 1-3.­3
g.­200

worthy one

Wylie:
  • dgra bcom pa
Tibetan:
  • དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • arhat AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

According to Buddhist tradition, one who is worthy of worship (pūjām arhati), or one who has conquered the enemies, the mental afflictions (kleśa-ari-hata-vat), and reached liberation from the cycle of rebirth and suffering. It is the fourth and highest of the four fruits attainable by śrāvakas. Also used as an epithet of the Buddha.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­221
  • 8.­14
  • 9.­14
  • 9.­60
  • 12.­3
g.­201

yakṣa

Wylie:
  • gnod sbyin
Tibetan:
  • གནོད་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • yakṣa AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who inhabit forests, mountainous areas, and other natural spaces, or serve as guardians of villages and towns, and may be propitiated for health, wealth, protection, and other boons, or controlled through magic. According to tradition, their homeland is in the north, where they live under the rule of the Great King Vaiśravaṇa.

Several members of this class have been deified as gods of wealth (these include the just-mentioned Vaiśravaṇa) or as bodhisattva generals of yakṣa armies, and have entered the Buddhist pantheon in a variety of forms, including, in tantric Buddhism, those of wrathful deities.

Located in 21 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­19
  • 1-3.­33
  • 1-3.­55
  • 1-3.­67
  • 1-3.­71
  • 1-3.­76-77
  • 1-3.­105
  • 1-3.­141
  • 1-3.­197
  • 1-3.­203
  • 5.­10
  • 6.­90
  • 6.­113-114
  • 9.­49
  • 9.­56
  • 11.­42
  • 12.­26-27
  • 12.­33
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    84000. The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct (Samyagācāra­vṛtta­gaganavarṇavina­yakṣānti, yang dag par spyod pa’i tshul nam mkha’i mdog gis ’dul ba’i bzod pa, Toh 263). Translated by Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2024. https://84000.co/translation/toh263/UT22084-067-002-chapter-8.Copy
    84000. The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct (Samyagācāra­vṛtta­gaganavarṇavina­yakṣānti, yang dag par spyod pa’i tshul nam mkha’i mdog gis ’dul ba’i bzod pa, Toh 263). Translated by Dharmachakra Translation Committee, online publication, 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2024, 84000.co/translation/toh263/UT22084-067-002-chapter-8.Copy
    84000. (2024) The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct (Samyagācāra­vṛtta­gaganavarṇavina­yakṣānti, yang dag par spyod pa’i tshul nam mkha’i mdog gis ’dul ba’i bzod pa, Toh 263). (Dharmachakra Translation Committee, Trans.). Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. https://84000.co/translation/toh263/UT22084-067-002-chapter-8.Copy

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