This rendering does not include the entire published text

The full text is available to download as pdf at:
/translation/toh00a.pdf

ཚོང་དཔོན་བཟང་སྐྱོང་གིས་ཞུས་པ། (Main Title - Tibetan Script)

Test of the Rendering of āḍḥīḷḹṃṇñṅṛṝṣśṭūṁ ĀḌḤĪḶḸṂṆÑṄṚṜṢŚṬŪṀ
Line Groups

Bhadrapālaśreṣṭhiparipṛcchā (Main Title Sanskrit)

འཕགས་པ་ཚོང་དཔོན་བཟང་སྐྱོང་གིས་ཞུས་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ། (Long Title)

’phags pa tshong dpon bzang skyong gis zhus pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Long Title - Wylie)

The Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra “The Diacritic Test of āḍḥīḷḹṃṇñṅṛṝṣśṭūṁ ĀḌḤĪḶḸṂṆÑṄṚṜṢŚṬŪṀ” (Long Title -English)

Āryabhadrapālaśreṣṭhiparipṛcchānāmamahāyānasūtra (Long Title Sanskrit - reconstructed)

Toh 00a

Degé Kangyur, vol. 45 (dkon brtsegs, cha), folios 1.b–25.a

ᴛʀᴀɴsʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴛɪʙᴇᴛᴀɴ ʙʏ

Jinamitra
Surendrabodhi
Yeshé Dé

First published 2017

Current version v 1.40.1 (2023)

Generated by 84000 Reading Room v2.26.1

This is a partial publication, only including completed chapters

84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha is a global non-profit initiative to translate all the Buddha’s words into modern languages, and to make them available to everyone.

Warning: Readers are reminded that according to Vajrayāna Buddhist tradition there are restrictions and commitments concerning tantra. Practitioners who are not sure if they should read this translation are advised to consult the authorities of their lineage. The responsibility for reading this text or sharing it with others who may or may not fulfill the requirements lies in the hands of readers.

This work is provided under the protection of a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution - Non-commercial - No-derivatives) 3.0 copyright. It may be copied or printed for fair use, but only with full attribution, and not for commercial advantage or personal compensation. For full details, see the Creative Commons license.

co.

Summary

s.1

The Summary should appear here:

This is a layout check. Toh 83 is used as a model, but various sections of other sūtras have been brought in to test certain scenarios. Specific layout check instructions will be pasted into the top of each section. Otherwise a minimum of one paragraph has been left from Toh 83. Note that a tantra warning has been arbitrarily added as a test. Please check that the tantra warning appears on the title page above. Note there is a second summary in Chinese below this one, which is only present within the TEI, but it should not be displayed (These are only displayed on the Chinese website). Glossary test: consciousness.

ac.

Acknowledgments

ac.1

The Acknowledgments should appear here the standard form is: 1) Main translator acknowledgements 2) Supervision of 84000 acknowledgement 3) linebreak 4) Sponsorship acknowledgement

Translated by Dr Karen Liljenberg and Dr Ulrich Pagel.

This translation has been completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.

[Note about sponsorship would go here.]

Introduction

Lists

i.1

The Introduction should appear here. We will now proceed with some style and format tests.

First lets check lists. 1) Bulleted list: Should have horizontal indent but no vertical one:

i.2

i. item one with italic text.

ii. item two with a title.

iii. item three.

Next 2) Section list: Should have vertical indent but no horizontal. This list has milestones in its items and labels that should appear in bold:

i.3

I. Label One with (foreign term, and a title).

This is a paragraph with a milestone.

i.4

II. Label Two.

This item will have two paragraphs and one milestone. This is the first paragraph.

This is the second paragraph.

i.5

III. Label Three.

This item will have two paragraphs and two milestones. First paragraph.

Second paragraph

i.6

Third paragraph with a new milestone.

Verses

Mantras

Embedding Media (Images and Audio)

Nested Sections

Level 3 division

Level 4 division

Nested Paragraphs

Block Quotes

Tables

Small-Caps and Other Character Display

The Translation

The Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra
The Diacritic Test of āḍḥīḷḹṃṇñṅṛṝṣśṭūṁ ĀḌḤĪḶḸṂṆÑṄṚṜṢŚṬŪṀ

Prologue

The Initial Reference

[O1] [F.71.a]9 [B1]

p.1

The first folio references should be shown in their own line above the opening paragraph, along with related notes.

Subsequent folios should be inline with the text [O2] [F.71.b] [B2].

Check also edge cases where there are unusual initial folio references: Toh 336 1.1

The Translation Title

p.2

Note that the translation title above is the standard format with three headings for 1) “The Translation”, 2) Honorific Titles, and 3) the Main title.

Please check a text with no honorific title such as Toh 298 and Toh 846

Sample Prologue

Chapter 1

Test For Chapters

1.1

[O3] [F.72.a] [B3] First folio references in subsequent chapters should be inline.

1.2

There are two chapter headings above, one gives the chapter number as “Chapter 1” and the second gives the chapter title as “Test For Chapters”.

Some texts have only the first heading giving the chapter number, see Toh 106.

Chapter 2

Line Groups

Line groups from Toh 1. These are “spyi sdom” and can just be rendered as italicized line groups:

2.1

At first to renounce a householder’s concerns and go forth is hard.

For a hedonist to be happy among renunciants is hard.

For the joyful set on perfection to act perfectly is hard.

For a learned wearer of the saffron robes to fall is hard.

2.2

The Chapters on Monastic Discipline includes chapters on:

Going forth, purification,

Lifting restrictions, the rains, leather,

Medicine, robes, turning cloth into robes,

The monks of Kauśāmbī, formal acts of saṅgha,

A group of troublesome monks, types of persons,

Demotions, suspension of the purification,

Housing, disputes, and schisms in the saṅgha.10

2.3

The whole of “The Chapter on Going Forth”

Is told in sections on:

Śāriputra, tīrthikas,

The two novices, scaring a crow,

Killing an arhat, and missing hands.

Chapter 3

Trailers

3.1

Below is a trailer, it should be entirely italicized:

3.2

This concludes the section of “The Questions of the Merchant Bhadrapāla,” the thirty-ninth section of “The Noble Dharma Discourse, the Great Heap of Jewels,” in one hundred thousand sections.

Chapter 4

Nested sections in Chapters

4.1

We will now test nesting in paragraphs. There should be two subsections within, this Chapter 4. The second section B will test maxing out the subsections:

Chapter 4 - Section A

4.2

This is the first paragraph of Chapter 4 - Section A.

Chapter 4 - Section B

4.3

This is the first paragraph of Chapter 4 - Section B. We will not proceed to max the subsections out by 10 levels. For a contextual example of an 8th level division see also Toh 287. :

Chapter 4 - Section B.1 (4th Level)

Chapter 4 - Section B.1.1 (5th Level)

Chapter 4 - Section B.1.1.1 (6th Level)

Chapter 4 - Section B.1.1.1.1 (7th Level)

Chapter 4 - Section B.1.1.1.1.1 (8th Level)

Chapter 4 - Section B.1.1.1.1.1.1 (9th Level)

Chapter 4 - Section B.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 (10th Level)

Chapter 5

Hanging Indent

5.1

From Toh 193, the third line below should have a hanging indent:

5.2

Mahāsthānagataśrī (Glory Present in Great Places),11

Sarvadevatābhimukhaśrī (Glory in the Presence of All Gods),12

Sarvadevanāgayakṣagandharvāsuragaruḍakiṃnaramahoragaśrī (Glory of All the Gods, Nāgas, Yakṣas, Gandharvas, Asuras, Garuḍas, Kiṃnaras, and Mahoragas),

Sarvavidyādharavajrapāṇivajradharaśrī (Glory of All the Vidyādharas, Vajrapāṇi and Vajradharas),

Chapter 6

Pointers

6.1

Here is a pointer linking to a milestone in the introduction at i.3. Here is the same pointer embedded in some text.

6.2

Here is a pointer inside this endnote linking to the bibliography13.

6.3

Here is a pointer to a note (n.11) which should open the pop-up rather than link to the notes section. Whereas a pointer to a note (n.6) in a different text should open the pop-up in that text, not this one.

6.4

Here is a pointer inside the glossary term, “consciousness.” Which links to the introduction and a note.

Chapter 7

Folio References

7.1

This text is not linked to the eKangyur, but please check the following:

7.2

• A standard folio in Toh 83, linking to eKangyur.

• Separate folio references for separate keys. Toh 212 should display [F.125.a]. Toh 520 should display [F.41.a] [F.58.a], but only F.58.a should actively link to eKangyur.

• If folios are out of order in the text they should nevertheless point to the correct source. This folio should point to eKangyur Vol.44 p.144 (72b) [F.72.b], this one to Vol.44 p.146 (73b) [F.73.b], this one to Vol.44 p.147 (74a) [F.74.a], and this one to Vol.44 p.145 (73a) [F.73.a].

7.3

An example of this in use is in Toh 543 where F.107.b is followed by F.106.b, followed by F.108.a.

7.4

• Sometimes folio pages are skipped for some reason (c.f. Toh 257 at F.212.a). To corroborate the mapping the missing folios are to be added with @rend="hidden". Here is a test to see that the mapping is aligned:

Vol.44 p.148 (74b): [F.74.b]

Vol.44 p.149 (75a) is hidden.

Vol.44 p.150 (75b): [F.75.b]

Chapter 8

White Spaces

8.1

Check for missing or unwanted whitespaces:

• No space between double quote and italicized mantra:

“The garland mantra:

“Oṁ hrāṁ hrīṁ hrauṁ, in your fierce form, expel, expel! Drive away,

• One space before and after folio refs:

This is a mantra sentence (arbitrarily) with two [B.1] [F.1.b]14 folio references.

• Spaces around end notes:

There should be no space between this full-stop and the following note.15 16 17 But there should be a space between the notes and after the third note. There must be at least one space character between the notes in order to space them.

18There should be a note at the beginning of this sentence with no space between it and the beginning of the sentence.

Chapter 9

Glossary Issues

9.1

This section will test all the glossary linking issues.

Default Linking

9.2

Here are three glossary terms: consciousness, Śakra, and Kalandakanivāsa.

Here they are in plural forms "-s" and "-es": consciousnesses, Śakras, and Kalandakanivāsas

With trailing non-word characters: consciousnesses’, Śakra’s, Śakra(pa)s, Kalandakanivāsas’

See further glossary entry tests A-G in the definition of this term: consciousness.

Mode = match

9.3

Now testing the default mode="match" with glossary entry “Element-A (Match Mode)”

Blocking Links

Mode = marked

Excluding a Section

Matching the Longest Possible String

Hard and Soft Hyphens

Repetitive Terms

10.

Chapter 10

Inbound References

10.1

Direct references to this text, for instance in a commentary, will be automatically indicated and back-referenced through markers in the right hand margin.

This text is referenced by a second layout checks test TEI file19 that you should also verify when testing new versions of the Reading Room.

This is a deliberately long passage with a quote at the end to make conspicuous that the reader scrolls the quote into view, not just the adjacent milestone.

The sūtra acknowledges the potentially intimidating and alienating effects of its teaching of nonduality, yet its response can be seen as both unrelenting and genuinely concerned. As the Buddha warns Mañjuśrī that his teaching is likely to cause fear in the audience, Mañjuśrī replies, “Those who become afraid are themselves of the nature of the realm of phenomena, and the nature of the realm of phenomena does not become frightened.” Yet as a group of monks ends up leaving in distress, Mañjuśrī dispatches an emanation of himself who, appearing to sympathize with the dejected monks in their dismissal of the teaching, finally succeeds in showing them its deeper truth. It should also be noted that despite the repeated rejection of the principles of liberation and spiritual accomplishment, we are repeatedly informed about the liberating effects of the sūtra’s teaching when each section of discourse concludes, as in many sūtras, with a statement of the resulting attainments of the attending monks, bodhisattvas, or gods.

11.

Chapter 11

Floating Headers

11.1

Floating headers appear between 2 passages (for a context example see Toh 287). In the following example the floating header should appear in the middle of this section between the two paragraphs:

This is the Floating Header

11.2

This is the following paragraph. The header (<head/>) above has no type attribute.

This is the Non-structural Break Header

11.3

The non-strucural break header (<head type="nonStructuralBreak"/>) is used when the header is not part of the source text, but added in the translation for clarity.

12.

Chapter 12

Non-structural Divisions

12.1

Pragmatically a non-structural division is simply a <div type="section"/> element that doesn't have a <head type="section"/> element. This allows editors to delimit sections of the text that are not reflected in the table of contents, but can nevertheless be given properties such as their relation to a theme or another text.

12.2

This paragraph is in a new section of the text, but this section should not impact the structure of the text i.e. it should not impact on the flow of the text, nor be expressed in the Table of Contents.

A Sub-section of a Non-structural Division

Another Sub-section of a Non-structural Division

13.

Chapter 13

Variations Across Duplicates

13.1

As the Kangyur contains many duplicated texts it is possible that a single translation (TEI file) can refer to multiple locations in the canon. These locations are referenced by tei:bibl elements in the tei:sourceDesc, and each tei:bibl has a @key attribute and a location element.

Whilst the texts found at the different locations are mostly identical there can be significant variations, for instance the title and colophon may vary, and the folio references will vary. For instance in one text the folio break will appear in a different location [F.76.a] from the other. To account for these variations it is possible to add a @key attribute to elements with the tei file. Elements marked with a specific @key will only be included in the rendering of the text for that key20.

14.

Chapter 14

Custom Milestones

14.1

Milestones are added to the left hand margin of the text as location markers. These typically follow sequentially resetting for each base section or chapter of a text, for instance chapter 14 will begin with milestone 14.1.

14.1.1

To customise this sequence milestones can be customised with a @n attribute e.g. <milestone unit="chunk" n="1.1"/>. This will override the label derived from the sequence.

14.2

Note that after a labelled milestone the sequence will resume from the previous e.g 14.2.

Custom Section Prefixes

Nested Custom Section Prefixes

Base Section Prefixes

Colophon (with 2 subsections)

Colophon to the Sanskrit Edition

c.1

The Thus-Gone One explained the causes

Of those dharmas that have a cause

And also their cessation.

This is the teaching of the Great Renunciant.

May there be good goodness! May there be goodness in every way!

Colophon to the Tibetan Translation

c.2

This was taught and translated by the Indian scholars Jinamitra, Dānaśīla, and Munivarman, and the translator-editor Yeshé Dé, who proofed and finalized the translation.

ap.

Appendix

Sanskrit Text

KURUKULLĀKALPA

app.

Prologue to the Sanskrit Text

ap.1

Paragraph. Glossary test: consciousness.

ap1.

Chapter 1

ap.2

Paragraph.

ap2.

Chapter 2

ap.3

Paragraph.

ab.

Abbreviations

Abbreviations with three subsections (made with lists) copied from Toh 381:

Commentaries:

Comm1	Āmnāyamañjarī, by Abhayākaragupta (Toh 1198)
Comm2	Ratnamālā, by Śūravajra (Toh 1199)

ab.1

Kangyur Editions:

Editions of the Tibetan Kangyur consulted through variant readings recorded in the Comparative Edition (dpe bsdur ma):

C	Choné

etc...

ab.2

Other:

MW	Monier Williams Sanskrit dictionary

A list can also have a footer in the form of an item with no sub-nodes.

Notes

n.1

This is a note inside a list.

n.2

Liṅga was translated into Tibetan as rtags, which can mean “sign,” “emblem,” or “gender.” The etymology of liṅga is here given a fanciful etymology from the verb līyana (“dissolve”), which is lost in translation.

n.3

Skt. oṁ hrāṁ hrīṁ hrauṁ caṇḍarūpe caṭa caṭa pracaṭa pracaṭa kaṭṭa kaṭṭa prasphura prasphura prasphāraya prasphāraya hana hana grasa grasa bandha bandha jambhaya jambhaya stambhaya stambhaya mohaya mohaya sarvaśatrūṇāṃ mukhabandhanaṃ kuru kuru sarvaḍākinīnāṃ grahabhūtapiśācavyādhiyakṣānāṃ trāsaya trāsaya mara mara māraya māraya rurucaṇḍaruk rakṣa rakṣa devadattaṃ caṇḍamahāsenaḥ sarvam ājñāpayati. oṁ caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa hūṁ phaṭ.

n.4

Skt. oṁ caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa hūṁ phaṭ.

n.5

Skt. oṁ acala hūṁ phaṭ.

n.6

When adding an image to a note bear in mind that some formats won't display the image. Therefore there should always be some generic text, otherwise the note will be empty.

Text associated with the image e.g. the image caption, should be nested in the media/desc, so it's only displayed if the image is displayed.

n.7

Mañjuśrī praising the Buddha in The Ornament of the Light of Awareness. anālayaṃ yathākāśaṃ niḥprapañcaṃ nirañjanam | ākāśasamacitto 'si nirālamba namo 'stu te || 13 ||

n.8

DEITY FAMILIES

Verses: 161–63; Aspect: cakras

Vajrasattva: secret
Mahāsattva: navel
Bodhisattva: heart
Samayasattva: throat
Vajrayoga: forehead
Kālacakra: crown

Verses: 164–69; Aspect: purifies*

Vajrasattva: threefold existence
Mahāsattva: passion
Bodhisattva: hatred
Samayasattva: delusion
Vajrayoga: anger
Kālacakra: attachment

Verses: 170; Aspect: aggregates [**]

Vajrasattva: wisdom
Mahāsattva: sensation [feeling]
Bodhisattva: consciousness
Samayasattva: matter [form]
Vajrayoga: karmic formations
Kālacakra: discrimination [perception]

Verses: 171ab; Aspect: elements

Vajrasattva: wisdom
Mahāsattva: fire
Bodhisattva: space
Samayasattva: earth
Vajrayoga: wind
Kālacakra: water

Verses: 171cd; Aspect: faculties

Vajrasattva: mind
Mahāsattva: eyes
Bodhisattva: ears
Samayasattva: body
Vajrayoga: nose
Kālacakra: tongue

Verses: 172ab; Aspect: objects

Vajrasattva: sounds
Mahāsattva: tastes
Bodhisattva: mental objects
Samayasattva: odors
Vajrayoga: tangible objects
Kālacakra: visible objects

Verses: 172ab***; Aspect: objects reordered

Vajrasattva: mental objects
Mahāsattva: visible objects
Bodhisattva: sounds
Samayasattva: tangible objects
Vajrayoga: odors
Kālacakra: tastes

Verses	Aspect	Vajrasattva	Mahāsattva	Bodhisattva	Samayasattva	Vajrayoga	Kālacakra
161–63	cakras	secret	navel	heart	throat	forehead	crown
164–69	purifies*	threefold existence	passion	hatred	delusion	anger	attachment
170	aggregates [**]	wisdom	sensation [feeling]	consciousness	matter [form]	karmic formations	discrimination [perception]
171ab	elements	wisdom	fire	space	earth	wind	water
171cd	faculties	mind	eyes	ears	body	nose	tongue
172ab	objects	sounds	tastes	mental objects	odors	tangible objects	visible objects
172ab***	objects reordered	mental objects	visible objects	sounds	tangible objects	odors	tastes

n.9

This note should be carried with the refs

n.10

A summary of each of these chapters is given in the introduction.

n.11

Tib. lha la sogs pa thams cad kyi dpal “Glory of All Gods, etc.”

n.12

Tib. gnas thams cad na yod pa’i dpal “Glory Present in All Places.”

n.13

Here is a link to the bibliography.

n.14

This is a note.

n.15

This is a note.

n.16

This is another note.

n.17

This is yet another note.

n.18

This is a note at the beginning of a paragraph.

n.19

This file has the key toh00c.

n.20

This note should appear in both renderings of the text.

Bibliography

Section A

b.1

This can include a header paragraph that can include a reference.

This bibliography should display included subsections A.1, A.2, B.1, B.2

Subsection A.1

b.2

’phags pa tshong dpon bzang skyong gis zhus pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Āryabhadrapālaśreṣṭhiparipṛcchānāmamahāyānasūtra). Toh. 83, Degé Kangyur, vol. 44 (dkon brtsegs, cha), folios 71a–94b.

Subsection A.2

b.3

’phags pa tshong dpon bzang skyong gis zhus pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo Āryabhadrapālaśreṣṭhiparipṛcchānāmamahāyānasūtra). [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–2009, vol. 44, pp. 197–260.

Section B

Subsection B.1

’phags pa tshong dpon bzang skyong gis zhus pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Āryabhadrapālaśreṣṭhiparipṛcchānāmamahāyānasūtra). Stok 11.39, Stok Palace (stog pho brang bris ma) Kangyur, vol. 40 (dkon brtsegs, cha), folios 133a–167b.

Subsection B.2

Chang, Garma C.C. et al. A Treasury of Mahāyāna Sūtras: Selections from the Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1991, pp. 223–240.

Lindtner, Charles. “The Problem of Precanonical Buddhism.” In Buddhist Studies Review, pp 109-140. Chateauponsac: Institut de recherche bouddhique Linh-Sonh, 1997.

Dunhuang Manuscripts

b.4

This section contains a list of links using <lb/> to put link on new lines.

British Library:
IOL Tib J 310.4
IOL Tib J 310.1208
IOL Tib J 310.1209
IOL Tib J 310.1210 (or complete text)

Glossary

Types of attestation for names and terms of the corresponding source language

Attested in source text

This term is attested in a manuscript used as a source for this translation.

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other manuscripts with a parallel or similar context.

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in dictionaries matching Tibetan to the corresponding language.

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where the relationship between the Tibetan and source language is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

Source unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.1

Amoghapāśa

don yod zhags pa

དོན་ཡོད་ཞགས་པ།

amoghapāśa RS

g.2

Bhaggas

garga ra

གརྒ་ར།

bharga AS

Pali:

bhagga

g.3

Buddha

sangs rgyas

སངས་རྒྱས།

g.4

consciousness

rnam par shes pa
rnam shes
shes pa

རྣམ་པར་ཤེས་པ།
རྣམ་ཤེས།
ཤེས་པ།

vijñāna AS
vijñānāḥ AO
jñāna RS

The fifth of the five aggregates.

TEST A-pointers from glossary to milestone: See also 4.6.

TEST B-glossary term should not link to self: consciousness (should not be linked).

TEST C-other glossary terms should be linked: Śakra, Kalandakanivāsa.

TEST D-check that “consciousness” is linking in the fourth row of the table at n.8.

TEST E-Alternative Tib. and Skt. spellings should be displayed in this entry separated by a dot.

TEST F-Each of these tests are subsequent definition fields and should be separated by a line break.

TEST G-Parsed in all appropriate locations? Below where it says "Passages that contain this term". This term should be linked in the summary (s.1), introduction (i.25), translation (9.2), appendix (app.1), end-notes (n.7), and glossary (g.7).

See glossary entry for “element” for further tests regarding the linking mode.

g.5

Element-A (Match Mode)

khams

ཁམས།

dhātu AD

g.8

Floating Headers

g.9

Kalandakanivāsa

bya ka lan da ka gnas pa

བྱ་ཀ་ལན་ད་ཀ་གནས་པ།

kalandakanivāsa

A place or vihāra within the Veṇuvana (Bamboo Grove) near Rājagṛha, named because it was where birds or animals called kalandaka lived or were fed. These kalandaka had once saved King Bimbisāra from a venomous snake, and it was on his orders that they were maintained and fed at the site to express his gratitude. The Tibetan rendering bya ka lan da ka makes it clear that the Tibetans considered the kalandaka to be a kind of bird (bya), perhaps a kind of crow, while from Sanskrit and Pali sources it seems more likely to mean a squirrel. It is therefore possible that this word refers to the Indian flying squirrel, Petaurista philippensis.

g.11

Nāga

ཀླུ།

nāga

g.12

Śakra

brgya byin

བརྒྱ་བྱིན།

śakra

Test of the Rendering of āḍḥīḷḹ­ṃṇñṅṛṝ­ṣśṭūṁ ĀḌḤĪḶḸ­ṂṆÑṄṚṜ­ṢŚṬŪṀ Line Groups

Toh 00a

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Test of the Rendering of āḍḥīḷḹṃṇñṅṛṝṣśṭūṁ ĀḌḤĪḶḸṂṆÑṄṚṜṢŚṬŪṀ
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