Another term for saṃsāra , this is the counterpart of “purification.”

The defilements of causality and emotional states the perpetuate our experience of saṃsāra.

The process of karma, afflictions of the mind, and suffering.

Saṃsāra, in being nothing but afflicted; its opposite is “purification” (vyavadāna).

The process of karma and affliction leading to suffering.

A term meaning defilement, impurity, and pollution, broadly referring to cognitive and emotional factors that disturb and obscure the mind. It is often paired with its opposite vyavadāna, meaning “purification.”

The self-perpetuating process of affliction in the minds of beings.

The self-perpetuating process of affliction in the minds of beings.

A term referring to all the primary and secondary afflictive emotions that completely disturb the mind.

Saṃsāra, in being nothing but afflicted; its opposite is “fully cleansed,” “complete purification.”