co.

Table of Contents

s.

Summary

s.­1

The Dhāraṇī of Devī Mahākālī opens at the Bodhi tree in Bodhgayā shortly after the Buddha Śākyamuni has attained perfect awakening. As Śākyamuni sits at the base of the Bodhi tree, Devī Mahākālī circumambulates him three times and offers a vidyā, or “spell,” in homage at the Blessed One’s feet. Śākyamuni then expresses his wish that Mahākālī’s vidyā be used to bind all beings from the highest heaven down through the lowest hell of the desire realms.

ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

Translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee under the supervision of Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche. The translation was produced by Adam Krug and then checked against the Tibetan and edited by Andreas Doctor.

ac.­2

The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.

i.

Introduction

i.­1

The Dhāraṇī of Devī Mahākālī is a short text that presents how the goddess Śrīdevī Mahākālī first encountered the Buddha Śākyamuni, converted to his teaching, and offered a mantra in homage to the Buddha. In the Degé Kangyur the text is included both in the Tantra Collection (Toh 670) and the Compendium of Dhāraṇīs (Toh 1087).

i.­2

The text presents a scene that also appears in The Tantra of the Flaming Ḍākinī (mkha’ ’gro ma me lce ’bar ba’i rgyud, Toh 842), which is a longer tantra that recounts the complete origin story of Śrīdevī Mahākālī and her attendant Rematī.1 According to this tantra, following her meeting with the Buddha, Śrīdevī Mahākālī became a protector of the Dharma who guards the followers of the Buddha’s teaching. Within the Kangyur, the text is part of a small group of texts concerned with Śrīdevī Mahākālī and Rematī.2 The Dhāraṇī of Devī Mahākālī also bears some similarity to The Dhāraṇī of Glorious Mahākāla (Toh 668)3 in terms of the setting in which the dhāraṇī is delivered and the various medical ailments for which it is prescribed.

i.­3

The Dhāraṇī of Devī Mahākālī opens at the Bodhi tree in Bodhgayā shortly after the Buddha Śākyamuni has fully awakened. As the Buddha sits at the base of the Bodhi tree, Devī Mahākālī (as Śrīdevī Mahākālī is called in this text) circumambulates the Buddha three times and offers a vidyā, or “spell,” in homage. Śākyamuni then expresses his wish that Devī Mahākālī may bind all beings from the highest heaven down through the lowest hell of the desire realms. Devī Mahākālī then recites her mantra and proclaims that it can be used to prevent various illnesses, to bind beings that cause plagues and misfortune, and to cure diseases such as leprosy, sores, and rashes.

i.­4

Although the Tibetan text does not have a translators’ colophon, it appears in both the Denkarma4 and Phangthangma5 Tibetan catalogs, indicating that the text existed in Tibetan by the early ninth century. There is currently no known Sanskrit version of the text, and the text does not appear as an independent work in the Chinese canon. This English translation is based on the recensions found in the Tantra Collection (Toh 670) and the Compendium of Dhāraṇīs (Toh 1087) in the Degé Kangyur,6 in consultation with the Comparative Edition of the Kangyur (dpe bsdur ma) and the Stok Palace Kangyur.

Text Body

The Dhāraṇī of Devī Mahākālī
1.

The Translation

[F.202.b]


1.­1

Homage to all buddhas and bodhisattvas.


Thus did I hear at one time. The Blessed One was sitting at the base of the Bodhi tree shortly after becoming a perfect buddha. At that point Devī Mahākālī‍—Sovereign Goddess of the Desire Realm‍, Wife of the Demon, Yama’s Sister‍—circumambulated the Blessed One three times and sat to one side.

1.­2

Devī Mahākālī then addressed the Blessed One, saying, “Honorable One, were I to offer this vidyā in homage at the Blessed One’s feet, would the Blessed One please accept my vidyā?”7

1.­3

The Blessed One replied, “Devī Mahākālī‍—the Wife of the Demon and Yama’s Sister‍—will bind beings8 up through the Heaven of Controlling the Emanations of Others. She will bind beings down through the hell realms. She will bind beings out to the surrounding mountains. Her mantra should be recited as follows:

1.­4

tadyathā | oṃ ruru vitiṣṭha vadhotsi ruru roru vitiṣṭha vadhotsi svāhā |

1.­5

By pronouncing this vidyā, may all fevers, illnesses, plagues, and humoral disorders, as well as all illnesses such as leprosy, boils, skin rashes, and the like, be cured! Svāhā.”


1.­6

This concludes “The Dhāraṇī of Devī Mahākālī.”

ab.

Abbreviations

C Choné (co ne)
D Degé (sde dge bka’ ’gyur)
H Lhasa (lha sa/zhol)
J Lithang (li thang)
K Kangxi (kang shi)
N Narthang (snar thang)
S Stok Palace (stog pho ’brang)
U Urga (phyi sog khu re)
Y Yongle (g.yong lo)
n.

Notes

n.­1
In Toh 842, the scene that corresponds with that found in the present text is at folio 232.a. Although the mantra that appears in both texts is the same, the two texts differ in their wording, so The Dhāraṇī of Devī Mahākālī is not a direct extract from Toh 842. For more details regarding Śrīdevī Mahākālī and Rematī, see the introduction to Toh 1090.
n.­2
The texts in this group are Toh 670, Toh 671, Toh 672, Toh 840, Toh 842, and Toh 1090/1777. While a detailed analysis of the provenance of these texts is beyond the scope of this introduction, we may briefly note that none of these works has a translator’s colophon. Therefore, their status as translated texts from Sanskrit cannot be verified. Indeed, this group of texts devoted to Śrīdevī Mahākālī and Rematī likely first began to circulate not in India but rather in the late eighth- or early ninth-century Tibet, where they appeared at the nexus of Indian and Tibetan Buddhist traditions, a point of intersection where Indic figures, narratives, and iconography found new expressions within the unfolding Tibetan Buddhist idiom.
n.­3
Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans., The Dhāraṇī of Glorious Mahākāla, Toh 668/Toh 1085 (84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2023).
n.­4
Denkarma, 303.a.7. See also Herrmann-Pfandt 2008, p. 242, no. 423.
n.­5
Phangthangma, p. 29.
n.­6

Note that there is a discrepancy among various databases for cataloging the Toh 1087 version of this text within vol. 101 or 102 of the Degé Kangyur. See Toh 1087, n.­6, for details.

n.­7
D and S: bdag gi de. The Tibetan only has a pronoun here. The term vidyā has been added to the English translation for clarity.
n.­8
The objects of Mahākālī’s dhāraṇī are not made explicit here, but the close relationship between this text and The Dhāraṇī of Glorious Mahākāla (Toh 668/1085), might allow us to supply the following list of beings that are bound by Devī Mahākālī’s dhāraṇī as “all beings that cause illnesses and diseases, all grahas, beings that cause plague, bhūtas, and beings that cause faulty meditations and faulty views.”
b.

Bibliography

Tibetan Sources

lha mo nag mo chen mo’i gzungs (Devī­mahākālī­nāma­dhāraṇī). Toh 670, Degé Kangyur vol. 91 (rgyud ’bum, ba), folio 202.b.

lha mo nag mo chen mo’i gzungs (Devī­mahākālī­nāma­dhāraṇī). Toh 1087, Degé Kangyur vol. 101 (gzungs ’dus, waM), folio 253.a.

lha mo nag mo chen mo’i gzungs (Devī­mahākālī­nāma­dhāraṇī). bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House) 2006–9, vol. 91, pp. 742–44.

lha mo nag mo chen mo’i gzungs (Devī­mahā­kālīnāma­dhāraṇī). bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House) 2006–9, vol. 98, pp. 882–84.

lha mo nag mo chen mo’i gzungs (Devī­mahākālī­nāma­dhāraṇī). Stok Palace Kangyur vol. 105 (rgyud, pha), folio 179.a.

mkha’ ’gro ma me lce ’bar ba’i rgyud (Ḍākinyagnijihvājvālā­tantra). Toh 842, Degé Kangyur vol. 99 (rnying rgyud, ga), folios 223.b–253.a.

Denkarma (pho brang stod thang ldan dkar gyi chos ’gyur ro cog gi dkar chag). Degé Tengyur vol. 206 (sna tshogs, jo), folios 294.b–310.a.

Phangthangma(dkar chag ’phang thang ma). Pe cin: mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 2003.

Other Reference Works

Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. Die lHan kar ma: ein früher Katalog der ins Tibetische übersetzten buddhistischen Texte. Wien: Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2008.

Edgerton, Franklin. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2004.

Lancaster, Lewis R. The Korean Buddhist Canon, accessed June 11, 2019. http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/index.html.

Monier-Williams, Sir Monier. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2005.

Negi, J. S. Tibetan-Sanskrit Dictionary (bod skad legs sbyar gyi tshig mdzod chen mo). Sarnath: Dictionary Unit, Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, 1993.

Resources for Kanjur and Tanjur Studies, Universität Wien, accessed June 11, 2019. http://www.rkts.org.

The Buddhist Canons Research Database. American Institute of Buddhist Studies and Columbia University Center for Buddhist Studies, accessed June 11, 2019. http://databases.aibs.columbia.edu.

g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for names and terms of the corresponding source language

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in a manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other manuscripts with a parallel or similar context.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in dictionaries matching Tibetan to the corresponding language.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where the relationship between the Tibetan and source language is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

Bodhi tree

  • byang chub kyi shing
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཤིང་།
  • bodhivṛkṣa AD

The tree in Bodhgayā under which Siddhārtha Gautama attained buddhahood.

g.­2

Devī Mahākālī

  • lha mo nag mo chen mo
  • ལྷ་མོ་ནག་མོ་ཆེན་མོ།
  • devī mahākālī AD

Also known as Śrīdevī Mahākālī. A wrathful Dharma protector who is often portrayed together with her servant Rematī. At times she is conflated with Rematī, so that the two appear to be identical. In the Tibetan tradition, she is better known under her Tibetan name, Palden Lhamo (dpal ldan lha mo). She is most often portrayed riding on a donkey and adorned with various wrathful ornaments and hand implements.

g.­3

health problem

  • nyes pa
  • ཉེས་པ།
  • doṣa AD

Literally a “fault,” this term signifies a wide range of health problems that might be brought on by an imbalance of the humors (doṣa) or some extraneous cause that has affected an individual because of some kind of behavioral or physical fault or defect (doṣa).

g.­4

Heaven of Controlling the Emanations of Others

  • gzhan ’phrul dbang byed
  • གཞན་འཕྲུལ་དབང་བྱེད།
  • para­nirmitavaśavartin AO

The name for the highest heavenly realm in the desire realm, which is considered higher than the Nirmāṇarati gods who generate their own pleasing magical emanations.

g.­5

Sovereign Goddess of the Desire Realm‍

  • ’dod pa’i khams kyi dbang phyug ma
  • འདོད་པའི་ཁམས་ཀྱི་དབང་ཕྱུག་མ།
  • —

An epithet for Devī Mahākālī. According to The Tantra of the Flaming Ḍākinī (Toh 842), Śrīdevī Mahākālī prays that in her next life she may meet the Buddha and become the sovereign goddess of the desire realm. When this becomes reality, she becomes known as “Sovereign Goddess of the Desire Realm‍.”

g.­6

vidyā

  • rig pa
  • རིག་པ།
  • vidyā AD

A spell.

g.­7

Wife of the Demon

  • bdud kyi yum
  • བདུད་ཀྱི་ཡུམ།
  • —

An epithet for Devī Mahākālī. According to The Tantra of the Flaming Ḍākinī (Toh 842), Śrīdevī Mahākālī was at one point tricked into marriage with the rākṣasa king Daśagrīva and so becomes known as “Wife of the Demon.”

g.­8

Yama’s Sister

  • gshin rje’i lcam mo
  • གཤིན་རྗེའི་ལྕམ་མོ།
  • —

An epithet for Devī Mahākālī. According to The Tantra of the Flaming Ḍākinī (Toh 842), Śrīdevī Mahākālī was originally born as a divine girl called Red Cāmuṇḍī. Her father was Mahādeva, her mother was Umadevī, and her brother at that time was called Yama Mahākāla. Hence, she is “Yama’s Sister.”

Table of Contents

Search this text

Spotted a mistake?

Please use the contact form provided to suggest a correction.

How to cite this text

The following are examples of how to correctly cite this publication. Links to specific passages can be derived by right-clicking on the milestones markers in the left-hand margin (e.g. s.1). The copied link address can replace the url below.

84000. The Dhāraṇī of Devī Mahākālī (Devī­mahākālī­nāma­dhāraṇī, lha mo nag mo chen mo’i gzungs, Toh 670). Translated by Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2024. https://84000.co/translation/toh670.Copy
84000. The Dhāraṇī of Devī Mahākālī (Devī­mahākālī­nāma­dhāraṇī, lha mo nag mo chen mo’i gzungs, Toh 670). Translated by Dharmachakra Translation Committee, online publication, 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2024, 84000.co/translation/toh670.Copy
84000. (2024) The Dhāraṇī of Devī Mahākālī (Devī­mahākālī­nāma­dhāraṇī, lha mo nag mo chen mo’i gzungs, Toh 670). (Dharmachakra Translation Committee, Trans.). Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. https://84000.co/translation/toh670.Copy
Sponsor Translation