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དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་གསང་བ།

The Secrets of the Realized Ones
Chapter 1: On Saumya

Tathāgataguhya
འཕགས་པ་དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་གསང་བ་བསམ་གྱིས་མི་ཁྱབ་པ་བསྟན་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།
’phags pa de bzhin gshegs pa’i gsang ba bsam gyis mi khyab pa bstan pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo
The Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra “The Teaching of the Mysteries and Secrets of the Realized Ones”
Ārya­tathāgatācintyaguhya­nirdeśa­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra

Toh 47

Degé Kangyur, vol. 39 (dkon brtsegs, ka), folios 100.a.–203.a

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co.

Table of Contents

ti. Title
im. Imprint
co. Contents
s. Summary
ac. Acknowledgements
i. Introduction
+ 4 sections- 4 sections
· Synopsis of the Sūtra
· The Title of the Sūtra
· Later Reception History and Modern Scholarship
· Source Texts and Classical Translations
tr. The Translation
+ 25 chapters- 25 chapters
1. Chapter 1: On Saumya
2. Chapter 2: The Secret of the Bodhisattva’s Speech
3. Chapter 3: The Secret of the Bodhisattva’s Mind
4. Chapter 4: The Coming of Resounding Musical Sound
5. Chapter 5: The Past-Life Story of Dhṛtarāṣṭra
6. Chapter 6: The Path of Awakening
7. Chapter 7: The Secret of the Realized One’s Body
8. Chapter 8: The Teaching of the Mystery and Secret of the Realized One’s Speech
9. Chapter 9: The Secret of the Realized One’s Mind
10. Chapter 10: Celebrating the Virtues of Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas
11. Chapter 11: The Exalted Nature of the Severe Ascetic Practices: The Method of Acquiring Food to Bring Beings to Maturity
12. Chapter 12: The Journey to the Seat of Awakening
13. Chapter 13: The Taming of the Māras
14. Chapter 14: The Turning of the Wheel of Dharma
15. Chapter 15: The Bases of Cognition
16. Chapter 16: The Prediction for Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas
17. Chapter 17: Articulating Nonduality
18. Chapter 18: Enjoying a Meal After Going to Aḍagavatī
19. Chapter 19: The Protectors of the World
20. Chapter 20: Going and Coming
21. Chapter 21: On Śūrabala
22. Chapter 22: The Explanation of Ajātaśatru’s Questions
23. Chapter 23: On Bhadrarāja
24. Chapter 24: The Inexhaustible Nature of the Analogies in Praise of the Virtues of Powerful Memory and the Formulas That Support It
25. Chapter 25: Entrusting the True Dharma
c. Colophon
n. Notes
b. Bibliography
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· Primary Source Texts
· Editions, Translations, and Other Sources
g. Glossary

s.

Summary

s.­1

In this sūtra, the narrative largely revolves around the figures of Vajrapāṇi, the yakṣa lord and constant companion of the Buddha, and the Buddha himself. In the first half of the sūtra, Vajrapāṇi gives a series of teachings on the mysteries or secrets of the body, speech, and mind of bodhisattvas and the realized ones. In the second half of the sūtra, Vajrapāṇi describes several events in the Buddha’s life: his practice of severe asceticism, his approach to the seat of awakening, his defeat of Māra, his awakening, and his turning of the wheel of Dharma. Following this, the Buddha gives a prediction of Vajrapāṇi’s future awakening as a buddha and travels to Vajrapāṇi’s abode for a meal. Interspersed throughout the sūtra are sermons, dialogues, and marvelous tales exploring a large number of topics and featuring an extensive cast of characters, including several narratives about past lives of Vajrapāṇi, Brahmā Sahāṃpati, and the Buddha himself. The sūtra concludes with the performance of two long dhāraṇīs, one by Vajrapāṇi and one by the Buddha, for the protection and preservation of the Dharma.


ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

Translated by David Fiordalis and the Dharmachakra Translation Committee under the supervision of Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche. A first draft was made from the Tibetan by Timothy Hinkle with the assistance of Tulku Tenzin Rigsang and others. David Fiordalis thoroughly revised the translation with close reference to the extant Sanskrit manuscript, as well as the Tibetan translation. Fiordalis also wrote the summary, introduction, annotations, and most of the glossary entries. Fiordalis would like to acknowledge Paul Harrison, who furnished him with his own digital images of the Sanskrit manuscript, and Péter-Dániel Szántó, who generously made his transcription of the manuscript available for readers.

ac.­2

The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. Rory Lindsay and Nathaniel Rich edited the translation and the introduction, and Ven. Konchog Norbu copyedited the text. Martina Cotter was in charge of the digital publication process.


ac.­3

The translation of this text has been made possible through the generous sponsorship of Jane and Leo Tong Chen, and their family.


i.

Introduction

i.­1

The Secrets of the Realized Ones (Tathāgataguhya) can be called, without exaggeration, a great work of Mahāyāna Buddhist literature. It deserves to be considered a work of literature in the narrower sense of a form of verbal expression of enduring artistic merit, a work of the creative imagination that may elicit pleasure, wonder, and many other responses from an audience, and not simply in the broader sense of literature as a body of written (or oral) works in general. In that narrower sense, it is comparable to better known works of Mahāyāna Buddhist literature, such as The Teaching of Vimalakīrti (Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa, Toh 176), the literary merits of which are already well established, and The Play in Full (Lalitavistara, Toh 95), which deserves more recognition in this regard.1 Both of these latter works would seem to bear a close relationship to The Secrets of the Realized Ones in other respects as well, and it to them.

Synopsis of the Sūtra

The Title of the Sūtra

Later Reception History and Modern Scholarship

Source Texts and Classical Translations


Text Body

The Translation
The Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra
The Teaching of the Mysteries and Secrets of the Realized Ones

1.

Chapter 1: On Saumya

[F.100.a] [B1]


1.­1

Homage to all buddhas and bodhisattvas.


Thus did I hear at one time. The Blessed One was staying at Vulture Peak in Rājagṛha together with a great monastic assembly of forty-two thousand monks, as well as eighty-four thousand bodhisattvas of great courage, who were well known on account of their fame, a great many of whom had come from other buddha domains. All of them had attained the state of acceptance.32 They could not be turned back. They were limited to only one more life. They had acquired a powerful memory and the formulas that support it. They had acquired states of meditative concentration. Their inspired eloquence was without impediment. They were adept at traveling to limitless buddha domains throughout the ten directions. They had made child’s play of the forms of knowledge including the supernormal faculties.33 They were undefeated in argument by any and all proponents of rival doctrines. They had vanquished their adversaries and Māra in all his forms.34

1.­2

They knew the outcome of the conduct, motivations, and intentions of all beings. They were skilled in knowing their faculties to be of a greater or lesser caliber. They had gained access to the guiding principles of all the perfections. They had reached perfection of the most perfect mastery of skill in means. They were praised, lauded, and extolled by all the buddhas.35 They had come to the end of the endless path to awakening, which spans countless trillions of eons. Their minds were like earth, water, wind, and fire.36 [F.100.b] They were fully engaged in a practice of the meditation on love that was limitless like space. They had risen above being disturbed, carried away, or overwhelmed by any object of attachment. They had obtained the body of a Nārāyaṇa. Their bodies were rock-solid and unbreakable as vajra.

1.­3

They roared the great lion’s roar. They had mastered the self-assurance needed to stand out in every assembly.37 They outshone the sun and moon.38 They had attained the understanding that in reality all things are the same across the three times.39 They were adept at giving instructions with knowledge of the profound exegesis of the Dharma.40 By comprehending dependent arising they had abandoned the two extremes‍—the views that things are eternal and that they come to a complete end. They were adept at bringing about the emergence and stabilization of the meditations, the liberations, the concentrations, and the absorptions. Their voices resounded throughout the ten directions. They were in full possession of the treasury of jewels of the true Dharma. They made sure the lineage of the Three Jewels remained unbroken.41 They were fully equipped with a truly endless supply of merit and knowledge.

1.­4

Among those eighty-four thousand bodhisattvas were the bodhisattvas named Candrottara, Candraketu, Śaśiketu, Prabhāketu, Prabhāśrī, Śrīkūṭa, Śrīgupta, He Whose Power Is Great, Nāganandin, Nāgottara, Nāgadatta, He Who Possesses a Beautiful Form, Marudeva, Guṇadīparāja, Dīpahasta, Nityotpalakṛtahasta, Nityotkṣiptahasta, Ratnamudrāhasta, Ratnapāṇi, Total Illumination, Nakṣatrarāja, Vajrapāṇi, Vajramati, He Whose Great Intelligence Is Strong as a Vajra, Vajravikrāmin, Sthirapadavikrāmin, Trailokyavikrāmin, Anantavikrāmin,42 Anantamati, Sāgaramati, Dṛḍhamati, He Whose Intelligence Is His Treasure, Uttaramati, Viśeṣamati, Vardhamānamati, Ever Faithful, Ever-Laughing and Joyful Lord, [F.101.a] Apāyajaha, Sarvanīvaraṇaviṣkambhin, He Who Possesses a Refined and Immaculate Splendor, Uttaptavīrya, Prajñākūṭa, Always Watching, Avalokiteśvara, Mahāsthāmaprāpta, Merukūṭa, Gaganagañja, Unwavering Gaze, Inexpressible One, Sublime Jewel, Jewel Mind, He Who Has Thought Well, Suvicintitārtha, He Whose Intelligence Rests on What Is Certain, Dharaṇīśvararāja, Dharaṇīdhara, Vyūharāja, Kṣetrālaṃkṛta, Ratnākara, Guhyagupta, Indradeva, Varuṇa, Brahmajālin, the bodhisattva Jālinīprabha, Devamukuṭa, Subāhu, Sunetra, Gandhahastin, Gajagandhahastin, Siṃhaketu, Siddhārthamati, Sārathi, Śāntamati, Maitreya, and Prince Mañjuśrī.

1.­5

Also present in the assembly were Śakra, Brahmā, and the Lokapālas of this cosmos of a billion worlds, as well as various other supreme deities, nāga lords, yakṣa lords, gandharva lords, asura lords, garuḍa lords, kinnara lords, and mahoraga lords, all of whom were renowned for their sovereign authority. Among them, the nāga king Anavatapta, as well as Sāgara, Varuṇa, Manasvin, Takṣaka, Hemavarṇa, Endless Colors, Susīma, and many hundreds of thousands of other nāga kings [F.101.b] with their retinues had joined the assembly in order to see the Blessed One, to honor him, to worship him, to serve him, and to hear the Dharma. The asura lords, such as Rāhu, Vemacitra, Subāhu, Sāla, Tāla, Śambara, Prahlāda, and The Huge One, as well as other yakṣas and asura lords and their retinues, had also joined the assembly to see the Blessed One, to honor him, to worship him, to serve him, and to hear the Dharma. King Ajātaśatru, the women from the king’s inner chambers, and his relatives had also joined the assembly to see the Blessed One, to honor him, to worship him, to serve him, and to hear the Dharma. Moreover, the fourfold assembly of monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen had also joined the assembly to see the Blessed One, to honor him, to worship him, to serve him, and to hear the Dharma. The gods who live in the sky, along with the gods from the realms of desire and form, as well as those gods from the pure abodes had also joined the assembly to see the Blessed One, to honor him, to worship him, to serve him, and to hear the Dharma.

1.­6

On that occasion, surrounded by and at the head of an assembly of countless hundreds of thousands, the Blessed One taught the Dharma on the collection of gateways into the purity of the supplies of the bodhisattvas of great courage so that they could completely fill their stores. This is what he said:

1.­7

“The bodhisattvas’ supply of generosity serves the purpose of bringing beings to maturity. The bodhisattvas’ supply of moral conduct serves the purpose of fulfilling their vows. [F.102.a] The bodhisattvas’ supply of patience serves the purpose of acquiring the major and minor marks of a great person. The bodhisattvas’ supply of heroic effort serves the purpose of acquiring all the qualities of a buddha. The bodhisattvas’ supply of meditation serves the purpose of acquiring the mind of one who is well bred. The bodhisattvas’ supply of wisdom serves the purpose of eliminating all the afflictions.43

1.­8

“The bodhisattvas’ supply of teaching the Dharma serves the purpose of removing impediments to their inspired eloquence. The bodhisattvas’ supply of merit serves the purpose of sustaining all beings.44 The bodhisattvas’ supply of knowledge serves the purpose of removing impediments to their knowledge. The bodhisattvas’ supply of calm abiding serves the purpose of making the mind ready for any endeavor. The bodhisattvas’ supply of deep insight serves the purpose of becoming free from doubt.

1.­9

“The bodhisattvas’ supply of love serves the purpose of ridding the mind of malice. The bodhisattvas’ supply of compassion serves the purpose of ridding the mind of despondency. Their supply of joy serves the purpose of finding happiness and satisfaction in the supreme joy of the Dharma. Their supply of equanimity serves the purpose of ridding themselves of attachment and aversion. The bodhisattvas’ supply of hearing the Dharma serves the purpose of becoming free from hindrances. The bodhisattvas’ supply of leaving home for the ascetic life serves the purpose of casting aside all their belongings. The bodhisattvas’ supply of dwelling in the forest serves the purpose of not squandering the work they have already done.

1.­10

“Their supply of mindfulness serves the purpose of attaining a powerful memory and the formulas that support it. Their supply of intelligence serves the purpose of developing a discerning mind. Their supply of comprehension serves the purpose of enabling them to conform with their comprehension of the true meaning. Their supply of the applications of mindfulness serves the purpose of carefully observing the body, feelings, mind, and mental objects. [F.102.b] Their supply of right effort serves the purpose of ridding themselves of all vicious qualities and filling up their reserves of all virtuous qualities.

1.­11

“Their supply of the foundations for superhuman power serves the purpose of making the body and mind agile.45 Their supply of the five spiritual faculties serves the purpose of knowing beings’ faculties to be of a greater or lesser caliber. Their supply of the five powers serves the purpose of not being crushed under the weight of all the afflictions. Their supply of the constitutive factors of awakening serves the purpose of becoming awake to the true nature of all things.

1.­12

“Their supply of the path serves the purpose of going beyond all bad paths. Their supply of the truths serves the purpose of acquiring an unshakeable knowledge of the true nature of things. Their supply of the special modes of knowledge serves the purpose of dispelling the doubts of all beings. Their supply of reliance serves the purpose of acquiring a knowledge that does not rely upon anyone else. Their supply of companions in what is good serves the purpose of becoming a source for the development of all good qualities.46

1.­13

“Their supply of motivation serves the purpose of keeping their word to all people. Their supply of ambition serves the purpose of becoming a superior being. Their supply of practice serves the purpose of bringing to completion everything they have begun. Their supply of seclusion serves the purpose of not wasting the teachings just as they have heard them. Their supply of the means of drawing others to oneself serves the purpose of bringing beings to maturity. Their supply of possession of the true Dharma serves the purpose of making sure the lineage of the Three Jewels remains unbroken. Their supply of mastery of the dedication of merit serves the purpose of purifying a buddha domain. The supply of the bodhisattvas’ mastery of skill in means serves the purpose of perfecting the knowledge of an omniscient one.”

1.­14

Thus the Blessed One gave to the bodhisattvas of great courage a detailed formulation of the Dharma known as the collection of gateways into the purity of the supplies.

1.­15

As the Blessed One was giving this teaching, Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, was seated on his right-hand side while holding up his vajra. [F.103.a] When the Blessed One had finished, Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, said to him, “It is marvelous, Blessed One, how well the Realized One has expressed this formulation of the Dharma on the collection of gateways into the purity of the supplies of the bodhisattvas of great courage. If I were to state what I understood to be the import of the Blessed One’s words, then, Blessed One, I would say that all the supplies of the bodhisattvas of great courage are subsumed within the supplies of merit and knowledge, and can be accessed in this way.

1.­16

“The reason for this, Blessed One, is that the supply of merit of bodhisattvas of great courage provides a foundation for all their accomplishments, and their supply of knowledge makes all beings satisfied with what has been well said. Therefore, Blessed One, bodhisattvas of great courage should make efforts to acquire the supplies of merit and knowledge.47 The reason for this, Blessed One, is that the supply of merit brings to completion the perfection that is the bodhisattvas’ mastery of skill in means. The supply of knowledge brings to completion their perfection of wisdom. These two paths of the bodhisattvas’ conduct serve the purpose of bringing together all paths.

1.­17

“A bodhisattva who is on the path is difficult for the evil Māra to defeat, and the bodhisattva who has stepped beyond the path of Māra cannot be turned back from unsurpassable and perfect awakening. To such an irreversible bodhisattva, the blessed buddhas teach the secrets of the realized ones without concealing anything.”

1.­18

Then the bodhisattva Śāntamati said to Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, [F.103.b] “Lord of the Guhyakas, you have been a close attendant and constant companion of the Realized One.48 Lord of the Guhyakas, the places containing the secrets of the realized ones are not within the purview of the disciples or the solitary buddhas, so what need is there to speak of their being within the purview of ordinary beings either. Would you please use your inspired eloquence to shine light on them for us?”49

1.­19

When this was said, Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, remained silent. So the bodhisattva Śāntamati, understanding that Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, was going to remain silent, spoke to the Blessed One: “Blessed One, would you please encourage Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, to give a teaching here in the assembly about the secrets of the realized ones? If the bodhisattvas of great courage could hear such a teaching, they would be delighted and they would work to acquire the constitutive factors of awakening and become diligent in the practice of perfecting the secrets of the realized ones.”

1.­20

The Blessed One then said to Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, “Lord of the Guhyakas, the assembly wishes to hear about the secrets of the bodhisattvas and the secrets of the realized ones. Therefore, I request you to use your inspired eloquence to shine light on the secrets of the realized ones for this assembly.”

1.­21

Vajrapāṇi replied to the Blessed One, “Blessed One, I will give a teaching about the secrets of the bodhisattvas and the secrets of the realized ones to whatever small degree that I have understood them, and this much through the majestic power and the empowering authority of the Buddha. Indeed, Blessed One, just as the empowering authority of a lamp can make all forms visible in the darkest depths of night, [F.104.a] in that same way, Blessed One, through the majestic power and empowering authority of the Buddha, I will explain the secrets of the bodhisattvas and the secrets of the realized ones according to the small degree that I have understood them.”50

1.­22

Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, then said to the bodhisattva of great courage, Śāntamati, “Noble son, make sure that when you hear about the secrets of the bodhisattvas and realized ones, you do not become frightened, afraid, or terrified, and that you remain properly seated in the assembly.”

1.­23

Then the bodhisattva of great courage, Śāntamati, said to the entire assembly, “Friends, the Realized One has spoken of four mysteries. They are the mystery of action, the mystery of speech, the mystery of concentration, and the mystery of a buddha. Furthermore, friends, after having awakened to unsurpassable and perfect awakening, the Buddha set forth these four mysteries. Among these four, he has taught that the mystery of a realized one is the foremost. Friends, when you hear of the mystery of a bodhisattva and the mystery of a realized one, do not become frightened, afraid, or terrified.51 Instead, when you hear of them, you should generate an abundance of pleasure, serene faith, and great joy.”

1.­24

This statement by the bodhisattva of great courage, Śāntamati, made the entire assembly eager to hear about the secrets of the realized ones, and in order to empower the assembly with empowering authority he then scattered heavenly flowers among the retinue until they covered the ground up to everyone’s knees.

1.­25

Then Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, spoke to the bodhisattva [F.104.b] of great courage, Śāntamati: “In that case, Śāntamati, listen well and pay close attention. I will now explain the secret places of the bodhisattvas. Śāntamati, I have served as the Realized One’s close attendant from the time when he, as a bodhisattva, received the prediction of his future unsurpassable and perfect awakening from the realized one, the blessed Dīpaṃkara. Since that time, I never witnessed any alteration of the bodhisattva’s body or any physical artifice whatsoever.52 I never heard any alteration of the bodhisattva’s speech or any flattery either. I never witnessed any alteration of the bodhisattva’s mind or any dissimulation either. He brought beings to maturity with his body and the demeanor of his body, and thus he did not speak at all. In order to bring beings to maturity, his bodily demeanor manifested itself infinitely and endlessly.

1.­26

“Śāntamati, the bodhisattvas’ bodily demeanor conforms to the bodily demeanor of all beings, spontaneously and effortlessly. For example, to beings who need to be guided by concentration, they show the conduct of concentration. To beings who need to be guided through playing stringed instruments and singing songs, they show the conduct of playing stringed instruments and singing songs. To beings who need to be guided by boys, they show the conduct of boys. To beings who need to be guided by girls, they show the conduct of girls. To beings who need to be guided by women, they show the conduct of women. To beings who need to be guided by men, they show the conduct of men. To beings who need to be guided by those who are young, they show the conduct of the young. To beings who need to be guided by those who are middle-aged, they show the conduct of the middle-aged. To beings who need to be guided by those who are elderly, they show the conduct of the elderly.

1.­27

“To beings who need to be guided by those whose limbs are deformed or missing, they show the conduct of those whose limbs are deformed or missing. [F.105.a] To beings who need to be guided by untouchables whose hands or feet have been cut off, they show the conduct of untouchables whose hands or feet have been cut off. To beings who need to be guided by those who are mentally or physical disabled, they show the conduct of the mentally and physically disabled. To beings who need to be guided by the blind and deaf, they show the conduct of the blind and deaf.

1.­28

“To beings who need to be guided by the appearance of hell beings, they show the conduct of hell beings. To beings who need to be guided by beings in the animal realm, or those in the realm of Yama, or by human beings, they show the conduct of beings in the animal realm, or those in the realm of Yama, or human beings. To beings who need to be guided by gods, they show the conduct of gods. To beings who need to be guided by nāgas, yakṣas, gandharvas, asuras, garuḍas, kinnaras, or mahoragas, they show the conduct of nāgas, yakṣas, gandharvas, asuras, garuḍas, kinnaras, and mahoragas. To beings who need to be guided by a śakra, they show the conduct of a śakra. To beings who need to be guided by a brahmā, they show the conduct of a brahmā. To beings who need to be guided by the lokapālas, they show the conduct of the lokapālas. To beings who need to be guided by cakravartins, they show the conduct of cakravartins. To beings who need to be guided by monks, they show the conduct of monks. To beings who need to be guided by nuns, they show the conduct of nuns. To beings who need to be guided by laymen, they show the conduct of laymen. To beings who need to be guided by laywomen, they show the conduct of laywomen. To beings who need to be guided by disciples, they show the conduct of disciples. To beings who need to be guided by solitary buddhas, they show the conduct of solitary buddhas. To beings who need to be guided by bodhisattvas, they show the conduct of bodhisattvas, [F.105.b] and to beings who need to be guided by realized ones, they show the conduct of realized ones. However, none of that applies to beings in the formless realm.

1.­29

“Śāntamati, in this manner the bodhisattvas’ physical appearance, caste, and demeanor conform spontaneously and involuntarily to the physical appearance, caste, and demeanor of all beings. In this respect, even though bodhisattvas, who do not form concepts and are in a state of equanimity, display their physical demeanors with their bodies, they do not deviate from the true nature of the body.53 Although they perform physical actions with their bodies, they do not lose sight of the separateness of the body. They bring joy to all hell beings with the radiance of their bodies brought about by the purification of their bodies. With no concern for their bodies, they offer their own flesh to satisfy carnivorous beings who desire meat for sustenance. They do so despite the fact that in giving their flesh to such beings they give up their lives in the process. They give their blood to those who drink blood, their bones to those who devour bones, and their physical vitality to those who consume the body’s vitality.54

1.­30

“Śāntamati, they nourish all beings with whatever kind of bodily nourishment they require, and do so from their own bodies, even at the cost of their lives. The infinitude of their bodies is not exhausted because it proceeds from the infinite nature of the realm of reality. Their realization of inexhaustible bodies arises because they are well acquainted with the realization of the inexhaustible nature of dependent origination. They bring beings to maturity with their bodies.

1.­31

“In front of beings who actively pursue sense pleasures, who are attached to the signs and images of beauty, they appear as well-formed, beautiful, and attractive female bodies. When these beings become inflamed with passion, they caress them, massage them with oil, and sit on their laps. Then, as they are sitting on these men’s laps, they wither and decay. They become putrid and foul-smelling corpses so that those men become disenchanted and push them aside, [F.106.a] but then the teaching of the Dharma issues from those corpses in such a way that those men become impossible to turn back from unsurpassable and perfect awakening.

1.­32

“Furthermore, Śāntamati, such bodhisattvas can pervade this cosmos of a billion worlds with their body. They can cover it with a jeweled parasol or even with their finger just like someone can cover a mustard seed with a fingertip.55 Even if their finger were to cover the fire that consumes the cosmos at the end of a cosmic age, their body would not be harmed.

1.­33

“With their bodies, they worship and serve the blessed buddhas. In the act of worshiping the realized ones, they offer flowered parasols and baskets of flowers as large as Mount Meru.56 In the act of worshiping the realized ones, they light a lamp with this cosmos of a billion worlds as the vessel filled with fragrant oil and a blazing wick the size of Mount Meru. In the act of worshiping the realized ones, they light as many lamps as there are grains of sand in the river Ganges. In the act of worshiping the realized ones, they wrap their very own bodies in linen cloth soaked with oil and clarified butter, and then they set it aflame, and when they are blazing, the fire emits a great light that pervades as many buddha realms as there are grains of sand in the river Ganges. Beings see it and recognize it, and when they see the majesty of such bodhisattvas, immeasurable, countless numbers of beings conceive the aspiration for unsurpassable and perfect awakening.

1.­34

“To beings made haughty by pride, conceit, and arrogance, these bodhisattvas make themselves appear in the form of Vajrapāṇi, a Nārāyaṇa, or a being with a great physique. These arrogant beings become terrified of bodhisattvas who appear in this way, and they bow and prostrate themselves before them. Then they wish to hear the Dharma from them.

1.­35

“In the huge cremation grounds of great cities, where [F.106.b] many hundreds of thousands of animals roam, these bodhisattvas of great courage display their own mighty bodies when they have died. The beings from the animal realm staying there feast on their flesh as much as they please, and then at the end of their lives, when their time comes to die, they are reborn among the gods of the higher realms and good places of rebirth. These bodhisattvas also become the cause of these beings’ eventual cessation, because of the purification of the previous vows of these bodhisattvas. They have long ago formed the vow that if, when they die, beings feast on their dead bodies and this becomes the cause for them to be reborn in the higher realms until they pass beyond anguish, then, for those who have maintained moral conduct, they achieve their aspiration, they accomplish their desire, they fulfill their vow.57

1.­36

“In precisely this manner, Śāntamati, you may understand the immeasurable and infinite nature of the bodhisattva’s body.

1.­37

“A long time ago, Śāntamati, under this very same sky here on Jambudvīpa, there were once eighty-four thousand cities divided into four parts.58 There were many thousands of villages, hamlets, and market towns, as well as many hundreds of thousands of millions and billions of beings. At that moment and time, Śāntamati, there occurred a lengthy period of great pestilence. Most beings there were afflicted as various diseases spread: diseases of the body’s air, heat, and phlegm,59 resulting in symptoms like pus-filled boils, lesions, scabs, rashes, and blisters. Many thousands of doctors labored to relieve the symptoms of these beings, but they were unable to cure them of the disease. As no cure could be found for these beings, and they were without any protection or refuge, they gave a great cry:

1.­38
“ ‘Oh, we will give away all our wealth [F.107.a]
To whoever can free us from this illness!
It doesn’t matter if he is a god,
Nāga, gandharva, yakṣa,
1.­39
“ ‘Human, or nonhuman.
We will follow the instructions
Of whoever can free us from this suffering.
We will feel gratitude toward him!’
1.­40

“At that time, Śāntamati, the blessed Śākyamuni was a śakra, a lord of the gods, named Sunetra.60 With his pure divine eyesight surpassing that of ordinary human beings, he could see that these beings were afflicted with various diseases. With his pure divine hearing surpassing that of ordinary human beings, he heard the sound of their great cries. When he saw and heard them, he developed tremendous compassion. He thought, ‘I must help these helpless beings. I must protect and support these weak and defenseless beings.’ Right then and there in the center of Jambudvīpa, not far from the great city of Kuru, he spontaneously appeared as a creature by the name of Saumya, and the following verses offering encouragement to all the people of Jambudvīpa came from the sky:

1.­41
“ ‘Near to the city of Kuru
There is a creature named Saumya.
Whoever consumes its flesh
Will be freed from their disease.
1.­42
“ ‘Take as much of its flesh as you wish
Without fear or fright.
It will have no anger, complaint, or malice.
This is medicine for Jambudvīpa.’
1.­43

“Thereupon, Śāntamati, when all the sick people of the cities, towns, villages, hamlets, and market towns heard this, they went to the great city of Kuru to the place where they found the creature Saumya, and even though they cut flesh from its body again and again, and carried it away, still the flesh of its body did not become depleted. Saumya then spoke this verse:

1.­44
“ ‘If it is true that I will achieve awakening,
And my knowledge will be inexhaustible,
Then, by this truth, may the flesh of my body
Never be exhausted for all of you here!’
1.­45

“Thus, Śāntamati, the sick people throughout the four directions never witnessed the body of this creature, Saumya, become depleted or exhausted, despite the fact that they cut flesh [F.107.b] from its body again and again, and carried it away. Whatever they cut away simply grew back, and, Śāntamati, all persons who consumed the flesh from the creature Saumya found their symptoms alleviated immediately upon doing so. They became well, happy, and healthy. Finally, all the diseases of the people of Jambudvīpa were eliminated.

1.­46

“Śāntamati, the men, women, boys, and girls of Jambudvīpa then thought, ‘Since this creature, Saumya, well and truly freed us from illness and made us happy and healthy, we should worship it.’ They all gathered together and went to the place where they found the creature Saumya. They stretched out their arms, palms together in a gesture of salutation toward the creature Saumya, and spoke the following verse:

1.­47
“ ‘You are our refuge and protection.
You are our doctor and medicine.
We will worship you in whatever way we can.
Please give us your teachings.’
1.­48

“At that moment the body of the creature disappeared and Śakra appeared in his own body. He then spoke these verses to the assembled people:61

1.­49
“ ‘I have no need for wealth, food and drink,
Gold, or grain.
Instead, all should come together harmoniously and
Maintain the path of the ten forms of good conduct.
1.­50
“ ‘Be firm in your aspiration to awaken
For the benefit of all beings.
With a thought for what will be beneficial,
Develop love for one another.’
1.­51
“When the beings heard this from Śakra,62
They were delighted,
And they undertook the truly pure path
Of the ten forms of good conduct.
1.­52

“From that point forward, Śāntamati, among all the men, women, boys, and girls of Jambudvīpa, not even a single person was reborn in the lower realms. Thenceforth, when the time came for them to die and be reborn, each of them was reborn in the higher realms [F.108.a] at the same level as the gods in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. They were delighted by the instruction in the Dharma given by Śakra, Lord of the Gods. They took it completely to heart and felt truly encouraged by it. Some of them conceived the aspiration for unsurpassable and perfect awakening. Some of them purified the spotless and immaculate Dharma eye in regard to things. Śāntamati, this is the secret of the bodhisattvas’ body and the purity of their physical activity. In this way, by giving up a single body, they bring countless, limitless beings to maturity.”

1.­53

Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, then spoke further to the bodhisattva Śāntamati: “The body of a bodhisattva is unbreakable, Śāntamati; it is rock-solid, strong, not subject to change, and it arises spontaneously. This body disintegrates for the sake of guiding beings who need to be guided by its disintegration. This body stays whole for the sake of guiding beings who need to be guided by its wholeness. It cannot be burned by fire or pierced by weapons. It is rock-solid and strong like true vajra‍—it is unbreakable.

1.­54

“Śāntamati, though bodhisattvas bring beings to maturity in this way by means of the body, the bodhisattvas do not ponder or ruminate on this,63 for they know well that the body has the nature of being devoid of a defining characteristic. Owing precisely to the body’s nature of being devoid of a defining characteristic, they know that things have the nature of being devoid of a defining characteristic. The body’s nature of being devoid of a defining characteristic and the nature of all things as being devoid of a defining characteristic cannot be separated into a duality. The fact that the essential defining characteristic of the body is precisely its being devoid of a defining characteristic is the essential defining characteristic of a thing’s being devoid of a defining characteristic. Thus, the bodhisattvas conform to the nature of things as being devoid of a defining characteristic. They make their own body’s nature of being devoid of a defining characteristic equal to the nature of all beings’ bodies as being devoid of a defining characteristic. [F.108.b] They know that their own body’s nature of being devoid of a defining characteristic and the nature of all beings’ bodies as being devoid of a defining characteristic is the nature of the realm of reality as being devoid of a defining characteristic. Because they do not comprehend even the smallest particle of a thing, they consequently attain the realization of the nature of the realm of reality as being devoid of a defining characteristic and also the nature of all things as being devoid of a defining characteristic.

1.­55

“Owing to the way their own body is, they know the way the bodies of all beings are. Owing to the way the bodies of all beings are, they know the way their own body is. Owing to the way their own body is, they know the way all things are. Owing to the way all things are, they know the way all buddhas are. Owing to the way their own body is, they know the way the past, present, and future are. The way the past is does not contradict the way the future will be. The fact that the past, present, and future are the way they are is the way the aggregates, sense spheres, and elements are. The fact that the aggregates, sense spheres, and elements are the way they are is itself the way defiled and purified things are. The fact that defiled and purified things are the way they are is itself the way saṃsāra and nirvāṇa are. The fact that saṃsāra and nirvāṇa are the way they are is the way unconditioned things are. The fact that unconditioned things are the way they are is itself the way all conditioned things are, and the fact that they are the way they are.

1.­56

“Noble son, ‘the way things are’ is the nature of this; it is the nature of that; it is the nature of not being different; it is the nature of not changing; it is the nature of not arising; it is the nature of not being in conflict; it is the nature of being without a form. The way things are has no form at all, and what has no form is called the way things are. Just as the way things are has no form, in the same way all forms have no form. Although bodhisattvas display their forms to all beings, they do not turn the way things are into a form. Even though they are formless and beyond conflict [F.109.a] and they display diverse bodies and forms, still they do not disturb the way things are.

1.­57

“With knowledge of the way things are, one reflects on the body of a realized one. Owing to its equality with the body of a realized one, one reflects on the equality of one’s own body. Owing to the fact that the body is not born at all, one correctly perceives that nobody has a body. One knows that all bodies are dependently arisen. Knowing this, one acquires the Dharma body. By acquiring the Dharma body, one becomes this very Dharma body. This is not the body of the aggregates, elements, and sense spheres. When one manifests the Dharma body, then beings benefit just by seeing it.64 Beings benefit just by hearing it or touching it.

1.­58

“I will draw an analogy, Śāntamati. Consider how the healer, the king of physicians, collects all types of medicinal substances, and with these many medicinal substances he fashions the figure of a well-formed, beautiful, and elegant girl. Having properly enlivened and properly prepared this figure, the girl may come and go, stand, sit, and lie down, and yet she does not form ideas and she does not form conceptions.65 Any sick monk, king, royal minister, prince, merchant, householder, government official, or regional ruler who comes and encounters this girl made from medicinal substances by the healer, the king of physicians, will then find themselves immediately cleansed of their maladies. They will be made well and truly happy and healthy. Śāntamati, no other physician can do that. Such is the knowledge of medicine possessed by the king of physicians with regard to the diseases of the world. In the same way, Śāntamati, bodhisattvas manifest the Dharma body so that whenever any beings who are afflicted by attachment, aversion, and ignorance‍—whether woman, man, boy, or girl‍—make contact with the body of a bodhisattva, all of their afflictions will cease immediately. They will experience their bodies free from all misery. [F.109.b] This is due to the complete purification of that bodhisattva’s previous vows. Śāntamati, this cause of manifesting the Dharma body is also a secret of the body of bodhisattvas.

1.­59

“Śāntamati, the bodies of those bodhisattvas who possess the Dharma body do not grow by means of food and drink. Their bodies are not nourished even by consuming food with their mouths. Because they possess an understanding of all foods, they eat food out of compassion for beings. Though they eat food, they do not swallow it, and it does not enter their bodies. The power of the Dharma body ensures that their health does not decline or diminish in any way.

1.­60

“Śāntamati, though there is no birth, death, or rebirth for a bodhisattva who has the Dharma body, they display birth, death, and rebirth in order to bring beings to maturity. Though they die, they know that all things are unconditioned and nothing dies. Though they are reborn, they know that nothing is reborn. Though they are born, they know that nothing is born. They possess the Dharma body, Dharma food, and Dharma power, and since they rely on the Dharma, they know the body of the realized ones.66

1.­61

“Śāntamati, the body of a realized one is a body of space, a body that is equal to that which has no equal, a body that is the most distinguished in all the three worlds, a body in possession of the way all beings are. It is incomparable. It is unique. It is pure. It is immaculate. It is a body with no affliction. It is a naturally luminous body. It is naturally a body that is not born. It is a body that is naturally not arisen. It is a body that is not bound to thought, mind, or consciousness. It is a body the essential nature of which is a magical illusion, mirage, or reflection of the moon in water. It is a body of deep reflection on emptiness, groundlessness, and desirelessness. It is a body that pervades all space throughout the ten directions. It is a body that is equal to all beings. It is an infinite, boundless body. It is a body without change or conception. [F.110.a] It is an unwavering body, a body without conceit. It is a body that has attained the states of remaining, not remaining, and not wavering. It is a body that does not have the essential nature of form, nor does it have the essential nature of feelings, conceptions, latent tendencies, or consciousness. It cannot be broken down into its earth element, nor can it be broken down into its water element, fire element, or air element. It does not arise and will never arise. It cannot be reduced to any of the great elements. It is not arisen; it is not something that can arise. It does not accord with anything in the world. It does not appear to the eye. It does not sound in the ear. It is not detected by the nose. It cannot be identified by the tongue. It does not possess a body. It is not encountered by the mind. It does not involve thought. It does not turn toward, turn away from, or follow after mental consciousness. Śāntamati, such is the body of a realized one.

1.­62

“When bodhisattvas achieve equality with the body of a realized one, they undertake the pure conduct of the bodhisattva, and they make themselves seen throughout the cosmos of a billion worlds, and on all four continents, including Jambudvīpa, as well as in all of the many villages, towns, market towns, countries, and capital cities. However, they are not seen by any of the māras, nor do they become visible to them. They make themselves seen, yet they do not appear to be seen. Though they are not seen, they appear to be seen. They cannot be made apparent by sight, hearing, realization, or cognition. They become manifest, because they bring beings to maturity, but they do not abandon their faultless application of mindfulness applied to the body. While they teach beings that the body is impermanent, unsatisfactory, and without self, they know that the true nature of the body is tranquil. [F.110.b] They also teach beings the analysis of the body, and although they see the causes and objective supports from which the body is created, they correctly perceive that there is no creator of these causes and objective supports. They know the body to be like a blade of grass, a piece of wood, a plastered wall, a clod of earth, and a reflection,67 and they teach to beings the purification of actions of the body.

1.­63

“Śāntamati, this is the secret of the Bodhisattva’s body and the purity of the actions of his body since the time of the realized one Dīpaṃkara. However, the teaching of the purity of the actions of the bodhisattvas of great courage is far longer than that. It could go on for thousands of eons or even longer. Śāntamati, if the Realized One were to teach the secret of the bodhisattva’s body, eons as numerous as the grains of sand in the Ganges River would not suffice. A teaching on the secret of the bodhisattva’s body is as immeasurable and inconceivable as that.”

1.­64

This was the first chapter, “On Saumya.”


2.

Chapter 2: The Secret of the Bodhisattva’s Speech

2.­1

[B2] Once again, Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, spoke to the bodhisattva Śāntamati: “Śāntamati, what is the secret of the Bodhisattva’s speech and the purity of his verbal action? Śāntamati, the succession of the bodhisattvas’ rebirths continues for precisely so long as beings continue to be reborn, and for as long as they continue to be reborn, these bodhisattvas make use of language. The knowledge and vision of the bodhisattvas penetrates without impediment beings’ use of language in all the ways they express linguistic utterances, verbal expressions, explanations, conventions, speeches, descriptions of reality, signs, actions, and happiness and suffering. Their knowledge and vision even penetrate the languages used by worms, mosquitoes, flies, bees, and moths. [F.111.a] Since their knowledge and expression of language enables them to relieve the bodies and minds of beings, such verbal expressions emerge from the mouths of those bodhisattvas who know and use language. This is in accordance with the nature of things. In this respect, it should be said:


3.

Chapter 3: The Secret of the Bodhisattva’s Mind

3.­1

Once again, Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, spoke to the bodhisattva Śāntamati: “Now, Śāntamati, what is the secret of a bodhisattva’s mind and the purity of his mental action?

3.­2

“Śāntamati, bodhisattvas undertake their work by means of knowledge, not by taking pride in it. Also, they undertake their work with knowledge without weakening any of the supernormal faculties. They manifest all sorts of actions while making child’s play of the supernormal faculties. They have attained the great mastery that is the mastery of the supernormal faculties. The supernormal faculties they possess are an aspect of knowledge because they are connected with the supreme knowledge of all aspects. The supernormal faculties they possess are an aspect of wisdom because they provide a direct vision of all things. The supernormal faculties they possess have the aspect of inexhaustibility because they conform with everything. Because all forms do not have a form, the supernormal faculties they possess can see all forms. [F.114.b] Because the sounds of the past are the same as the sounds of the future, the supernormal faculties they possess can comprehend all sounds. The supernormal faculties they possess perceive the thoughts of all beings, because they can perceive and thoroughly investigate the true nature of mind. The supernormal faculties they possess can recollect limitless eons, because they do not place any limits on the past or the future. The supernormal faculties they possess can produce every kind of wondrous transformation with their superhuman powers because they have the defining characteristic of being unconditioned. The supernormal faculties they possess conform to the cessation of the defilements, because they perceive the moment and they never miss the moment. The supernormal faculties they possess are conducive to the forms of penetrating insight that are fixed upon what is transcendent and noble. The supernormal faculties they possess are difficult for the disciples and solitary buddhas to understand. The supernormal faculties they possess have profound meaning and defeat their adversaries, Māra in all his forms. The supernormal faculties they possess produce the essence of awakening and are the most supreme form of awakening, which brings about a perfect realization of all the qualities of a buddha. The supernormal faculties they possess are consistent with the turning of the wheel of Dharma. The supernormal faculties they possess can tame all beings. The supernormal faculties they possess secure empowering authority because they have mastery over all things.


4.

Chapter 4: The Coming of Resounding Musical Sound

4.­1

Then the Blessed One spoke to the bodhisattva of great courage, Śāntamati, saying, “Do you hear the voice issuing from the sounds of the cymbals and musical instruments?”

4.­2

“Blessed One, I hear it! Whose power is causing the voice to issue from them?”

“Śāntamati,” replied the Blessed One, “in the world called Meghavatī resides the blessed realized one Melodious King of Clouds. In his presence resides the bodhisattva of great courage Resounding Musical Sound, who has now arrived here in this Sahā world to see me; to honor, worship, and serve me; and to hear the Dharma. He has also come to hear the Dharma that is being taught by Vajrapāṇi and to see the bodhisattvas of great courage who have gathered here from throughout the ten directions. Although his body is invisible, Śāntamati, the bodhisattva Resounding Musical Sound is there in the space above us. In order to pay homage to me and this teaching of the Dharma, he has rained these flowers down upon us. He is playing the music of the cymbals and instruments and it is his voice that we are hearing.”


5.

Chapter 5: The Past-Life Story of Dhṛtarāṣṭra

5.­1

At that point, a certain bodhisattva from the assembly wondered, “How did the Lord of the Guhyakas grow these roots of virtue? How long has he served the Blessed Buddha? What sort of vow did he make by means of which he has come to possess such inspired eloquence?”

5.­2

With his own mind, the Blessed One knew the thoughts in the mind of that bodhisattva, and so he addressed the bodhisattva Śāntamati: “Once upon a time, Śāntamati, in a past eon, going back an incalculable eon, going back more than an incalculable eon, going back a limitless, inconceivable, and measureless span of time, there was an eon called Lovely Illumination. At that time, in a world called Full Array, there appeared a realized one, a worthy one, [F.118.a] a perfectly awakened one, one perfected in knowledge and conduct, a sublime one, a knower of the world, an unsurpassable trainer of those ready to be trained, a teacher of gods and humans, a blessed buddha, whose name was King Arrangement of Manifold Precious Virtues Without End.


6.

Chapter 6: The Path of Awakening

6.­1

“Śāntamati, bodhisattvas of great courage who also wish to awaken to unsurpassable and perfect awakening should follow the example of these great beings in this regard. They should undertake the core practices intent upon the path to awakening and not place their focus on words. And what is this path to awakening?

6.­2

“It eliminates anger toward all beings by cultivating a mind that is suffused with love. On it one strives to accomplish the perfections. One develops the methods of drawing others to oneself. One achieves the four dwellings of Brahmā. One strives to acquire the constitutive factors of awakening. One acquires and refines the supernormal faculties. One becomes a master of skill in means. One who accomplishes all these things gathers a supply of all the virtuous qualities. This is called the path of awakening.


7.

Chapter 7: The Secret of the Realized One’s Body

7.­1

At that point, the bodhisattva Śāntamati asked Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, “Lord of the Guhyakas, what are the secrets of the realized ones? Please use your inspired eloquence to describe, at least partially, the secrets of the realized ones.” [F.126.b]

7.­2

Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, answered the bodhisattva Śāntamati, “Listen, noble son, as I teach through the majestic power and empowering authority of the Buddha. Śāntamati, the secrets of the realized ones are threefold. What are these three? They are the secret of body, the secret of speech, and the secret of mind.


8.

Chapter 8: The Teaching of the Mystery and Secret of the Realized One’s Speech

8.­1

Once again, Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, spoke to the bodhisattva of great courage, Śāntamati: “Śāntamati, what is the secret of the speech and the purity of the verbal action of the Realized One? During the period of time, Śāntamati, from the night when the Realized One awakens to unsurpassable and perfect awakening until the night when, having relinquished his life force, a realized one passes into complete cessation, the Realized One has not articulated and will not pronounce even a single syllable.106 [F.133.a] What is the cause of this? It is because, Śāntamati, a realized one is in a continuous state of meditative concentration. The realized one does not breathe in or breathe out. He does not begin any thought process or continue any thought process, and no speech emerges from what does not begin or continue any thought process. So, a realized one does not begin any thought process or continue any thought process or form any idea. He does not form any concept. He does not speak anything, he does not articulate anything, he does not pronounce anything; and yet, beings have the thought, ‘The Realized One is speaking.’


9.

Chapter 9: The Secret of the Realized One’s Mind

9.­1

Once more Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, spoke to the bodhisattva of great courage, Śāntamati: “In this regard, Śāntamati, what is the secret of the mind of the realized ones and the purity of their mental action? Śāntamati, let me draw an analogy: Those beings who have been reborn among the classes of gods in the formless realm remain focused upon a single object of consciousness for eighty-four thousand eons. They do not change the object of their consciousness to a different object of consciousness so long as their concentration lasts until the time they die and acquire another rebirth in accordance with their accumulation of karma. In precisely the same way, Śāntamati, a realized one has a mind that is not fixed on anything, in such a way that from the night when the bodhisattva awakens to unsurpassable and perfect awakening until the night when the Realized One passes into complete cessation, the state of cessation that is free of any remaining thing, during the intervening time there is no modification of the Realized One’s mind; no mental activity; no mental examination; no forgetfulness of mind;143 no mental alteration;144 no measurement of mind; no excitement of mind;145 no mental conflict;146 no mental avoidance;147 no mental distraction; no mental elation; no mental depression; no mental protection; no movement of mind; no excessive joyfulness in the mind; no mental disturbance;148 no malice in the mind; no vacillation of mind; no special comprehension of mind; no mental stimulation; no mental pressure; no application of mind; no wandering of the mind; no formation of ideas in the mind; no mental conceptualization; no mental imagination; no calming state of mind, no deep mental insight; [F.144.b] no consciousness that chases after thoughts; no dwelling on one’s own thoughts; no mental perception of the thoughts of others; no support from the mind for the eye; no support from the mind for the intellect, the physical body, the tongue, nose, or ear; no support from the mind for visual forms; no support from the mind for thoughts, tactile sensations, tastes, smells, or sounds; no support from the mind for mental objects; no place in the mind for mental appearances; no mind that is without a place; no internal place for the mind; and no external place for the mind. He also has a mind that does not engage with things, a mind that does not engage with knowledge,149 and also a mind that is not perceived as being past, present, or future.


10.

Chapter 10: Celebrating the Virtues of Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas

10.­1

Venerable Śāriputra then spoke to the Blessed One: “Throughout the ten directions, Blessed One, bodhisattvas of this Fortunate Eon are leading the holy life in the presence of blessed buddhas. Is there a Lord of the Guhyakas standing behind all these bodhisattvas?”

10.­2

The Blessed One responded, “Enough, Śāriputra, such activity is inconceivable. The world including its gods would fall into confusion about the conduct of the bodhisattvas. Nevertheless, Śāriputra, those who have faith will be embraced by [F.146.a] companions in what is good and will not worry about this subject at all.”


11.

Chapter 11: The Exalted Nature of the Severe Ascetic Practices: The Method of Acquiring Food to Bring Beings to Maturity

11.­1

The bodhisattva Śāntamati then requested Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, “Please use your inspired eloquence, Lord of the Guhyakas, to shine light on those occurrences that were the causes of wonders, beginning with a description of the splendid array of the Bodhisattva’s severe ascetic practices, his arrival at the seat of awakening, his defeat of Māra, and his turning of the wheel of Dharma, all of which you have witnessed.”


12.

Chapter 12: The Journey to the Seat of Awakening

12.­1

“As soon as the Bodhisattva had washed his body and strength had returned to his body after he had eaten the food, he went to the seat of awakening. An earth-dwelling deity nearby there, named Subhūma, addressed all the earth-dwelling deities, saying:

12.­2
“ ‘An earth bearer, unwavering and unshakeable,
Without craving and devoid of enmity,
The Bodhisattva is approaching that tree.
I will decorate the surface of the fertile ground.’

13.

Chapter 13: The Taming of the Māras

13.­1

“Just as soon as the Bodhisattva took his seat upon the lion’s seat, Śāntamati, a ray of light issued from the tuft of hair between his eyebrows. This light is called challenging Māra, [F.154.a] and it reached a billion māras throughout the cosmos of a billion worlds and touched each of them in their respective abodes, which immediately gave them goose bumps. When they realized that their abodes were being consumed by the light and made dim in comparison, they thought to themselves, ‘What is the cause of this? For what reason have these abodes seemingly been made dim? Could it not be that a bodhisattva is seated on the seat of awakening and is awakening to unsurpassable, perfect awakening?’ Looking down, they saw that the Bodhisattva was seated at the seat of awakening.


14.

Chapter 14: The Turning of the Wheel of Dharma

14.­1

“Indeed, Śāntamati, some gods and humans thought that the conquest of the māras had immeasurable differences in this way, while some thought that Māra was not approaching in any way at all.191 Some thought the Bodhisattva was seated upon a mat of grass, while some saw the Bodhisattva seated upon a lion’s seat resting on a splendid arrangement of lotus flowers made of jewels. Some saw the Bodhisattva situated upon the surface of the earth, while some saw the Bodhisattva seated upon a lion’s seat situated in the vault of the sky. Some saw the tree of awakening as the king of trees, the sacred fig tree; some saw it as the divine Pārijāta tree; some saw it as the divine Kovidāra grove.192 Some saw the tree of awakening as entirely made of jewels. Some gods and humans saw the tree of awakening as being equal in height to a palm tree, and they saw the lion’s seat as equal to half the height of a palm tree. Some saw the tree of awakening as being equal in height to seven palm trees, and they saw the lion’s seat to be equal in height to three and a half palm trees. Some saw the tree of awakening to be eighty-four thousand leagues in height and the lion’s seat to be forty-two thousand leagues in height.


15.

Chapter 15: The Bases of Cognition

15.­1

Now Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, said to the Blessed One, “I hope, Blessed One, that I have not made any false statements about the Realized One in this teaching. Indeed, I hope that what I have said aligns with the teaching of the realized ones. Blessed One, the teaching of the realized ones is deep; Blessed One, the secret of the realized ones is profound. It runs counter to the whole world. The understanding of the minds of the realized ones, Blessed One, is truly difficult to grasp. What I have taught, Blessed One, is whatever knowledge of the realized ones has been established in my body and comes out in that way. It is not due to my own personal effort.”


16.

Chapter 16: The Prediction for Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas

16.­1

At that point, some the bodhisattvas in the assembly had the thought, “When will Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, awaken to unsurpassable and perfect awakening and become a perfect buddha? What will his buddha realm be called? What will be his name when he attains awakening? [F.166.a] What will his assembly of bodhisattvas be like?”


17.

Chapter 17: Articulating Nonduality

17.­1

At that point, the bodhisattva Śāntamati said this to Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas: “The Realized One has made a prediction for you, Lord of the Guhyakas.”

Vajrapāṇi responded, “The prediction made for me, noble son, is one that has the nature of a dream.”

17.­2

“What have you been predicted to obtain?”

“The prediction I have obtained, noble son, is for what does not obtain.”


18.

Chapter 18: Enjoying a Meal After Going to Aḍagavatī

18.­1

Now, Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, was satisfied, overjoyed, pleased, and glad. He felt both delight and cheerfulness of mind at having received the prediction of the fulfillment of his intention. So he said to the Blessed One, “Would you please show compassion for me, Blessed One, and come with these bodhisattvas and great disciples to the capital city of Aḍagavatī in my abode of guhyakas and stay there for seven days? The reason, Blessed One, is that there are many different types of beings, such as yakṣas, kumbhāṇḍas, rākṣasas, piśācas, gandharvas, and mahoragas, dwelling in the capital city of Aḍagavatī. Seeing the Blessed One and hearing the Dharma will be to their benefit, prosperity, bliss, and aims for a long time, and from then on they will abstain from thoughts that are sullied by wickedness and anger. For the Four Great Kings and their assemblies, too, [F.171.a] it will be to their benefit, prosperity, bliss, and aims for a long time.”


19.

Chapter 19: The Protectors of the World

19.­1

Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, then asked [F.175.b] the Blessed One to teach the Dharma: “Please give a teaching that will introduce the guiding principles of the Dharma in such a way that those beings who have not yet conceived the aspiration for awakening will conceive the aspiration for awakening, and become firmly established in the state of being unable to be turned back from unsurpassable and perfect awakening, and so that it will be to the benefit, prosperity, bliss, and aims of this assembly of yakṣas, rākṣasas, pretas, piśācas, gandharvas, guhyakas, and mahoragas for a long time, and so that by this distinction they will rise to a state of distinction and will not give up any part of it.”


20.

Chapter 20: Going and Coming

20.­1

At that point, the Blessed One had the thought, “I should make it so that the words of a mantra are heard in this assembly, the articulation of which ensures the well-being of the entire assembly and ensures the long-term availability of the awakening of the realized ones, too.”

20.­2

The Blessed One then spoke to Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas: “Lord of the Guhyakas, do you remember the words of the mantra that were spoken by me in the abode of the nāga king Apalāla, which I recalled as I was at the supreme point of the seat of awakening and spoke again for the well-being and benefit of the world?”


21.

Chapter 21: On Śūrabala

21.­1

At that point, the Blessed One remained at the hill, Vulture Peak, together with the bodhisattvas and great disciples. The Blessed One rested in the afternoon and then he got up and taught the Dharma. Then the sixty thousand inhabitants of the great city of Rājagṛha, including King Ajātaśatru and his household, came to know that the Blessed One had returned. So in the afternoon they took flowers, incense, garlands, and scented oils, left the great city of Rājagṛha and came to the hill, Vulture Peak, and into the presence of the Blessed One. They bowed their heads at the Blessed One’s feet and sat to one side. As they were sitting to one side, King Ajātaśatru spoke to the Blessed One.


22.

Chapter 22: The Explanation of Ajātaśatru’s Questions

22.­1

At that point, it occurred to King Ajātaśatru, “The vajra that Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, is holding in his right hand must be heavy, because if it is light, why is Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, said to possess incredibly great strength?”

22.­2

Then, knowing with his own mind the train of thought of King Ajātaśatru, Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, said to him, “It is, indeed, heavy, Great King, and it is light.”


23.

Chapter 23: On Bhadrarāja

23.­1

At that point, the bodhisattva of great courage, Śāntamati, said this to Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas: “When the Blessed One creates magically created forms of himself, Lord of the Guhyakas, do you create magically created forms of yourself, too?”

23.­2

Vajrapāṇi responded, “I am an eyewitness to what comes directly before the eyes of the Blessed One, Śāntamati, and therefore, even if the Realized One were to create magically created forms of the Realized One equal in number to the grains of sand in the Ganges River, then precisely that many magically created forms of me would accompany them, taking a variety of forms and making child’s play in a variety of ways. This, Śāntamati, is a natural consequence of the purification of my motivation in the past.”


24.

Chapter 24: The Inexhaustible Nature of the Analogies in Praise of the Virtues of Powerful Memory and the Formulas That Support It

24.­1

The bodhisattva Śāntamati then asked the Blessed One, “Blessed One, what kind of powerful mnemonic formula is the one called accessing the aspects of the Dharma?”

24.­2

“Śāntamati,” the Blessed One answered, “accessing the aspects of the Dharma is the knowledge that accesses the imperishable in syllables.287 Śāntamati, all things have the syllable ā as their point of entry.288 All things have the syllable ā as their gateway; they are created from the syllable ā; they reach their end in the syllable ā. The syllable ā does the action in verbal action, [F.195.b] but the syllable ā does not know; it does not ascertain, and yet it is the point of entry to all things. This is why the powerful mnemonic formula is called accessing the aspects of the Dharma.


25.

Chapter 25: Entrusting the True Dharma

25.­1

Vajrapāṇi, Lord of the Guhyakas, then said to the Blessed One, “Blessed One, empower this formulation of the Dharma so that it may be circulated in the latter time.”311

25.­2

The Blessed One replied, “Lord of the Guhyakas, do you remember the words that protect the form of the Dharma,312 which were heard by me in the presence of the realized one Ratnacandra, so that I would take possession of the true Dharma?”


c.

Colophon

c.­1

Translated, edited, corrected according to the revised terminology, and finalized by the Indian scholars Jinamitra, Dānaśīla, and Munivarman, along with the chief editor and translator monk, Bandé Yeshé Dé.


n.

Notes

n.­1
For example, Étienne Lamotte once called the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa “perhaps the crown jewel of the Buddhist literature of the Great Vehicle,” in L’Enseignment de Vimalakīrti (Lamotte 1987, p. v), while more recently Jonathan Silk has made a softer claim, describing it as “one of the most radiant stars in the firmament of Mahāyāna sūtra literature,” on the back cover of Vimalakīrtinirdeśa: The Teaching of Vimalakīrti (Gómez and Harrison 2022). On the appreciation (or lack thereof) of the Lalitavistara as a literary work, see Silk 2022, especially pp. 285 and following. We would also like to acknowledge here our indebtedness to Gómez and Harrison’s translation of the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa. We have used many of their translation choices of terms and phrases in this translation, as well as their explanations for our glossary.
n.­2
For the Sanskrit text of these passages, see Study Group on Buddhist Sanskrit Literature 2005, which also includes the Tibetan and Chinese translations. For a translation from Tibetan of the above passages, see Robert A. F. Thurman, trans., The Teaching of Vimalakīrti, Toh 176, 6.­13 and 4.­1 (2017).
n.­3
The relevant passages are noted in the body of the translation. For the Sanskrit editions of these works, see the following: Lévi 1907; La Vallée Poussin 1903; and Tucci 1971; and for a translation of the final work, which is not extant in Sanskrit, see Gareth Sparham, trans., The Long Explanation of the Noble Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand, Twenty-Five Thousand, and Eighteen Thousand Lines, Toh 3808 (2022).
n.­4
The relevant passages are cited in the body of the translation. For the former, a partial Sanskrit manuscript has recently been identified in Tibet, on which see Wang et al., 2020. A complete translation of it was made from Tibetan into English by Bhikkhu Pāsādika and published serially in the journal Linh-Son publication d’études bouddhiques, beginning with “The Sūtrasamuccaya – An English Translation from the Tibetan Version of the Sanskrit Original (I).” For the latter, the classical Sanskrit edition is Cecil Bendall’s Çikshāsamuccaya: A Compendium of Buddhistic Teaching; it has also been translated into English on two occasions: Cecil Bendall’s and W. H. D. Rouse’s Śikṣā Samuccaya (1922) and Charles Goodman’s The Training Anthology of Śāntideva (2016).
n.­5
The relevant passages are cited in the body of the translation. Sanskrit edition: Bunyiu Nanjio, The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra (1923); English translation: Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, The Lankavatara Sutra: A Mahayana Text (1932).
n.­6
The relevant passages are cited in the body of the translation. It is also possible that the Tathāgataguhya reworks the passages as they are found in the Bodhisattvapiṭaka, or that both texts share a common source or sources. Parts of both passages are also quoted in the Śikṣāsamuccaya and Sūtrasamuccaya, and there they are explicitly attributed to the Tathāgataguhya. A Sanskrit edition of the Bodhisattvapiṭaka will be published in Liland et al. (forthcoming).
n.­7
The relevant passages are cited in the body of the translation. For the list of citations of the sūtra in this text, see Lamotte 1970, p. 1638, n. 1. On the question of authorship and the nature of this important work, see Zacchetti 2021.
n.­8
For a recent approach to the study of Buddhist literature as a form of literature, see Shaw 2021. A classic in the field of literary studies of the Bible is Robert Alter’s The Art of Biblical Narrative (2011).
n.­32
“Acceptance” (bzod pa, kṣānti) likely refers here to anutpattika­dharmakṣānti, “acceptance of the fact that things do not arise,” which is said to constitute a definitive understanding of the emptiness of all phenomena. Possibly the same expression is used to describe Vimalakīrti in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa, section 2.1, the Sanskrit for which reads prati­labdhakṣāntika. The Tibetan translation here and there is identical: bzod pa thob pa.
n.­33
The Tibetan translation reads mngon par shes pa’i ye shes gyis rnam par rtsen pa, which we understand to be translating a Sanskrit compound similar to abhijñā­jñāna­vikrīḍita.
n.­34
The Tibetan translation here is identical to what is also found in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa, section 1.3, for which the underlying Sanskrit is likely nihatamāra­pratyarthika. The Tibetan renders this compound as a dvandva, “x and y,” whereas one could interpret it differently to say that the adversaries actually are Māra in all his forms. The idea behind the translation of “Māra in all his forms” is that Buddhist literature generally recognizes several types of Māra. See, for instance, the entry on Māra in Buswell and Lopez, The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.
n.­35
This appears to be a minor translation variant upon a phrase also found in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa 2.1, where it describes Vimalakīrti: sarva­buddha­stutastomita­praśaṃsitaḥ.
n.­36
A similar statement describing the bodhisattva is found in The Play in Full (Toh 95), 2.­1.
n.­37
A similar expression is found among the opening descriptions of the bodhisattvas in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa, section 1.3: sarva­parṣadanabhi­bhūtavaiśaradya­vikrāmibhiḥ. Comparing the two passages, the Tibetan here suggests a reading of sarva­parṣadabhi­bhūta­vaiśaradyakulaśaḥ.
n.­38
zla ba dang nyi ma mog mog por byed pa; literally “they darkened the sun and the moon.” This expression is also used to describe an eclipse.
n.­39
“The three times” refers to the past, present, and future.
n.­40
Following Stok palace chos zab mo rnam par nges pa ye shes kyis ston pa la mkhas pa. Degé has a vertical line after rnam par nges pa, but this doesn’t require that we split the phrases into two.
n.­41
This sentence and the preceding one are quoted in the Sūtrasamuccaya. For an English translation, see Pāsādika 1978b, p. 28. The Tibetan expression found here, dkon mchog gsum gyi rigs rgyun mi ’chad par byed pa, is identical to one also found in the Vimalakīrti­nirdesa, section 1.3, for which the Sanskrit reads triratnavaṃ­śānupacchetṛbhiḥ. The same expression is attested later in the Sanskrit manuscript of the Tathāgataguhya, too.
n.­42
Following Stok Palace mtha’ yas rnam par gnon pa. Degé lacks this name but instead reads blo gros mtha’ yas, which duplicates and transposes the next name: mtha’ yas blo gros. Yet, blo gros mtha’ yas is the name of a bodhisattva found later in chapter 4, for which the extant Sanskrit equivalent is Anantabuddhi.
n.­43
This sentence is quoted by Kamalaśīla in the third Bhāvanākrama. For the passage in Sanskrit, see Tucci 1971, p. 12.
n.­44
This sentence is quoted by Kamalaśīla in the third Bhāvanākrama. For the passage in Sanskrit, see Tucci 1971, p. 12.
n.­45
The fragmentary Sanskrit manuscript kept in the library of the Asiatic Society in Bengal, MS G10765, preserves a block of text that begins with the second half of this sentence and runs to the beginning of folio 104.b of the Tibetan translation.
n.­46
The Sanskrit manuscript suggests the alternative that the supply here is of “serving” (sevana) companions in what is good.
n.­47
This sentence is cited by Kamalaśīla in the third Bhāvanākrama. For the passage in Sanskrit, see Tucci 1971, pp. 12–13.
n.­48
The Lankāvatāra Sūtra asks about the meaning of the fact that Vajrapāṇi always accompanies the Buddha, using different terminology from what is found here, but touching on a similar theme. See Nanjio, pp. 240 and 242, for the Sanskrit, and the English translation in Suzuki, pp. 207 and 209.
n.­49
The Sanskrit manuscript reads pratibhātu, perhaps an imperative form of pratibhā, “to shine light on,” but which is connected to the concept of pratibhāna, commonly translated as “eloquence” or “inspired speech.”
n.­50
The first block of text in the Sanskrit manuscript ends here, right in the middle of this sentence at the following point: “… Blessed One, through the majestic pow-.” The next line of the manuscript continues another fragmentary passage beginning slightly further in the text on folio 105.b of the Tibetan translation.
n.­51
Here the text seems to use the term “mystery” (bsam gyis mi khyab pa) or “inconceivable thing or quality,” acintya in Sanskrit, as almost a synonym for the term gsang ba (“secret”). This may help us to understand these terms better and even to see how they came to be combined so closely in the iteration of the title of this sūtra.
n.­52
In the Śikṣāsamuccaya, a quotation is given ostensibly from the Ratnamegha Sūtra that discusses the concept of kāyakuhanā or “artifice of the body,” as well as verbal and mental forms of artifice, such as flattery (lapanā) and dissimulation (Bendall 1902, pp. 267–68), which are described as actions of body, speech, and mind that are intended to persuade donors and patrons to give gifts.
n.­53
We see here a play on words between yongs su mi rtog pa (aparikalpa), rendered in the previous sentence as “involuntarily,” and rnam par mi rtog (avikalpa), rendered here as “[they] do not form concepts.” Both terms involve the lack of any supposition or application of false ideas or dualistic thinking onto the true nature of reality.
n.­54
The second text block of the Sanskrit manuscript picks up right at the end of this sentence with the words ojo dadāti, “he [the bodhisattva] gives his physical vitality,” which is strangely affixed to part of the line that construes with the previous text block. In any case, the Sanskrit fragment makes it clear that the bodhisattva is being spoken of here in the third-person singular masculine form, he/him, and the Tibetan translation reflects this, too, but for the sake of style and inclusivity we have rendered the sequence using the plural, they/them. This tension between the default masculine pronouns and the attempt at a more inclusive rendering persists throughout the sūtra.
n.­55
The mention made here of covering the cosmos with a jeweled parasol is quite similar to the opening marvel in the first chapter of the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa (1.­13).
n.­56
The translation here reflects the extant Sanskrit manuscript insofar as the Tibetan text seems to have taken the offering of flowered parasols with the previous sentence, whereas the Sanskrit suggests that we read it together with the offering of the baskets of flowers, but it also partly reflects the Tibetan translation in the parsing of this and the next three sentences.
n.­57
This paragraph is one of several that is quoted in the Śikṣāsamuccaya. For the Sanskrit passage, see Bendall 1902, pp. 158–59.
n.­58
Beginning with this sentence and running until the end of this past life story and then a bit further, there is a parallel found in chapter 9 of the Bodhisattvapiṭaka (Toh 56). A comparison of the Sanskrit manuscript and the Tibetan translation of that text with the preserved fragments of the Sanskrit of this sūtra as well as its complete Tibetan translation reveals numerous differences in the precise language despite great similarities between the two texts. For instance, in the Bodhisattvapiṭaka, the Buddha tells this story to Śāriputra in first-person voice, while in this sūtra Vajrapāṇi tells the story to Śāntamati. For this reason, we have based the translation of this section primarily on the Tibetan translation of this sūtra and any available Sanskrit fragments.
n.­59
The terms “air” (vāta, lung), “heat” (pitta, mkhris pa), and “phlegm” (śleṣman, bad kan) refer to the three doṣas, the basic categories or properties of the human body and mind according to the traditional Indian medical system known as Ayurveda, which also influenced the development of traditional Tibetan medicine.
n.­60
The end of this sentence marks the end of the second text block of text in the Sanskrit manuscript.
n.­61
In the Bodhisattvapiṭaka, Śakra first speaks in prose for about a paragraph before continuing with a series of six verses, three of which are similar but not identical to what is found in this sūtra.
n.­62
Here Vajrapāṇi resumes his narration of the story, but the text suggests that he does so with a verse. Therefore, we have rendered it as such in the translation. In the Bodhisattvapiṭaka, too, the voice shifts in the final verse from Śakra to the narrator, which in that text is the Buddha himself.
n.­63
Here we have two verb forms, mi sems and mi rtog, which are likely translating the Sanskrit expressions na vicintayati and na vikalpayati, “he does not ponder” and “he does not ruminate,” respectively.
n.­64
From this sentence through the penultimate sentence of the following paragraph, the Śikṣāsamuccaya also preserves the Sanskrit, for which see Bendall 1902, p. 159.
n.­65
The Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa may owe something here again to the sūtra, or vice versa, since the language used to describe this medicine-made girl is the same language the goddess uses therein to describe the flowers to Śāriputra. In section 6.14 of the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa, the goddess says that the flowers do not form ideas (na kalpayanti) and they do not form conceptions (na vikalpayanti). For an alternative translation of the passage made from Tibetan see The Teaching of Vimalakīrti, Toh 176, 6.­14 (Thurman 2017). Though the Sanskrit preserved in the Śikṣāsamuccaya appears corrupted here, the Tibetan translation of these two sūtra passages is nearly identical, and again, we can take note of the use of the terminology related to the term vikalpa (rnam par rtog pa), and also its connection here (and there) to the forming or fashioning (kalpana) of bodies. Winternitz 1933, p. 394, n. 5 notes that this image appears to be a counterpart to the narrative trope of the “poison girl” (viṣakanyā). This trope is mentioned in the Arthaśāstra and in later narrative literature such as the Kathāsaritsāgara, as well as in modern Indian literature and film.
n.­66
With the first half of this sentence, the series of close parallel passages found in chapter 9 of the Bodhisattvapiṭaka (Toh 56) appears to come to an end.
n.­67
This same list of metaphors for the body is found in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa, chapter 2, for which the Sanskrit reads tṛṇakāṣṭhakuḍyaloṣṭa­prati­bhāsasadṛśah. The Tibetan translation of the two passages is identical except for the fourth member of the list, for which the Tibetan translation of the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa gives bong ba and here the translation of the Tathāgataguhya has lam, or “road,” which seems as though it may be an error or corruption. The Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa explains that all these things are examples of “inanimate” (jaḍa) objects. In general, it is worth comparing the descriptions of the Dharma body here in this sūtra with the descriptions of the physical body and of the Dharma body at the end of chapter 2 of the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa, sections 2.9–12. For a translation from Tibetan, see The Teaching of Vimalakīrti, Toh 176, 2.­8-2.­12 (Thurman 2017).
n.­106
This sentence is quoted, but without explicit reference to the Tathāgataguhya, and placed in the voice of the Buddha in a passage in the Lankāvatāra Sūtra, for which see Nanjio, pp. 142–43 and 240, for the Sanskrit, and the English translation by Suzuki, pp. 123–24 and 207. This passage is also quoted twice in Candrakīrti’s Prasannapadā, where it is explicitly said to come from the Tathāgataguhya Sūtra. The first citation is in the commentary on chapter 18, verse 7 of the Mūla­madhyamakakārikā; the second citation is in the commentary on chapter 25, verse 24, the last verse in the chapter on the analysis of nirvāṇa. For the Sanskrit text, see La Vallée Poussin 1903, pp. 366–67 and 539–40. There are slight differences between the sentence as it is quoted in the Prasannapadā and the passage as found in the Sanskrit manuscript and the Tibetan translation of this sūtra, but after quoting this sentence, Candrakīrti appears to continue to cite or paraphrase this sūtra. In neither case, however, does there seem to be an exact equivalency to what is found in the extant Sanskrit manuscript or the Tibetan translation. In this respect, it would be interesting to compare the Prasannapadā with the earlier Chinese translation of the sūtra. After the first quotation of the sentence above, Candrakīrti says, “How, then, is the teaching of the Dharma taught by the Blessed One to all the various kinds of folk who are ready to the trained, beginning with gods (sura), asuras, humans (nara), kinnaras, siddhas, vidyādharas, and uragas (i.e., nāgas)? With the mere utterance of speech for a single moment, [a speech that is] a great light, reddish like the sun in autumn, a light that removes the darkness from the minds of those beings (tatajjanamanastamoharaṇī), opens the manifold thickets of the lotuses of their intellects, dries up the oceans and rivers of old age and death, and surpasses the magnitude of the light rays from the seven suns of the fiery conflagration [at the end] of the eon.” Then follows the quotation of the three metaphors in verse from this sūtra for which the references are given when they occur. What follows the second quotation by Candrakīrti of the sentence above is the following: “Moreover, all beings, whose aspirations and constituent elements vary, understand the speech that comes from the Realized One variously in accordance with their level of dedication. And each and every one of them has the thought, ‘The Blessed One is teaching this Dharma to us; we are hearing the Realized One’s teaching of the Dharma.’ In this regard, the Realized One does not form an idea; he does not form a concept. For, indeed, Śāntamati, the Realized One is devoid of all vain imaginings or lingering traces of the web of thoughts and concepts.” This second passage seems quite similar to parts of the passage that follows this one in the main text and part of a passage found a few paragraphs further below in the sūtra. After what was just translated, the second quotation in the Prasannapadā continues with a verse and several more lines that pursue a similar theme, at the end of which Candrakīrti says, “All of this has been explained at length in ‘The Chapter on the Secret of the Speech of the Realized One’ (tathāgata­vāgguhya­parivarta).” The main statement above is also quoted at the beginning of The Long Explanation of the Noble Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand, Twenty-Five Thousand, and Eighteen Thousand Lines‍—see section 1.­81.8‍—where again the quotation appears to differ slightly from the passage as found in the extant Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra.
n.­143
Following the Sanskrit manuscript, which reads cittavismṛti. This phrase seems to be absent from the Tibetan translation, as the next Tibetan phrase reads thugs la ’gyur ba mi mnga’, which looks like a translation of the Sanskrit phrase cittapariṇāma or “alteration of mind,” which is absent in the Sanskrit manuscript.
n.­144
This phrase is added from the Tibetan translation. It seems to be absent from the Sanskrit manuscript, as stated in the previous note.
n.­145
Following the Sanskrit manuscript, which reads citta­saṃharṣanaṃ. This phrase seems to be absent from the Tibetan translation, as the next phrase reads thugs la ’grug pa or thugs la ’grul pa, “mental conflict” or “mental confusion.”
n.­146
This phrase is added from the Tibetan translation. It seems to be absent from the Sanskrit manuscript, as stated in the previous note.
n.­147
This phrase, thugs la sel ba mi mnga’, is added from the Tibetan translation. It seems to be absent from the Sanskrit manuscript.
n.­148
Following the Tibetan rnam par ’khrug pa, which suggests emending the Sanskrit manuscript to vikopana from its present reading, vilokana.
n.­149
This phrase follows the Tibetan. It is lacking in the Sanskrit manuscript.
n.­191
The Sanskrit manuscript here reads kecid sarveṇa sarvaṃ māraṃ nopasaṃkrāmantam iti saṃjāṃte [sic], and the Tibetan translation seems to reflect this reading: kha cig gis ni bdud yongs thams cad du ma ’ongs par shes so. The Tibetan interprets the verb form upasaṃkrāmanta in the common sense of “approaching” or “arriving,” and it is used several times in this way previously in this sūtra. However, as Edgerton notes in his entry on the term upasaṃkramati, the same verb can be used in the sense of “violently attack,” and thus it is possible to see a play on words here or simply to translate it as follows: “some thought that Māra was not assaulting him in any way at all.”
n.­192
Following the Sanskrit, which reads kecit pārijātaṃ kecit kovidāraṃ, seemingly suggesting that there is a distinction to be made between the two. The Tibetan translation reads kha cig gis ni byang chub kyi shing yongs ’du sa brtol du mthong ngo, which suggests that the translators understood pārijāta and kovidāra to be referring to a single tree, perhaps a huge banyan tree with multiple trunks forming a single canopy. See Edgerton’s entries on pāriyātra and kovidāra for explanation and disambiguation.
n.­287
There are several layers of punning that occur in this paragraph. The first point is simply to note that the term rendered here and below as “accessing,” anupraveśa in Sanskrit and translated into Tibetan as rjes su ’jug pa, has the primary sense of entering, and the strong secondary meaning here of understanding. Both meanings are implied here simultaneously. Secondly, in this sentence there seems to be a play on the word akṣara, first in the meaning of what is “imperishable” or “unchangeable” (that is, nirvāṇa), and secondly in the sense of “a syllable” or a written character of a syllabary, what an English speaker would call a letter of the alphabet. This pun seems to have been missed by the Tibetan translation, which translates both uses of the term with yi ge (“syllable”), and thus the Tibetan could be translated as “the knowledge that accesses the syllables in the syllables.”
n.­288
There is a pun here on the word ākāra, which can mean both “aspect,” as it does in the name of this dhāraṇī, and “the syllable ā.” The Tibetan translation also picks up on this pun and translates here accordingly, a shes bya ba. There is also the play again on the two meanings of the word dharma, “teaching” and “thing.” Also, we alternated the translation of anupraveśa here with “point of entry.”
n.­311
Following the Sanskrit manuscript here, and translating the verb pracaret as “may be circulated,” as it was translated in a similar context earlier. The Tibetan translation of spyod pa is closer to “may be practiced.” The Tibetan translation here also has the slightly more elaborate expression in the second half of the sentence, similar to what was seen earlier in both Sanskrit and Tibetan, and may be translated as “…so that it may be practiced (spyod pa) in Jambudvīpa in the latter time, that is, in the final five-hundred-year period of the Dharma.”
n.­312
On the translation of gupti here as “form” in the phrase “words that protect the form of the Dharma” (dharma­guptyāra­kṣaṇapada), see Edgerton’s entry on the term gupti. The Tibetan translation of this term is sba ba (“hiding” or “place of concealment”), which reflects the ordinary meaning of the term in Sanskrit.

b.

Bibliography

Primary Source Texts

’phags pa de bzhin gshegs pa’i gsang ba bsam gyis mi khyab pa bstan pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Ārya­tathāgatācintyaguhya­nirdeśa­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra). Toh 47, Degé Kangyur vol. 39 (dkon brtsegs, ka), folios 100.a–203.a.

’phags pa de bzhin gshegs pa’i gsang ba bsam gyis mi khyab pa bstan pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–9, vol. 39, pp. 289–542.

*Tathāgata­guhya­nirdeśa­sūtra. Manuscript G10765. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata. [For an unpublished transcription of this manuscript, see Szántó 2021.]

Editions, Translations, and Other Sources

Alter, Robert. The Art of Biblical Narrative. New York: Basic Books, 2011. First published 1981.

Anesaki, Masaharu. “Docetism (Buddhist).” In The Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, vol. 4, edited by James Hastings et al., 835–40. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1911.

Bendall, Cecil (1883). Catalogue of the Buddhist Sanskrit Manuscripts in the University Library, Cambridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bendall, Cecil, ed. (1902). Çikshāsamuccaya: A Compendium of Buddhistic Teaching. Bibliotheca Buddhica I. St. Petersburg: Académie Impériale des Sciences.

Bendall, Cecil, and W. H. D. Rouse, trans. Śikṣā Samuccaya. London: John Murray, 1922.

Bodhi, Bhikkhu (1978). “The Meaning of the Word ‘Tathāgata’ According to the Pāli Commentaries: Text and Introductory Essay.” Pali Buddhist Review 3.2: 65–83.

Bodhi, Bhikkhu, trans. (2000). The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Saṃyutta Nikāya. Boston: Wisdom.

Bodhi, Bhikkhu, trans. (2012). The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Aṅguttara Nikāya. Boston: Wisdom.

Bodhi, Bhikkhu, and Bhikkhu Ñāṇamoli, trans. The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya. Boston: Wisdom, 1995.

Buswell, Robert E., Jr., and Donald S. Lopez, Jr., eds. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014.

Cowell, Edward B. and Robert Alexander Neil, eds. The Divyāvadāna: A Collection of Early Buddhist Legends. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1886.

Denkarma (pho brang stod thang ldan dkar gyi chos kyi ’gyur ro cog gi dkar chag). Toh 4364, Degé Tengyur vol. 206 (sna tshogs, jo), folios 294.b–310.a.

Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans. The Play in Full (Lalitavistara, Toh 95). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2013.

Edgerton, Franklin. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953.

Gómez, Luis, and Paul Harrison, trans. Vimalakīrtinirdeśa: The Teaching of Vimalakīrti. Berkeley, CA: Mangalam, 2022.

Goodman, Charles. The Training Anthology of Śāntideva. London: Oxford University Press, 2016.

Hamano, Tetsunori 滨野哲敬. 如來秘密経の佛陀觀 [The Conception of the Buddha in the Nyoraihimitsu-kyō]. Indogaku Bukkyōgaku Kenkyū 印度學 佛教學 研究第 38.1 (1987): 42–46.

Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. Die lHan kar ma: ein früher Katalog der ins Tibetische übersetzten buddhistischen Texte. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2008.

Hidas, Gergely. Powers of Protection: The Buddhist Tradition of Spells in the Dhāraṇīv­saṃgraha Collections. Beyond Boundaries 9. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2021.

Hopkins, Edward Washburn. Epic Mythology. Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, 1915.

Ikuma, Hiromitsu 伊久間洋光 (2013). 『如来秘密経』の梵文写本について [On the Sanskrit Manuscript of the Nyoraihimitsu-kyō]. 印度學 佛教學 研究第 Indogaku Bukkyōgaku Kenkyū 61.2: 171–79.

Ikuma, Hiromitsu (2018). “Lalitavistara と『如来秘密経』の仏伝の対応関係” [On the Correspondence of the Lalitavistara with the Buddha’s Biography in the Nyoraihimitsu-kyō]. 印度學 佛教學 研究第 Indogaku Bukkyōgaku Kenkyū 67.1: 126–30.

Ikuma, Hiromitsu (2020).『如来秘密経』梵文写本における地名と民族名のリスト: 『大毘婆沙論』における並行説話との比較 [A List of the Place and Ethnic Names in the Sanskrit Manuscript of the Nyoraihimitsu-kyō: A Comparison with the Parallel Narrative in the *Abhidharma-mahāvibhāṣā]. 印度學 佛教學 研究第 Indogaku Bukkyōgaku Kenkyū 68.2: 101–5.

Jamspal, Lozang, et al., trans. The Universal Vehicle Discourse Literature (Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra). New York: American Institute of Buddhist Studies, 2004.

Jones, J. J., trans. The Mahāvastu, Vol. 2. Sacred Books of the Buddhists. London: Pali Text Society, 1976.

Lalou, Marcel. Inventaire des manuscrits tibétains de Touen-houang: conservés à la Bibliothèque nationale (Fond Pelliot tibétain). Vol. 3. Paris: Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient, 1961.

Lamotte, Étienne (1966). “Vajrapāṇi en Inde.” In Mélanges de Sinologie offerts à Monsieur Paul Demiéville, 113–59. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Lamotte, Étienne (1970). Le Traité de la Grande Vertu de Sagesse de Nāgārjuna (Mahā­prajñā­pāramitopadeśa). Tome III: Chapitres XXXI-XLII. Louvain-la-neuve: Institute Orientaliste de la Université Catholique de Louvain.

Lamotte, Étienne (1976). Le Traité de la Grande Vertu de Sagesse de Nāgārjuna (Mahā­prajñā­pāramitopadeśa). Tome IV: Chapitres XLII(suite)-XLVIII. Louvain-la-neuve: Institute Orientaliste de la Université Catholique de Louvain.

Lamotte, Étienne (1981). Le Traité de la Grande Vertu de Sagesse de Nāgārjuna (Mahā­prajñā­pāramitopadeśa). Tome I: Chapitres I-XV. Louvain-la-neuve: Institute Orientaliste de la Université Catholique de Louvain.

Lamotte, Étienne, trans. (1987). L’Enseignment de Vimalakīrti. Louvain-la-neuve: Institute Orientaliste de la Université Catholique de Louvain.

La Vallée Poussin, Louis de, ed. Mūlamadhyamakakārikās (Mādhyamikasūtras) de Nāgārjuna avec la Prasannapadā Commentaire de Candrakīrti. Bibliotheca Buddhica 4. St. Petersburg: Académie Impériale des Sciences, 1903.

Liland, Fredrik et al. Bodhisatvapiṭaka: A Critical Edition. Sanskrit Texts from the Tibetan Autonomous Region (STTAR). Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, forthcoming.

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Lewis, Todd. Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000.

Malalasekera, G. P. Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names. Vol. 1. London: John Murray, 1937.

Nanjio, Bunyiu, ed. The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra. Kyoto: Otani University Press, 1923.

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Pāsādika, Bhikkhu, trans. (1978a). “The Sūtrasamuccaya‍—An English Translation from the Tibetan Version of the Sanskrit Original (I).” Linh-Son publication d’études bouddhiques 2: 19–30.

Pāsādika, Bhikkhu, trans. (1978b). “The Sūtrasamuccaya‍—Nāgārjuna’s Anthology of (Quotations from) Discourses: English Translation (III).” Linh-Son publication d’études bouddhiques 4: 26–33.

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Phangthangma (dkar chag ’phang thang ma). Beijing: mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 2003.

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g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for names and terms of the corresponding source language

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in a manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other manuscripts with a parallel or similar context.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in dictionaries matching Tibetan to the corresponding language.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where the relationship between the Tibetan and source language is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

a feeling of remorse

Wylie:
  • khrel yod pa
Tibetan:
  • ཁྲེལ་ཡོད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • apatrāpya

One of a common list of eleven positive mental states (kuśalacaittya) found in Buddhist abhidharma lists. Remorse is what one feels after having realized that one has done something wrong, and it serves as a mental state that hinders one from engaging in such wrong actions again. Often paired with hrī (ngo tsha shes pa).

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 19.­47
g.­2

a sense of shame

Wylie:
  • ngo tsha shes pa
Tibetan:
  • ངོ་ཚ་ཤེས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • hrī

One of a common list of eleven positive mental states (kuśalacaittya) found in Buddhist abhidharma lists. Shame is what one feels after having realized that one has done something wrong, and it serves as a mental state that hinders one from engaging in such wrong actions again. Often paired with apatrāpya (khrel yod pa).

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 19.­47
g.­3

Abhiratī

Wylie:
  • mngon par dga’ ba
Tibetan:
  • མངོན་པར་དགའ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • abhirati
  • abhiratī

The buddha domain of the Buddha Akṣobhya.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 16.­10
  • 23.­20
  • g.­15
g.­6

absorption

Wylie:
  • snyoms par ’jug pa
Tibetan:
  • སྙོམས་པར་འཇུག་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • samāpatti

A higher or more refined state of meditative equipoise than those listed as the four meditations (dhyāna); often listed as a second set of four states that follow the four dhyānas.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­3
  • 3.­3
  • 24.­11
  • g.­50
  • g.­342
g.­7

acceptance

Wylie:
  • bzod pa
Tibetan:
  • བཟོད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kṣānti

See “patience.”

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­1
  • 5.­42
  • 7.­46
  • 15.­10
  • 20.­17
  • 21.­22
  • 25.­37
  • n.­32
  • n.­104
  • g.­8
  • g.­9
  • g.­246
g.­8

acceptance of the fact that things do not arise

Wylie:
  • mi skye ba’i chos la bzod pa
Tibetan:
  • མི་སྐྱེ་བའི་ཆོས་ལ་བཟོད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • anutpattika­dharmakṣānti

The third and final stage of the three levels of intellectual receptivity or acceptance (kṣānti) of the Dharma. Tantamount to an acceptance of the emptiness of all things, the fact that they do not arise or cease as substantial or essentially real phenomena. It follows from the second level of acceptance, which brings one into conformity with the Dharma (ānulomika­dharmakṣānti), which is in turn preceded by a first stage of acceptance in which one follows the voice (ghoṣānugā kṣānti) of the teacher of the Dharma. This is a distinctive but related use of the term kṣānti, which is also translated in this sūtra as “patience,” when it refers to the perfection (pāramitā) and virtue of patience more generally.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­11-12
  • 5.­50
  • 7.­49
  • 8.­89
  • 13.­12
  • 15.­41
  • 17.­35
  • 20.­16-17
  • n.­32
  • g.­9
  • g.­353
g.­10

accumulation

Wylie:
  • tshogs
Tibetan:
  • ཚོགས།
Sanskrit:
  • saṃbhāra

See “supply.”

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­29
  • 9.­1
  • 12.­15
  • 18.­5
  • g.­328
g.­11

Aḍagavatī

Wylie:
  • lcang lo can
Tibetan:
  • ལྕང་ལོ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • aḍagavatī

The name of the capital city in the abode of Vajrapāṇi, as attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. The manuscript of the sūtra contains the variant spelling Abhagavatī, which could be a spelling error, though it occurs multiple times in the manuscript. The spelling of the name can vary in other texts, too, as the same term is attested for Alakāvatī, Aḍakavatī, and Aṭakāvatī in other sources. Its precise relationship to Alakāvatī, the capital of Vaiśravaṇa, as given in the Mahābhārata, is not entirely clear.

Located in 16 passages in the translation:

  • i.­14
  • 18.­1-2
  • 18.­5
  • 18.­7-9
  • 18.­20
  • 18.­22-23
  • 18.­32
  • 18.­34-35
  • 20.­26
  • 21.­2-3
g.­12

aggregate

Wylie:
  • phung po
Tibetan:
  • ཕུང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • skandha

The fivefold basic grouping of the components out of which the world and the person are formed.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­55
  • 1.­57
  • 6.­5
  • 7.­8
  • 9.­5
  • 14.­22
  • 15.­36
  • 17.­3
  • 19.­28
  • 23.­10
  • n.­201
g.­13

air

Wylie:
  • lung
Tibetan:
  • ལུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • vāta

One of the three doṣas in traditional Indian medicine.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­37
  • n.­59
g.­14

Ajātaśatru

Wylie:
  • ma skyes dgra
Tibetan:
  • མ་སྐྱེས་དགྲ།
Sanskrit:
  • ajātaśatru

King of Magadha after his father, Bimbisāra, whom he is said to have imprisoned and had killed, an act to which this sūtra alludes. Both he and his father are often portrayed in Buddhist texts as great supporters of the Buddha and his community.

Located in 17 passages in the translation:

  • i.­33-34
  • 1.­5
  • 21.­1
  • 21.­5
  • 22.­1-2
  • 22.­4-6
  • 22.­18
  • 22.­24
  • 22.­55
  • 22.­58
  • 25.­38
  • n.­282
  • g.­120
g.­17

Always Watching

Wylie:
  • rtag par lta
Tibetan:
  • རྟག་པར་ལྟ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­18

ambition

Wylie:
  • lhag pa’i bsam pa
Tibetan:
  • ལྷག་པའི་བསམ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • adhyāśaya

“Higher motivation”‍—an even stronger motivation to pursue the exalted goal of the Buddhist path.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­13
  • 6.­3
  • 7.­44
  • 8.­9
  • 12.­54
  • 12.­61
  • 12.­70
  • 13.­5
  • 15.­39
  • 19.­4
  • 22.­49-50
  • 24.­6
  • 24.­25
g.­20

Anantabuddhi

Wylie:
  • blo gros mtha’ yas
Tibetan:
  • བློ་གྲོས་མཐའ་ཡས།
Sanskrit:
  • anantabuddhi

A bodhisattva whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra, which says he will become the last of the one thousand buddhas in this fortunate eon.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­56
  • 5.­60
  • n.­42
g.­23

Anantamati

Wylie:
  • mtha’ yas blo gros
Tibetan:
  • མཐའ་ཡས་བློ་གྲོས།
Sanskrit:
  • anantamati

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Saddharma­puṇḍarīka.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­24

Anantavikrāmin

Wylie:
  • tha’ yas rnam par gnon pa
Tibetan:
  • ཐའ་ཡས་རྣམ་པར་གནོན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • anantavikrāmin

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­25

Anavatapta

Wylie:
  • ma dros pa
Tibetan:
  • མ་དྲོས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • anavatapta

A nāga king in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in the Mahāvyutpatti.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­5
g.­29

Apalāla

Wylie:
  • sog ma med
Tibetan:
  • སོག་མ་མེད།
Sanskrit:
  • apalāla

A nāga king whose name is attested in the Mahāvyutpatti.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 20.­2
g.­30

Apāyajaha

Wylie:
  • ngan song spong
Tibetan:
  • ངན་སོང་སྤོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • apāyajaha

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested by Negi as one found in the Sarva­durgatipari­śodhana.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­32

ascetic

Wylie:
  • dge sbyong
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་སྦྱོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • śramaṇa

A general term for a person who is living a religious life, often involving renunciation, a broader category that includes both non-Buddhist religious renunciants and Buddhist monastics, used especially in the context of the phrase “ascetics and brahmins.”

Located in 21 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­9
  • 3.­6
  • 7.­14
  • 8.­10
  • 11.­1
  • 11.­3-4
  • 11.­7-8
  • 11.­12-13
  • 14.­18
  • 14.­26
  • 15.­32
  • 19.­7
  • 19.­35
  • 25.­5
  • g.­35
  • g.­40
  • g.­177
  • g.­284
g.­33

aspiration for awakening

Wylie:
  • byang chub kyi sems
Tibetan:
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སེམས།
Sanskrit:
  • bodhicitta

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In the general Mahāyāna teachings the mind of awakening (bodhicitta) is the intention to attain the complete awakening of a perfect buddha for the sake of all beings. On the level of absolute truth, the mind of awakening is the realization of the awakened state itself.

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­11-12
  • 5.­26
  • 5.­35-36
  • 7.­34-35
  • 7.­38-39
  • 7.­42
  • 7.­44
  • 8.­89
  • 12.­62
  • 14.­11
  • 15.­15
  • 15.­39
  • 18.­24
  • 19.­1
  • 19.­24
  • 20.­8
  • 20.­16
  • 22.­45-46
  • 22.­48-49
  • 24.­22
  • 24.­25
  • 25.­28
g.­34

asura

Wylie:
  • lha ma yin
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ་མ་ཡིན།
Sanskrit:
  • asura

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A type of nonhuman being whose precise status is subject to different views, but is included as one of the six classes of beings in the sixfold classification of realms of rebirth. In the Buddhist context, asuras are powerful beings said to be dominated by envy, ambition, and hostility. They are also known in the pre-Buddhist and pre-Vedic mythologies of India and Iran, and feature prominently in Vedic and post-Vedic Brahmanical mythology, as well as in the Buddhist tradition. In these traditions, asuras are often described as being engaged in interminable conflict with the devas (gods).

Located in 25 passages in the translation:

  • i.­14
  • 1.­5
  • 1.­28
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­29
  • 7.­14
  • 8.­4
  • 8.­10
  • 8.­81
  • 14.­17
  • 19.­20
  • 20.­27
  • 22.­7
  • 25.­38
  • n.­106
  • n.­171
  • g.­68
  • g.­255
  • g.­264
  • g.­288
  • g.­291
  • g.­320
  • g.­341
  • g.­343
  • g.­374
g.­37

Avalokiteśvara

Wylie:
  • spyan ras gzigs dbang phyug
Tibetan:
  • སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས་དབང་ཕྱུག
Sanskrit:
  • avalokiteśvara

A well-known bodhisattva featured in a number of Mahāyāna sūtras; in this sūtra, mentioned as one of the bodhisattvas in the audience.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­40

being with a great physique

Wylie:
  • tshan po che chen po
  • tshan po che
Tibetan:
  • ཚན་པོ་ཆེ་ཆེན་པོ།
  • ཚན་པོ་ཆེ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahānagna

A term that can also mean a “stark naked” person. It is used to describe wrestlers’ and ascetics’ bodies, as well as beings who possess strong muscular bodies and those with perfect physical form. The Tibetan translation, tshan po che chen po, emphasizes the feature of great physical prowess.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­34
  • 21.­19
  • 22.­5
g.­44

bodhisattva of great courage

Wylie:
  • byang chub sems dpa’ chen po
Tibetan:
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • bodhisattvo mahāsattvaḥ

A common epithet of great bodhisattvas, the precise meaning of which is contested but that seems to describe someone as possessing great courage, magnanimity, and great strength of character. The term is explained in the *Mahā­prajñā­pāramitopadeśa, which has a short chapter on this term, also as a being who possesses great love and great compassion.

Located in 23 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­1
  • 1.­6
  • 1.­14-16
  • 1.­19
  • 1.­22-24
  • 1.­35
  • 1.­63
  • 4.­1-2
  • 6.­1
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­10
  • 8.­88
  • 9.­1
  • 16.­3
  • 16.­9
  • 18.­7
  • 20.­10
  • 23.­1
g.­46

brahmā

Wylie:
  • tshangs pa
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • brahmā

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A high-ranking deity presiding over a divine world; he is also considered to be the lord of the Sahā world (our universe). Though not considered a creator god in Buddhism, Brahmā occupies an important place as one of two gods (the other being Indra/Śakra) said to have first exhorted the Buddha Śākyamuni to teach the Dharma. The particular heavens found in the form realm over which Brahmā rules are often some of the most sought-after realms of higher rebirth in Buddhist literature. Since there are many universes or world systems, there are also multiple Brahmās presiding over them. His most frequent epithets are “Lord of the Sahā World” (sahāṃpati) and Great Brahmā (mahābrahman).

Located in 44 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­5
  • 1.­28
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­6
  • 7.­4
  • 7.­14
  • 8.­3
  • 8.­10
  • 8.­67
  • 8.­90
  • 10.­5
  • 12.­22
  • 12.­24
  • 12.­32
  • 12.­51
  • 14.­12-15
  • 15.­20
  • 16.­2
  • 16.­21
  • 18.­20
  • 20.­14
  • 20.­27
  • 22.­12
  • 22.­23
  • 24.­8
  • 24.­11
  • 25.­9
  • 25.­24-26
  • 25.­29-31
  • n.­24
  • n.­178-179
  • n.­244
  • n.­296
  • g.­47
  • g.­109
  • g.­121
g.­47

Brahmā Śikhin

Wylie:
  • tshangs pa gtsug phud can
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་པ་གཙུག་ཕུད་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • brahmā śikhī

A name for nickname for Brahmā, which could be rendered Brahmā, “the one with the topknot” (śikhin), who in this sūtra seems to be identical to Great Brahmā, sovereign of this Sahā world (mahābrahmā sahāṃpati).

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­64
  • 14.­12-14
  • 25.­20
  • 25.­24
  • g.­121
g.­48

Brahmajālin

Wylie:
  • tshangs pa dra ba can
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་པ་དྲ་བ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • brahmajālin

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­50

calm abiding

Wylie:
  • zhi gnas
Tibetan:
  • ཞི་གནས།
Sanskrit:
  • śamatha

A term for a general style and state of Buddhist meditation in which one focuses the mind and abides in a state of calm, as implied by the Tibetan translation of the term. Associated with the states of meditation, concentration, and absorption, and the achievement of supernormal faculties as well as awakening itself. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, with the other technique being “deep insight.”

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­8
  • 3.­9
  • 13.­5
  • 14.­24
  • 15.­29
  • 15.­31
  • 16.­5-6
g.­52

Candraketu

Wylie:
  • zla ba’i mdog
Tibetan:
  • ཟླ་བའི་མདོག
Sanskrit:
  • candraketu

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­53

Candrottara

Wylie:
  • zla ba’i bla ma
Tibetan:
  • ཟླ་བའི་བླ་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • candrottara RS

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­54

caste

Wylie:
  • kha dog
Tibetan:
  • ཁ་དོག
Sanskrit:
  • varṇa

The Sanskrit term literally means “color” or “complexion,” and is used broadly in this sūtra to describe the various appearances of buddhas or persons. In this instance, though, the term varṇa seems to refer more specifically to the categories of person and group, such as the brahmin caste or the kṣatriya caste, which contribute to the formation of the elaborate social fabric of traditional Indian society. “Social class” is a possible alternative translation.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­29
g.­55

celibacy

Wylie:
  • tshangs par spyod pa
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་པར་སྤྱོད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • brahmacarya

See “holy life.”

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­32
  • g.­155
g.­56

cessation

Wylie:
  • mya ngan las ’das pa
Tibetan:
  • མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • nirvāṇa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In Sanskrit, the term nirvāṇa literally means “extinguishment” and the Tibetan mya ngan las ’das pa literally means “gone beyond sorrow.” As a general term, it refers to the cessation of all suffering, afflicted mental states (kleśa), and causal processes (karman) that lead to rebirth and suffering in cyclic existence, as well as to the state in which all such rebirth and suffering has permanently ceased.

More specifically, three main types of nirvāṇa are identified. (1) The first type of nirvāṇa, called nirvāṇa with remainder (sopadhiśeṣanirvāṇa), is the state in which arhats or buddhas have attained awakening but are still dependent on the conditioned aggregates until their lifespan is exhausted. (2) At the end of life, given that there are no more causes for rebirth, these aggregates cease and no new aggregates arise. What occurs then is called nirvāṇa without remainder ( anupadhiśeṣanirvāṇa), which refers to the unconditioned element (dhātu) of nirvāṇa in which there is no remainder of the aggregates. (3) The Mahāyāna teachings distinguish the final nirvāṇa of buddhas from that of arhats, the nirvāṇa of arhats not being considered ultimate. The buddhas attain what is called nonabiding nirvāṇa (apratiṣṭhitanirvāṇa), which transcends the extremes of saṃsāra and nirvāṇa, i.e., existence and peace. This is the nirvāṇa that is the goal of the Mahāyāna path.

In this text:

This has also been rendered as “nirvāṇa.”

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­35
  • 6.­5
  • 9.­1
  • 14.­23
  • 15.­16
  • 19.­32
  • 23.­18
  • g.­235
g.­57

chastity

Wylie:
  • tshangs par spyod pa
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་པར་སྤྱོད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • brahmacarya

See “holy life.”

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­31-32
  • g.­155
g.­58

child’s play

Wylie:
  • rnam par ’phrul pa
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་འཕྲུལ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • vikrīḍita

Derived from a verb that means “to play with” or “to engage in sport,” the term often has the sense in Buddhist literature of doing things easily or making easy work of something as a result of having attained great knowledge and power.

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­1
  • 3.­2
  • 7.­16
  • 13.­12
  • 14.­2-3
  • 14.­26
  • 18.­20
  • 19.­18
  • 20.­27
  • 23.­2
  • n.­203
g.­59

companion in the good

Wylie:
  • dge ba’i bshes gnyen
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་བའི་བཤེས་གཉེན།
Sanskrit:
  • kalyāṇamitra

A mentor or teacher who guides one’s pursuit of good or virtuous behavior and supports one on the spiritual path.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • i.­32
  • 1.­12
  • 6.­5
  • 10.­2
  • 19.­7-8
  • 19.­12
  • 19.­19
  • 20.­12
  • 22.­24
  • 22.­57
  • 24.­18
  • n.­46
g.­60

complete cessation

Wylie:
  • yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa
  • yongs su mya ngan las ’da’ ba
Tibetan:
  • ཡོངས་སུ་མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ།
  • ཡོངས་སུ་མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདའ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • parinirvāṇa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

This refers to what occurs at the end of an arhat’s or a buddha’s life. When nirvāṇa is attained at awakening, whether as an arhat or buddha, all suffering, afflicted mental states (kleśa), and causal processes (karman) that lead to rebirth and suffering in cyclic existence have ceased, but due to previously accumulated karma, the aggregates of that life remain and must still exhaust themselves. It is only at the end of life that these cease, and since no new aggregates arise, the arhat or buddha is said to attain parinirvāṇa, meaning “complete” or “final” nirvāṇa. This is synonymous with the attainment of nirvāṇa without remainder (anupadhiśeṣanirvāṇa).

According to the Mahāyāna view of a single vehicle (ekayāna), the arhat’s parinirvāṇa at death, despite being so called, is not final. The arhat must still enter the bodhisattva path and reach buddhahood (see Unraveling the Intent, Toh 106, 7.14.) On the other hand, the parinirvāṇa of a buddha, ultimately speaking, should be understood as a display manifested for the benefit of beings; see The Teaching on the Extraordinary Transformation That Is the Miracle of Attaining the Buddha’s Powers (Toh 186), 1.32.

The term parinirvāṇa is also associated specifically with the passing away of the Buddha Śākyamuni, in Kuśinagara, in northern India.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • i.­6
  • 7.­44
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­23
  • 9.­1
  • 19.­24
  • 20.­17
  • 25.­12
  • 25.­15
g.­61

concentration

Wylie:
  • ting nge ’dzin
Tibetan:
  • ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན།
Sanskrit:
  • samādhi

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In a general sense, samādhi can describe a number of different meditative states. In the Mahāyāna literature, in particular in the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, we find extensive lists of different samādhis, numbering over one hundred.

In a more restricted sense, and when understood as a mental state, samādhi is defined as the one-pointedness of the mind (cittaikāgratā), the ability to remain on the same object over long periods of time. The Drajor Bamponyipa (sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa) commentary on the Mahāvyutpatti explains the term samādhi as referring to the instrument through which mind and mental states “get collected,” i.e., it is by the force of samādhi that the continuum of mind and mental states becomes collected on a single point of reference without getting distracted.

Located in 29 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­1
  • 1.­3
  • 3.­3
  • 3.­9
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­28
  • 7.­46
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­3
  • 14.­16-18
  • 15.­31-32
  • 16.­16
  • 18.­5
  • 18.­7
  • 19.­41-45
  • 20.­10
  • 24.­7
  • n.­96
  • g.­50
  • g.­69
  • g.­342
  • g.­354
g.­62

conducive to the forms of penetrating insight

Wylie:
  • nges par ’byed pa’i cha dang ’thun pa
Tibetan:
  • ངེས་པར་འབྱེད་པའི་ཆ་དང་འཐུན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • nirvedhabhāgīya

Four stages in the development of insight upon the path to awakening, which are given the following names in the Mahāyāna­sūtrālaṃkāra, chapter 14, verse 26ff: “heat” (uṣmagata), “the summit” (mūrdhan), “patience” (kṣānti), and “the highest worldly dharma” (laukikāgra­dharma).

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­2
  • 19.­45
g.­63

confidence

Wylie:
  • ’jigs pa med pa
  • mi ’jigs pa
Tibetan:
  • འཇིགས་པ་མེད་པ།
  • མི་འཇིགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • vaiśaradya

See “self-assurance.”

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­26
  • 6.­3
  • 12.­10
  • 19.­5
  • 19.­20
  • n.­230
  • n.­257
  • g.­160
g.­66

constitutive factors of awakening

Wylie:
  • byang chub kyi yan lag
Tibetan:
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཡན་ལག
Sanskrit:
  • bodhyaṅga

A list of factors conducive to and forming the components of awakening, including the following: mindfulness (smṛti), analytic observation of things (dharma­pravicaya), heroic effort (vīrya), joy (prīti), tranquility (praśrabdhi), concentration (samādhi), and equanimity (upekṣā).

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­11
  • 1.­19
  • 3.­9
  • 6.­2
  • 13.­5
  • 14.­24
  • 15.­24
  • 15.­34
  • 16.­11
  • g.­263
g.­67

cosmos of a billion worlds

Wylie:
  • stong gsum gyi stong chen po’i ’jig rten gyi khams
Tibetan:
  • སྟོང་གསུམ་གྱི་སྟོང་ཆེན་པོའི་འཇིག་རྟེན་གྱི་ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • trisāhasramahāsāhasra­loka­dhātu

Sometimes rendered “trichiliocosm,” this term refers to a container (dhātu) of worlds (loka) numbering one thousand to the third power, which equals one billion. It is sometimes contrasted with smaller groups of worlds translated herein as “a galaxy of a thousand worlds” and “a galaxy of a hundred thousand worlds.” While in English, the cosmos refers to the entire universe of many billions of galaxies, in present usage following Buddhist cosmology, it may represent only one of many universes.

Located in 37 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­5
  • 1.­32-33
  • 1.­62
  • 2.­21
  • 3.­12
  • 7.­6
  • 8.­10
  • 8.­16
  • 8.­39
  • 8.­41
  • 8.­57
  • 8.­90
  • 10.­4
  • 12.­3
  • 12.­5
  • 12.­12-13
  • 12.­15
  • 12.­28
  • 13.­1
  • 14.­16-17
  • 15.­27
  • 16.­18
  • 16.­24
  • 20.­24
  • 22.­4
  • 22.­11
  • 22.­14
  • 22.­17
  • 24.­25
  • 25.­6
  • 25.­11
  • g.­121
  • g.­285
  • g.­392
g.­68

daitya

Wylie:
  • lha min
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ་མིན།
Sanskrit:
  • daitya

A class of nonhuman beings sometimes used to refer to asuras more generally, but also more specifically to those nonhuman beings who are said to descent from Diti.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 12.­11
  • g.­255
g.­69

deep insight

Wylie:
  • lhag mthong
Tibetan:
  • ལྷག་མཐོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • vipaśyanā
  • vidarśanā

Discernment of the true nature of things, somewhat like prajñā, and also a term for a general style of Buddhist meditation practice that involves the application of insight to one’s experience, often as a rehearsal of insights or concepts from the Dharma, while resting in a state of basic meditative concentration. Often translated as “insight” or “analytical meditation.”

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­8
  • 3.­9
  • 13.­5
  • 14.­24
  • 15.­31
  • 16.­7
  • 21.­14
  • 21.­19
  • g.­50
g.­73

demeanor

Wylie:
  • spyod lam
Tibetan:
  • སྤྱོད་ལམ།
Sanskrit:
  • īryāpatha

Physical postures defined basically as the four positions of walking, standing, sitting, and lying down. Connected with physical activity and behavior.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­25-26
  • 1.­29
  • 7.­3
  • 7.­6
  • 7.­12
  • 11.­7
  • 14.­8
  • 18.­20
  • 20.­27
g.­75

desire realm

Wylie:
  • ’dod pa’i khams
Tibetan:
  • འདོད་པའི་ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • kāmadhātu

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In Buddhist cosmology, this is our own realm, the lowest and most coarse of the three realms of saṃsāra. It is called this because beings here are characterized by their strong longing for and attachment to the pleasures of the senses. The desire realm includes hell beings, hungry ghosts, animals, humans, asuras, and the lowest six heavens of the gods‍—from the Heaven of the Four Great Kings (cāturmahā­rājika) up to the Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations (para­nirmita­vaśa­vartin). Located above the desire realm is the form realm (rūpadhātu) and the formless realm (ārūpyadhātu).

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­3
  • 3.­6
  • 12.­11
  • 12.­21-22
  • 12.­37
  • 14.­18
  • 15.­37
  • g.­106
  • g.­146
  • g.­149
  • g.­150
  • g.­151
  • g.­286
  • g.­398
g.­76

Devamukuṭa

Wylie:
  • lha’i cod pan
Tibetan:
  • ལྷའི་ཅོད་པན།
Sanskrit:
  • devamukuṭa

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­77

Dhanaśrī

Wylie:
  • nor dpal
Tibetan:
  • ནོར་དཔལ།
Sanskrit:
  • dhanaśrī

The realized one who the prince Śrīgupta will become. The name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra, and elsewhere as a bodhisattva.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­55
  • g.­317
g.­78

dhāraṇī

Wylie:
  • gzungs
Tibetan:
  • གཟུངས།
Sanskrit:
  • dhāraṇī

From the Sanskrit verb dhṛ (“to hold”), the term refers to the ability to hold or retain the Buddha’s teachings in the memory, and the specific mnemonic formulas or aids to doing so, which also distill the teachings into shorter utterances. From there the term also carries a strong sense that such formulas or devices, when spoken or rehearsed in the mind, have extraordinary power to effect change in the world and in oneself.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­32
  • i.­36-37
  • n.­283
  • n.­288
  • n.­303
  • g.­252
g.­79

Dharaṇīdhara

Wylie:
  • sa ’dzin
Tibetan:
  • ས་འཛིན།
Sanskrit:
  • dharaṇīdhara

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in several related texts, including the Rāṣṭrapāla­pari­pṛcchā and Saddharma­puṇḍarīka. This correspondence is also attested in this sūtra, where at one point the term is used by an earth-dwelling deity to refer to the Buddha Śākyamuni while he is still a bodhisattva in his last life. The term means “earth bearer,” and has a broad usage in Indian literature. It has been used to refer to the king, a deity like Viṣṇu or Śiva, a mountain, the tortoise supporting the earth, and so forth.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­80

Dharaṇīśvararāja

Wylie:
  • gzungs kyi dbang phyug gi rgyal po
Tibetan:
  • གཟུངས་ཀྱི་དབང་ཕྱུག་གི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • dharaṇīśvararāja

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Lalitavistara.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­81

Dharma body

Wylie:
  • chos kyi sku
Tibetan:
  • ཆོས་ཀྱི་སྐུ།
Sanskrit:
  • dharmakāya

A polyvalent term that can refer to the collection of qualities (dharma), which taken together constitute the true nature of a buddha, such as great wisdom, great compassion, and so on, but it can also refer to the body or collection of the Dharma; that is, to the Buddha’s teachings (dharma) taken as a whole; and by extension it also can refer to the true nature of things (dharma) as such.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • i.­21
  • i.­25
  • 1.­57-60
  • 7.­9
  • 7.­12
  • 21.­13
  • n.­67
g.­84

Dhṛtarāṣṭra

Wylie:
  • yul ’khor srung
Tibetan:
  • ཡུལ་འཁོར་སྲུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • dhṛtarāṣṭra

In this sūtra, a wheel-turning king in the past whose thousand sons vow to become the buddhas of this fortunate eon; also in this sūtra, used once seemingly to refer to the blind king in the Mahābhārata epic. Finally, although not used in this sūtra, the name of one of the Four Great Kings, the one who presides over the eastern quarter and rules over the gandharvas.

Located in 46 passages in the translation:

  • i.­24
  • 5.­6-8
  • 5.­10
  • 5.­20-23
  • 5.­31
  • 5.­33-34
  • 5.­38
  • 5.­51-52
  • 5.­64-66
  • 7.­5
  • 14.­12
  • n.­91
  • n.­195
  • g.­5
  • g.­26
  • g.­28
  • g.­71
  • g.­72
  • g.­74
  • g.­86
  • g.­89
  • g.­100
  • g.­110
  • g.­170
  • g.­180
  • g.­214
  • g.­243
  • g.­247
  • g.­250
  • g.­298
  • g.­299
  • g.­330
  • g.­352
  • g.­359
  • g.­377
  • g.­378
  • g.­383
g.­85

Dīpahasta

Wylie:
  • lag na sgron ma
Tibetan:
  • ལག་ན་སྒྲོན་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • dīpahasta RS

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. The name is a reconstructed guess based on the next name in the passage which is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa. Could be Dīpapāṇi, too.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­86

Dīpaṃkara

Wylie:
  • mar me mdzad
Tibetan:
  • མར་མེ་མཛད།
Sanskrit:
  • dīpaṃkara

A past buddha who in this sūtra is said to have been King Dhṛtarāṣṭra in a past life and the buddha before whom the Buddha Śākyamuni made a bodhisattva vow.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­25
  • 1.­63
  • 5.­64
g.­87

discernment

Wylie:
  • shes rab
Tibetan:
  • ཤེས་རབ།
Sanskrit:
  • prajñā

See “wisdom.”

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­46
  • 15.­32
  • 15.­34
  • 22.­26
  • n.­252
  • g.­69
  • g.­390
g.­88

disciple

Wylie:
  • nyan thos
Tibetan:
  • ཉན་ཐོས།
Sanskrit:
  • śrāvaka

A term for the Buddha’s followers, those who heard his teachings and were responsible for preserving and spreading them. The term derives from the verb śru (“to hear”), and can thus mean “one who hears,” but it is also closely connected to the senses of “learning” (śravaṇa) and of “causing (something) to be heard” (śrāvaṇa). In these ways, the term has some similarities in the meaning and usage to the English word disciple, which derives from a Latin verb that means to learn. The term śrāvaka is used in some Buddhist texts, such as this sūtra, as distinct from and sometimes in opposition to the “solitary buddha” (pratyekabuddha) and the bodhisattva.

Located in 39 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­18
  • 1.­28
  • 2.­29
  • 3.­2
  • 5.­3
  • 5.­26
  • 5.­60
  • 6.­5-6
  • 8.­13
  • 14.­24
  • 15.­14
  • 15.­18
  • 15.­23
  • 15.­39
  • 16.­13
  • 18.­1-2
  • 18.­7
  • 18.­19
  • 18.­22
  • 18.­26
  • 19.­7
  • 20.­27
  • 21.­1
  • 21.­10
  • 21.­12
  • 21.­14
  • 21.­19
  • 22.­10
  • 22.­12-13
  • g.­90
  • g.­91
  • g.­177
  • g.­215
  • g.­296
  • g.­313
  • g.­388
g.­90

divine eyesight

Wylie:
  • lha’i mig
Tibetan:
  • ལྷའི་མིག
Sanskrit:
  • divyacakṣus

Superhuman eyesight, one of the five or six supernormal faculties possessed by the gods, as well as by buddhas and some advanced disciples, bodhisattvas, and other superhuman beings.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­40
  • 7.­9
  • 9.­2
  • 24.­18-19
  • g.­327
  • g.­342
g.­91

divine hearing

Wylie:
  • lha’i rna ba
Tibetan:
  • ལྷའི་རྣ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • divyaśrotra

Superhuman hearing, one of the five or six supernormal faculties possessed by the gods, as well as by buddhas and some advanced disciples, bodhisattvas, and other superhuman beings.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­40
  • 9.­2
  • g.­327
g.­92

Dṛḍhamati

Wylie:
  • brtan pa’i blo gros
Tibetan:
  • བརྟན་པའི་བློ་གྲོས།
Sanskrit:
  • dṛḍhamati

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested as Dṛḍhamati, but Sthiramati also seems to be attested for the same Tibetan translation.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­94

element

Wylie:
  • khams
Tibetan:
  • ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • dhātu

Eighteen collections of similar elements or factors of experience, under which all compounded and uncompounded things may be included: the eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind, plus their objects: visible forms, sounds, smells, flavors, tangible things, and mental phenomena, plus the six elements of consciousness that arises from the interaction of each of the preceding twelve. They constitute one system of categorizing the constituent parts of sentient experience.

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­55
  • 1.­57
  • 6.­5
  • 7.­8
  • 9.­5
  • 14.­22
  • 15.­36
  • 17.­3
  • 23.­10
  • n.­106
  • n.­201
  • g.­342
g.­95

empowering authority

Wylie:
  • byin gyi rlabs
Tibetan:
  • བྱིན་གྱི་རླབས།
Sanskrit:
  • adhiṣṭhāna

A challenging term that derives from a Sanskrit verb that can mean to authorize or empower as well as to stand over, depend on, or serve as a basis for something. As a noun, it can refer to one’s determination or resolve that something be the case, and the object of one’s resolution. Its noun and verb forms are also used in this and other sūtras to convey a sense of extraordinary mastery and power, a kind of superhuman willpower to make things happen.

Located in 19 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­21
  • 1.­24
  • 3.­2
  • 7.­2
  • 8.­13
  • 8.­23
  • 10.­5
  • 14.­9
  • 16.­15
  • 18.­31
  • 20.­7
  • 20.­17
  • 22.­4
  • 22.­7-8
  • 22.­13
  • 24.­30
  • n.­158
  • g.­96
g.­97

Endless Colors

Wylie:
  • kha dog mtha’ yas
Tibetan:
  • ཁ་དོག་མཐའ་ཡས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A nāga king in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­5
g.­98

Ever Faithful

Wylie:
  • rtag tu mos
Tibetan:
  • རྟག་ཏུ་མོས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is unattested in Sanskrit but there is a possibility that it is something like Sadādhimukta, similar to Sadāprarudita, the name of a bodhisattva in the Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­99

Ever-Laughing and Joyful Lord

Wylie:
  • rtag tu dgod cing rab tu dga’ ba’i dbang po
Tibetan:
  • རྟག་ཏུ་དགོད་ཅིང་རབ་ཏུ་དགའ་བའི་དབང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is unattested in Sanskrit but it could be reconstructed into Sanskrit as Sadāhasitasuharṣiteśvara or something similar.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­104

five powers

Wylie:
  • stobs lnga
Tibetan:
  • སྟོབས་ལྔ།
Sanskrit:
  • pañcabala

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­11
  • g.­263
g.­105

five spiritual faculties

Wylie:
  • dbang po lnga
Tibetan:
  • དབང་པོ་ལྔ།
Sanskrit:
  • pañcendriya

A list of five virtues conducive to the spiritual life, including faith (śraddhā), heroic effort (vīrya), mindfulness (smṛti), concentration (samādhi), and wisdom (prajñā).

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­11
  • g.­263
g.­106

form realm

Wylie:
  • gzugs kyi khams
Tibetan:
  • གཟུགས་ཀྱི་ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • rūpadhātu

The second of the three realms of saṃsāra, situated above the desire realm and below the formless realm. It is characterized by a subtle degree of materiality and divided into a seventeen different heavens.

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­6
  • 7.­12
  • 12.­22
  • 14.­18
  • 15.­37
  • 18.­3
  • 18.­10
  • g.­137
  • g.­138
  • g.­139
  • g.­140
  • g.­141
  • g.­142
  • g.­143
  • g.­144
  • g.­145
  • g.­147
  • g.­152
  • g.­312
  • g.­331
g.­107

formless realm

Wylie:
  • gzugs med pa’i khams
Tibetan:
  • གཟུགས་མེད་པའི་ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • ārūpyadhātu
  • arūpadhātu

The highest of the three realms of saṃsāra, characterized by the fact that the beings reborn there dwell in deep states of meditation. It is divided in four levels according to each of the four formless meditations (ārūpyāvacara­dhyāna), namely, the Sphere of Infinite Space (Ākāśānantyāyatana), the Sphere of Infinite Consciousness (Vijñānānantyāyatana), the Sphere of Nothingness (Akiñcanyāyatana), and the Sphere of Neither Perception nor Non-perception (Naivasaṃjñānāsaṃ­jñāyatana).

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­28
  • 3.­6
  • 9.­1
  • 15.­37
  • g.­106
g.­108

foundation for superhuman power

Wylie:
  • rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa
Tibetan:
  • རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་གྱི་རྐང་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • ṛddhipāda

Of four types related to intention (chanda), diligence (vīrya), attention (citta), and analysis (mīmāṃsā), respectively. These are foundations for superhuman power in the sense that they are said to be foundational mental qualities to be cultivated in the practice of the path. They are traditionally included among the seven sets of qualities making up the thirty-seven factors conducive to awakening (bodhipakṣya­dharma).

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­11
  • 3.­8
  • 7.­16
  • 13.­5
  • 14.­24
  • g.­263
g.­109

four dwellings of Brahmā

Wylie:
  • tshangs pa’i gnas pa bzhi
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་པའི་གནས་པ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • caturbrahmavihāra

Love, compassion, joy, and equanimity; the cultivation of these four mental qualities puts one in the company of Brahmā. Also known as the four immeasurable states (apramāṇa).

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­2
  • 20.­14
g.­110

Four Great Kings

Wylie:
  • rgyal chen bzhi
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་ཆེན་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • cāturmahārāja

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Four gods who live on the lower slopes (fourth level) of Mount Meru in the eponymous Heaven of the Four Great Kings (Cāturmahā­rājika, rgyal chen bzhi’i ris) and guard the four cardinal directions. Each is the leader of a nonhuman class of beings living in his realm. They are Dhṛtarāṣṭra, ruling the gandharvas in the east; Virūḍhaka, ruling over the kumbhāṇḍas in the south; Virūpākṣa, ruling the nāgas in the west; and Vaiśravaṇa (also known as Kubera) ruling the yakṣas in the north. Also referred to as Guardians of the World or World Protectors (lokapāla, ’jig rten skyong ba).

Located in 17 passages in the translation:

  • i.­13-14
  • 14.­9
  • 18.­1
  • 18.­7
  • 18.­23-24
  • 18.­33
  • 19.­38-39
  • n.­195
  • g.­84
  • g.­125
  • g.­194
  • g.­364
  • g.­380
  • g.­381
g.­112

friend

Wylie:
  • grogs po
Tibetan:
  • གྲོགས་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • sahāya

A common term of address for individuals in Buddhist sūtras that has the sense of a companion or comrade.

Located in 26 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­23
  • 5.­35
  • 5.­40
  • 5.­62
  • 12.­13-15
  • 12.­28
  • 18.­7
  • 18.­29
  • 18.­31
  • 19.­2
  • 19.­4
  • 19.­18
  • 19.­23
  • 19.­39-41
  • 19.­45-49
  • 20.­7
  • 24.­13
  • 25.­15
g.­113

Full Array

Wylie:
  • rnam par brgyan pa
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་བརྒྱན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The name of a buddha domain of the past where there lived a buddha named King Arrangement of Manifold Precious Jewels of Virtues Without End.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­2-4
  • g.­197
g.­114

Gaganagañja

Wylie:
  • nam mkha’i mdzod
Tibetan:
  • ནམ་མཁའི་མཛོད།
Sanskrit:
  • gaganagañja

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­115

Gajagandhahastin

Wylie:
  • bal glang spos kyi glang po che
Tibetan:
  • བལ་གླང་སྤོས་ཀྱི་གླང་པོ་ཆེ།
Sanskrit:
  • gajagandhahastin

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­116

Gandhahastin

Wylie:
  • spos kyi glang po
Tibetan:
  • སྤོས་ཀྱི་གླང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • gandhahastin

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­117

gandharva

Wylie:
  • dri za
Tibetan:
  • དྲི་ཟ།
Sanskrit:
  • gandharva

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of generally benevolent nonhuman beings who inhabit the skies, sometimes said to inhabit fantastic cities in the clouds, and more specifically to dwell on the eastern slopes of Mount Meru, where they are ruled by the Great King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. They are most renowned as celestial musicians who serve the gods. In the Abhidharma, the term is also used to refer to the mental body assumed by sentient beings during the intermediate state between death and rebirth. Gandharvas are said to live on fragrances (gandha) in the desire realm, hence the Tibetan translation dri za, meaning “scent eater.”

Located in 24 passages in the translation:

  • i.­14
  • 1.­5
  • 1.­28
  • 1.­38
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­12
  • 2.­29
  • 8.­3-4
  • 8.­81
  • 11.­10-11
  • 12.­11
  • 14.­17
  • 18.­1
  • 18.­7
  • 18.­24
  • 18.­32
  • 19.­1
  • 20.­27
  • 25.­38
  • n.­171
  • g.­84
  • g.­110
g.­119

garuḍa

Wylie:
  • nam mkha’ lding
Tibetan:
  • ནམ་མཁའ་ལྡིང་།
Sanskrit:
  • garuḍa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In Indian mythology, the garuḍa is an eagle-like bird that is regarded as the king of all birds, normally depicted with a sharp, owl-like beak, often holding a snake, and with large and powerful wings. They are traditionally enemies of the nāgas. In the Vedas, they are said to have brought nectar from the heavens to earth. Garuḍa can also be used as a proper name for a king of such creatures.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­5
  • 1.­28
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­29
  • 8.­4
  • 8.­81
  • 12.­11
  • 14.­17
  • 20.­27
  • n.­171
g.­121

Great Brahmā, sovereign of this Sahā world

Wylie:
  • tshangs pa chen po mi mjed kyi bdag po
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་པ་ཆེན་པོ་མི་མཇེད་ཀྱི་བདག་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahā­brahmā sahāṃpatiḥ

The brahmā deity who is sometimes called Sahāṃpati, “sovereign of this Sahā world.” This is the name given to the great brahmā deity described in this sūtra as the lord (īśvara) of the cosmos of a billion worlds. The name attested in the Sanskrit manuscript. Also called Great Brahmā (mahābrahmā) or even simply Brahmā in this sūtra and elsewhere, as well as vaśavartin, the “powerful one.” In this sūtra, he also seems to be identified with Brahmā Śikhin, but at the same time Brahmā should be distinguished from the class of brahmā deities who dwell in the Brahmā heavens over which Great Brahmā is also lord.

Located in 16 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­11
  • i.­24
  • 12.­12
  • 12.­14-16
  • 12.­28-29
  • 18.­20
  • n.­178
  • g.­46
  • g.­47
  • g.­83
  • g.­251
  • g.­285
g.­124

Guhyagupta

Wylie:
  • phug sbas
Tibetan:
  • ཕུག་སྦས།
Sanskrit:
  • guhyagupta

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in the Saddharma­puṇḍarīka.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­125

guhyaka

Wylie:
  • gsang ba pa
Tibetan:
  • གསང་བ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • guhyaka

A class of nonhuman beings, similar to yakṣas and perhaps synonymous with them in some contexts. They are closely associated with Kubera or Vaiśravaṇa, the lokapāla and god of wealth who is one of the Four Great Kings, but they also have a strong association with Vajrapāṇi, especially in this sūtra. Guhyakas are sometimes considered the guardians of Vaiśravaṇa’s treasure, or even hidden treasures in general, such as veins of gold and other lodes of precious substances concealed or hidden (guhya) beneath the ground. In this way, the terms guhyaka (“divine guardian of hidden treasure”), and guhya (“secret” or “hidden treasure”), play off each other throughout this sūtra.

Located in 124 passages in the translation:

  • i.­11-14
  • i.­44
  • 1.­15
  • 1.­18-20
  • 1.­22
  • 1.­25
  • 1.­53
  • 2.­1
  • 3.­1
  • 3.­12
  • 4.­3-4
  • 5.­1
  • 5.­64
  • 7.­1-2
  • 7.­49-50
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­39
  • 8.­86-89
  • 9.­1
  • 10.­1
  • 10.­3-6
  • 11.­1-2
  • 15.­1-4
  • 16.­1
  • 16.­9
  • 16.­17-18
  • 16.­24-25
  • 17.­1
  • 17.­7
  • 17.­24
  • 17.­35
  • 18.­1-3
  • 18.­5
  • 18.­7-10
  • 18.­19
  • 18.­25
  • 18.­27
  • 18.­30-34
  • 19.­1-3
  • 19.­23-26
  • 19.­34-37
  • 20.­2-4
  • 20.­8-9
  • 20.­11
  • 20.­17-19
  • 20.­26-28
  • 21.­2-5
  • 21.­22
  • 22.­1-2
  • 22.­4
  • 22.­9
  • 22.­14-17
  • 23.­1
  • 23.­3-4
  • 23.­6
  • 23.­9
  • 23.­11
  • 23.­13
  • 23.­20
  • 25.­1-4
  • 25.­6
  • 25.­10
  • 25.­14
  • 25.­22
  • 25.­38
  • n.­206
  • n.­319
  • g.­304
  • g.­367
g.­126

Guṇadīparāja

Wylie:
  • yon tan sgron ma’i rgyal po
Tibetan:
  • ཡོན་ཏན་སྒྲོན་མའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • guṇadīparāja RS

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­129

He Who Has Thought Well

Wylie:
  • legs par rnam par sems pa
Tibetan:
  • ལེགས་པར་རྣམ་པར་སེམས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the audience, whose name is not attested in Sanskrit.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­130

He Who Possesses a Beautiful Form

Wylie:
  • gzugs ’dzin
Tibetan:
  • གཟུགས་འཛིན།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­131

He Who Possesses a Refined and Immaculate Splendor

Wylie:
  • shin tu rnam par sbyangs pa dri ma med pa’i gzi brjid ’chang ba
Tibetan:
  • ཤིན་ཏུ་རྣམ་པར་སྦྱངས་པ་དྲི་མ་མེད་པའི་གཟི་བརྗིད་འཆང་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is not attested in Sanskrit but could be something like Sucalitavimalatejodhara or -tejasvin.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­132

He Whose Great Intelligence Is Strong as a Vajra

Wylie:
  • rdo rje’i blo gros chen po
Tibetan:
  • རྡོ་རྗེའི་བློ་གྲོས་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. The Sanskrit could be something like Vajramahāmati.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­133

He Whose Intelligence Is His Treasure

Wylie:
  • nor gyi blo gros
Tibetan:
  • ནོར་གྱི་བློ་གྲོས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is not attested in the Sanskrit, but Dhanamati is a good guess, since Dhanapati is attested.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­134

He Whose Intelligence Rests on What Is Certain

Wylie:
  • shin du nges pa’i blo gros
Tibetan:
  • ཤིན་དུ་ངེས་པའི་བློ་གྲོས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name in Sanskrit is not attested but could be something like Viniścitamati.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­135

He Whose Power Is Great

Wylie:
  • mthu bo che
Tibetan:
  • མཐུ་བོ་ཆེ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the audience for this sūtra, and in other texts attested as an alternative translation for the name Nārāyaṇa.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­136

heat

Wylie:
  • mkhris pa
Tibetan:
  • མཁྲིས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • pitta

One of the three doṣas in traditional Indian medicine commonly associated with or identified as bile.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­37
  • n.­59
g.­137

Heaven of Brahmā’s Assembly

Wylie:
  • tshangs ris
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་རིས།
Sanskrit:
  • brahmakāyika

The first heaven of the form realm, counting from lowest to highest. Associated with the first state of meditation (dhyāna).

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­68
  • 12.­12
  • 12.­15
  • 12.­28-29
  • 14.­12
  • 18.­8
  • g.­46
g.­148

Heaven of the Four Great Kings

Wylie:
  • rgyal chen bzhi’i ris
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་ཆེན་བཞིའི་རིས།
Sanskrit:
  • caturmahā­rājika

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, lowest among the six heavens of the desire realm (kāmadhātu, ’dod khams). Dwelling place of the Four Great Kings (caturmahārāja, rgyal chen bzhi), traditionally located on a terrace of Sumeru, just below the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. Each cardinal direction is ruled by one of the Four Great Kings and inhabited by a different class of nonhuman beings as their subjects: in the east, Dhṛtarāṣṭra rules the gandharvas; in the south, Virūḍhaka rules the kumbhāṇḍas; in the west, Virūpākṣa rules the nāgas; and in the north, Vaiśravaṇa rules the yakṣas.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­60
  • 18.­9
  • g.­75
g.­149

Heaven of the Thirty-Three

Wylie:
  • sum cu rtsa gsum
Tibetan:
  • སུམ་ཅུ་རྩ་གསུམ།
Sanskrit:
  • trāyastriṃśa

The second heaven of heavens of the desire realm, situated on the summit of Mount Meru and ruled by Śakra, whose Vaijayanta Palace is located there.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­52
  • 8.­61
  • 12.­39
  • 18.­9
  • n.­173
  • g.­286
  • g.­362
g.­150

Heaven of Those Who Possess the Power to Transform Others’ Delight into Their Own

Wylie:
  • gzhan ’phrul dbang byed
Tibetan:
  • གཞན་འཕྲུལ་དབང་བྱེད།
Sanskrit:
  • para­nirmitavaśavartin

The highest of the six heavens of the desire realm. Also rendered poetically in this sūtra as The Heaven of Transforming Others’ Delight.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­65
  • 18.­9
  • g.­75
g.­153

Hemavarṇa

Wylie:
  • gser mdog
Tibetan:
  • གསེར་མདོག
Sanskrit:
  • hemavarṇa

A nāga king in the audience of the sūtra, but also attested as a translation of Hemavarṇa, the name of a former buddha, in the Lalitavistara.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­5
g.­154

heroic effort

Wylie:
  • brtson
  • brtson ’grus
Tibetan:
  • བརྩོན།
  • བརྩོན་འགྲུས།
Sanskrit:
  • vīrya

One of the perfections (pāramitā), implying diligence, courage, and the great effort of a hero (vīra).

Located in 29 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­7
  • 2.­25
  • 3.­7-8
  • 5.­24
  • 6.­4
  • 7.­46
  • 11.­7
  • 13.­5
  • 15.­20
  • 15.­28
  • 18.­13
  • 19.­9
  • 19.­18-19
  • 19.­26
  • 19.­28
  • 20.­10
  • 21.­6
  • 21.­8
  • 21.­22
  • 22.­29
  • 24.­11
  • 24.­16
  • 24.­20
  • 24.­22
  • 25.­31
  • g.­66
  • g.­105
g.­155

holy life

Wylie:
  • tshangs par spyad pa spyod pa
  • tshangs par spyod pa
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་པར་སྤྱད་པ་སྤྱོད་པ།
  • ཚངས་པར་སྤྱོད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • brahmacarya

A term that can refer in some contexts to chastity or complete celibacy, it can also be used in the sense of the overall practice of a religious or spiritual life as a devout person or a renunciant.

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • i.­28
  • 8.­86
  • 10.­1
  • 12.­63
  • 16.­10
  • 19.­41-45
  • 21.­5
  • 22.­57
  • 25.­14
  • g.­55
  • g.­57
g.­156

incalculable eon

Wylie:
  • bskal pa grangs med pa
Tibetan:
  • བསྐལ་པ་གྲངས་མེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • asaṃkhyeyakalpa

The name of a certain kind of kalpa that literally means “incalculable.” The number of years in this kalpa differs in the various sūtras that give it a number. Also, twenty intermediate kalpas are said to be one incalculable kalpa, and four incalculable kalpas are one great kalpa. In light of that, those four incalculable kalpas represent the kalpas of the creation, presence, destruction, and absence of a world. Buddhas are often described as appearing in a second “incalculable” kalpa.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­2
  • 21.­6
  • 25.­22
g.­157

inconceivable

Wylie:
  • bsam gyis mi khyab pa
Tibetan:
  • བསམ་གྱིས་མི་ཁྱབ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • acintya

See “mystery.”

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • i.­21
  • i.­42
  • 1.­63
  • 2.­2
  • 5.­2
  • 7.­42
  • 8.­87
  • 9.­6
  • 10.­2
  • 10.­5
  • 11.­9
  • 18.­4
  • 20.­11-12
  • 21.­6
  • 25.­32
  • n.­51
  • n.­99
  • n.­139
  • n.­158
g.­158

Indradeva

Wylie:
  • dbang po’i lha
Tibetan:
  • དབང་པོའི་ལྷ།
Sanskrit:
  • indradeva

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­159

Inexpressible One

Wylie:
  • brjod med
Tibetan:
  • བརྗོད་མེད།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­160

inspired eloquence

Wylie:
  • spobs pa
Tibetan:
  • སྤོབས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • pratibhāna

The trait of being able to speak readily and fluently and with inspiration and confidence about the Dharma and, indeed, in any teaching situation. Connected with the Sanskrit term pratibhā, which can have the sense of coming into view, appearing to the mind, becoming clear, and thus it has the sense of brilliance and clarity of thought expressed in speech.

Located in 26 passages in the translation:

  • i.­24
  • i.­33
  • i.­35-36
  • 1.­1
  • 1.­8
  • 1.­18
  • 1.­20
  • 5.­1
  • 5.­28
  • 7.­1
  • 8.­91
  • 11.­1
  • 20.­3
  • 21.­4-5
  • 23.­16-20
  • 24.­4
  • 24.­7
  • 24.­30
  • 24.­32
  • g.­314
g.­162

instruction

Wylie:
  • gtan la dbab par bstan pa
Tibetan:
  • གཏན་ལ་དབབ་པར་བསྟན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • upadeśa

A genre of Buddhist literature, one of the common list of twelve types. It has been used to refer to scholastic treatises as well as texts that give practice instructions.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­3
  • 1.­39
  • 1.­52
  • 8.­4
  • 15.­39
  • 17.­15
  • 21.­22
  • 24.­18-19
g.­163

irreversible

Wylie:
  • phyir mi ldog pa
Tibetan:
  • ཕྱིར་མི་ལྡོག་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • avaivartika

See “unable to be turned back.”

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­17
  • 3.­10
  • 14.­3
g.­164

Jālinīprabha

Wylie:
  • dra ba can gyi ’od
Tibetan:
  • དྲ་བ་ཅན་གྱི་འོད།
Sanskrit:
  • jālinīprabha

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­166

Jambudvīpa

Wylie:
  • ’dzam bu’i gling
Tibetan:
  • འཛམ་བུའི་གླིང་།
Sanskrit:
  • jambudvīpa

The southern continent in a four-continent world, and the location where this sūtra assumes its implied audience lives in the narrative present of the work. According to Buddhist cosmology, this continent is shaped somewhat like an isosceles trapezoid with a wide top side and a very narrow bottom side, a shape that is not too dissimilar from that of the Indian subcontinent. It takes its name from the jambu fruit, which is often translated “rose apple”.

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­37
  • 1.­40
  • 1.­42
  • 1.­45-46
  • 1.­52
  • 1.­62
  • 8.­82
  • 20.­17
  • 25.­37
  • n.­311
  • g.­186
g.­168

Jewel Mind

Wylie:
  • rin chen sems pa
Tibetan:
  • རིན་ཆེན་སེམས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­180

King Arrangement of Manifold Precious Virtues Without End

Wylie:
  • yon tan mtha’ yas rin chen sna tshogs bkod pa’i rgyal po
Tibetan:
  • ཡོན་ཏན་མཐའ་ཡས་རིན་ཆེན་སྣ་ཚོགས་བཀོད་པའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A buddha at the time of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­2-3
  • 5.­9-10
  • 5.­21
  • 5.­23
g.­181

kinnara

Wylie:
  • mi’am ci
Tibetan:
  • མིའམ་ཅི།
Sanskrit:
  • kinnara

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings that resemble humans to the degree that their very name‍—which means “is that human?”‍—suggests some confusion as to their divine status. Kinnaras are mythological beings found in both Buddhist and Brahmanical literature, where they are portrayed as creatures half human, half animal. They are often depicted as highly skilled celestial musicians.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • i.­14
  • 1.­5
  • 1.­28
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­8
  • 2.­29
  • 8.­4
  • 8.­81
  • 12.­11
  • 12.­37
  • 14.­17
  • n.­106
  • n.­171
  • g.­128
g.­182

knowledge

Wylie:
  • ye shes
Tibetan:
  • ཡེ་ཤེས།
Sanskrit:
  • jñāna

A general term for knowledge, divisible into a variety of different types. In sūtras like this one, though, it is often a term that designates a kind of certain knowledge of the Dharma as well as a more direct experience of its truth.

Located in 96 passages in the translation:

  • i.­8
  • i.­23
  • 1.­1
  • 1.­3
  • 1.­8
  • 1.­12-13
  • 1.­16
  • 1.­44
  • 1.­57-58
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­26
  • 2.­28-30
  • 2.­36
  • 3.­2
  • 5.­2
  • 5.­28-29
  • 5.­45
  • 6.­4-5
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­28
  • 7.­32-33
  • 7.­46
  • 8.­6-7
  • 8.­84
  • 9.­1-3
  • 9.­5
  • 10.­4-5
  • 11.­9
  • 12.­18
  • 12.­62
  • 13.­5
  • 14.­3
  • 14.­6
  • 14.­11
  • 15.­1
  • 15.­9
  • 15.­15
  • 15.­22
  • 15.­24
  • 15.­26-27
  • 16.­11
  • 16.­13
  • 16.­20
  • 17.­4-6
  • 19.­7
  • 19.­20
  • 19.­24
  • 19.­32-33
  • 20.­10
  • 20.­12
  • 20.­15
  • 21.­6
  • 21.­14
  • 21.­19
  • 23.­18
  • 24.­2
  • 24.­7
  • 24.­10
  • 24.­16
  • 24.­21
  • 24.­26
  • 24.­30
  • 24.­32
  • 25.­5
  • n.­96
  • n.­153
  • n.­158
  • n.­234
  • n.­258
  • n.­287
  • n.­293
  • n.­316
  • g.­58
  • g.­65
  • g.­277
  • g.­314
  • g.­327
  • g.­329
  • g.­344
  • g.­354
  • g.­358
g.­184

Kṣetrālaṃkṛta

Wylie:
  • zhing yang dag par brgyan pa
Tibetan:
  • ཞིང་ཡང་དག་པར་བརྒྱན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kṣetrālaṃkṛta

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­185

kumbhāṇḍa

Wylie:
  • grul bum
Tibetan:
  • གྲུལ་བུམ།
Sanskrit:
  • kumbhāṇḍa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of dwarf beings subordinate to Virūḍhaka, one of the Four Great Kings, associated with the southern direction. The name uses a play on the word aṇḍa, which means “egg” but is also a euphemism for a testicle. Thus, they are often depicted as having testicles as big as pots (from kumbha, or “pot”).

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 18.­1
  • 18.­7
  • 18.­24
  • g.­110
  • g.­380
g.­186

Kuru

Wylie:
  • ku ru
Tibetan:
  • ཀུ་རུ།
Sanskrit:
  • kuru

A city of the past in Jambudvīpa, which in this sūtra is the location near to which the creature Saumya appears.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­40-41
  • 1.­43
  • 8.­82
  • g.­302
g.­189

league

Wylie:
  • dpag tshad
Tibetan:
  • དཔག་ཚད།
Sanskrit:
  • yojana

A unit of measuring distance, calculated differently in various systems but in the range of four to nine miles.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­4-5
  • 5.­7
  • 5.­20
  • 7.­16
  • 8.­12
  • 8.­90
  • 13.­2
  • 14.­1
  • 14.­14
  • 18.­5
  • 18.­10
  • 22.­7
g.­190

lengthy period

Wylie:
  • bskal pa bar ma
Tibetan:
  • བསྐལ་པ་བར་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • antarakalpa

Often translated as “intermediate age” or kalpa, the term can refer to the smallest division of a great age, of which there are said to eighty in the Abhidharmakośa, but the term is also used to refer to very lengthy periods of war, famine, or disease that result in mass losses of life.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­37
g.­191

liberation

Wylie:
  • rnam par thar pa
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་ཐར་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • vimokṣa

A series of advanced states of meditation above the four meditations (dhyāna) that imply greater liberation or freedom from the material realm of reality, as well as a general term for such higher meditative states.

Located in 22 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­3
  • 3.­3
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­28
  • 12.­13
  • 13.­5
  • 16.­22
  • 18.­15
  • 19.­27
  • 19.­33
  • 20.­14
  • 20.­16
  • 21.­14
  • 22.­35
  • 22.­43
  • n.­96
  • n.­175
  • n.­184
  • n.­267
  • n.­276
  • g.­342
  • g.­354
g.­193

limited to only one more life

Wylie:
  • skye ba gcig gis thogs pa
Tibetan:
  • སྐྱེ་བ་གཅིག་གིས་ཐོགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • ekajāti­prati­baddha

A stage on the path at which a bodhisattva will require only one more lifetime beyond the present one in order to achieve complete awakening.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­1
  • 8.­89
g.­194

lokapāla

Wylie:
  • ’jig rten skyong ba
Tibetan:
  • འཇིག་རྟེན་སྐྱོང་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • lokapāla

Literally, protector of the world, this term is another way of referring to the Four Great Kings.

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • i.­32
  • 1.­5
  • 1.­28
  • 2.­4
  • 5.­35
  • 10.­5
  • 12.­5
  • 14.­15
  • 20.­27
  • 24.­8
  • 25.­9
  • n.­244
  • g.­110
  • g.­125
  • g.­261
g.­196

Lovely Illumination

Wylie:
  • bskal pa mdzes pa
Tibetan:
  • བསྐལ་པ་མཛེས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

An eon long ago in which a past life of Vajrapāṇi is described.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 5.­2
g.­198

magically created form

Wylie:
  • sprul pa
Tibetan:
  • སྤྲུལ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • nirmita

Derived from the Sanskrit verb mā (“to measure out”, “to form”, “to create”, “to exhibit”), and thus probably connected to the term māyā (“magical illusion”), a nirmita in this sense is an object or image, often a replica of a person, that has been created through the superhuman power of creating magical illusions.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • i.­28
  • 7.­47
  • 9.­4
  • 10.­5
  • 23.­1-2
g.­200

Mahāsthāmaprāpta

Wylie:
  • mthu chen thob
Tibetan:
  • མཐུ་ཆེན་ཐོབ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahāsthāma­prāpta

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­201

mahoraga

Wylie:
  • lto ’phye chen po
Tibetan:
  • ལྟོ་འཕྱེ་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahoraga

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Literally “great serpents,” mahoragas are supernatural beings depicted as large, subterranean beings with human torsos and heads and the lower bodies of serpents. Their movements are said to cause earthquakes, and they make up a class of subterranean geomantic spirits whose movement through the seasons and months of the year is deemed significant for construction projects.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­5
  • 1.­28
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­12
  • 2.­29
  • 8.­4
  • 8.­81
  • 12.­11
  • 14.­17
  • 18.­1
  • 18.­7
  • 18.­32
  • 19.­1
  • n.­171
g.­202

Maitreya

Wylie:
  • byams pa
Tibetan:
  • བྱམས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • maitreya

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The bodhisattva Maitreya is an important figure in many Buddhist traditions, where he is unanimously regarded as the buddha of the future era. He is said to currently reside in the heaven of Tuṣita, as Śākyamuni’s regent, where he awaits the proper time to take his final rebirth and become the fifth buddha in the Fortunate Eon, reestablishing the Dharma in this world after the teachings of the current buddha have disappeared. Within the Mahāyāna sūtras, Maitreya is elevated to the same status as other central bodhisattvas such as Mañjuśrī and Avalokiteśvara, and his name appears frequently in sūtras, either as the Buddha’s interlocutor or as a teacher of the Dharma. Maitreya literally means “Loving One.” He is also known as Ajita, meaning “Invincible.”

For more information on Maitreya, see, for example, the introduction to Maitreya’s Setting Out (Toh 198).

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • i.­28
  • 1.­4
  • 5.­55
  • 8.­10
  • 10.­4-5
  • n.­181
  • g.­299
g.­203

majestic power

Wylie:
  • sangs rgyas kyi mthu
Tibetan:
  • སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་མཐུ།
Sanskrit:
  • anubhāva

Specifically that of the Buddha, in most instances of the term, but used more generally, too, of the sun and the moon, as well as various beings in the phrase “great superhuman power and great majestic power” (mahārddhiko mahānubhāvaḥ). The term has the sense of the power that comes from the mere presence or nature of the thing, something like the classical sense of the term charisma.

Located in 20 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­21
  • 4.­3
  • 7.­2
  • 7.­15-16
  • 7.­21
  • 8.­11
  • 8.­23
  • 8.­29
  • 9.­4
  • 10.­3
  • 13.­2
  • 13.­8
  • 18.­20
  • 18.­30
  • 20.­27
  • 22.­12
  • 22.­57
  • 25.­10
  • 25.­33
g.­204

majesty

Wylie:
  • khyu mchog tu gyur pa
Tibetan:
  • ཁྱུ་མཆོག་ཏུ་གྱུར་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • vṛṣabhitā

A quality often applied to a buddha and connected to the terms ṛṣabha and vṛṣabha, meaning a mighty bull and also the chief or best of any class of being.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­33
  • g.­122
g.­206

Manasvin

Wylie:
  • gzi can
Tibetan:
  • གཟི་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • manasvin

A nāga king in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­5
g.­208

Māra

Wylie:
  • bdud
Tibetan:
  • བདུད།
Sanskrit:
  • māra

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Māra, literally “death” or “maker of death,” is the name of the deva who tried to prevent the Buddha from achieving awakening, the name given to the class of beings he leads, and also an impersonal term for the destructive forces that keep beings imprisoned in saṃsāra:

(1) As a deva, Māra is said to be the principal deity in the Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations (paranirmitavaśavartin), the highest paradise in the desire realm. He famously attempted to prevent the Buddha’s awakening under the Bodhi tree‍—see The Play in Full (Toh 95), 21.1‍—and later sought many times to thwart the Buddha’s activity. In the sūtras, he often also creates obstacles to the progress of śrāvakas and bodhisattvas. (2) The devas ruled over by Māra are collectively called mārakāyika or mārakāyikadevatā, the “deities of Māra’s family or class.” In general, these māras too do not wish any being to escape from saṃsāra, but can also change their ways and even end up developing faith in the Buddha, as exemplified by Sārthavāha; see The Play in Full (Toh 95), 21.14 and 21.43. (3) The term māra can also be understood as personifying four defects that prevent awakening, called (i) the divine māra (devaputra­māra), which is the distraction of pleasures; (ii) the māra of Death (mṛtyumāra), which is having one’s life interrupted; (iii) the māra of the aggregates (skandhamāra), which is identifying with the five aggregates; and (iv) the māra of the afflictions (kleśamāra), which is being under the sway of the negative emotions of desire, hatred, and ignorance.

Located in 52 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­29
  • 1.­1
  • 1.­17
  • 1.­62
  • 2.­21
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­10
  • 5.­30
  • 6.­5
  • 7.­14
  • 8.­3
  • 8.­10
  • 8.­66
  • 11.­1
  • 11.­9
  • 12.­13-14
  • 12.­18
  • 12.­30
  • 12.­50
  • 12.­59
  • 12.­68-69
  • 13.­1-5
  • 13.­7-8
  • 13.­10-13
  • 14.­1-2
  • 14.­4
  • 14.­26
  • 15.­14
  • 20.­16
  • 20.­18
  • 24.­6
  • 25.­5-6
  • 25.­9
  • 25.­11
  • 25.­13-14
  • n.­34
  • n.­191
  • g.­120
g.­210

marks of a great person

Wylie:
  • skyes bu chen po’i mtshan
Tibetan:
  • སྐྱེས་བུ་ཆེན་པོའི་མཚན།
Sanskrit:
  • mahā­puruṣa­lakṣaṇa

The physical characteristics or attributes of the human body possessed by wheel-turning kings and perfect buddhas and of which there are said to be thirty-two.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­7
  • 3.­10
  • 5.­8
  • 16.­14
  • g.­351
  • g.­389
g.­211

Marudeva

Wylie:
  • mya ngam gyi lha
Tibetan:
  • མྱ་ངམ་གྱི་ལྷ།
Sanskrit:
  • marudeva

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. Marudeva is a name attested in the Mahāvastu and elsewhere. Some Kangyurs read mya ngan here.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­216

means of drawing others to oneself

Wylie:
  • bsdu ba’i dngos po
Tibetan:
  • བསྡུ་བའི་དངོས་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • saṃgrahavastu

A traditional list of four qualities by means of which buddhas and bodhisattvas build a group followers: giving gifts (dāna), kind speech (priyavādita), acting for their benefit (arthacārya), and having the same goals as they do (samānārthatā)

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­13
  • 15.­22
  • 21.­12
  • 24.­23
  • n.­302
g.­217

meditation

Wylie:
  • bsam gtan
Tibetan:
  • བསམ་གཏན།
Sanskrit:
  • dhyāna

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Dhyāna is defined as one-pointed abiding in an undistracted state of mind, free from afflicted mental states. Four states of dhyāna are identified as being conducive to birth within the form realm. In the context of the Mahāyāna, it is the fifth of the six perfections. It is commonly translated as “concentration,” “meditative concentration,” and so on.

Located in 24 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2-3
  • 1.­7
  • 2.­25
  • 3.­3
  • 11.­8
  • 13.­5
  • 15.­20
  • 15.­24
  • 19.­7
  • 19.­9
  • 20.­14
  • 22.­30
  • 24.­11
  • 24.­22
  • n.­169
  • g.­6
  • g.­16
  • g.­50
  • g.­69
  • g.­107
  • g.­152
  • g.­191
  • g.­312
g.­218

Meghavatī

Wylie:
  • sprin ldan
Tibetan:
  • སྤྲིན་ལྡན།
Sanskrit:
  • meghavatī

A world mentioned in this sūtra as well as in the Lalitavistara.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­2
  • g.­219
  • g.­278
g.­219

Melodious King of Clouds

Wylie:
  • sprin dbyangs rgyal po
Tibetan:
  • སྤྲིན་དབྱངས་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The buddha of the Meghavatī world. Similar names are attested in other texts. For instance, the Lalitavistara names the buddha of this world as Cloud King (Megharāja) while the Gaṇḍavyūha makes reference to a bodhisattva by the name of Meghanirghoṣasvara (sprin gyi dbyangs kyi sgra).

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­2-3
  • g.­278
g.­220

Merukūṭa

Wylie:
  • lhun po brtsegs
Tibetan:
  • ལྷུན་པོ་བརྩེགས།
Sanskrit:
  • merukūta

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­222

motivation

Wylie:
  • bsam pa
Tibetan:
  • བསམ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • āśaya

A general term for “inclination,” somewhat like adhimokṣa, but in sūtras such as this one, it is used as a term for the firm intent to pursue the Buddhist path.

Located in 33 passages in the translation:

  • i.­7-8
  • i.­29
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­13
  • 3.­12
  • 5.­8
  • 6.­3
  • 8.­7-8
  • 8.­54
  • 8.­87
  • 9.­5
  • 12.­13
  • 12.­64
  • 14.­3
  • 14.­18
  • 14.­25
  • 16.­8
  • 16.­15
  • 17.­25
  • 18.­7
  • 18.­34
  • 23.­2
  • 24.­6
  • 24.­11
  • 24.­27
  • n.­113
  • n.­153
  • n.­184
  • n.­303
  • g.­18
  • g.­354
g.­223

Mount Meru

Wylie:
  • ri rab
Tibetan:
  • རི་རབ།
Sanskrit:
  • sumeru

The huge mountain at the center of the world according to the classical Buddhist view. Sometimes named Sumeru, as it is in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra, as well as “the king of mountains” (parvatarāja, ri’i rgal po).

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­33
  • 8.­10
  • 12.­13
  • 15.­3
  • 22.­8
  • 22.­12-14
  • 24.­7
  • 24.­25
  • g.­110
  • g.­149
g.­225

mystery

Wylie:
  • bsam gyis mi khyab pa
Tibetan:
  • བསམ་གྱིས་མི་ཁྱབ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • acintya

Derived from a verb that means “to think,” this term can be used as a noun or an adjective to describe something that cannot be conceived or understood. In that sense, the term overlaps with the sense of the English word mystery. The term is often found in this sūtra in close association with the term guhya (“secret”), and also used as an adjective in combination with dharma (“thing” or “quality”). Rendered that way, it can also be used in the sense of an inconceivably large number of things.

Located in 16 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­9
  • i.­11
  • i.­21
  • i.­42-43
  • 1.­23
  • 4.­4
  • 7.­49
  • 8.­86
  • 8.­92
  • n.­51
  • n.­99
  • n.­103
  • g.­157
  • g.­304
g.­226

nāga

Wylie:
  • klu
Tibetan:
  • ཀླུ།
Sanskrit:
  • nāga

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who live in subterranean aquatic environments, where they guard wealth and sometimes also teachings. Nāgas are associated with serpents and have a snakelike appearance. In Buddhist art and in written accounts, they are regularly portrayed as half human and half snake, and they are also said to have the ability to change into human form. Some nāgas are Dharma protectors, but they can also bring retribution if they are disturbed. They may likewise fight one another, wage war, and destroy the lands of others by causing lightning, hail, and flooding.

Located in 47 passages in the translation:

  • i.­14
  • 1.­5
  • 1.­28
  • 1.­38
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­12
  • 2.­29
  • 8.­3-4
  • 8.­81
  • 11.­10-11
  • 12.­11
  • 12.­37
  • 12.­40
  • 12.­45-46
  • 12.­48-49
  • 12.­55
  • 12.­61
  • 14.­17
  • 18.­24
  • 20.­2
  • 22.­12
  • 24.­10
  • 25.­32
  • n.­106
  • n.­171
  • n.­174
  • g.­25
  • g.­29
  • g.­97
  • g.­110
  • g.­128
  • g.­153
  • g.­173
  • g.­206
  • g.­232
  • g.­255
  • g.­282
  • g.­334
  • g.­335
  • g.­340
  • g.­357
  • g.­372
  • g.­381
g.­227

Nāgadatta

Wylie:
  • klus byin
Tibetan:
  • ཀླུས་བྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • nāgadatta

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­228

Nāganandin

Wylie:
  • klu dga’
Tibetan:
  • ཀླུ་དགའ།
Sanskrit:
  • nāganandin RS

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­229

Nāgottara

Wylie:
  • klu’i bla ma
Tibetan:
  • ཀླུའི་བླ་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • nāgottara RS

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­231

Nakṣatrarāja

Wylie:
  • skar ma’i rgyal po
Tibetan:
  • སྐར་མའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • nakṣatrarāja

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra; attested as the name of a realized one in the Śikṣāsamuccaya.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­233

Nārāyaṇa

Wylie:
  • sred med kyi bu
Tibetan:
  • སྲེད་མེད་ཀྱི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • nārāyaṇa

One of the names of Viṣṇu in the Hindu tradition, primarily used in Buddhist literature as a paragon of bodily strength.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 1.­34
  • 7.­45
  • g.­135
g.­234

nature of being devoid of a defining characteristic

Wylie:
  • dben pa’i mtshan nyid
Tibetan:
  • དབེན་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A phrase used in the text with respect to applying the concept of emptiness to the body (kāya) to all things (sarvadharma), as well as to the realm of reality (dharmadhātu). Although not attested in the Sanskrit manuscript, the Sanskrit compound is understood here to be vigata­lakṣanatā.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­54
g.­235

nirvāṇa

Wylie:
  • mya ngan las ’das pa
Tibetan:
  • མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • nirvāṇa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In Sanskrit, the term nirvāṇa literally means “extinguishment” and the Tibetan mya ngan las ’das pa literally means “gone beyond sorrow.” As a general term, it refers to the cessation of all suffering, afflicted mental states (kleśa), and causal processes (karman) that lead to rebirth and suffering in cyclic existence, as well as to the state in which all such rebirth and suffering has permanently ceased.

More specifically, three main types of nirvāṇa are identified. (1) The first type of nirvāṇa, called nirvāṇa with remainder (sopadhiśeṣanirvāṇa), is the state in which arhats or buddhas have attained awakening but are still dependent on the conditioned aggregates until their lifespan is exhausted. (2) At the end of life, given that there are no more causes for rebirth, these aggregates cease and no new aggregates arise. What occurs then is called nirvāṇa without remainder ( anupadhiśeṣanirvāṇa), which refers to the unconditioned element (dhātu) of nirvāṇa in which there is no remainder of the aggregates. (3) The Mahāyāna teachings distinguish the final nirvāṇa of buddhas from that of arhats, the nirvāṇa of arhats not being considered ultimate. The buddhas attain what is called nonabiding nirvāṇa (apratiṣṭhitanirvāṇa), which transcends the extremes of saṃsāra and nirvāṇa, i.e., existence and peace. This is the nirvāṇa that is the goal of the Mahāyāna path.

In this text:

This has also been rendered as “cessation.”

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • i.­28
  • 1.­55
  • 3.­10
  • 17.­3
  • 19.­35-36
  • 21.­8-9
  • 22.­39
  • 23.­18
  • 25.­5
  • n.­106
  • n.­287
  • g.­56
  • g.­348
g.­236

Nityotkṣiptahasta

Wylie:
  • rtag tu lag brkyang
Tibetan:
  • རྟག་ཏུ་ལག་བརྐྱང་།
Sanskrit:
  • nityotkṣiptahasta

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­237

Nityotpalakṛtahasta

Wylie:
  • rtag tu lag bteg
Tibetan:
  • རྟག་ཏུ་ལག་བཏེག
Sanskrit:
  • nityotpalakṛtahasta

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­238

noble son

Wylie:
  • rigs kyi bu
Tibetan:
  • རིགས་ཀྱི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • kulaputra

A common term of address for individuals in Buddhist sūtras who are deemed to have a good upbringing and are ready for spiritual teachings.

Located in 37 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­22
  • 1.­56
  • 4.­4
  • 5.­61
  • 7.­2-3
  • 7.­18
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­46
  • 8.­13
  • 8.­18
  • 15.­6
  • 16.­12
  • 16.­16
  • 17.­1-2
  • 17.­22
  • 17.­24
  • 19.­2
  • 19.­4
  • 19.­7-8
  • 19.­12
  • 19.­17
  • 20.­10
  • 21.­6
  • 21.­12
  • 21.­14
  • 23.­4
  • 23.­11
  • 23.­18
  • 24.­14
  • 25.­13-14
  • n.­125
  • n.­153
  • n.­250
g.­241

palm tree

Wylie:
  • shing ta la
Tibetan:
  • ཤིང་ཏ་ལ།
Sanskrit:
  • tāla

The palmyra palm tree, native to South and Southeast Asia, which can grow to a height of nearly one hundred feet.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­15
  • 14.­1
  • 16.­15
  • g.­341
g.­245

path of the ten forms of good conduct

Wylie:
  • dge ba bcu yi las lam
Tibetan:
  • དགེ་བ་བཅུ་ཡི་ལས་ལམ།
Sanskrit:
  • daśakuśala­karma­patha

A path or course of action traditionally presented as refraining from committing the ten forms of bad conduct, namely: taking life, taking what is not given, sexual misconduct, false speech, harsh speech, spiteful speech, idle speech, ency, malice and wrong view. Thus, it would consist in doing the opposite of these forms of bad conduct.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­49
  • 19.­6
  • 19.­39
g.­246

patience

Wylie:
  • bzod pa
Tibetan:
  • བཟོད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kṣānti

One of the perfections (pāramitā) as well as a term for a kind of mental receptivity to or acceptance of the way things are.

Located in 18 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­7
  • 2.­25
  • 3.­7
  • 6.­4
  • 13.­5
  • 15.­20
  • 15.­22
  • 15.­28
  • 19.­9
  • 20.­16
  • 22.­19
  • 22.­28
  • 24.­11
  • 24.­22
  • g.­7
  • g.­8
  • g.­9
  • g.­62
g.­248

phlegm

Wylie:
  • bad kan
Tibetan:
  • བད་ཀན།
Sanskrit:
  • śleṣman

One of the three doṣas in traditional Indian medicine whose typical features include coolness, smoothness, moistness, and heaviness.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­37
  • n.­59
g.­249

piśāca

Wylie:
  • sha za
Tibetan:
  • ཤ་ཟ།
Sanskrit:
  • piśāca

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings that, like several other classes of nonhuman beings, take spontaneous birth. Ranking below rākṣasas, they are less powerful and more akin to pretas. They are said to dwell in impure and perilous places, where they feed on impure things, including flesh. This could account for the name piśāca, which possibly derives from √piś, to carve or chop meat, as reflected also in the Tibetan sha za, “meat eater.” They are often described as having an unpleasant appearance, and at times they appear with animal bodies. Some possess the ability to enter the dead bodies of humans, thereby becoming so-called vetāla, to touch whom is fatal.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 18.­1
  • 18.­7
  • 18.­32
  • 19.­1
g.­252

powerful memory and the formulas that support it

Wylie:
  • gzungs
Tibetan:
  • གཟུངས།
Sanskrit:
  • dhāraṇī

See “dhāraṇī.”

Located in 17 passages in the translation:

  • i.­36
  • 1.­1
  • 1.­10
  • 20.­15
  • 23.­20
  • 24.­1-2
  • 24.­6
  • 24.­12
  • 24.­27
  • 24.­29-30
  • 24.­33-34
  • n.­283
  • n.­303
  • n.­309
g.­253

Prabhāketu

Wylie:
  • ’od kyi dpal
Tibetan:
  • འོད་ཀྱི་དཔལ།
Sanskrit:
  • prabhāketu

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in Gaṇḍavyūha and elsewhere, and the name of a prince in this sūtra who is predicted to be the future buddha Puṣpa.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­4
  • 5.­55
g.­254

Prabhāśrī

Wylie:
  • ’od dpal
Tibetan:
  • འོད་དཔལ།
Sanskrit:
  • prabhāśrī

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­255

Prahlāda

Wylie:
  • rab sim
Tibetan:
  • རབ་སིམ།
Sanskrit:
  • prahlāda

Here given as the name of an asura. Translation attested in the miscellaneous section of the Mahāvyutpatti. Also the name of a daitya general and of a nāga in the Mahābhārata.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­5
g.­256

Prajñākūṭa

Wylie:
  • shes rab brtsegs
Tibetan:
  • ཤེས་རབ་བརྩེགས།
Sanskrit:
  • prajñākūṭa

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa and the Saddharma­puṇḍarīka.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­258

prediction

Wylie:
  • lung bstan pa
Tibetan:
  • ལུང་བསྟན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • vyākaraṇa

A genre of Buddhist literature included in the list of nine or twelve types. In the Pali tradition, the Abhidharma is placed in this category, though it is also used to refer to any instances in which the Buddha gives a prophecy or prediction about the future‍—for example, the future awakening or attainment of some particular being.

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­11
  • i.­30-31
  • 1.­25
  • 3.­12
  • 5.­64-65
  • 8.­4
  • 8.­88
  • 12.­63
  • 16.­17-18
  • 16.­25
  • 17.­1-2
  • 17.­5-8
  • 18.­1
  • 18.­4
  • 19.­32
  • 21.­3
  • n.­232
  • n.­241
  • g.­353
  • g.­367
g.­259

preta

Wylie:
  • yi dags
Tibetan:
  • ཡི་དགས།
Sanskrit:
  • preta

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the five or six classes of sentient beings, into which beings are born as the karmic fruition of past miserliness. As the term in Sanskrit means “the departed,” they are analogous to the ancestral spirits of Vedic tradition, the pitṛs, who starve without the offerings of descendants. It is also commonly translated as “hungry ghost” or “starving spirit,” as in the Chinese 餓鬼 e gui.

They are sometimes said to reside in the realm of Yama, but are also frequently described as roaming charnel grounds and other inhospitable or frightening places along with piśācas and other such beings. They are particularly known to suffer from great hunger and thirst and the inability to acquire sustenance. Detailed descriptions of their realm and experience, including a list of the thirty-six classes of pretas, can be found in The Application of Mindfulness of the Sacred Dharma, Toh 287, 2.­1281– 2.1482.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 7.­44
  • 18.­7
  • 18.­32
  • 19.­1
  • g.­393
g.­260

Prince Mañjuśrī

Wylie:
  • ’jam dpal gzhon nur gyur pa
Tibetan:
  • འཇམ་དཔལ་གཞོན་ནུར་གྱུར་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • mañjuśrīḥ kumārabhūtaḥ

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Mañjuśrī is one of the “eight close sons of the Buddha” and a bodhisattva who embodies wisdom. He is a major figure in the Mahāyāna sūtras, appearing often as an interlocutor of the Buddha. In his most well-known iconographic form, he is portrayed bearing the sword of wisdom in his right hand and a volume of the Prajñā­pāramitā­sūtra in his left. To his name, Mañjuśrī, meaning “Gentle and Glorious One,” is often added the epithet Kumārabhūta, “having a youthful form.” He is also called Mañjughoṣa, Mañjusvara, and Pañcaśikha.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­4
  • 22.­57
g.­261

protectors of the world

Wylie:
  • ’jig rten skyong ba
Tibetan:
  • འཇིག་རྟེན་སྐྱོང་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • lokapāla

See “lokapāla”.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 19.­38-39
  • 19.­50
  • g.­110
g.­262

Puṣpa

Wylie:
  • me tog
Tibetan:
  • མེ་ཏོག
Sanskrit:
  • puṣpa

A buddha whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­55
  • g.­253
g.­264

Rāhu

Wylie:
  • sgra gcan
Tibetan:
  • སྒྲ་གཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • rāhu

An asura whose name is attested in the Mahāvyutpatti.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­5
g.­265

Rājagṛha

Wylie:
  • rgyal po’i khab
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་པོའི་ཁབ།
Sanskrit:
  • rājagṛha

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The ancient capital of Magadha prior to its relocation to Pāṭaliputra during the Mauryan dynasty, Rājagṛha is one of the most important locations in Buddhist history. The literature tells us that the Buddha and his saṅgha spent a considerable amount of time in residence in and around Rājagṛha‍—in nearby places, such as the Vulture Peak Mountain (Gṛdhrakūṭaparvata), a major site of the Mahāyāna sūtras, and the Bamboo Grove (Veṇuvana)‍—enjoying the patronage of King Bimbisāra and then of his son King Ajātaśatru. Rājagṛha is also remembered as the location where the first Buddhist monastic council was held after the Buddha Śākyamuni passed into parinirvāṇa. Now known as Rajgir and located in the modern Indian state of Bihar.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­1
  • 8.­10
  • 21.­1
g.­266

rākṣasa

Wylie:
  • srin po
Tibetan:
  • སྲིན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • rākṣasa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings that are often, but certainly not always, considered demonic in the Buddhist tradition. They are often depicted as flesh-eating monsters who haunt frightening places and are ugly and evil-natured with a yearning for human flesh, and who additionally have miraculous powers, such as being able to change their appearance.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 18.­1
  • 18.­7
  • 18.­24
  • 18.­32
  • 18.­34
  • 19.­1
g.­269

Ratnacandra

Wylie:
  • rin chen zla ba
Tibetan:
  • རིན་ཆེན་ཟླ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • ratnacandra

A realized one whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 25.­2
  • 25.­10
  • 25.­12-14
  • g.­27
  • g.­257
  • g.­301
g.­270

Ratnākara

Wylie:
  • rin chen ’byung gnas
Tibetan:
  • རིན་ཆེན་འབྱུང་གནས།
Sanskrit:
  • ratnākara

A realized one whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra and the name of a bodhisattva in the audience for this discourse.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­4
  • 5.­55
  • g.­352
g.­272

Ratnamudrāhasta

Wylie:
  • lag na phyag rgya rin po che
Tibetan:
  • ལག་ན་ཕྱག་རྒྱ་རིན་པོ་ཆེ།
Sanskrit:
  • ratna­mudrāhasta

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­273

Ratnapāṇi

Wylie:
  • lag na rin po che
Tibetan:
  • ལག་ན་རིན་པོ་ཆེ།
Sanskrit:
  • ratnapāṇi

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in Saddharma­puṇḍarīka.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­274

realized one

Wylie:
  • de bzhin gshegs pa
Tibetan:
  • དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • tathāgata

A common epithet of the buddhas, translated into Tibetan as “the one gone thus,” from which one gets the translation “thus-gone one.” The term has a sense of literal movement, of having “gone” or “come” somewhere, but it also carries the sense of having “realized” something, in both senses of having understood it and made it real. In some traditional explanations of the term, the adverb tathā (“thus” or “in that way”) is therefore connected to tathatā (“the way things are”).

Located in 232 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­6
  • i.­8-9
  • i.­15-17
  • i.­20-21
  • i.­25-26
  • i.­28
  • i.­43
  • i.­45
  • 1.­15
  • 1.­17-25
  • 1.­28
  • 1.­33
  • 1.­57
  • 1.­60-63
  • 2.­29
  • 4.­2-4
  • 5.­2-3
  • 5.­9-10
  • 5.­21
  • 5.­23
  • 5.­28
  • 5.­31
  • 5.­47
  • 5.­55
  • 5.­60
  • 5.­62
  • 5.­64
  • 6.­5
  • 7.­1-17
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­43-51
  • 8.­1-13
  • 8.­15
  • 8.­20
  • 8.­26
  • 8.­32-33
  • 8.­35-37
  • 8.­40
  • 8.­57
  • 8.­82-88
  • 8.­92
  • 9.­1-7
  • 10.­3
  • 10.­5
  • 12.­13
  • 12.­62-63
  • 14.­6-15
  • 14.­18
  • 14.­25
  • 15.­1-2
  • 15.­16
  • 15.­19
  • 15.­22
  • 15.­26
  • 16.­9-17
  • 17.­1
  • 17.­9-10
  • 17.­24-25
  • 17.­34
  • 18.­3-4
  • 18.­7
  • 18.­19
  • 18.­27
  • 18.­30-31
  • 18.­34
  • 19.­18
  • 19.­24
  • 19.­35
  • 20.­1
  • 20.­7
  • 20.­16-17
  • 21.­3-4
  • 21.­6
  • 21.­9
  • 21.­11
  • 21.­14-15
  • 21.­17
  • 21.­22
  • 22.­19
  • 22.­55
  • 22.­57
  • 23.­2
  • 23.­4-5
  • 23.­14
  • 23.­20
  • 24.­12-13
  • 25.­2
  • 25.­10
  • 25.­12-15
  • 25.­18
  • 25.­22
  • 25.­24-25
  • 25.­27
  • 25.­31-32
  • n.­68
  • n.­88
  • n.­92
  • n.­103
  • n.­105
  • n.­106
  • n.­138-140
  • n.­153
  • n.­205-206
  • n.­316
  • n.­319
  • g.­4
  • g.­21
  • g.­51
  • g.­77
  • g.­127
  • g.­169
  • g.­171
  • g.­172
  • g.­231
  • g.­257
  • g.­269
  • g.­270
  • g.­278
  • g.­289
  • g.­301
  • g.­315
  • g.­320
  • g.­342
  • g.­344
g.­275

realm of reality

Wylie:
  • chos kyi dbyings
Tibetan:
  • ཆོས་ཀྱི་དབྱིངས།
Sanskrit:
  • dharmadhātu

An expression that seems to refer to the entirety of the world, the container (dhātu) of all things.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­30
  • 1.­54
  • 3.­10
  • 23.­5
  • 24.­31
  • g.­191
  • g.­234
g.­277

reliance

Wylie:
  • rton pa
Tibetan:
  • རྟོན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • pratiśaraṇa

In the Dharmasaṃgraha, there are said to be four types or sources of reliance, namely reliance on the meaning, reliance on knowledge, reliance on the definitive meaning (or sūtras taken to contain definitive meaning), and reliance on the true nature of reality. This list is also found in the The Teaching of Vimalakīrti (Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa), 12.­13.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­12
g.­278

Resounding Musical Sound

Wylie:
  • sgra dbyangs bsgrags pa
Tibetan:
  • སྒྲ་དབྱངས་བསྒྲགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the Meghavatī world of the realized one Melodious King of Clouds. The Sanskrit could be something like Svaraghoṣanirghoṣa.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­2-5
g.­282

Sāgara

Wylie:
  • rgya mtsho
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱ་མཚོ།
Sanskrit:
  • sāgara

A nāga king in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Mahāvyutpatti.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­5
g.­283

Sāgaramati

Wylie:
  • blo gros rgya mtsho
Tibetan:
  • བློ་གྲོས་རྒྱ་མཚོ།
Sanskrit:
  • sāgaramati

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in Gaṇḍavyūha.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­285

Sahā

Wylie:
  • mi mjed
Tibetan:
  • མི་མཇེད།
Sanskrit:
  • sahā

A name for the “world” or perhaps “galaxy” or “world system,” more literally, “the container of worlds” (lokadhātu), that forms the extent of the Buddha Śākyamuni’s domain. Its name suggests that it is a world in which beings experience suffering. It could also be described as the extent of the world over which Great Brahmā is said to be the lord and sovereign god (Sahāṃpati). Opinions vary over the precise extent of Sahā, and its expanse seems to have extended over time. For the purposes of this sūtra, it is sometimes equated with “the cosmos of a billion worlds.” More generally, it can also be conceived as the world in which the implied target audience of the sūtra can locate themselves, the place where we are located.

Located in 15 passages in the translation:

  • 4.­2
  • 7.­15
  • 7.­21
  • 8.­22
  • 8.­35
  • 12.­7
  • 12.­9
  • 12.­22
  • 12.­24
  • 12.­28
  • 12.­31-32
  • 22.­23
  • n.­178
  • g.­121
g.­286

Śakra

Wylie:
  • brgya byin
Tibetan:
  • བརྒྱ་བྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • śakra

The chief god of the desire realm who is known as the King of the Gods and as the Lord of the Gods and dwells in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three.

Located in 35 passages in the translation:

  • i.­13
  • i.­21
  • i.­34
  • 1.­5
  • 1.­28
  • 1.­40
  • 1.­48
  • 1.­51-52
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­7
  • 7.­4
  • 10.­5
  • 12.­6
  • 12.­35
  • 12.­51
  • 14.­13-15
  • 18.­20
  • 20.­27
  • 22.­6-7
  • 22.­10
  • 22.­23
  • 24.­8
  • 25.­9
  • 25.­20
  • n.­61-62
  • n.­244
  • g.­149
  • g.­178
  • g.­302
  • g.­325
g.­288

Sāla

Wylie:
  • sa la
Tibetan:
  • ས་ལ།
Sanskrit:
  • sāla RS

An asura in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­5
  • 12.­33
  • 13.­4
g.­291

Śambara

Wylie:
  • bde mchog
Tibetan:
  • བདེ་མཆོག
Sanskrit:
  • śambara

An asura whose name is among those attested in the Mahāvyutpatti, as well as the Samādhirāja.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­5
g.­293

saṃsāra

Wylie:
  • ’khor ba
Tibetan:
  • འཁོར་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • saṃsāra

The world of ongoing birth, death, and rebirth, and the apparent reality of this world.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­55
  • 3.­10
  • 5.­18
  • 5.­36
  • 17.­3
  • 21.­8-10
  • 21.­12
  • n.­225
  • g.­75
  • g.­106
  • g.­107
g.­294

Śāntamati

Wylie:
  • zhi ba’i blo gros
Tibetan:
  • ཞི་བའི་བློ་གྲོས།
Sanskrit:
  • śāntamati

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, and one of the main interlocutors.

Located in 220 passages in the translation:

  • i.­6
  • i.­8
  • i.­20
  • i.­25
  • i.­29-31
  • i.­35-36
  • 1.­4
  • 1.­18-19
  • 1.­22-26
  • 1.­29-30
  • 1.­32
  • 1.­36-37
  • 1.­40
  • 1.­43
  • 1.­45-46
  • 1.­52-54
  • 1.­58-61
  • 1.­63
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­27-30
  • 2.­39
  • 3.­1-3
  • 3.­6-7
  • 3.­11
  • 4.­1-2
  • 5.­2-11
  • 5.­20
  • 5.­33-34
  • 5.­51
  • 5.­53-56
  • 5.­60-61
  • 5.­64-65
  • 6.­1
  • 6.­3
  • 6.­6
  • 7.­1-3
  • 7.­6-15
  • 7.­21
  • 7.­43-48
  • 8.­1-10
  • 8.­29
  • 8.­37-40
  • 8.­57-58
  • 8.­66
  • 8.­81-85
  • 8.­88
  • 8.­90-91
  • 9.­1-2
  • 9.­4-6
  • 11.­1-4
  • 11.­7-12
  • 12.­12
  • 12.­28
  • 12.­40
  • 12.­55
  • 12.­61-62
  • 12.­64-65
  • 12.­71
  • 13.­1
  • 13.­3-6
  • 13.­10
  • 13.­12
  • 14.­1-6
  • 14.­8-13
  • 14.­15
  • 14.­17-19
  • 14.­25
  • 15.­5
  • 15.­7-15
  • 15.­27-28
  • 15.­40
  • 16.­3
  • 16.­9
  • 16.­14
  • 16.­16
  • 17.­1
  • 17.­6
  • 17.­11
  • 17.­25
  • 17.­34
  • 23.­1-4
  • 23.­6
  • 23.­10
  • 23.­16
  • 23.­19-20
  • 24.­1-4
  • 24.­6
  • 24.­12-14
  • 25.­12-14
  • 25.­38
  • n.­58
  • n.­106
  • n.­125
  • n.­203
  • n.­207-208
  • n.­214
  • n.­232
  • n.­234
g.­295

Sārathi

Wylie:
  • kha lo sgyur
Tibetan:
  • ཁ་ལོ་སྒྱུར།
Sanskrit:
  • sārathi

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Lalitavistara.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­296

Śāriputra

Wylie:
  • shA ri’i bu
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱ་རིའི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • śāriputra

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the principal śrāvaka disciples of the Buddha, he was renowned for his discipline and for having been praised by the Buddha as foremost of the wise (often paired with Maudgalyā­yana, who was praised as foremost in the capacity for miraculous powers). His father, Tiṣya, to honor Śāriputra’s mother, Śārikā, named him Śāradvatīputra, or, in its contracted form, Śāriputra, meaning “Śārikā’s Son.”

Located in 17 passages in the translation:

  • i.­2
  • i.­22
  • i.­28
  • 2.­38
  • 8.­84
  • 10.­1-5
  • 14.­25
  • n.­58
  • n.­65
  • n.­156-157
  • g.­93
  • g.­215
g.­297

Sarvanīvaraṇaviṣkambhin

Wylie:
  • sgrib pa thams cad rnam par sel ba
Tibetan:
  • སྒྲིབ་པ་ཐམས་ཅད་རྣམ་པར་སེལ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • sarva­nīvaraṇa­viṣkambhin

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

An important bodhisattva, included among the “eight close sons of the Buddha.” His name means “One Who Completely Dispels All Obscurations” and, accordingly, he is said to have the power to exhaust all the obscurations of anyone who merely hears his name. According to The Jewel Cloud (1.10, Toh 231), Sarva­­nīvaraṇa­­viṣkam­bhin originally dwelt in the realm of the Buddha Padma­netra, but he was so touched by the Buddha Śākyamuni’s compassionate acceptance of the barbaric and ungrateful beings who inhabit this realm that he traveled to see the Buddha Śākyamuni, offer him worship, and inquire about the Dharma. He is often included in the audience of sūtras and, in particular, he has an important role in the The Basket’s Display, Toh 116, in which he is sent to Vārāṇasī to obtain Avalokitesvara’s mantra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­300

Śaśiketu

Wylie:
  • ri bong can gyi tog
Tibetan:
  • རི་བོང་ཅན་གྱི་ཏོག
Sanskrit:
  • śaśiketu RS

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­302

Saumya

Wylie:
  • des pa
Tibetan:
  • དེས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • saumya

A creature whom the śakra Sunetra, who was the Buddha Śākyamuni in a previous life, spontaneously generated to heal the people of Kuru during a period of great pestilence. The Tibetan term is attested elsewhere as a translation for the Sanskrit terms sūrata and sauratya (Mahāvyutpatti), peśala (Bodhisattva­bhūmi), and some other terms, and is attested as a translation equivalent for the name Surata in the title of Surata’s Questions (Toh 71). However, in the Sanskrit of the parallel telling of this story found in the Bodhisatvapiṭaka (Toh 56), the name is attested as Saumya. This Sanskrit name is derived from Soma, both the plant and the moon, and can have the meanings of gentleness and mildness as well as auspiciousness.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­40-41
  • 1.­43
  • 1.­45-46
  • 1.­64
  • g.­186
g.­303

seat of awakening

Wylie:
  • byang chub kyi snying po
Tibetan:
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སྙིང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • bodhimaṇḍa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The place where the Buddha Śākyamuni achieved awakening and where every buddha will manifest the attainment of buddhahood. In our world this is understood to be located under the Bodhi tree, the Vajrāsana, in present-day Bodhgaya, India. It can also refer to the state of awakening itself.

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • 11.­1
  • 12.­1
  • 12.­12
  • 12.­14-15
  • 12.­17
  • 12.­19-20
  • 12.­25
  • 12.­28
  • 12.­36
  • 12.­40
  • 12.­61-63
  • 12.­65
  • 12.­71-72
  • 13.­1
  • 14.­2-4
  • 14.­11
  • 14.­26
  • 15.­39
  • 20.­2
  • 20.­18
g.­304

secret

Wylie:
  • gsang ba
Tibetan:
  • གསང་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • guhya

Derived from a verb that means to hide, conceal, or keep secret, the term means a secret, a mystery, as well as a hiding place or secret location, such as a place where one finds buried treasure. In this way, the term also has the sense that what is kept secret or hidden is something precious and mysterious. It is closely connected with the term guhyaka, the guardians of hidden treasures.

Located in 83 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­2
  • i.­9
  • i.­11
  • i.­14
  • i.­20-23
  • i.­25-26
  • i.­28
  • i.­42-43
  • i.­45
  • 1.­17-22
  • 1.­24-25
  • 1.­52
  • 1.­58
  • 1.­63
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­27
  • 2.­39-40
  • 3.­1
  • 3.­6-7
  • 3.­11-13
  • 4.­4
  • 5.­62
  • 7.­1-3
  • 7.­7
  • 7.­42-43
  • 7.­46-51
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­4-6
  • 8.­9
  • 8.­37
  • 8.­57
  • 8.­83
  • 8.­85
  • 8.­92
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­6-7
  • 12.­13
  • 15.­1-2
  • 16.­9
  • 23.­20
  • 25.­32
  • n.­51
  • n.­90
  • n.­99
  • n.­101-103
  • n.­105
  • n.­106
  • n.­117
  • n.­142
  • n.­159
  • n.­205
  • g.­125
  • g.­225
g.­305

self-assurance

Wylie:
  • ’jigs pa med pa
  • mi ’jigs pa
Tibetan:
  • འཇིགས་པ་མེད་པ།
  • མི་འཇིགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • vaiśaradya

Often rendered as fearlessness, of which there are commonly said to be four types.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­3
  • 9.­3
  • 12.­14
  • g.­63
g.­306

sense spheres

Wylie:
  • skye mched
Tibetan:
  • སྐྱེ་མཆེད།
Sanskrit:
  • āyatana

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

These can be listed as twelve or as six sense sources (sometimes also called sense fields, bases of cognition, or simply āyatanas).

In the context of epistemology, it is one way of describing experience and the world in terms of twelve sense sources, which can be divided into inner and outer sense sources, namely: (1–2) eye and form, (3–4) ear and sound, (5–6) nose and odor, (7–8) tongue and taste, (9–10) body and touch, (11–12) mind and mental phenomena.

In the context of the twelve links of dependent origination, only six sense sources are mentioned, and they are the inner sense sources (identical to the six faculties) of eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­55
  • 1.­57
  • 6.­5
  • 7.­8
  • 9.­5
  • 14.­22
  • 15.­36
  • 17.­3
  • 19.­14-15
  • 19.­30
  • 23.­10
  • n.­201
g.­309

Siddhārthamati

Wylie:
  • don grub blo gros
Tibetan:
  • དོན་གྲུབ་བློ་གྲོས།
Sanskrit:
  • siddhārthamati

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­311

Siṃhaketu

Wylie:
  • seng ge’i tog
Tibetan:
  • སེང་གེའི་ཏོག
Sanskrit:
  • siṃhaketu

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­313

solitary buddha

Wylie:
  • rang sangs rgyas
Tibetan:
  • རང་སངས་རྒྱས།
Sanskrit:
  • pratyekabuddha

A category of awakened being (buddha) who is variously described as having attained awakening but not then teaching the Dharma to others, and as attaining awakening without relying on a teacher. In this way, the solitary buddha is sometimes contrasted with the “disciple” (śrāvaka) and the “perfect, fully awakened buddha” (saṃyaksam­buddha), as well as with the bodhisattava who aspires to become a fully awakened buddha.

Located in 22 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­18
  • 1.­28
  • 2.­29
  • 3.­2
  • 5.­26
  • 6.­5-6
  • 8.­39
  • 8.­41
  • 14.­24
  • 15.­14
  • 15.­18
  • 15.­23
  • 15.­39
  • 16.­13
  • 21.­10
  • 21.­12
  • 21.­14
  • 21.­17
  • 21.­19
  • 22.­13
  • g.­88
g.­314

special modes of knowledge

Wylie:
  • so so yang dag par rig pa
Tibetan:
  • སོ་སོ་ཡང་དག་པར་རིག་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • pratisaṃvit

Four types of knowledge that are particularly oriented toward teaching the Dharma: knowledge of things, meanings, etymologies, and inspired eloquence.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­12
  • 20.­15
g.­317

Śrīgupta

Wylie:
  • dpal sbas
Tibetan:
  • དཔལ་སྦས།
Sanskrit:
  • śrīgupta

A bodhisattva who is a prince predicted to be the buddha Dhanaśrī and whose name attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­4
  • 5.­55
  • g.­77
g.­318

Śrīkūṭa

Wylie:
  • dpal brtsegs
Tibetan:
  • དཔལ་བརྩེགས།
Sanskrit:
  • śrīkūṭa

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­319

Sthirapadavikrāmin

Wylie:
  • mi g.yo ba’i gom par ’gro ba
Tibetan:
  • མི་གཡོ་བའི་གོམ་པར་འགྲོ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • sthirapadavikrāmin RS

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name means something like “Steady Stepper.”

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­320

Subāhu

Wylie:
  • lag bzangs
Tibetan:
  • ལག་བཟངས།
Sanskrit:
  • subāhu

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in several texts as a name for a śrāvaka and for a bodhisattva. Also attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra as the name of a realized one. It would also seem to be the name given in this sūtra to Vajrapāṇi’s second son, although the portion of the Sanskrit manuscript in which this use occurs is not extant, as well as the name of an asura lord in this text.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­4-5
  • 5.­55
  • 18.­9
  • g.­243
g.­322

Subhūma

Wylie:
  • bzangs
Tibetan:
  • བཟངས།
Sanskrit:
  • subhūma

An earth-dwelling deity whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 12.­1
g.­323

Sublime Jewel

Wylie:
  • rin chen dam pa
Tibetan:
  • རིན་ཆེན་དམ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­325

Sunetra

Wylie:
  • mig bzangs
Tibetan:
  • མིག་བཟངས།
Sanskrit:
  • sunetra

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, as well as a name of a Śakra who was the Buddha Śākyamuni in a previous life. The name is attested here and also in the Rāṣṭrapāla­pari­pṛcchā.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­4
  • 1.­40
  • g.­302
g.­327

supernormal faculties

Wylie:
  • mngon par shes pa
  • mngon shes
Tibetan:
  • མངོན་པར་ཤེས་པ།
  • མངོན་ཤེས།
Sanskrit:
  • abhijñā

Derived from a verb that has the sense of direct knowing, this term refers to a number of types of extraordinary knowledge and powers, grouped as five or six. When stated to be five, they include the first five of the list that follows: (1) various superhuman powers (ṛddhi); (2) the ability to know others’ minds; (3) extraordinary powers of hearing, or the divine ear; (4) extraordinary powers of sight, or the divine eye; (5) the ability to remember one’s past lives, and (6) the knowledge that the defilements have been destroyed and it is one’s last lifetime. When the fifth is not specified, then oftentimes the sixth or all six types are implied. The last three of the list are the same as the three types of knowledge (vidyā), and are tantamount to the description of the awakening experience in some presentations.

Located in 23 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­1
  • 2.­28
  • 2.­30
  • 2.­35
  • 3.­2
  • 5.­11
  • 5.­45-46
  • 6.­2
  • 7.­16
  • 10.­4-5
  • 15.­20
  • 16.­15
  • 20.­14
  • 22.­34
  • 22.­41
  • 24.­11
  • n.­158
  • g.­50
  • g.­90
  • g.­91
  • g.­342
g.­328

supplies of merit and knowledge

Wylie:
  • bsod nams dang ye shes kyi tshogs
Tibetan:
  • བསོད་ནམས་དང་ཡེ་ཤེས་ཀྱི་ཚོགས།
Sanskrit:
  • puṇya­jñāna­saṃbhāra

The two main kinds of supplies or provisions that a bodhisattva accumulates and stores, which then provide the fuel for the pursuit of the goal of the path. Sometimes translated as “accumulation” or “equipment” and also “provisions.”

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­15-16
g.­329

supply

Wylie:
  • tshogs
Tibetan:
  • ཚོགས།
Sanskrit:
  • saṃbhāra

Usually of two kinds, the supply of merit and the supply of knowledge, but also more generally the supplies or provisions that a bodhisattva accumulates and stores, which then provide the fuel for the pursuit of the goal of the path. This sūtra provides a long list of such supplies, which are mainly qualities or virtues the bodhisattva develops.

Located in 22 passages in the translation:

  • i.­20
  • 1.­3
  • 1.­6-16
  • 3.­12
  • 6.­2
  • 15.­4
  • 21.­12
  • n.­46
  • n.­178
  • n.­196
  • g.­10
  • g.­328
g.­334

Susīma

Wylie:
  • mtshams bzangs
Tibetan:
  • མཚམས་བཟངས།
Sanskrit:
  • susīma

A nāga king in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­5
g.­336

Suvicintitārtha

Wylie:
  • don legs par rnam par bsams pa
Tibetan:
  • དོན་ལེགས་པར་རྣམ་པར་བསམས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • suvicintitārtha

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in Samādhirāja.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­340

Takṣaka

Wylie:
  • ’jog po
Tibetan:
  • འཇོག་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • takṣaka

A nāga king in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in the Mahāvyutpatti and elsewhere.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­5
g.­341

Tāla

Wylie:
  • ta la
Tibetan:
  • ཏ་ལ།
Sanskrit:
  • tāla RS

An asura in the audience of this sūtra, whose name seems to be connected to the Asian palmyra palm tree (tāla)

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­5
g.­343

The Huge One

Wylie:
  • che rab
Tibetan:
  • ཆེ་རབ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

An asura in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­5
g.­344

the way things are

Wylie:
  • de bzhin nyid
Tibetan:
  • དེ་བཞིན་ཉིད།
Sanskrit:
  • tathatā

An expression that conveys a sense of the true nature of things, formed from the word for “thus” or “in that way” (tathā) conjoined with the abstract suffix “-ness” or “state of” (-tā). The word is connected with tathāgata, “realized one,” and with the knowledge of things as they truly are (yathābhūta­jñāna), which is tantamount to awakening.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • i.­17
  • 1.­56-57
  • 8.­83
  • 16.­10
  • 24.­31
  • g.­246
  • g.­274
g.­346

Total Illumination

Wylie:
  • kun du snang
Tibetan:
  • ཀུན་དུ་སྣང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­347

Trailokyavikrāmin

Wylie:
  • ’jig rten gsum rnam par gnon
Tibetan:
  • འཇིག་རྟེན་གསུམ་རྣམ་པར་གནོན།
Sanskrit:
  • trailokyavikrāmin

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name seems to be attested in a couple of sources, including Upholding the Roots of Virtue (Toh 101).

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­348

transcendent

Wylie:
  • ’jig rten las ’das pa
Tibetan:
  • འཇིག་རྟེན་ལས་འདས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • lokottara

Literally “above the world,” and mainly refers to nirvāṇa and awakening, the path and practices that lead to them, and the factors that constitute those states.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 3.­2
  • 9.­5
  • 17.­3
  • 24.­11
g.­350

true nature

Wylie:
  • chos nyid
Tibetan:
  • ཆོས་ཉིད།
Sanskrit:
  • dharmatā

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The real nature, true quality, or condition of things. Throughout Buddhist discourse this term is used in two distinct ways. In one, it designates the relative nature that is either the essential characteristic of a specific phenomenon, such as the heat of fire and the moisture of water, or the defining feature of a specific term or category. The other very important and widespread way it is used is to designate the ultimate nature of all phenomena, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms and is often synonymous with emptiness or the absence of intrinsic existence.

Located in 18 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­11-12
  • 1.­29
  • 1.­62
  • 3.­2
  • 15.­2
  • 19.­16
  • 21.­13
  • 23.­5
  • 24.­4
  • 25.­5
  • n.­53
  • n.­138
  • n.­140
  • g.­69
  • g.­81
  • g.­277
  • g.­344
g.­351

tuft of hair

Wylie:
  • mdzod spu
Tibetan:
  • མཛོད་སྤུ།
Sanskrit:
  • ūrṇa

One of the thirty-two marks of a great person. It consists of a tuft of hair between the eyebrows.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 8.­6
  • 8.­33
  • 13.­1
g.­353

unable to be turned back

Wylie:
  • phyir mi ldog pa
Tibetan:
  • ཕྱིར་མི་ལྡོག་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • avaivartika

A description of a bodhisattva who has reached a particular stage along the path to becoming a buddha at which the bodhisattva is certain of doing so. Different Buddhist works place this stage at different points along the path. According to some works, it is a highly advanced stage that is connected with having received a prediction of future buddhahood. Modern scholars have also sometimes connected it to the acceptance of the fact that things do not arise, but it is also connected with other attainments.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­31
  • 5.­6
  • 12.­71
  • 14.­9-10
  • 14.­15
  • 15.­24
  • 15.­39
  • 19.­1
  • 20.­16
  • g.­163
g.­355

untouchable

Wylie:
  • gdol pa
Tibetan:
  • གདོལ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • caṇḍāla

Those considered at the lowest end of the Indian social system, traditionally those tasked with doing dirty and menial work thought to be “impure” in some way.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­27
g.­356

Unwavering Gaze

Wylie:
  • mi ’dzums pa
Tibetan:
  • མི་འཛུམས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­360

Uttaptavīrya

Wylie:
  • brtson ’grus ’bar
Tibetan:
  • བརྩོན་འགྲུས་འབར།
Sanskrit:
  • uttaptavīrya

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in the Rāṣṭrapāla­pari­pṛcchā, but apparently the translation of the Lalitavistara has Dīptavīrya for the same translation.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­361

Uttaramati

Wylie:
  • bla ma’i blo gros
Tibetan:
  • བླ་མའི་བློ་གྲོས།
Sanskrit:
  • uttaramati

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in Saddharma­puṇḍarīka and elsewhere.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­362

Vaijayanta Palace

Wylie:
  • rnam rgyal khang
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་རྒྱལ་ཁང་།
Sanskrit:
  • vaijayanta

The palace of Indra in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 12.­6
  • 12.­35
  • g.­149
g.­364

Vaiśravaṇa

Wylie:
  • rnam thos kyi bu
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་ཐོས་ཀྱི་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • vaiśravaṇa

One of the Four Great Kings and a god of wealth, he presides over the northern quarter and rules over the yakṣas.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • i.­14
  • 7.­5
  • 18.­22
  • 18.­25
  • 24.­9
  • 25.­20
  • n.­195
  • g.­11
  • g.­110
  • g.­125
g.­365

vajra

Wylie:
  • rdo rje
Tibetan:
  • རྡོ་རྗེ།
Sanskrit:
  • vajra

There are two meanings, not always easy to disambiguate in practice: (1) a type of cudgel or mace, wielded by Vajrapāṇi, whose name literally means “The One with the Vajra in his Hand,” as well as the thunderbolt, the mythical weapon of Indra, and a stylized ritual object used in Buddhist ritual; (2) adamant, the hard and unbreakable substance out of which the weapon is said to be made.

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • i.­12
  • i.­34
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­15
  • 1.­53
  • 7.­45
  • 10.­5
  • 12.­25
  • 13.­4
  • 14.­3
  • 16.­9
  • 16.­18
  • 22.­1
  • 22.­4-17
  • g.­49
g.­366

Vajramati

Wylie:
  • rdo rje’i blo gros
Tibetan:
  • རྡོ་རྗེའི་བློ་གྲོས།
Sanskrit:
  • vajramati RS

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­367

Vajrapāṇi

Wylie:
  • lag na rdo rje
Tibetan:
  • ལག་ན་རྡོ་རྗེ།
Sanskrit:
  • vajrapāṇi

A yakṣa and the protagonist of this sūtra who is counted among the bodhisattvas in attendance at the beginning of the sūtra and called the lord of the guhyakas (guhyakādhipati) throughout the work. He gives various teachings, receives a prediction of his future awakening as a buddha, and is the subject of various past life stories to explain his current responsibilities and attributes; he also hosts the Buddha Śākyamuni at his home for a meal. See the introduction for a discussion of his place in Buddhist literature.

Located in 149 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­5
  • i.­7
  • i.­9
  • i.­11-14
  • i.­16
  • i.­20-26
  • i.­28-35
  • i.­37
  • i.­42
  • i.­44
  • i.­47-48
  • 1.­4
  • 1.­15
  • 1.­18-22
  • 1.­25
  • 1.­34
  • 1.­53
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­37
  • 3.­1
  • 3.­12
  • 4.­2
  • 5.­62
  • 5.­64
  • 7.­1-2
  • 7.­49-50
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­38
  • 8.­40
  • 8.­86-89
  • 9.­1
  • 10.­3-6
  • 11.­1-2
  • 15.­1
  • 16.­1
  • 16.­9
  • 16.­17-18
  • 16.­24-25
  • 17.­1
  • 17.­5
  • 17.­11
  • 17.­35
  • 18.­1-3
  • 18.­5
  • 18.­7-10
  • 18.­19
  • 18.­25
  • 18.­27
  • 18.­33-34
  • 19.­1-3
  • 20.­2
  • 20.­4
  • 20.­8
  • 20.­18-19
  • 20.­26-28
  • 21.­2-5
  • 21.­22
  • 22.­1-2
  • 22.­4
  • 22.­9
  • 22.­14-17
  • 23.­1-3
  • 23.­13
  • 23.­20
  • 25.­1
  • 25.­4
  • 25.­6
  • 25.­10
  • 25.­14
  • 25.­22
  • 25.­38
  • n.­24
  • n.­48
  • n.­58
  • n.­62
  • n.­124-125
  • n.­157
  • n.­203
  • n.­232
  • n.­238-239
  • n.­241
  • n.­244
  • g.­11
  • g.­22
  • g.­82
  • g.­125
  • g.­128
  • g.­188
  • g.­196
  • g.­320
  • g.­333
  • g.­365
  • g.­368
  • g.­369
g.­369

Vajravikrāmin

Wylie:
  • rdo rjes rnam par gnon pa
Tibetan:
  • རྡོ་རྗེས་རྣམ་པར་གནོན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • vajravikrāmin

The name by which Vajrapāṇi will be known when he becomes a perfect buddha, as attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. It is also the name of a bodhisattva in a list of bodhisattvas given at the beginning of this sūtra, though the Sanskrit for that section of the text is no longer extant.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­4
  • 16.­11-17
  • g.­290
g.­371

Vardhamānamati

Wylie:
  • ’phel ba’i blo gros
Tibetan:
  • འཕེལ་བའི་བློ་གྲོས།
Sanskrit:
  • vardhamānamati

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Saddharma­puṇḍarīka and elsewhere.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­372

Varuṇa

Wylie:
  • chu lha
Tibetan:
  • ཆུ་ལྷ།
Sanskrit:
  • varuṇa

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra as well as a nāga king in the audience of this sūtra; the name is attested as one for a nāga in the Mahāvyutpatti.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­4-5
g.­374

Vemacitra

Wylie:
  • thags zangs ris
Tibetan:
  • ཐགས་ཟངས་རིས།
Sanskrit:
  • vemacitra

An asura in the audience of this sūtra, attested in the Mahāvyutpatti.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­5
  • 22.­7
g.­380

Virūḍhaka

Wylie:
  • ’phags skyes po
Tibetan:
  • འཕགས་སྐྱེས་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • virūḍhaka

One of the Four Great Kings, he presides over the southern quarter and rules over the kumbhāṇḍas.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • n.­195
  • g.­110
g.­381

Virūpākṣa

Wylie:
  • mig mi bzang
Tibetan:
  • མིག་མི་བཟང་།
Sanskrit:
  • virūpākṣa

One of the Four Great Kings, he presides over the western quarter and rules over the nāgas.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • n.­195
  • g.­110
g.­382

Viśeṣamati

Wylie:
  • khyad par blo gros
Tibetan:
  • ཁྱད་པར་བློ་གྲོས།
Sanskrit:
  • viśeṣamati

A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in Saddharma­puṇḍarīka.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­4
g.­385

Vulture Peak

Wylie:
  • bya rgod kyi phung po
Tibetan:
  • བྱ་རྒོད་ཀྱི་ཕུང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • gṛdhrakūṭa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Gṛdhra­kūṭa, literally Vulture Peak, was a hill located in the kingdom of Magadha, in the vicinity of the ancient city of Rājagṛha (modern-day Rajgir, in the state of Bihar, India), where the Buddha bestowed many sūtras, especially the Great Vehicle teachings, such as the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras. It continues to be a sacred pilgrimage site for Buddhists to this day.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • i.­20
  • i.­32-33
  • 1.­1
  • 8.­10
  • 8.­29
  • 18.­19
  • 20.­28
  • 21.­1
g.­386

Vyūharāja

Wylie:
  • bkod pa’i rgyal po
Tibetan:
  • བཀོད་པའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • vyūharāja

A buddha attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra, as well as in several texts including the Lalitavistara and the Saddharma­puṇḍarīka.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­4
  • 18.­4
  • 18.­31
g.­387

well bred

Wylie:
  • cang shes pa
Tibetan:
  • ཅང་ཤེས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • ājanya

Being the best of a particular kind, a combination of good breeding and good training, a term that is applied to animals as well as humans, and perhaps particularly of horses in the sense of a thoroughbred.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­7
  • 15.­29
  • 22.­20-23
  • 24.­11
  • 25.­32
g.­388

well known on account of their fame

Wylie:
  • mngon par shes pa mngon par shes pa
Tibetan:
  • མངོན་པར་ཤེས་པ་མངོན་པར་ཤེས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • abhi­jñānābhi­jñāta

A description of great disciples and bodhisattvas in some Mahāyāna sūtras, such as this one and the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­1
g.­389

wheel-turning king

Wylie:
  • khor los sgyur ba’i rgyal po
Tibetan:
  • ཁོར་ལོས་སྒྱུར་བའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • cakravartin

An ancient, pan-Indian concept of the ideal human sovereign who rules over the world in a just manner following the laws of Dharma. Like a buddha, the cakravartin possesses the thirty-two marks of a great person, and his appearance in the world is a rare and special event.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­6
  • 5.­64
  • 22.­23
  • 24.­22-24
  • g.­84
  • g.­210
  • g.­307
g.­390

wisdom

Wylie:
  • shes rab
Tibetan:
  • ཤེས་རབ།
Sanskrit:
  • prajñā

One of the perfections (pāramitā), but also a general mental state of discernment, the ability to understand and make fine distinctions among things, and to determine a proper course of action, which becomes actionable when wisdom is combined with skill in means (upāya).

Located in 63 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • i.­5
  • i.­26
  • 1.­7
  • 1.­16
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­7
  • 3.­9
  • 5.­27
  • 5.­29-30
  • 6.­4
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­46
  • 8.­28
  • 8.­84
  • 8.­91
  • 9.­2
  • 12.­13
  • 12.­52
  • 13.­5
  • 14.­5
  • 15.­2
  • 15.­14-16
  • 15.­20
  • 15.­28
  • 15.­32
  • 15.­40
  • 16.­6
  • 18.­16-17
  • 19.­7-9
  • 19.­31
  • 20.­10
  • 20.­12
  • 20.­14-16
  • 21.­17-21
  • 22.­31
  • 24.­6
  • 24.­11
  • 24.­22
  • 24.­30
  • 24.­32
  • n.­96
  • n.­252
  • g.­64
  • g.­65
  • g.­81
  • g.­87
  • g.­105
  • g.­296
  • g.­308
  • g.­354
g.­391

wondrous transformation with superhuman powers

Wylie:
  • rdzu ’phrul dang rnam par ’phrul pa
Tibetan:
  • རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་དང་རྣམ་པར་འཕྲུལ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • ṛddhivikurvaṇa

The term used generally to describe the performance of a wondrous display, but which often has the narrower sense of changing one thing into something else by means of superhuman powers.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 3.­2
g.­392

world

Wylie:
  • ’jig rten
  • ’jig rten gyi khams
Tibetan:
  • འཇིག་རྟེན།
  • འཇིག་རྟེན་གྱི་ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • loka
  • lokadhātu

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The term lokadhātu refers to a single four continent world-system illumined by a sun and moon, with a Mount Meru at its center and an encircling ring of mountains at its periphery, and with the various god realms above, thus including the desire, form, and formless realms.

The term can also refer to groups of such world-systems in multiples of thousands. A universe of one thousand such world-systems is called a chiliocosm (sāhasra­loka­dhātu, stong gi ’jig rten gyi khams); one thousand such chiliocosms is called a dichiliocosm (dvisāhasralokadhātu, stong gnyis kyi ’jig rten gyi khams); and one thousand such dichiliocosms is called a trichiliocosm (trisāhasra­loka­dhātu, stong gsum gyi 'jig rten gyi khams). A trichiliocosm is the largest universe described in Buddhist cosmology.

In this text:

In this translation, the term “world” is generally used as a translation for both loka (“world”) and lokadhātu (which could also be rendered “galaxy” or “universe,” or more literally, a “container of worlds”), except in the case of the phrases “cosmos of a billion worlds” (tri­sāha­sramahāsāhasra­lokadhātu), “galaxy of a thousand worlds” and “galaxy of a hundred thousand worlds,” since the English word “world” is flexible and can refer to both the earth and the universe more generally.

Located in 161 passages in the translation:

  • i.­25
  • i.­32
  • 1.­58
  • 1.­61
  • 2.­11
  • 2.­13
  • 2.­18
  • 2.­30
  • 3.­10
  • 4.­2
  • 5.­2
  • 5.­4-5
  • 5.­20
  • 5.­28
  • 5.­59
  • 7.­6
  • 7.­14-16
  • 7.­18
  • 7.­21
  • 7.­24
  • 7.­47
  • 8.­4
  • 8.­10-11
  • 8.­16-19
  • 8.­21-23
  • 8.­25
  • 8.­30-33
  • 8.­35
  • 8.­41
  • 8.­83-84
  • 8.­88-90
  • 10.­2
  • 10.­5
  • 12.­6-7
  • 12.­9
  • 12.­17
  • 12.­21-22
  • 12.­24
  • 12.­28
  • 12.­31-32
  • 12.­42
  • 12.­50
  • 12.­52
  • 12.­54
  • 12.­57
  • 12.­62
  • 12.­67
  • 12.­70
  • 13.­5-6
  • 14.­3-4
  • 14.­9
  • 14.­12
  • 14.­16
  • 14.­18
  • 15.­1
  • 15.­3
  • 15.­15-16
  • 16.­2
  • 16.­7-8
  • 16.­10-16
  • 16.­19-20
  • 16.­23
  • 18.­4
  • 18.­6
  • 18.­31
  • 19.­16
  • 19.­20
  • 19.­23
  • 19.­34
  • 19.­38-41
  • 19.­45-49
  • 20.­2
  • 20.­6
  • 20.­14
  • 21.­5-6
  • 21.­12
  • 21.­14
  • 22.­9
  • 22.­11-12
  • 22.­15
  • 22.­23
  • 23.­9-10
  • 24.­7-8
  • 24.­10
  • 24.­23
  • 25.­7
  • 25.­10
  • 25.­27
  • 25.­36
  • 25.­38
  • n.­141
  • n.­178
  • n.­196
  • n.­238
  • n.­316
  • g.­5
  • g.­12
  • g.­22
  • g.­27
  • g.­31
  • g.­49
  • g.­67
  • g.­78
  • g.­121
  • g.­156
  • g.­166
  • g.­188
  • g.­194
  • g.­197
  • g.­209
  • g.­218
  • g.­219
  • g.­223
  • g.­240
  • g.­267
  • g.­275
  • g.­278
  • g.­285
  • g.­293
  • g.­348
  • g.­389
g.­394

worthy one

Wylie:
  • dgra bcom pa
Tibetan:
  • དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • arhat

In this sūtra, used only as an epithet of the buddhas, and traditionally used as an epithet for someone who has achieved awakening and thereby is worthy (arh). The Tibetan translation derives from one of the traditional Buddhist etymologies of the term, and could be translated “one who has destroyed (hata) one’s enemies” (ari), the enemies here referring to the afflictions of lust, hatred, ignorance, and so forth.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­2
  • 6.­5
  • 7.­14
  • 8.­13
  • 12.­51
  • 12.­62
  • 16.­11
  • 21.­4
  • 21.­6
  • n.­316
g.­396

yakṣa

Wylie:
  • gnod sbyin
Tibetan:
  • གནོད་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • yakṣa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who inhabit forests, mountainous areas, and other natural spaces, or serve as guardians of villages and towns, and may be propitiated for health, wealth, protection, and other boons, or controlled through magic. According to tradition, their homeland is in the north, where they live under the rule of the Great King Vaiśravaṇa.

Several members of this class have been deified as gods of wealth (these include the just-mentioned Vaiśravaṇa) or as bodhisattva generals of yakṣa armies, and have entered the Buddhist pantheon in a variety of forms, including, in tantric Buddhism, those of wrathful deities.

Located in 31 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­11
  • i.­13-14
  • 1.­5
  • 1.­28
  • 1.­38
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­29
  • 8.­4
  • 8.­81
  • 11.­10-11
  • 13.­2
  • 13.­10
  • 13.­12
  • 14.­17
  • 18.­1
  • 18.­7
  • 18.­24
  • 18.­32
  • 18.­34
  • 19.­1
  • 20.­27
  • 24.­10
  • n.­171
  • g.­110
  • g.­125
  • g.­175
  • g.­364
  • g.­367
g.­397

Yama

Wylie:
  • gshin rje
Tibetan:
  • གཤིན་རྗེ།
Sanskrit:
  • yama

The king of the realm of the ancestors and the lord of death generally.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­28
  • 2.­18
  • 12.­40
  • g.­259
  • g.­393
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    84000. The Secrets of the Realized Ones (Tathāgataguhya, de bzhin gshegs pa’i gsang ba, Toh 47). Translated by Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2025. https://84000.co/translation/toh47/UT22084-039-003-chapter-1.Copy
    84000. The Secrets of the Realized Ones (Tathāgataguhya, de bzhin gshegs pa’i gsang ba, Toh 47). Translated by Dharmachakra Translation Committee, online publication, 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2025, 84000.co/translation/toh47/UT22084-039-003-chapter-1.Copy
    84000. (2025) The Secrets of the Realized Ones (Tathāgataguhya, de bzhin gshegs pa’i gsang ba, Toh 47). (Dharmachakra Translation Committee, Trans.). Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. https://84000.co/translation/toh47/UT22084-039-003-chapter-1.Copy

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