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ཡང་དག་པར་སྤྱོད་པའི་ཚུལ་ནམ་མཁའི་མདོག་གིས་འདུལ་བའི་བཟོད་པ།

The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct
Conclusion

Samyagācāra­vṛtta­gaganavarṇavina­yakṣānti
འཕགས་པ་ཡང་དག་པར་སྤྱོད་པའི་ཚུལ་ནམ་མཁའི་མདོག་གིས་འདུལ་བའི་བཟོད་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།
’phags pa yang dag par spyod pa’i tshul nam mkha’i mdog gis ’dul ba’i bzod pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo
The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra “The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct”
Ārya­samyagācāra­vṛtta­gaganavarṇavina­yakṣānti­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra

Toh 263

Degé Kangyur, vol. 67 (mdo sde, ’a), folios 90.a–209.b

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co.

Table of Contents

ti. Title
im. Imprint
co. Contents
s. Summary
ac. Acknowledgements
i. Introduction
tr. The Translation
+ 10 chapters- 10 chapters
1. The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct
1-3. Chapters 1–3
4. Chapter 4
5. Chapter 5
6. Chapter 6
7. Chapter 7
8. Chapter 8
9. Chapter 9
10. Chapter 10
11. Chapter 11
12. Conclusion
ab. Abbreviations
n. Notes
b. Bibliography
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· Tibetan Sources
· Other References
g. Glossary

s.

Summary

s.­1

In The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct, the Buddha Śākyamuni and several bodhisattvas deliver a series of teachings focusing on the relationship between the understanding of emptiness and the conduct of a bodhisattva, especially the perfection of acceptance or patience. The text describes the implications of the view that all inner and outer formations‍—that is, all phenomena made up of the five aggregates‍—are empty. It also provides detailed descriptions of the ascetic practices of non-Buddhists and insists on the importance for bodhisattvas of being reborn in buddha realms inundated with the five impurities for the sake of the beings living there, and of practicing in such realms to fulfill the highest goals of the bodhisattva path.


ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

This text was translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee under the guidance of Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche. Benjamin Collet-Cassart translated the text from Tibetan into English and wrote the introduction. Adam Krug compared the draft translation with the Tibetan and edited the text.

ac.­2

The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. David Fiordalis and others in the editorial team provided further editorial support, and Ven. Konchog Norbu copyedited the text. Martina Cotter was in charge of the digital publication process.

ac.­3

The translation of this text has been made possible through the generous sponsorship of Wang Jing and family, Chen Yiqiong and family, and Gu Yun and family.


i.

Introduction

i.­1

The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct presents a series of teachings, in eleven chapters1 spanning over 230 Tibetan folios in the Degé Kangyur, that focus on the implications of the view of emptiness on the conduct of a bodhisattva. The text addresses three core issues: How should one teach the hearers and solitary buddhas from the perspective of the Great Vehicle? Why should bodhisattvas choose to teach in unfavorable world systems and to the afflicted beings who are living there? And how should they tame non-Buddhists and direct them toward the Dharma?


Text Body

The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra
The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct

1.

The Translation

[B1] [F.90.a]


1.­1

Homage to all buddhas and bodhisattvas.


1-3.

Chapters 1–3

1-3.­1

Thus did I hear at one time. The Blessed One was residing in the Land of Activity. He was near the market town in the Land of Activity called Removing Impurities,6 on a mountain called Increasing Light, at the hermitage of the seer Wind Horse.

1-3.­2

He was surrounded by a great saṅgha of 1,250 monks and by bodhisattva great beings who had emanated in the domain of the thus-gone ones by means of their unattached wisdom. All those bodhisattva great beings had developed the transformative power of immeasurable great love. With their immeasurable great compassion, they emanated to sustain the flood of beings. Through the transformative power of immeasurable joy, they showered down thoughts of comfort for all beings, satiating them. Through the wisdom of immeasurable equanimity, they were skilled in engaging with all phenomena being the same as the sky. With the strength of clouds of Dharma, special insight, knowledge, and wisdom, they were skilled in clearing away the dense darkness of ignorance. Through the four means of attracting disciples, they were endowed with the wisdom that can liberate beings from the four floods. Since they considered all beings as equal, they were loving, devoid of hostility,7 and had purified the path of the factors of awakening. They were genuinely engaged in the Dharma. They were experts in great wisdom. They revealed the supreme path to the world. They brought prosperity to beings, had dried up8 the river of craving with their roots of virtue, and were engaged in the activity of wisdom. Their moon-like supernormal faculties were the play of their knowledge of the great supernormal faculties. In order to bring them happiness, a wish that they know is the intent that all beings share, [F.90.b] they displayed a vast array of skillful means. In order to fill immeasurable vessels with the precious Dharma using dhāraṇīs as vast in number to fill the sky, and because of their bodhisattva practice, they sustained all beings. With the great strength of their own feet, they had followed the profound path of the Dharma, using the four noble truths. They subjugated all opponents with the Dharma of sameness. They continuously manifested all the infinite qualities of bodhisattva conduct, which are attained after countless hundreds of thousands of eons of practice. Like the wind, their minds were untainted by any mundane or supramundane qualities. They had abandoned the afflictions associated with all the habitual tendencies, and they were experts in reveling in immeasurable and countless absorptions, retentions, and acceptances.


4.

Chapter 4

4.­1

“Noble sons, what is the bodhisattvas’ accumulation of the qualities of the buddha realms? Noble sons, whenever compassionate bodhisattva great beings are born in this buddha realm inundated with the afflictions and the five impurities, they ripen beings who commit the acts with immediate retribution, who reject the sacred Dharma, who denigrate the noble ones, and who involve themselves with the roots of nonvirtue. They motivate them to adopt all the virtuous qualities, and they completely ripen beings from their habitual tendencies pertaining to the afflictions and views. They withstand the many types of suffering of the eon in order to benefit each and every being, they liberate those beings from the swamp of saṃsāra, and they make offerings to one buddha up to myriads of buddhas.


5.

Chapter 5

5.­1

Then the bodhisattva King of the Infinite Accumulation of Wisdom manifested staircases made of divine gold and divine blue beryl for the Blessed One that equaled the number of storied mansions in which he was not residing. [F.136.b] He manifested 84,000 young brahmins on both sides of those staircases. They were about thirty years old, had voices as melodious as Brahmā, held parasols with poles made out of gold, and practiced the religious life. Those young brahmins prostrated to the Blessed One with their palms together and praised him with the following verses:


6.

Chapter 6

6.­1

“Furthermore, noble son, bodhisattvas should correctly analyze the aggregate of feeling. What is the aggregate of feeling? The groups of feelings are of six types: feelings that arise through eye contact, ear contact, nose contact, tongue contact, body contact, and mind contact. These are known as the aggregate of feeling. The aggregate of feeling is understood in terms of three types of feelings. What are those three? Pleasant feelings, unpleasant feelings, and feelings that are neither pleasant nor unpleasant. Those three types of feelings are referred to as the aggregate of feeling. Noble son, bodhisattvas should correctly analyze the aggregate of feeling using these eight aspects. What are the eight aspects? Noble son, there are three root afflictions‍—desire, anger, and delusion. Afflicted beings are not free from desires and their defilements have not been extinguished. The three root afflictions enter into the three types of feelings and then different kinds of afflictions emerge. [F.143.a] A bodhisattva should correctly analyze the three types of feelings using the six groups of feelings. They should use the three types of feeling to correctly analyze the arising of the root afflictions, the root of karma, the root of their destruction, and their disappearance.69


7.

Chapter 7

7.­1

At that moment, the thus-gone one, the worthy, perfect, and completely awakened Buddha Śākyamuni, interrupted his absorption of the twenty meteors, [F.166.a] adopted the form of a thus-gone one, and taught the Dharma to the beings. All the assemblies of gods, gandharvas, and humans also recovered their previous physical appearances. The Blessed One then entered the absorption known as the circle of saṃsāra, and as soon as he entered the circle of saṃsāra absorption, multicolored light rays radiated from the coil of hair between his eyebrows. The light rays illuminated the followers of the vehicle of the solitary buddhas in the buddha realms of the ten directions, numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges and inundated with the five impurities. As the bodies of those beings were touched by those light rays, they abandoned the fundamental ground of attachment, anger, and delusion, and their bodies became filled with bliss. Because of that light illuminating the four directions, they experienced the same levels of bliss and the same feelings as monks who have entered the second level of concentration. Through the power of the Buddha, they saw that the Thus-Gone One Śākyamuni and his assembly were not far away from them‍—approximately half a league away. They had intense faith, and solely through the power of the Buddha, they came before the Blessed One. The buddha fields of the ten directions that are inundated with the five impurities emptied, and eighty-four thousand myriads127 of beings following the vehicle of the solitary buddhas arrived before Śākyamuni, prostrated at the Blessed One’s feet, and sat before him to listen to the Dharma. The Blessed One then summoned the bodhisattvas who were hard to tame:


8.

Chapter 8

8.­1

The Blessed One then entered the invisible ornament absorption. After the Thus-Gone One entered that absorption, multicolored light radiated from the Blessed One’s mouth and illuminated buddha realms of the ten directions inundated with the five impurities as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges. As the hearers and beings who followed the vehicle of the hearers in those places were touched by that light, they experienced blissful feelings in their bodies. When the monks who did not experience such joy because they had entered the absorption of the third concentration level scanned the four directions, they saw that the blessed Śākyamuni was half a league away from them and saw all the ornaments that adorned Mount Gandhamādana just as they were described before. They saw Mount Gandhamādana in its natural state, in which it is made of the seven precious substances, and saw that it was filled with bodhisattvas. Through the power of the Blessed One, they departed for the place where the blessed Śākyamuni was residing and assembled before the Blessed One as soon as they were given the opportunity. The hearers and beings following the vehicle of the hearers also departed for the place where the blessed Śākyamuni was residing and assembled before Śākyamuni to listen to the Dharma.


9.

Chapter 9

9.­1

Then the Blessed One entered the absorption known as the absorption of complete discernment, and from within that absorption a multitude of multicolored light rays displaying hundreds of thousands of colors radiated from every pore of the Blessed One’s body. The Blessed One then looked at those beings dressed like seers who were engaging in all kinds of unwholesome austerities and observances. His radiating light illuminated buddha realms of the ten directions inundated with the five impurities that were as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges. The members of other non-Buddhist sects in those buddha realms inundated with the five impurities that were as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges, who were engaging in unwholesome austerities and observances, faithfully followed brahmins, so the Buddha manifested himself as a brahmin. With faith in that brahmin, those beings said, “Since we trust this teacher as a brahmin, let us look to this brahmin!”


10.

Chapter 10

10.­1

The Blessed One said, “All of the blessed buddhas who became the thus-gone, worthy, perfect buddhas in the past, arose in afflicted buddha realms inundated with the five impurities, and performed deeds in those buddha realms have taught to beings this acceptance that tames beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct. [F.185.b] All of the blessed buddhas who will arise in afflicted buddha realms inundated with the five impurities and perform the deeds of a buddha there in the future will teach this acceptance that tames beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct in order to ripen all beings. All the blessed buddhas of the present who reside, offer sustenance, and teach the Dharma to beings in the countless, immeasurable afflicted buddha realms of the ten directions that are inundated with the five impurities are teaching this acceptance of taming beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct in order to ripen beings.


11.

Chapter 11

11.­1

Then, the parivrājaka named Holder of Manifold Light Rays prostrated to the Blessed One with his palms together and addressed these verses to the Blessed One:

11.­2
“Supreme human, you bestow happiness,
You hold the torch for beings with mistaken views,
And you initiate the sound of the Dharma’s wheels
In a way that severs the net of wrong views.
11.­3
“Having abandoned the three stains, you can bestow the three eyes,
And you satisfy all beings with the Dharma.
You hold the torch for beings in the three realms
And tear down the net of wrong views.

12.

Conclusion

12.­1

The Blessed One then entered the absorption known as entering all sounds. Through that absorption, he brought satisfaction to all the beings living in the different places of birth by using that absorption to speak in the 84,000 languages and dialects of those 84,000 places of birth. [F.202.a] The Blessed One said, “Listen to these syllables and expressions! Listen, my friends! My friends, teach the path of happiness and peace that leads to rebirth as a god or a human, to the attainment of the vehicle of the hearers through which all forms of suffering will be extinguished, to the attainment of the vehicle of the solitary buddhas, and to the attainment of unsurpassed and perfect awakening!”

12.­2

As the Blessed One uttered those melodious words throughout the ten directions in a single statement, they transformed into 84,000 different languages and tones. Through the expression of those languages and dialects, all beings understood that statement in their own words. Those melodious words spread throughout the empty buddha realms of the ten directions inundated with the five impurities that were as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges. They even resounded in the ears of the beings that had been born in the lower realms in those empty buddha realms of the ten directions inundated with the five impurities that were as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges. Those beings understood this statement in their own words, and thought, “Who is this most sublime being who teaches us the path of peace and happiness with such beautiful, pleasant, and delightful words? The path that he has taught will lead to unsurpassed and perfect awakening. What is it like at the level of a hearer?194 What is it like at the level of a solitary buddha? What is it like at the level of unsurpassed and perfect awakening? If we attain such a path, all our pleasant physical sensations and all our suffering will be purified, and all physical distractions will diminish, so we should show our respect and listen!”

12.­3

The Blessed One said, “My friends, these ten are the path of virtuous actions. Through it you attain rebirth among gods and humans, you attain the vehicle of the hearers that leads to the exhaustion of all forms of suffering, [F.202.b] and all your suffering will be extinguished. Through this path of virtuous actions, you will become the most sacred and eminent of all beings. You will develop great love, great compassion, and the great wisdom of an omniscient one. You will feel affection toward all beings and work for their benefit. What is this path of the ten virtuous actions? Beings who follow the path of virtuous actions will quickly attain everything from rebirth among gods and humans to unsurpassed and perfect awakening. My friends, after being born among god and humans, you should exert yourselves in the path of virtuous actions. You should practice generosity, maintain discipline, and cultivate the ten perceptions. What are those ten perceptions? You should cultivate the perception of a decomposing corpse. That will lead to everything from the result of a stream enterer to the result of a worthy one, and all your suffering will be extinguished. You should also cultivate the perception of a putrefying corpse, the perception of a bluish corpse, the perception of a bloody corpse, the perception of a corpse covered by maggots, the perception of a devoured corpse, the perception of a scattered corpse, the perception of a skeleton, the perception of a burned corpse, and the perception of someone dying. Through those perceptions, you will attain everything from the fruition of the stream enterers to the fruition of the worthy ones, and all your sufferings will be extinguished.

12.­4

“Once you are born among humans, you should cultivate the twelve perceptions that lead to the attainment of the level of the solitary buddhas. What are those twelve perceptions? You should cultivate the perceptions of the four concentrations, the four immeasurables, the four formless attainments, the recollection of the Buddha, the recollection of the Dharma, the recollection of the Saṅgha, the recollection of discipline, the recollection of generosity, the recollection of world weariness, the recollection of tranquility, the recollection of the movement of the breath, [F.203.a] and the recollection of special insight. Through those perceptions, you will attain the level of the solitary buddhas. Once you are born among humans, you should make all beings feast on the nectar of ambrosia through your generosity, self-control, and restraint, and you should master the six perfections. What are those six perfections? You should master the perfections of generosity up to the perfection of insight. Once you have awakened to unsurpassed and perfect buddhahood, you will then act as virtuous friends for all beings by speaking in their languages and dialects, and you will bring them happiness as I am doing now.”

Those beings then thought, “We are definitely witnessing the virtuous eloquence of someone endowed with great compassion!”

12.­5

The Blessed One knew the thought that had arisen in the minds of those beings. In that instant, he entered the absorption known as proceeding as a hero. He used that absorption to send forth emanations to all of the realms empty of a buddha, where beings are inundated with afflictions, that there are throughout the ten directions and which are as numerous as all of the grains of sand in the Ganges. He stood in the form of Brahmā before each of those beings who were devoted to Brahmā, and taught the Dharma. He led some of them to adopt the path of unsurpassed and perfect awakening and established them on it. He established other beings in the vehicle of the solitary buddhas, and others in the vehicle of the hearers. Some of them practiced the path of virtuous actions so that they would be born among gods and humans. He taught the Dharma in front of those who were devoted to Īśvara and to elephants, horses, pretas, and hell beings while assuming the physical appearances of Īśvara, an elephant, a horse, a preta, and a hell being. [F.203.b] Some of those hell beings were led to direct their thoughts toward unsurpassed and perfect awakening and some practiced the path leading to rebirth among gods and humans. Those who had created roots of virtue in the past made them become more stable, and those who had not created roots of virtue in the past created them. Because of their faith, beings in the three lower realms were reborn among gods and humans after they died.

12.­6

At that time, in all the buddha realms of the ten directions inundated with the five impurities that were as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges, myriads of beings in each of those buddha realms, who were as numerous as all the grains of sand in immeasurable, countless Ganges Rivers, gave rise to the mind set on unsurpassed and perfect awakening and created roots of virtue. Some of them reached the level of nonregression, and some attained acceptances, absorptions, and dhāraṇīs. Through the strength and the miraculous power stemming from the attainment of those acceptances, absorptions, and dhāraṇīs, they arrived in front of the Thus-Gone One Śākyamuni in this Sahā buddha realm. Among the myriads of beings as numerous as all the grains of sand in countless Ganges Rivers who had given rise to the mind set on the vehicle for which they had set forth the conditions and had created roots of virtue, some departed to other buddha realms in which blessed buddhas resided, thrived, offered sustenance, and taught the Dharma to beings. Others abided on the level of nonregression. Similarly, through the power of their aspirations, myriads of beings as numerous as all the grains of sand in immeasurable, countless Ganges Rivers who had given rise to the mind set on the vehicle of the hearers and created roots of virtue; beings in buddha realms as numerous as all the grains of sand in immeasurable, countless Ganges Rivers who abided on the path of the ten virtuous actions and had been born among gods and humans; and myriads of other beings as numerous as all the grains of sand in countless Ganges Rivers who lived in the different buddha realms were reborn in this buddha realm of the Thus-Gone One Śākyamuni after they died. [F.204.a] Through the power of their aspirations, some beings were reborn in other pure buddha realms where blessed buddhas resided, offered sustenance, and taught the Dharma while being surrounded by multitudes of bodhisattvas. In all those buddha realms, beings enjoyed all kinds of possessions, resources, and provisions in countless, immeasurable amounts.

Then the Blessed One arose from that absorption and uttered these verses:

12.­7
“The wise ones in these worlds,
Who are intelligent and fearless,
Dedicate their thoughts to awakening
And perform difficult tasks.
12.­8
“They teach about the next life
And ripen suffering beings.
They subjugate the four māras
And attain the peace of nirvāṇa.
12.­9
“They teach the law of karma to beings
Through restraint, cultivation, and generosity.195
By practicing in the three vehicles,
Those beings attain the fortunate state of liberation.
12.­10
“They liberate from suffering and harm
Those who live in the three lower realms,
And having shaped their intentions,196
Lead them to rebirth among gods and humans.
12.­11
“Beings who practice these virtuous qualities
And are ardently devoted to them
Will master the six perfections
And be in harmony with the buddhas.”
12.­12

The bodhisattva great being Maitreya then stood up, prostrated to the Blessed One with his palms joined, and said, “Blessed One, this is the second turning of the Dharma wheel after you awakened to unsurpassed and perfect buddhahood! Blessed One, please empower this Dharma teaching!”

12.­13

As the Blessed One remained silent, [F.204.b] the melodies of myriads of divine cymbals resounded everywhere. Showers of flowers and clouds of powders of aloeswood, takara, yellow sandalwood, and uragasāra sandalwood fell from the sky. Divine garments, wish-fulfilling garments, silk streamers, golden girdles, pearl necklaces, and armlets adorned the expanse of the sky. Many myriads of nāgas exerted themselves in the ritual activity of worshiping the Blessed One, raining down showers of myriads197 of different kinds of pearl necklaces.

12.­14

All the bodhisattvas who had gathered from the ten directions, including Maitreya, Mañjuśrī, Samantabhadra, and the rest, stood up together, joined their palms in the direction of the Blessed One, and supplicated him in unison, “Respected Blessed One, out of affection for the sake of future beings, please empower this Dharma teaching!”

12.­15

“Respectable ones,” the Blessed One replied, “do not say such words! In the future, during the final five hundred years, there will be assemblies of unfaithful beings belonging to the four castes who engage in unwholesome conduct, observe unwholesome discipline, and solicit payment. They will have little learning, they will be stingy, their behavior will be inappropriate, they will maintain evil views, and most of them will adhere to views of permanence and annihilation. They will not be afraid of the afterlife, they will deny the existence of causes and effects, they will harbor ill will toward each other, they will praise themselves,198 and they will follow the path of the ten nonvirtuous actions. There will be no kings who practice the Dharma. Kings will insatiably pursue the objects of their desires, and they will look for opportunities to deceive others. They will show great contempt for the mendicants, brahmins, and householders who are worthy of worship, and they will have faith in those who are not worthy of worship. Those kings will respect, honor, revere, venerate, and support mendicants, brahmins, and householders who solicit payment, who are hypocrites, who observe unwholesome discipline, [F.205.a] who have little learning and weak compassion, who are dull-minded, and who are involved with mistaken practices. They will discard happiness day and night, and they will promptly engage in inappropriate royal duties. Those kings will not be afraid of the afterlife, and many will be liars.

12.­16

“Due to the defects of those kings, some bodhisattvas will go to other worlds. Some bodhisattvas will maintain their ascetic virtues, contentment, and impartiality in remote places and forests. The deities who protect those lands will become displeased and disregard the welfare and needs of those lands. In those lands, the assemblies will engage in mutual conflicts. Due to the faults of those kings, beings will contract many diseases. They will be separated from the accumulations, their ability to recollect will be impaired, they will pursue that which opposes the Dharma, they will quickly become old and decrepit, and they will quickly die. To whom should this Dharma teaching be entrusted for the future during the final five hundred years when there will be such conflict?

12.­17

“In the future, during the final five hundred years, there will be kings who are not worthy of adoration, whose insight is confused, who are rough and greedy, who enjoy wealth but not the Dharma, who have no need for faith in words, who are thoughtless, who solicit payment, who are great liars, and who plot to deceive others. They will not venerate and look after the mendicants, brahmins, householders, and scholars who seek the Dharma, or Dharma reciters. Instead, they will enjoy lying about them and abusing them. When they hear words that are not the Dharma, they will think about putting them into practice. They will support with heaps of wealth the kings and royal priests who have little merit or insight, who observe unwholesome discipline, who solicit payment, who are rough, who praise themselves, [F.205.b] who criticize others, who adhere to inappropriate views, who think about immediate necessities without restraining their bodies and speech, who do not think about upholding the Dharma, who delight in negative actions, and who do not venerate those mendicants, brahmins, and householders. Through the power of wealth and lies, they will worship and serve royal priests who should not be venerated. They will listen to and act upon the words of royal priests who should not be venerated, they will worship them, and those priests will be worshiped and become an object of worship for those kings. Due to the faults of those who should not be venerated, the tenets of the Dharma will be obliterated, and the tenets of false Dharma will rise. If the bodhisattva great beings are going to dwell in states of indifference and practice concentration, to whom should I entrust this Dharma teaching?

12.­18

“In the future, during the final five hundred years when the sacred Dharma will be no more than a reflection of itself, there will be people who renounce householder life and who strive for their own interests, lack faith, and observe unwholesome discipline; whose insight is confused; and who are stingy about the Dharma as they crave houses, status, domains, land, and profit. They will harbor ill will toward each other, and they will look for opportunities to deceive others. They will delight in receiving gifts and being venerated by others. They will denigrate monks who have reached sublime levels of realization, and they will be deceitful about others’ dwelling places, cities, preceptors, and teachers. They will interrupt the peace and happiness that comes from contemplation and the discernment of yogic practice. They will crave food and drinks, they will strive for profit and honor, and they will worship householders. Since they will denigrate those who seek the Dharma, [F.206.a] the Dharma reciters will abandon the monasteries. They will become hermits and settle into states of concentration upon indifference in their beds. At that time, when the tenets of false Dharma are thriving, some bodhisattva great beings will leave for other worlds, and some others will dwell in remote areas in a state of indifference. The deities who protect those lands will also dwell in states of indifference, and those lands will experience famines, diseases, and conflict. Beings in those places will bind and kill each other, and they will take refuge in mistaken views out of fear of each other. So, to whom should I entrust an acceptance of the way of all profound teachings such as this one?”

12.­19

The entire assembly of bodhisattvas, great hearers, and powerful gods, gandharvas, and asuras exclaimed, “Blessed One, please entrust this acceptance of the way of the profound Dharma to our hands! We will spread out and prevent fights, disputes, famines, droughts, diseases, and assemblies of non-Buddhists in any royal palaces and lands where this acceptance of the way of the profound Dharma is practiced! We shall protect those people who recite the Dharma, who seek the Dharma, and who establish the Dharma! We shall convert the kings, ministers, royal attendants, and all those who live in towns and in the countryside into followers of the Dharma!”

12.­20

The Blessed One replied, “Respectable ones, this is excellent, excellent! Your eloquence and diligence are excellent, and you are fearless. Even if you are tormented by beings who display nasty aggression, by beings who are extremely abusive, or by hunger and thirst; even if you are beaten up with sticks; and even if you are tormented by cold, by heat, or by wind, until you attain the state of the sublime Dharma eye, in all the lands, cities, towns, country villages, and buddha realms, who among you will enthusiastically strive for this Dharma eye? [F.206.b] Who among you will reveal this acceptance that is the foundation of the gateway to all the profound Dharma teachings, convert beings to this acceptance, spread out among all those who cultivate it, read it aloud, impart the textual transmission to others, encourage others read it, encourage everyone to listen to it, write it down, make others write it down, and spread out to protect, guard, and provide shelter for those who follow the Dharma?”

12.­21

At that moment, the ten thousand bodhisattvas led by Maitreya stood up, prostrated with their palms joined in the direction of the Blessed One, and exclaimed, “Respected Blessed One, we will convert all of the beings in every buddha realm until they are patrons of the holy Dharma. We will spread out to convert them into followers of the Dharma so that they commission this Dharma teaching to be written down in a book!”

12.­22

The Blessed One said, “Noble sons, you perform the activities of great beings, and you have attained this acceptance of taming beings through the sky-colored method of perfect conduct. This is excellent, excellent! Noble sons, as you diligently maintain the power and endeavor of this acceptance, your diligent maintenance of that power and endeavor will ripen beings in all the buddha realms, all the four-continent worlds, all the lands, all the villages, all the cities, all the towns, and all the provinces. Do not deceive kings, and do not abandon ministers and royal attendants. Noble sons, from today until the banner of the Dharma is unfurled in the buddha realms inundated with the five impurities, spread out to ripen beings without becoming weary. Introduce those beings who seek out misdeeds and adhere to wrong views to the path of virtuous actions and place them on it. Encourage beings with numerous faults to becoming renunciants and embrace peace, [F.207.a] and establish them in the fundamental precepts. Prepare beings who are afflicted with many faults but whose bodies, speech, and minds are ready for training in the concentrations, liberations, dhāraṇīs, and acceptances. Encourage beings to delight in making their bed in solitary places as hermits and encourage them to benefit others. Do everything from converting stingy beings to the practice of generosity, to converting those with confused insight who are involved with evil domains and adhere to dense views to the power of noble insight, and establish them in each one.

12.­23

“Bodhisattvas who liberate these beings overwhelmed by various forms of suffering increase their mass of merit many times over. Bodhisattvas who demonstrate acceptance in the face of weariness for seven days and nights in order to ripen beings, ripen beings through the power of this acceptance, and lead beings in afflicted realms inundated with the five impurities to adopt a small amount of this acceptance during the time when the sacred Dharma is in decline, and who teach it to beings and have them recite it and write it in a book, increase their merit many times over. The countless bodhisattvas as numerous as all the grains of sand in ten Ganges Rivers who practice the six perfections in pure buddha fields do not increase their heap of merit to that extent. Why? Because those bodhisattvas are naturally endowed with great compassion. Those great beings are striving for a great goal, and they are adorned with great diligence and insight. Those bodhisattva great beings will quickly awaken to unsurpassed and perfect buddhahood. The power they generate in relation to the acceptance that tames beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct does everything from ripening beings in afflicted buddha realms inundated with the five impurities to getting them to commission it to be written in a book. Since they will light the lamp of the Dharma when the Dharma is in decline, [F.207.b] they will be known as bodhisattvas endowed with great compassion, and they will quickly awaken to unsurpassed and perfect buddhahood.”

12.­24

When the Blessed One had praised the conduct of the bodhisattvas in the afflicted buddha realms, bodhisattva great beings as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges prostrated to the blessed Śākyamuni with their palms together and said, “Respected Blessed One, we have undertaken the practice of bodhisattva conduct while dwelling in countless pure buddha realms. We had forsaken all those beings in afflicted buddha realms inundated with the five impurities who are disconnected from roots of virtue, and taken the vow to reside in pure buddha realms from that day until the end of time. Today, we take the following vow before the Blessed One: We shall not practice bodhisattva conduct in pure buddha realms anymore until the end of time! Through the power of our aspirations, we shall practice that conduct in impure and afflicted buddha realms inundated with the five impurities, and we shall ripen all those beings who lack roots of virtue!”

12.­25

“Holy beings,” replied the Blessed One, “bodhisattvas who focus their attention on great diligence and ripen all the beings who are disconnected from roots of virtue are excellent, excellent! They are endowed with great compassion, they practice the great perfections, they are endowed with the supernormal faculties, they have the great means of attracting disciples and do not depend on others,199 and they possess the source of great wisdom. Bodhisattva great beings who practice the six perfections in impure and afflicted buddha realms inundated with the five impurities, and who ripen those whose roots of virtue are corrupted and who are afflicted by all kinds of suffering, are known as bodhisattva great beings. [F.208.a] Therefore, noble sons, ripen beings using this acceptance that tames beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct!

12.­26

“Noble sons, in the lands where this acceptance of taming beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct will be taught, it will give rise to various types of extraordinary qualities and glorious prosperity, and the kings will experience four qualities and praiseworthy circumstances. What are those four? The kings will be healthy; they will live a long life while experiencing little harm; they will be pure and have no opponents or enemies; and their strength and skills will be unimpeded, they will experience a lot of joy, and they will wish for the Dharma. Why? Because those lands will be protected by nāgas, Śakra, Brahmā, the world protectors, and the lords of the yakṣas, and those respectable ones are unequaled!”

12.­27

Śakra, Brahmā, the world protectors, and the lords of the yakṣas then exclaimed in unison, “That is correct, Blessed One! We will accompany and protect from harm those who are kings in the lands where this acceptance is taught! We will cure their diseases, preserve their lives, protect them from enemies, and show them glory, good fortune, and joy in the Dharma! We will make them acquire excellent and unimpeded strength and skills!”

12.­28

The Blessed One said, “Respectable ones, this is excellent, excellent! Do just as you have said! Why? Because in the lands where those worthy kings follow the Dharma, our splendor, strength, magnificence, and assemblies will increase.”

12.­29

“That is correct, Blessed One!” they replied. “In the lands where this acceptance is taught, [F.208.b] the royal attendants and ministers will also experience four qualities and excellent circumstances. What are those four? In those lands, the royal attendants and ministers will be perfectly patient, gentle, joyful, and respectful; their kings will be loving; the mendicants, the brahmins, the people living in towns and in the countryside, the women, the boys, and the girls will be pleasant and joyful, and they will not seek the Dharma for material gain; and their fame and praises will spread far and wide throughout the ten directions and they will live long lives, experiencing a lot of happiness and pleasures. Those are the qualities and praiseworthy circumstances that the royal attendants and ministers will experience in the lands where this acceptance is taught.

12.­30

“In the lands where this acceptance is taught, the mendicants and brahmins will also experience four qualities and praiseworthy circumstances. What are those four? In those lands, the mendicants and brahmins will receive Dharma robes, alms, bedding, medicine, and provisions; they will exert themselves in the concentrations; they will enjoy the mountains and live in complete seclusion; and they will abide in the four types of mental happiness.

12.­31

“In the lands where this acceptance is taught, the people living in towns and in the provinces will also experience four excellent circumstances. What are those four? They will have wells and springs; they will be free from harm; they will accomplish their tasks; and they will never be separated from those who are worthy recipients of generosity.

12.­32

“In the lands where this acceptance is taught, women will also experience four excellent circumstances. What are those four? The women in those lands will abandon envy and aggression; they will be patient toward all beings; they will give birth to sons; and they will have few diseases. For those women who hear about this acceptance, develop faith in it, and say they will benefit those who recite the Dharma, [F.209.a] it will be the last time that they are born as a woman. Except for those who wish for it, they will not be reborn as a woman for as long as it takes to ascend to the seat of awakening.

12.­33

“Furthermore, the lands where this acceptance is taught will not be harmed by external or internal groups. In those lands, there will be no harm caused by droughts, famines, untimely winds, rain, cold, heat, biting flies, mosquitoes, flies, rats, aggressive beings, aggressive snakes, aggressive predators, insipid tastes, rough substances, mongooses, unpleasant tactile objects, food, drinks, clothes, iron or wooden shackles, clubs, verbal abuse, insults, beatings, premature deaths, or diseases. The gods, nāgas, yakṣas, asuras, and garuḍas will protect those lands.

12.­34

“Noble sons, any land where this acceptance of taming beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct is taught and explained will not be affected by those ten harms. Why? Because, noble sons, this acceptance perfects the entire conduct of awakening of all the bodhisattvas. It does everything from causing them to master the six perfections to making them achieve the realization of the buddhas in its entirety. The persons who merely hear the name of this acceptance will be free from the eight inopportune situations for as long as it takes to reach the seat of awakening. Those who hear about the cultivation of this acceptance in its entirety will be empowered by the buddhas, and they will not regress from unsurpassed and perfect awakening. It is therefore very powerful! Noble sons, this acceptance thus brings joy to the bodhisattvas. It makes them enter the stream, it brings them to the level of nonregression, it brings easy mastery, it makes them gain understanding, it makes them pacify forms, it makes them ripen beings, it makes them part from saṃsāra,200 and it leads them to nirvāṇa.” [F.209.b]

12.­35

When this acceptance had been revealed, the bodhisattva great beings who had assembled from the buddha realms in the ten directions exclaimed, “Respected Blessed One, we will teach this acceptance of taming beings with the sky-colored method of perfect conduct to beings in our buddha realms, and we will establish them on the level of no longer regressing from unsurpassed and perfect awakening!”

12.­36

The Blessed One replied, “Noble sons, I think the time has now come for you to do so!”

The bodhisattva great beings who had assembled from buddha realms in the ten directions then worshiped the Blessed One using the great magical powers and manifestations of bodhisattvas. They said, “Respected Blessed One, please empower these pentapetes flowers! These pentapetes flowers will be enjoyed in all the places, villages, cities, and provinces where this acceptance will be taught.”

12.­37

The Blessed One replied, “Noble sons, in that case I will empower both.201 In any buddha realm where noble sons or daughters pursue awakening, and in the four-continent worlds, lands, cities, villages, provinces, and countryside villages where noble sons or daughters pursue awakening, this acceptance will be cultivated, explained, taught, written down, read aloud, remembered, and practiced. These pentapetes flowers will be enjoyed in the places where this acceptance will be practiced.”

12.­38

When the Blessed One had spoken, the bodhisattvas who had assembled from the ten directions, and the entire world with its gods, humans, asuras, and gandharvas, were delighted and praised the words of the Blessed One.

12.­39

This concludes the Great Vehicle sūtra entitled “The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct.”


ab.

Abbreviations

C Choné (co ne) Kangyur
D Degé (sde dge) Kangyur
H Lhasa (lha sa/zhol) Kangyur
J Lithang (li thang) Kangyur
K Peking (pe cin) or “Kangxi” Kangyur
N Narthang (snar thang) Kangyur
S Stok Palace (stog pho brang bris ma) Kangyur
U Urga (phyi sog khu re) Kangyur
Y Yongle (g.yung lo) Kangyur

n.

Notes

n.­1
However, the two first chapters are not marked by a chapter colophon in the Tibetan editions.
n.­2
bam po bcu gcig rgya las ’gyur/ ’gyur snying pa skad gsar cad kyis ma bcos par snang ngo.
n.­3
Silk 2019, p. 239, includes this sūtra in the list of those translated from Chinese but for which the Chinese has not yet been identified, rather than among those he lists as “questionable cases.” See also the brief mention of it in Li 2021, p. 195.
n.­4
Denkarma, 297a.2. See also Herrmann-Pfandt 2008, p. 47, no. 83.
n.­5
nam mkha’ la ’gro ba’i ’od kyis ’dul ba’i bzod pa. Note that throughout our translation we render nam mkha’ sometimes as sky and sometimes as space.
n.­6
D rnyog pa sel ba zhes bya ba’i byed pa can gyi grong rdal du. The translation of byed pa can as “Land of Activity” is based on the assumption that it is the name of a region or land, such as bde ba can, which means “[a place or land] possessing bliss” and which has thus been sometimes translated “Land of Bliss.” The kind of activity meant here could encompass both trade or economic work as well as religious austerities, but the name remains ambiguous and somewhat unclear to us. We understand the name of the specific town as possibly referring to the “five impurities” (rnyog pa lnga) that are mentioned throughout the text.
n.­7
S sems can thams cad la mtshungs par sems pa’i phyir/ byams pa dang khong khro ba med pas; D sems can thams cad la mtshungs par sems pa’i phyir byams pa dang/ khong khro ba med pas.
n.­8
Y, K, S bskam; D brkam. Translated based on Yongle, Peking, and Stok Palace Kangyurs.
n.­69
D tshor ba rnam gsum gyis nyon mongs pa’i rtsa ba ’byung ba dang/ las kyi rtsa ba dang/ zad pa’i rtsa ba nub pa tshul bzhin du brtag par bya’o. This translation is tentative.
n.­127
D me bcu rdul yal. We have been unable to identify this phrase as a number.
n.­194
S, D? nyan thos kyi sa ni ci ’dra ba zhig; N, H nyan thos kyis ni ci ’dra ba zhig. This translation follows the variant in the Stok Palace Kangyur. The Pedurma Comparative Edition reports that the Degé Kangyur here matches the Narthang and Lhasa Kangyurs, but although it is somewhat difficult to read, Degé appears to match the variant in Stok Palace.
n.­195
S, H sbyin pa sgom pa sdom pa yis; D sbyin pa sdom pa sdom pa yis. This translation is based on the variant in the Stok Palace and Lhasa Kangyurs.
n.­196
D, S de dag ni dang byas nas. This translation is tentative. While dang byas nas is witnessed in all the recensions used for this translation, we still considered the possibility of emending the text to read dad byas nas, which would then be translated “having instilled faith in their minds.”
n.­197
D cho ma cho dgu. We have not been able to identify this number.
n.­198
Y, K, J, N, C, H, S bdag stod pa; D bdag stong pa. Translated based on the variant in the Yongle, Peking, Lithang, Narthang, Choné, Lhasa, and Stok Palace Kangyurs.
n.­199
S gzhan la rag ma las shing; D gzhan la rag ma lus shing. This translation follows the variant in the Stok Palace Kangyur.
n.­200
D ’bral bar byed pa. This translation is tentative.
n.­201
D rigs kyi bu dag de ltar de bzhin du gnyis ga byin gyis brlab par bya’o. The meaning of this line is unclear. It might refer to the Buddha empowering both the flowers and each bodhisattva before they both return to their respective buddha fields.

b.

Bibliography

Tibetan Sources

’phags pa yang dag par spyod pa’i tshul nam mkha’i mdog gis ’dul ba’i bzod pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo. Toh 263, Degé Kangyur vol. 67 (mdo sde, ’a), folios 90.a–209.b.

’phags pa yang dag par spyod pa’i tshul nam mkha’i mdog gis ’dul ba’i bzod pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–9, vol. 67, pp. 221–513.

’phags pa yang dag par spyod pa’i tshul nam mkha’i mdog gis ’dul ba’i bzod pa zhes bya batheg pa chen po’i mdo. Stok Palace Kangyur, vol. 64 (mdo sde, pa), folios 1.b–175.b.

Denkarma (pho brang stod thang ldan dkar gyi chos ’gyur ro cog gi dkar chag). Toh 4364, Degé Tengyur, vol. 206 (sna tshogs, jo), folios 294.b–310.a.

Other References

Edgerton, Franklin. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2004.

Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. Die lHan kar ma: ein früher Katalog der ins Tibetische übersetzten buddhistischen Texte. Wien: Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2008.

Resources for Kanjur and Tanjur Studies. Universität Wien. Accessed February 10, 2020.

Li, Channa. “A Survey of Tibetan Sūtras Translated from Chinese as Recorded in Early Tibetan Catalogues.” Revue d’Études Tibétaines 60 (2021): 174–219.

Silk, Jonathan A. “Chinese Sūtras in Tibetan Translation: A Preliminary Survey.” In Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology (ARIRIAB) at Soka University 22 (2019): 227–46.


g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for names and terms of the corresponding source language

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in a manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other manuscripts with a parallel or similar context.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in dictionaries matching Tibetan to the corresponding language.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where the relationship between the Tibetan and source language is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

abodes of Brahmā

Wylie:
  • tshangs pa’i gnas
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་པའི་གནས།
Sanskrit:
  • brahmavihāra AD

The practices and resulting states of boundless loving kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­245
  • 8.­12
g.­2

Absence of Concepts

Wylie:
  • rnam par mi rtog pa
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་མི་རྟོག་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1-3.­17
g.­3

absence of marks

Wylie:
  • mtshan ma med pa
Tibetan:
  • མཚན་མ་མེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • animitta AD

The absence of the conceptual identification of perceptions. Knowing that the true nature has no attributes, such as color, shape, etc. One of the three gateways to liberation.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­16
  • 1-3.­157
  • 1-3.­228
  • 4.­10
  • 5.­17
  • 5.­26
  • 9.­64
g.­5

acceptance

Wylie:
  • bzod pa
Tibetan:
  • བཟོད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kṣānti AD

The sūtra tradition speaks of three levels of intellectual receptivity or acceptance of the Dharma. At the highest level is “the acceptance of the fact that things do not arise” (anutpattikadharmakṣānti), which is tantamount to an acceptance of the emptiness of all things, the fact that they do not arise or cease as substantial or essentially real phenomena. This level follows from a second level of acceptance, which brings one into conformity with the Dharma (ānulomika­dharmakṣānti). This second level is in turn preceded by a first stage of acceptance in which one follows the voice (ghoṣānugā kṣānti) of the teacher of the Dharma. This is a distinctive but related use of the term kṣānti, which is also translated in this sūtra as “patience,” when it refers to the perfection and virtue of “patience” (kṣānti) more generally.

Located in 186 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­2-6
  • i.­8
  • 1-3.­2
  • 1-3.­13-14
  • 1-3.­16
  • 1-3.­19
  • 1-3.­26
  • 1-3.­30
  • 1-3.­38
  • 1-3.­41
  • 1-3.­45-54
  • 1-3.­63
  • 1-3.­66-67
  • 1-3.­90-91
  • 1-3.­95-96
  • 1-3.­109
  • 1-3.­112
  • 1-3.­115
  • 1-3.­118-119
  • 1-3.­123
  • 1-3.­140
  • 1-3.­143-144
  • 1-3.­148
  • 1-3.­152
  • 1-3.­160
  • 1-3.­166-193
  • 1-3.­195-196
  • 1-3.­205
  • 1-3.­208
  • 1-3.­211-212
  • 1-3.­217
  • 1-3.­227
  • 1-3.­230
  • 1-3.­234
  • 1-3.­243-244
  • 1-3.­246
  • 4.­6
  • 4.­14
  • 4.­16
  • 5.­9
  • 5.­17-18
  • 5.­20-23
  • 5.­27
  • 6.­4
  • 6.­6-8
  • 6.­16
  • 6.­27
  • 6.­33
  • 6.­35
  • 6.­45
  • 6.­47
  • 6.­60-62
  • 6.­67-70
  • 6.­72
  • 6.­75
  • 6.­79
  • 6.­82-85
  • 6.­87-90
  • 6.­92
  • 6.­94-98
  • 6.­103-107
  • 6.­109
  • 6.­111
  • 6.­114
  • 7.­7
  • 7.­12
  • 8.­14
  • 9.­11-12
  • 9.­23-25
  • 9.­36
  • 9.­42-45
  • 9.­49-52
  • 9.­63-65
  • 10.­1-3
  • 10.­11-12
  • 11.­4
  • 11.­7
  • 11.­34
  • 11.­54
  • 12.­6
  • 12.­18-20
  • 12.­22-23
  • 12.­25-27
  • 12.­29-37
g.­7

acts with immediate retribution

Wylie:
  • mtshams med pa byed pa
Tibetan:
  • མཚམས་མེད་པ་བྱེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • ānantaryakṛta AD

The five extremely negative actions that, once those who have committed them die, result in their going immediately to the hells without experiencing the intermediate state. They are killing an arhat, killing one’s mother, killing one’s father, creating a schism in the saṅgha, and maliciously drawing blood from a tathāgata’s body.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­19
  • 1-3.­164
  • 1-3.­204
  • 1-3.­247
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­13
  • 4.­22-23
g.­9

aggregate

Wylie:
  • phung po
Tibetan:
  • ཕུང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • skandha AD

The fivefold basic grouping of the components out of which the world and the personal self are formed: forms, feelings, perceptions, formative factors, and consciousness.

Located in 67 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­4
  • 1-3.­9-12
  • 1-3.­18
  • 1-3.­64
  • 1-3.­84
  • 1-3.­126
  • 1-3.­128-129
  • 1-3.­132-133
  • 1-3.­135
  • 1-3.­139
  • 1-3.­211
  • 1-3.­224
  • 1-3.­244-245
  • 4.­10
  • 4.­22
  • 5.­13
  • 5.­16
  • 5.­18
  • 5.­23
  • 5.­26
  • 6.­1
  • 6.­9
  • 6.­14-17
  • 6.­27-29
  • 6.­32
  • 6.­35
  • 6.­42
  • 6.­48
  • 6.­50-52
  • 6.­64
  • 6.­66
  • 6.­74
  • 6.­89-91
  • 6.­94-95
  • 6.­98-99
  • 6.­101
  • 6.­104
  • 8.­7
  • 8.­12
  • 9.­8-9
  • 9.­13
  • 9.­26
  • 9.­44
  • 9.­62
  • 11.­34
  • 11.­51
  • g.­66
  • g.­196
g.­28

asura

Wylie:
  • lha ma yin
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ་མ་ཡིན།
Sanskrit:
  • asura AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A type of nonhuman being whose precise status is subject to different views, but is included as one of the six classes of beings in the sixfold classification of realms of rebirth. In the Buddhist context, asuras are powerful beings said to be dominated by envy, ambition, and hostility. They are also known in the pre-Buddhist and pre-Vedic mythologies of India and Iran, and feature prominently in Vedic and post-Vedic Brahmanical mythology, as well as in the Buddhist tradition. In these traditions, asuras are often described as being engaged in interminable conflict with the devas (gods).

Located in 16 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­33
  • 1-3.­55
  • 1-3.­67
  • 1-3.­76-77
  • 1-3.­105
  • 1-3.­141
  • 1-3.­197
  • 5.­10
  • 6.­113-114
  • 9.­75
  • 11.­38
  • 12.­19
  • 12.­33
  • 12.­38
g.­36

Brahmā

Wylie:
  • tshangs pa
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • brahmā AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A high-ranking deity presiding over a divine world; he is also considered to be the lord of the Sahā world (our universe). Though not considered a creator god in Buddhism, Brahmā occupies an important place as one of two gods (the other being Indra/Śakra) said to have first exhorted the Buddha Śākyamuni to teach the Dharma. The particular heavens found in the form realm over which Brahmā rules are often some of the most sought-after realms of higher rebirth in Buddhist literature. Since there are many universes or world systems, there are also multiple Brahmās presiding over them. His most frequent epithets are “Lord of the Sahā World” (sahāṃpati) and Great Brahmā (mahābrahman).

Located in 21 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­13
  • 1-3.­15
  • 1-3.­43
  • 1-3.­76-77
  • 1-3.­105
  • 1-3.­119-121
  • 4.­32
  • 5.­1
  • 9.­3
  • 9.­11
  • 9.­52-53
  • 11.­16
  • 11.­45
  • 12.­5
  • 12.­26-27
  • g.­141
g.­38

buddha realm

Wylie:
  • sangs rgyas kyi zhing
Tibetan:
  • སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཞིང་།
Sanskrit:
  • buddhakṣetra AD

This term denotes the operational field of a specific buddha, spontaneously arising as a result of his altruistic aspirations. This sūtra mentions “empty buddha realms,” seemingly referring to world systems that do not have a buddha, as well as buddha realms that are inundated with the five impurities, which seems to be a term for world systems containing buddhas but where beings experience overt suffering.

Located in 112 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­3
  • 1-3.­13-14
  • 1-3.­55-56
  • 1-3.­59
  • 1-3.­63
  • 1-3.­65
  • 1-3.­93-94
  • 1-3.­96
  • 1-3.­98-104
  • 1-3.­115-117
  • 1-3.­160
  • 1-3.­196
  • 1-3.­198
  • 1-3.­200-204
  • 1-3.­217
  • 1-3.­224-226
  • 1-3.­231-233
  • 1-3.­247
  • 4.­1-9
  • 4.­11-16
  • 4.­18-19
  • 4.­21-23
  • 5.­10-11
  • 6.­87-89
  • 6.­106
  • 6.­114
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­11
  • 8.­1-2
  • 8.­13
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­30
  • 9.­35-36
  • 9.­39
  • 9.­41
  • 9.­45
  • 9.­49
  • 9.­51
  • 9.­64
  • 9.­74-75
  • 10.­1
  • 10.­3
  • 10.­8-9
  • 10.­11-12
  • 11.­14
  • 11.­31
  • 11.­33-34
  • 11.­36-37
  • 11.­42-45
  • 12.­2
  • 12.­6
  • 12.­20-25
  • 12.­35-37
  • n.­23
  • g.­129
  • g.­191
g.­45

eight inopportune situations

Wylie:
  • mi khom pa brgyad
Tibetan:
  • མི་ཁོམ་པ་བརྒྱད།
Sanskrit:
  • aṣṭākṣaṇa AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A set of circumstances that do not provide the freedom to practice the Buddhist path: being born in the realms of (1) the hells, (2) hungry ghosts (pretas), (3) animals, or (4) long-lived gods, or in the human realm among (5) barbarians or (6) extremists, (7) in places where the Buddhist teachings do not exist, or (8) without adequate faculties to understand the teachings where they do exist.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 12.­34
g.­46

eightfold path

Wylie:
  • lam gyi yan lag brgyad pa
Tibetan:
  • ལམ་གྱི་ཡན་ལག་བརྒྱད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • aṣṭāṅga­mārga AD

The path leading to the cessation of suffering, comprised of correct view, correct thought, correct speech, correct action, correct livelihood, correct effort, correct mindfulness, and correct absorption.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­9
  • 11.­8
  • g.­182
g.­49

emptiness

Wylie:
  • stong pa nyid
Tibetan:
  • སྟོང་པ་ཉིད།
Sanskrit:
  • śūnyatā AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Emptiness denotes the ultimate nature of reality, the total absence of inherent existence and self-identity with respect to all phenomena. According to this view, all things and events are devoid of any independent, intrinsic reality that constitutes their essence. Nothing can be said to exist independent of the complex network of factors that gives rise to its origination, nor are phenomena independent of the cognitive processes and mental constructs that make up the conventional framework within which their identity and existence are posited. When all levels of conceptualization dissolve and when all forms of dichotomizing tendencies are quelled through deliberate meditative deconstruction of conceptual elaborations, the ultimate nature of reality will finally become manifest. It is the first of the three gateways to liberation.

Located in 38 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1
  • 1-3.­14
  • 1-3.­16
  • 1-3.­19
  • 1-3.­31
  • 1-3.­139
  • 1-3.­217
  • 1-3.­221
  • 1-3.­228
  • 1-3.­230
  • 1-3.­238
  • 4.­10
  • 4.­15
  • 4.­28
  • 4.­30-34
  • 5.­9-10
  • 5.­15
  • 5.­18
  • 5.­26
  • 6.­4
  • 6.­59
  • 6.­83
  • 6.­87
  • 6.­90
  • 6.­95
  • 7.­10-11
  • 8.­4
  • 9.­64
  • 10.­2
  • 11.­53
  • g.­5
g.­57

five impurities

Wylie:
  • rnyog pa lnga
Tibetan:
  • རྙོག་པ་ལྔ།
Sanskrit:
  • pañcakaṣāya AD

Five particular aspects of life that indicate the degenerate nature of a given age. They are the impurities of views, of afflictions, of sentient beings, of life, and of time.

Located in 48 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­3
  • 1-3.­13-14
  • 1-3.­55
  • 1-3.­95
  • 1-3.­198
  • 1-3.­200
  • 1-3.­203
  • 1-3.­217
  • 1-3.­224-226
  • 1-3.­232-233
  • 1-3.­247
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­4
  • 4.­6-9
  • 4.­13-15
  • 4.­22-23
  • 6.­87
  • 7.­1
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­13
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­30
  • 9.­35
  • 9.­51
  • 10.­1
  • 11.­14
  • 11.­33
  • 11.­42-43
  • 12.­2
  • 12.­6
  • 12.­22-25
  • n.­6
  • g.­38
g.­62

four concentrations

Wylie:
  • bsam gtan bzhi
Tibetan:
  • བསམ་གཏན་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • caturdhyāna  AD

The four levels of absorption of the beings living in the form realms.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 12.­4
g.­63

four floods

Wylie:
  • chu bo bzhi
Tibetan:
  • ཆུ་བོ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • caturogha AD

These are the equivalents of the four passions (zad pa, āsrava) that it is necessary to overcome to attain liberation.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­2
  • 1-3.­96
  • 9.­62
g.­65

four immeasurables

Wylie:
  • tshad med pa bzhi
Tibetan:
  • ཚད་མེད་པ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • caturapramāṇa AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The meditations on love (maitrī), compassion (karuṇā), joy (muditā), and equanimity (upekṣā), as well as the states of mind and qualities of being that result from their cultivation. They are also called the four abodes of Brahmā (caturbrahmavihāra).

In the Abhidharmakośa, Vasubandhu explains that they are called apramāṇa‍—meaning “infinite” or “limitless”‍—because they take limitless sentient beings as their object, and they generate limitless merit and results. Love is described as the wish that beings be happy, and it acts as an antidote to malice (vyāpāda). Compassion is described as the wish for beings to be free of suffering, and acts as an antidote to harmfulness (vihiṃsā). Joy refers to rejoicing in the happiness beings already have, and it acts as an antidote to dislike or aversion (arati) toward others’ success. Equanimity is considering all beings impartially, without distinctions, and it is the antidote to both attachment to pleasure and to malice (kāmarāgavyāpāda).

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 12.­4
  • n.­53
g.­66

four māras

Wylie:
  • bdud bzhi
Tibetan:
  • བདུད་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • caturmāra AD

These are symbolic of the defects within a person that prevent enlightenment, which are sometimes given as four personifications of Māra: the divine māra (devaputramāra lha’i bu’i bdud), which is the distraction of pleasures; the māra of death (mṛtyumāra ’chi bdag gi bdud); the māra of the aggregates (skandhamāra phung po’i bdud), which is the body; and the māra of the afflictions (kleśamāra (nyon mongs pa’i bdud).

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­14
  • 1-3.­204
  • 1-3.­230-231
  • 6.­92
  • 6.­114
  • 9.­8
  • 9.­62
  • 9.­64
  • 10.­2
  • 12.­8
g.­67

four means of attracting disciples

Wylie:
  • bsdu ba’i dngos po
  • bsdu pa rnam pa bzhi
Tibetan:
  • བསྡུ་བའི་དངོས་པོ།
  • བསྡུ་པ་རྣམ་པ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • catvāri saṁgrahavastūni AD

These are traditionally listed as four: generosity, kind talk, meaningful actions, and practicing what one preaches.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­2
  • 1-3.­19
  • 1-3.­96
  • 1-3.­204
  • 1-3.­214
  • 1-3.­219-220
  • 1-3.­225-226
  • 1-3.­232
  • 1-3.­246-247
  • 12.­25
g.­71

gandharva

Wylie:
  • dri za
Tibetan:
  • དྲི་ཟ།
Sanskrit:
  • gandharva AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of generally benevolent nonhuman beings who inhabit the skies, sometimes said to inhabit fantastic cities in the clouds, and more specifically to dwell on the eastern slopes of Mount Meru, where they are ruled by the Great King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. They are most renowned as celestial musicians who serve the gods. In the Abhidharma, the term is also used to refer to the mental body assumed by sentient beings during the intermediate state between death and rebirth. Gandharvas are said to live on fragrances (gandha) in the desire realm, hence the Tibetan translation dri za, meaning “scent eater.”

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­77
  • 1-3.­79
  • 4.­24
  • 7.­1
  • 9.­20
  • 9.­23
  • 9.­37
  • 9.­75
  • 11.­38
  • 12.­19
  • 12.­38
g.­73

Ganges

Wylie:
  • gang gA
Tibetan:
  • གང་གཱ།
Sanskrit:
  • gaṅgā AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Gaṅgā, or Ganges in English, is considered to be the most sacred river of India, particularly within the Hindu tradition. It starts in the Himalayas, flows through the northern plains of India, bathing the holy city of Vārāṇasī, and meets the sea at the Bay of Bengal, in Bangladesh. In the sūtras, however, this river is mostly mentioned not for its sacredness but for its abundant sands‍—noticeable still today on its many sandy banks and at its delta‍—which serve as a common metaphor for infinitely large numbers.

According to Buddhist cosmology, as explained in the Abhidharmakośa, it is one of the four rivers that flow from Lake Anavatapta and cross the southern continent of Jambudvīpa‍—the known human world or more specifically the Indian subcontinent.

Located in 29 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­94
  • 1-3.­99
  • 1-3.­101-103
  • 1-3.­117
  • 4.­2
  • 4.­14
  • 4.­16
  • 4.­22
  • 4.­24
  • 6.­60
  • 6.­107
  • 6.­109
  • 6.­111
  • 7.­1
  • 8.­1
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­7
  • 9.­25
  • 9.­51
  • 11.­32
  • 11.­42-43
  • 12.­2
  • 12.­5-6
  • 12.­23-24
g.­75

garuḍa

Wylie:
  • nam mkha’ lding
Tibetan:
  • ནམ་མཁའ་ལྡིང་།
Sanskrit:
  • garuḍa AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In Indian mythology, the garuḍa is an eagle-like bird that is regarded as the king of all birds, normally depicted with a sharp, owl-like beak, often holding a snake, and with large and powerful wings. They are traditionally enemies of the nāgas. In the Vedas, they are said to have brought nectar from the heavens to earth. Garuḍa can also be used as a proper name for a king of such creatures.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­67
  • 1-3.­76-77
  • 1-3.­141
  • 1-3.­197
  • 6.­113-114
  • 12.­33
g.­80

god

Wylie:
  • lha
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ།
Sanskrit:
  • deva AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In the most general sense the devas‍—the term is cognate with the English divine‍—are a class of celestial beings who frequently appear in Buddhist texts, often at the head of the assemblies of nonhuman beings who attend and celebrate the teachings of the Buddha Śākyamuni and other buddhas and bodhisattvas. In Buddhist cosmology the devas occupy the highest of the five or six “destinies” (gati) of saṃsāra among which beings take rebirth. The devas reside in the devalokas, “heavens” that traditionally number between twenty-six and twenty-eight and are divided between the desire realm (kāmadhātu), form realm (rūpadhātu), and formless realm (ārūpyadhātu). A being attains rebirth among the devas either through meritorious deeds (in the desire realm) or the attainment of subtle meditative states (in the form and formless realms). While rebirth among the devas is considered favorable, it is ultimately a transitory state from which beings will fall when the conditions that lead to rebirth there are exhausted. Thus, rebirth in the god realms is regarded as a diversion from the spiritual path.

Located in 71 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­13
  • 1-3.­15
  • 1-3.­18-19
  • 1-3.­55
  • 1-3.­67
  • 1-3.­69
  • 1-3.­71-72
  • 1-3.­74-76
  • 1-3.­79-80
  • 1-3.­92
  • 1-3.­105
  • 1-3.­118
  • 1-3.­141
  • 1-3.­145
  • 1-3.­164
  • 1-3.­166
  • 1-3.­197
  • 1-3.­221-223
  • 1-3.­227
  • 4.­11
  • 4.­22-24
  • 5.­7
  • 5.­10
  • 6.­86
  • 6.­90
  • 6.­109
  • 6.­114
  • 7.­1
  • 9.­5-8
  • 9.­20
  • 9.­23
  • 9.­37
  • 9.­41
  • 9.­48
  • 9.­50-51
  • 9.­75
  • 11.­8
  • 11.­16
  • 11.­34
  • 11.­36
  • 11.­38
  • 11.­42
  • 11.­44-45
  • 12.­1
  • 12.­3
  • 12.­5-6
  • 12.­10
  • 12.­19
  • 12.­33
  • 12.­38
  • g.­14
  • g.­50
  • g.­96
  • g.­117
  • g.­180
  • g.­181
g.­91

Holder of Manifold Light Rays

Wylie:
  • rnam par phye ba’i ’od zer ’chang ba
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་པར་ཕྱེ་བའི་འོད་ཟེར་འཆང་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Name of a parivrājaka.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 11.­1
g.­95

Increasing Light

Wylie:
  • snang ba ’phel ba
Tibetan:
  • སྣང་བ་འཕེལ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The name of the mountain on which is located the hermitage that forms the setting of this sūtra.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1-3.­1
g.­96

Īśvara

Wylie:
  • dbang phyug
Tibetan:
  • དབང་ཕྱུག
Sanskrit:
  • īśvara AD

A common epithet in the Brahmanic traditions designating the great god or lord. Can refer to Śiva, Viṣṇu, or to another deity considered to be preeminent.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­5
  • 9.­52
  • 12.­5
g.­104

King of the Infinite Accumulation of Wisdom

Wylie:
  • blo gros kyi tshogs mtha’ yas pa’i rgyal po
Tibetan:
  • བློ་གྲོས་ཀྱི་ཚོགས་མཐའ་ཡས་པའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Name of a bodhisattva.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­118-121
  • 5.­1
g.­109

Lake Anavatapta

Wylie:
  • ma dros pa
Tibetan:
  • མ་དྲོས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • anavatapta AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A vast legendary lake on the other side of the Himalayas. Only those with miraculous powers can go there. It is said to be the source of the world’s four great rivers. (Provisional 84000 definition. New definition forthcoming.)

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 6.­90
  • g.­132
g.­111

Land of Activity

Wylie:
  • byed pa can
Tibetan:
  • བྱེད་པ་ཅན།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The name of the region or land that is the main setting for this sūtra.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­1
  • n.­6
g.­120

Maitreya

Wylie:
  • byams pa
Tibetan:
  • བྱམས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • maitreya AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The bodhisattva Maitreya is an important figure in many Buddhist traditions, where he is unanimously regarded as the buddha of the future era. He is said to currently reside in the heaven of Tuṣita, as Śākyamuni’s regent, where he awaits the proper time to take his final rebirth and become the fifth buddha in the Fortunate Eon, reestablishing the Dharma in this world after the teachings of the current buddha have disappeared. Within the Mahāyāna sūtras, Maitreya is elevated to the same status as other central bodhisattvas such as Mañjuśrī and Avalokiteśvara, and his name appears frequently in sūtras, either as the Buddha’s interlocutor or as a teacher of the Dharma. Maitreya literally means “Loving One.” He is also known as Ajita, meaning “Invincible.”

For more information on Maitreya, see, for example, the introduction to Maitreya’s Setting Out (Toh 198).

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • i.­8
  • 1-3.­3
  • 1-3.­122
  • 12.­12
  • 12.­14
  • 12.­21
g.­121

Mañjuśrī

Wylie:
  • ’jam dpal
Tibetan:
  • འཇམ་དཔལ།
Sanskrit:
  • mañjuśrī AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Mañjuśrī is one of the “eight close sons of the Buddha” and a bodhisattva who embodies wisdom. He is a major figure in the Mahāyāna sūtras, appearing often as an interlocutor of the Buddha. In his most well-known iconographic form, he is portrayed bearing the sword of wisdom in his right hand and a volume of the Prajñā­pāramitā­sūtra in his left. To his name, Mañjuśrī, meaning “Gentle and Glorious One,” is often added the epithet Kumārabhūta, “having a youthful form.” He is also called Mañjughoṣa, Mañjusvara, and Pañcaśikha.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 10.­6-9
  • 12.­14
  • g.­122
g.­123

Māra

Wylie:
  • bdud
Tibetan:
  • བདུད།
Sanskrit:
  • māra AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Māra, literally “death” or “maker of death,” is the name of the deva who tried to prevent the Buddha from achieving awakening, the name given to the class of beings he leads, and also an impersonal term for the destructive forces that keep beings imprisoned in saṃsāra:

(1) As a deva, Māra is said to be the principal deity in the Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations (paranirmitavaśavartin), the highest paradise in the desire realm. He famously attempted to prevent the Buddha’s awakening under the Bodhi tree‍—see The Play in Full (Toh 95), 21.1‍—and later sought many times to thwart the Buddha’s activity. In the sūtras, he often also creates obstacles to the progress of śrāvakas and bodhisattvas. (2) The devas ruled over by Māra are collectively called mārakāyika or mārakāyikadevatā, the “deities of Māra’s family or class.” In general, these māras too do not wish any being to escape from saṃsāra, but can also change their ways and even end up developing faith in the Buddha, as exemplified by Sārthavāha; see The Play in Full (Toh 95), 21.14 and 21.43. (3) The term māra can also be understood as personifying four defects that prevent awakening, called (i) the divine māra (devaputra­māra), which is the distraction of pleasures; (ii) the māra of Death (mṛtyumāra), which is having one’s life interrupted; (iii) the māra of the aggregates (skandhamāra), which is identifying with the five aggregates; and (iv) the māra of the afflictions (kleśamāra), which is being under the sway of the negative emotions of desire, hatred, and ignorance.

Located in 17 passages in the translation:

  • i.­5
  • 1-3.­77
  • 1-3.­90
  • 1-3.­214
  • 1-3.­230
  • 5.­10
  • 5.­17
  • 5.­20
  • 6.­26
  • 9.­24
  • 9.­26
  • 9.­52-53
  • 9.­60
  • 9.­62
  • 10.­3
  • g.­66
g.­132

Mount Gandhamādana

Wylie:
  • spos kyi ngad ldang ba
Tibetan:
  • སྤོས་ཀྱི་ངད་ལྡང་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • gandhamādana AD

According to Buddhist cosmology, a mountain said to be situated north of the Himalayas, with Lake Anavatapta, the source of this world’s great rivers, at its base. It is sometimes said to be south of Mount Kailash, though both mountains have been identified with Mount Tise in west Tibet.

Located in 17 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • i.­5
  • 1-3.­54
  • 1-3.­67
  • 1-3.­69
  • 1-3.­78
  • 1-3.­80
  • 1-3.­85-86
  • 1-3.­89
  • 1-3.­91
  • 1-3.­105
  • 1-3.­116
  • 8.­1-2
  • 9.­4
  • 9.­7
g.­134

nāga

Wylie:
  • klu
Tibetan:
  • ཀླུ།
Sanskrit:
  • nāga AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who live in subterranean aquatic environments, where they guard wealth and sometimes also teachings. Nāgas are associated with serpents and have a snakelike appearance. In Buddhist art and in written accounts, they are regularly portrayed as half human and half snake, and they are also said to have the ability to change into human form. Some nāgas are Dharma protectors, but they can also bring retribution if they are disturbed. They may likewise fight one another, wage war, and destroy the lands of others by causing lightning, hail, and flooding.

Located in 27 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­50
  • 1-3.­55
  • 1-3.­67-68
  • 1-3.­73
  • 1-3.­75-77
  • 1-3.­105
  • 1-3.­141
  • 1-3.­145
  • 1-3.­197
  • 5.­10
  • 6.­90
  • 6.­111
  • 6.­114
  • 11.­42
  • 12.­13
  • 12.­26
  • 12.­33
  • g.­99
  • g.­135
  • g.­153
  • g.­177
  • g.­178
  • g.­190
  • g.­193
g.­138

non-Buddhist

Wylie:
  • mu stegs
Tibetan:
  • མུ་སྟེགས།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Those of other religious or philosophical orders, contemporary with the early Buddhist order, including Jains, Jaṭilas, Ājīvikas, and Cārvākas. Tīrthika (“forder”) literally translates as “one belonging to or associated with (possessive suffix –ika) stairs for landing or for descent into a river,” or “a bathing place,” or “a place of pilgrimage on the banks of sacred streams” (Monier-Williams). The term may have originally referred to temple priests at river crossings or fords where travelers propitiated a deity before crossing. The Sanskrit term seems to have undergone metonymic transfer in referring to those able to ford the turbulent river of saṃsāra (as in the Jain tīrthaṅkaras, “ford makers”), and it came to be used in Buddhist sources to refer to teachers of rival religious traditions. The Sanskrit term is closely rendered by the Tibetan mu stegs pa: “those on the steps (stegs pa) at the edge (mu).”

Located in 26 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1
  • i.­3
  • i.­5
  • 1-3.­47
  • 1-3.­96
  • 1-3.­115
  • 1-3.­198
  • 1-3.­203
  • 1-3.­213
  • 1-3.­222-223
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­7
  • 9.­10
  • 9.­23
  • 9.­25
  • 9.­42
  • 9.­64-65
  • 9.­73
  • 11.­54
  • 12.­19
  • g.­15
  • g.­137
  • g.­180
g.­140

parivrājaka

Wylie:
  • kun tu rgyu
Tibetan:
  • ཀུན་ཏུ་རྒྱུ།
Sanskrit:
  • parivrājaka AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A non-Buddhist religious mendicant who literally “roams around.” Historically, they wandered in India from ancient times, including the time of the Buddha, and held a variety of beliefs, engaging with one another in debate on a range of topics. Some of their metaphysical views are presented in the early Buddhist discourses of the Pali Canon. They included women in their number.

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 9.­26
  • 9.­51-53
  • 9.­61
  • 10.­6
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­11
  • 11.­1
  • 11.­54
  • g.­18
  • g.­91
g.­145

preta

Wylie:
  • yi dwags
Tibetan:
  • ཡི་དྭགས།
Sanskrit:
  • preta AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the five or six classes of sentient beings, into which beings are born as the karmic fruition of past miserliness. As the term in Sanskrit means “the departed,” they are analogous to the ancestral spirits of Vedic tradition, the pitṛs, who starve without the offerings of descendants. It is also commonly translated as “hungry ghost” or “starving spirit,” as in the Chinese 餓鬼 e gui.

They are sometimes said to reside in the realm of Yama, but are also frequently described as roaming charnel grounds and other inhospitable or frightening places along with piśācas and other such beings. They are particularly known to suffer from great hunger and thirst and the inability to acquire sustenance.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­33
  • 1-3.­55
  • 1-3.­76
  • 1-3.­203
  • 4.­21
  • 6.­86
  • 12.­5
g.­151

Removing Impurities

Wylie:
  • rnyog pa sel ba
Tibetan:
  • རྙོག་པ་སེལ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Name of the town in this sūtra where the Buddha teaches the Dharma.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • i.­2
  • 1-3.­1
  • 1-3.­66
  • 1-3.­78
g.­155

Śakra

Wylie:
  • brgya byin
Tibetan:
  • བརྒྱ་བྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • śakra AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The lord of the gods in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three (trāyastriṃśa). Alternatively known as Indra, the deity that is called “lord of the gods” dwells on the summit of Mount Sumeru and wields the thunderbolt. The Tibetan translation brgya byin (meaning “one hundred sacrifices”) is based on an etymology that śakra is an abbreviation of śata-kratu, one who has performed a hundred sacrifices. Each world with a central Sumeru has a Śakra. Also known by other names such as Kauśika, Devendra, and Śacipati.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­76-77
  • 1-3.­118
  • 4.­32
  • 9.­5
  • 9.­11
  • 9.­52
  • 11.­16
  • 11.­45
  • 12.­26-27
g.­156

Śākyamuni

Wylie:
  • shAkya thub pa
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • śākyamuni AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

An epithet for the historical Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama: he was a muni (“sage”) from the Śākya clan. He is counted as the fourth of the first four buddhas of the present Good Eon, the other three being Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni, and Kāśyapa. He will be followed by Maitreya, the next buddha in this eon.

Located in 28 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­2
  • i.­6
  • 1-3.­66-67
  • 1-3.­95
  • 1-3.­97-98
  • 1-3.­104
  • 1-3.­118
  • 4.­7
  • 4.­16
  • 4.­23
  • 7.­1
  • 8.­1
  • 9.­3-4
  • 9.­7-8
  • 12.­6
  • 12.­24
  • n.­23
  • g.­16
  • g.­31
  • g.­43
  • g.­102
  • g.­118
  • g.­161
g.­157

Samantabhadra

Wylie:
  • kun tu bzang po
Tibetan:
  • ཀུན་ཏུ་བཟང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • samantabhadra AD

One of the eight main bodhisattvas, the heart sons of the Buddha.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 12.­14
g.­160

seer

Wylie:
  • drang srong
Tibetan:
  • དྲང་སྲོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • ṛṣi AD

A sage or ascetic or wise man. For the Brahmanic tradition, the seers are the ones who saw the sacred Vedic hymns and conveyed them to human beings, while in Buddhist literature they can have a broader usage as ascetics who are hermits or live in community and can cultivate magical powers.

Located in 39 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3-4
  • 1-3.­1
  • 1-3.­3
  • 1-3.­13
  • 1-3.­15
  • 1-3.­55-56
  • 1-3.­65-80
  • 1-3.­93-94
  • 1-3.­98-99
  • 1-3.­104-105
  • 1-3.­116-117
  • 1-3.­141
  • 1-3.­144
  • 1-3.­221
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­8
  • 9.­75
  • n.­23
g.­166

special insight

Wylie:
  • lhag mthong
Tibetan:
  • ལྷག་མཐོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • vipaśyanā AD

One of the basic forms of Buddhist meditation, aiming at developing insight into the nature of reality. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, with the other technique being “tranquility” (śamatha).

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­2
  • 4.­10
  • 5.­20-22
  • 6.­11
  • 12.­4
g.­169

stream enterer

Wylie:
  • rgyun du zhugs pa
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱུན་དུ་ཞུགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • srotāpanna AD

A person who has entered the “stream” of practice that leads to nirvāṇa. The first of the four attainments of the path of the hearers.

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One who has achieved the first level of attainment on the path of the śrāvakas, and who has entered the “stream” of practice that leads to nirvāṇa. (Provisional 84000 definition. New definition forthcoming.)

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­221
  • 8.­14
  • 12.­3
g.­173

supernormal faculties

Wylie:
  • mngon par shes pa
Tibetan:
  • མངོན་པར་ཤེས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • abhijñā AD

Divine sight, divine hearing, the ability to know past and future lives, the ability to know the minds of others, and the ability to produce miracles.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­2
  • 1-3.­13
  • 1-3.­15
  • 1-3.­196
  • 1-3.­245
  • 4.­6-7
  • 4.­12
  • 5.­17
  • 6.­106
  • 9.­64
  • 11.­34
  • 11.­45
  • 12.­25
g.­182

thirty-seven factors of awakening

Wylie:
  • byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos sum cu rtsa bdun
Tibetan:
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཕྱོགས་ཀྱི་ཆོས་སུམ་ཅུ་རྩ་བདུན།
Sanskrit:
  • saptatriṃśad­bodhyaṅga AD

Thirty-seven practices that lead the practitioner to the awakened state: the four applications of mindfulness, the four thorough relinquishments, the four bases of miraculous power, the five faculties, the five powers, the eightfold path, and the seven branches of awakening.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­2
  • 6.­114
  • 9.­64
  • 9.­72
  • 11.­26
g.­184

tranquility

Wylie:
  • zhi gnas
Tibetan:
  • ཞི་གནས།
Sanskrit:
  • śamatha AD

One of the basic forms of Buddhist meditation, which focuses on calming the mind. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, with the other technique being “insight.”

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­14
  • 1-3.­105
  • 4.­10
  • 4.­29
  • 5.­19
  • 5.­22
  • 5.­26
  • 6.­11
  • 11.­42
  • 12.­4
  • g.­166
g.­198

Wind Horse

Wylie:
  • rta rlung
Tibetan:
  • རྟ་རླུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Name of a sage.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­1
  • 1-3.­3
g.­200

worthy one

Wylie:
  • dgra bcom pa
Tibetan:
  • དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • arhat AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

According to Buddhist tradition, one who is worthy of worship (pūjām arhati), or one who has conquered the enemies, the mental afflictions (kleśa-ari-hata-vat), and reached liberation from the cycle of rebirth and suffering. It is the fourth and highest of the four fruits attainable by śrāvakas. Also used as an epithet of the Buddha.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­221
  • 8.­14
  • 9.­14
  • 9.­60
  • 12.­3
g.­201

yakṣa

Wylie:
  • gnod sbyin
Tibetan:
  • གནོད་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • yakṣa AD

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who inhabit forests, mountainous areas, and other natural spaces, or serve as guardians of villages and towns, and may be propitiated for health, wealth, protection, and other boons, or controlled through magic. According to tradition, their homeland is in the north, where they live under the rule of the Great King Vaiśravaṇa.

Several members of this class have been deified as gods of wealth (these include the just-mentioned Vaiśravaṇa) or as bodhisattva generals of yakṣa armies, and have entered the Buddhist pantheon in a variety of forms, including, in tantric Buddhism, those of wrathful deities.

Located in 21 passages in the translation:

  • 1-3.­19
  • 1-3.­33
  • 1-3.­55
  • 1-3.­67
  • 1-3.­71
  • 1-3.­76-77
  • 1-3.­105
  • 1-3.­141
  • 1-3.­197
  • 1-3.­203
  • 5.­10
  • 6.­90
  • 6.­113-114
  • 9.­49
  • 9.­56
  • 11.­42
  • 12.­26-27
  • 12.­33
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    84000. The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct (Samyagācāra­vṛtta­gaganavarṇavina­yakṣānti, yang dag par spyod pa’i tshul nam mkha’i mdog gis ’dul ba’i bzod pa, Toh 263). Translated by Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2024. https://84000.co/translation/toh263/UT22084-067-002-chapter-11.Copy
    84000. The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct (Samyagācāra­vṛtta­gaganavarṇavina­yakṣānti, yang dag par spyod pa’i tshul nam mkha’i mdog gis ’dul ba’i bzod pa, Toh 263). Translated by Dharmachakra Translation Committee, online publication, 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2024, 84000.co/translation/toh263/UT22084-067-002-chapter-11.Copy
    84000. (2024) The Acceptance That Tames Beings with the Sky-Colored Method of Perfect Conduct (Samyagācāra­vṛtta­gaganavarṇavina­yakṣānti, yang dag par spyod pa’i tshul nam mkha’i mdog gis ’dul ba’i bzod pa, Toh 263). (Dharmachakra Translation Committee, Trans.). Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. https://84000.co/translation/toh263/UT22084-067-002-chapter-11.Copy

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