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  • Toh 144

This rendering does not include the entire published text

The full text is available to download as pdf at:
/translation/toh144.pdf

ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ་ལ་དད་པ་རབ་ཏུ་སྒོམ་པ།

Cultivating Trust in the Great Vehicle
Conclusion

Mahā­yāna­prasāda­prabhāvana
འཕགས་པ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ་ལ་དད་པ་རབ་ཏུ་སྒོམ་པ་ཅེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།
’phags pa theg pa chen po la dad pa rab tu sgom pa ces bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo
The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra “Cultivating Trust in the Great Vehicle”
Ārya­mahā­yāna­prasāda­prabhāvana­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra

Toh 144

Degé Kangyur, vol. 57 (mdo sde, pa), folios 6.b–34.a

ᴛʀᴀɴsʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴛɪʙᴇᴛᴀɴ ʙʏ
  • Yeshé Dé
  • Jinamitra
  • Dānaśīla

Imprint

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Translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee
under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.

First published 2020

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co.

Table of Contents

ti. Title
im. Imprint
co. Contents
s. Summary
ac. Acknowledgements
i. Introduction
tr. The Translation
+ 5 chapters- 5 chapters
p. Prologue
1. The Characteristics of Trust
+ 11 sections- 11 sections
· 1. Clarity
· 2. Saturation
· 3. Qualities
· 4. Possession
· 5. The Basis
· 6. Transcendence
· 7. The Root
· 8. Protection
· 9. Connection
· 10. Continuity
· 11. Perfection
2. Developing Trust
+ 12 sections- 12 sections
· 1. Causes
· 2. A Companion
· 3. Examination
· 4. Behavior
· 5. Familiarity
· 6. Absence of Weariness
· 7. Fulfillment
· 8. Composure
· 9. Insatiability
· 10. Solitude
· 11. Determining That the Teacher Is Genuine
· The Ten Limitless Features
3. Classifications of Trust
4. The Benefits of Trust
5. Conclusion
c. Colophon
n. Notes
b. Bibliography
g. Glossary

s.

Summary

s.­1

In Cultivating Trust in the Great Vehicle, the Buddha Śākyamuni gives a discourse on the nature of trust (dad pa, prasāda) according to the Great Vehicle. The teaching is requested by a bodhisattva known as Great Skillful Trust, who requests the Buddha to answer four questions concerning the nature of trust in the Great Vehicle: (1) What are the characteristics of trust? (2) How is trust developed? (3) What are the different types of trust? (4) What are the benefits of having trust? Over the course of the sūtra, the Buddha answers all four questions, each in a separate chapter.


ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

Translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee under the guidance of Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche. The translation was produced by Andreas Doctor, who also wrote the introduction. Thomas Doctor, Catherine Dalton, and Ryan Damron subsequently compared the draft translation with the original Tibetan and edited it.

ac.­2

The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.


i.

Introduction

i.­1

Cultivating Trust in the Great Vehicle unfolds at Vulture Peak Mountain, where the Buddha, surrounded by a great number of bodhisattvas from the human and nonhuman realms and many monks and limitless other beings, gives a discourse on the nature of trust in the Great Vehicle. The teaching is requested by a bodhisattva known as Great Skillful Trust, who requests the Buddha to answer four questions concerning the nature of trust in the Great Vehicle:


Text Body

The Translation
The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra
Cultivating Trust in the Great Vehicle

p.

Prologue

[B1] [F.6.b]


p.­1

Homage to all buddhas and bodhisattvas.


p.­2

Thus did I hear at one time. The Blessed One was dwelling in Rājagṛha at Vulture Peak Mountain together with a great bodhisattva saṅgha of bodhisattva great beings [F.7.a] who had gathered there from various buddha realms. Every one of them had conquered the demons and all adversaries. They were far removed from the fluctuations of the habitual tendencies of all disturbing emotions and subsidiary disturbing emotions. They had attained the level of great mastery where one can demonstrate birth into existence at will. They had attained the power that springs from giving away their bodies and abodes throughout limitless eons. They had realized the limitless workings of the demons along with all obstacles. They knew the conduct that is the means for achieving all the aims of all beings. They had obtained the great power that comes from knowing all types of liberation. They were skilled in refuting all the claims of non-Buddhists. They were skilled in attracting large crowds by means of their great miraculous emanations. Through cultivating the immense perfections, they had attained all the features of great practitioners. Like the sky, their minds were unstained by worldly phenomena.


1.
Chapter 1

The Characteristics of Trust

1.­1

Noble son, the bodhisattvas’ trust in the Great Vehicle that allows them to accomplish the Great Vehicle has eleven characteristics. These characteristics are: (1) clarity, (2) saturation, (3) qualities, (4) possession, (5) the basis, (6) transcendence, (7) the root, (8) protection, (9) the connection, (10) continuity, and (11) perfection.”

1. Clarity

1.­2

Great Skillful Trust said, “Blessed One, how is clarity a characteristic of the bodhisattvas’ trust in the Great Vehicle that allows them to accomplish the Great Vehicle?”

2. Saturation

3. Qualities

4. Possession

5. The Basis

6. Transcendence

7. The Root

8. Protection

9. Connection

10. Continuity

11. Perfection


2.
Chapter 2

Developing Trust

2.­1

Then, the bodhisattva Great Skillful Trust asked the Blessed One, “Blessed One, how does one develop the bodhisattvas’ trust in the Great Vehicle that allows them accomplish the Great Vehicle?”

2.­2

The Blessed One replied, “Noble son, there are eleven aspects to developing the bodhisattvas’ trust in the Great Vehicle that allows them to accomplish the Great Vehicle. Such trust develops based on (1) causes, (2) a companion, (3) examination, (4) behavior, (5) familiarity, (6) absence of weariness, (7) fulfillment, (8) composure, (9) insatiability, (10) solitude, and (11) determining that the teacher is genuine.”

1. Causes

2. A Companion

3. Examination

4. Behavior

5. Familiarity

6. Absence of Weariness

7. Fulfillment

8. Composure

9. Insatiability

10. Solitude

11. Determining That the Teacher Is Genuine

The Ten Limitless Features


3.
Chapter 3

Classifications of Trust

3.­1

Then the bodhisattva Great Skillful Trust said, “Blessed One, what are the different aspects of the bodhisattvas’ trust in the Great Vehicle that allow them to accomplish the Great Vehicle?”

3.­2

The Blessed One replied, “Noble son, there are four aspects of the bodhisattvas’ trust in the Great Vehicle that allows them to accomplish the Great Vehicle. If you wonder what they are, they are as follows: (1) the trust that comes from resting, (2) the trust that arises upon birth, (3) the trust that emerges at another time, and (4) the trust that appears naturally.


4.
Chapter 4

The Benefits of Trust

4.­1

At this point, the bodhisattva Great Skillful Trust said, “Blessed One, what are the benefits of possessing the bodhisattvas’ trust in the Great Vehicle that allows them to accomplish the Great Vehicle?”

4.­2

The Blessed One replied, “Noble son, there are limitless benefits of having the bodhisattvas’ trust in the Great Vehicle that allows them to accomplish the Great Vehicle. However, I shall indicate only a fraction of them here.


5.

Conclusion

5.­1

Then, the bodhisattva Great Skillful Trust said to the Blessed One, “Blessed One, it is wonderful that, for those novice bodhisattvas who are engaged in inspired conduct, you have taught the perfect characteristics of the trust in the Great Vehicle along with the perfect ways that trust is developed, the perfect classifications of trust, and now also the perfect benefits. Blessed One, if one contemplates and practices based on these teachings, then the perfect, exalted, and limitless qualities of other bodhisattvas will also become apparent.”

5.­2

When the Blessed One delivered this Dharma teaching, five thousand novice bodhisattvas developed the great acceptance that facilitates realization of the Dharma of the bodhisattvas, while in the assembled retinue the remainder of the novice bodhisattvas, through their unwavering aspiration, [F.32.a] developed acceptance that is like a flowing river of aspiration.

5.­3

Then, the bodhisattva Great Skillful Trust said to the Blessed One, “Blessed One, some bodhisattvas who have an initial interest in this Dharma teaching will, when applying it in practice, soon attain the thus-gone ones’ food, drink, mount, clothing, ornaments, utensils, necessities, goods, perfume, garlands, ointments, song, dance, music, light, women, men, and all enjoyable objects.”

5.­4

Then, the bodhisattva Searching for the Vessel of Trust said to the bodhisattva Great Skillful Trust, “Noble son, what are the thus-gone ones’ food, drink, mount, clothing, ornaments, utensils, necessities, goods, perfume, garlands, ointments, song, dance, music, light, women, men, and all enjoyable objects?”

5.­5

“Noble son,” the bodhisattva Great Skillful Trust replied, “the joy of concentration that is free from all obscurations is the thus-gone ones’ food. The fluid of the sacred Dharma that is free from obscurations is the thus-gone ones’ drink. Tranquility and insight that are free from all obscurations are the thus-gone ones’ mount. Conscientiousness and modesty that are free from all obscurations are the thus-gone ones’ clothing. Pure discipline that is free from all obscurations is the thus-gone ones’ ornaments. Learning that is free from all obscurations is the thus-gone ones’ utensils, necessities, and goods. Concentrations, freedoms, absorptions, and states of equilibrium that are free from all obscurations [F.32.b] are the thus-gone ones’ perfume, garlands, and ointments. An indubitable discourse that contains the enjoyment of the complete Dharma that purifies all obscurations is the thus-gone ones’ song, dance, and music. The gates of recollection that are free from all obscurations are the thus-gone ones’ light. The gates of absorption and the gates of liberation that are free from all obscurations are the thus-gone ones’ women, men, and all enjoyable objects. In this way, noble son, if by having an initial interest in this teaching and applying its practices one soon attains these ten possessions of the thus-gone ones on the relative as well as the ultimate levels, there is no need to mention what happens for those who apply themselves to the reality behind this teaching. Noble son, on top of attaining these ten possessions of the thus-gone ones, they will also obtain the palace of the thus-gone ones as their residence.”

5.­6

The bodhisattva Searching for the Vessel of Trust said, “Noble son, what is the palace in which the thus-gone ones reside like?”

5.­7

The bodhisattva Great Skillful Trust said, “Noble son, it is made of the shimmering seven precious substances and shines a light so bright that it pervades the endless extent of the world. It is distinguished from other locations in infinite ways. Its design is limitless and has no boundaries. Its characteristics transcend the three realms, and it appears from the supreme roots of virtue that are beyond the world, and from powerful cognition and the features of extreme purity. Such is the abode of the thus-gone ones, which supports limitless bodhisattvas. It is teeming with boundless gods, nāgas, yakṣas, gandharvas, asuras, garuḍas, kinnaras, mahoragas, humans, and nonhumans. [F.33.a] It is reinforced by the great joy and bliss of the taste of the Dharma. It is maintained by the activity of benefitting all beings and is free from any harm caused by disturbing emotions and subsidiary disturbing emotions. It is inaccessible to any demon. Superior to all other structures, it is designed through the blessings of the thus-gone ones. Leading to liberation through mindfulness, intelligence, and great realization, it is the vehicle of tranquility and insight adorned with limitless masses of the qualities that emerge from great emptiness, absence of characteristics, and absence of wishes. The thus-gone ones reside in this great palace that sits atop the king of all great lotuses. Noble son, if whoever has an initial interest in this teaching will, by applying these practices, attain such a palace of the thus-gone ones, there is no need to mention what happens for those who apply themselves to the reality behind this teaching.”

5.­8

The Blessed One replied, “Noble son, excellent, excellent! Noble son, what you have said is true. If whoever forms an interest in this Dharma teaching will soon attain these possessions of the thus-gone ones and that palace of the thus-gone ones, there is no need to mention what occurs for those who apply themselves to the reality behind this teaching.”

5.­9

Then, Venerable Ānanda spoke to the Blessed One: “Blessed One, what kind of merit is created when a noble son or daughter feels interest in this Dharma teaching and reads, copies, recites, hears, chants, teaches, contemplates, or applies it through meditation?”

5.­10

The Blessed One replied, “Ānanda, whoever feels interest in this Dharma teaching and reads, copies, [F.33.b] recites, hears, chants, teaches elaborately and correctly, thoroughly contemplates, or applies it in meditation will create merit that is impossible to illustrate by any worldly merit or even by the merit of the hearers and solitary buddhas that transcends the world. Why is that? Because, Ānanda, any worldly merit, no matter how great, is subject to cause and effect. As it is subsumed by the truth of suffering and the truth of the origin, it cannot bring complete satisfaction. Such results only appear when their causes are exhausted, so such merit is impermanent.

5.­11

“Ānanda, the entire merit of the hearers and solitary buddhas that transcends the world is not vast, it has a lesser purpose, and it is eventually exhausted. It is not vast because it belongs to and observes the inferior vehicle, thus guiding the mind in that direction. It has a lesser purpose because it is concerned with oneself. It is eventually exhausted because it dissolves within the field of nirvāṇa free from residual aggregates.

5.­12

“However, Ānanda, the merit that arises from trust in the Great Vehicle of the bodhisattvas brings complete satisfaction, its cause is never exhausted, it is vast, it has a great purpose, and it is inexhaustible. Therefore, the merit that arises from trust in the Great Vehicle of the bodhisattvas cannot be illustrated by means of either mundane or transcendent forms of merit.”

5.­13

Ānanda said, “Blessed One, what is the name of this Dharma teaching? Under what name should it be recalled?”

5.­14

The Blessed One replied, “Ānanda, for the above reasons you should know that this Dharma teaching is called Cultivating Trust in the Great Vehicle. Remember it also under the name Engaging with Trust in the Great Vehicle. [F.34.a] Remember it also under the name Increasing Trust in the Great Vehicle. Remember it also under the name Liberation through Trust in the Great Vehicle. Therefore, this Dharma teaching should be given the title Cultivating Trust in the Great Vehicle.”

5.­15

After the Blessed One had thus spoken, the bodhisattvas and the entire retinue, as well as the world with its gods, humans, asuras, and gandharvas, rejoiced in and praised what the Blessed One had taught.

5.­16

This completes the Great Vehicle sūtra “Cultivating Trust in the Great Vehicle.”


c.

Colophon

c.­1

It was clarified, written down, and finalized by the Indian preceptors Jinamitra and Dānaśīla, the translator-editor Bandé Yeshé Dé, and others.


n.

Notes

n.­1
For an English translation, see Asaṅga (2001), pp. 190–92.
n.­2
On Butön’s claim, see below n.­3. A search for plausible variants of the sūtra title in the Kangyur and Tengyur collections resulted in only a single quotation (using the modified title dad pa rab tu bsgom pa’i mdo): Dharmamitra quotes the work in his Abhisamayālaṃkāra­kārikā­prajñā­pāramitopadeśa­śāstra­ṭīkā D 3796: vol. 87, folios 96.a7–96.b1.
n.­3
The only mention of this sūtra in English that we are aware of is a brief discussion found in Skilling (2000), pp. 323–24. Here, Skilling also mentions that “Kazunobu Matsuda has written (in Japanese) about the sūtra with reference to the Abhidharma­samuccaya and Vyākhyāyukti in his ‘On the two unknown Sūtras adopted by the Yogācāra School, based on a passage found in the writings of Bu ston and Blo gros rgyal mtshan,’ in Zuihō Yamaguchi (ed.): Buddhism and Society in Tibet, Tokyo 1986, pp. 269–89.” Unfortunately, we have been unable to consult Matsuda’s article for our work on this translation.
n.­4
Denkarma, 298.a.4. See also Herrmann-Pfandt (2008), pp. 75–76.
n.­5
Phangthangma (2003), p. 11.
n.­6
The phrase “trust in the Great Vehicle that allows them to accomplish the Great Vehicle,” which occurs repeatedly in this text, translates the Tibetan theg pa chen po’i phyir theg pa chen po la dad pa. This is a rather obscure expression that is difficult to understand conclusively without Sanskrit attestation. Therefore, our rendering of this phrase should be seen as somewhat tentative. The key term to understanding this phrase is the Tibetan term phyir, which typically means “because of,” “on account of,” or “for the sake of.” We have here understood this term to indicate that trust in the Great Vehicle is the factor that enables bodhisattvas to become successful in its practices. Significantly, in support of this interpretation, we also find a single occurrence in the Degé block print (folio 9.b.7) where the term phyir is replaced by slad du. This helps us narrow down the meaning as slad du has a narrower semantic range that normally is translated “for the sake of” or “on account of.” In this way we have arrived at our somewhat interpretive translation, which we nevertheless believe carries the intended meaning of this odd phrase.
n.­7
We have edited the text here to exclude what appears to be an instance of dittography. We have omitted the second occurrence of the line bdag la phan pa gtso bor byed pas sangs rgyas la dad pa skyed.
n.­8
A similar, though not identical, list of twenty-eight wrong views that bodhisattvas may fall into is found in the Abhidharma­samuccaya (Asaṅga 2001). See also the introduction.

b.

Bibliography

’phags pa theg pa chen po la dad pa rab tu sgom pa ces bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Ārya­mahā­yāna­prasāda­prabhāvana­nāma­mahā­yāna­sūtra). Toh 144, Degé Kangyur vol. 57 (mdo sde, pa), folios 6.b–34.a.

’phags pa theg pa chen po la dad pa rab tu sgom pa ces bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo. bka’ ‘gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ‘jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–2009, vol. 57, pp. 20–85.

’phags pa theg pa chen po la dad pa rab tu sgom pa ces bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo. Stok no. 228, Stok Palace Kangyur vol. 74 (mdo sde, ’a), folios 58.b–98.a.

dkar chag ’phang thang ma. Beijing: mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 2003.

Asaṅga. Abhidharmasamuccaya: The Compendium of the Higher Teaching (Philosophy). Translated by Walpola Rahula and Sara Boin-Webb. Fremont, CA: Asian Humanities Press, 2001.

Denkarma (pho brang stod thang ldan [/ lhan] dkar gyi chos ’gyur ro cog gi dkar chag). Toh 4364, Degé Tengyur vol. 206 (sna tshogs, jo), folios 294.b–310.a.

Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. Die lHan kar ma: ein früher Katalog der ins Tibetische übersetzten buddhistischen Texte. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2008.

Skilling, Peter. “Vasubandhu and the Vyākhyāyukti Literature.” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 23, no. 2 (2000): 297–350.


g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for names and terms of the corresponding source language

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in a manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other manuscripts with a parallel or similar context.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in dictionaries matching Tibetan to the corresponding language.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where the relationship between the Tibetan and source language is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

absence of characteristics

Wylie:
  • mtshan ma med pa
Tibetan:
  • མཚན་མ་མེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • animitta

One of the three gateways to liberation along with emptiness and absence of wishes.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­24
  • 2.­64
  • 5.­7
  • g.­2
  • g.­15
g.­2

absence of wishes

Wylie:
  • smon pa med pa
Tibetan:
  • སྨོན་པ་མེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • apraṇihita

One of the three gateways to liberation along with emptiness and absence of characteristics.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­24
  • 5.­7
  • g.­1
  • g.­15
g.­3

Acting with Trust

Wylie:
  • dad pas rab du ’jug pa
Tibetan:
  • དད་པས་རབ་དུ་འཇུག་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • p.­3
g.­4

aggregates

Wylie:
  • phung po
Tibetan:
  • ཕུང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • skandha

The fivefold basic grouping of the components out of which the world and the personal self are formed.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­30-31
  • 5.­11
  • g.­66
g.­6

Ānanda

Wylie:
  • kun dga’ bo
Tibetan:
  • ཀུན་དགའ་བོ།
Sanskrit:
  • ānanda

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A major śrāvaka disciple and personal attendant of the Buddha Śākyamuni during the last twenty-five years of his life. He was a cousin of the Buddha (according to the Mahāvastu, he was a son of Śuklodana, one of the brothers of King Śuddhodana, which means he was a brother of Devadatta; other sources say he was a son of Amṛtodana, another brother of King Śuddhodana, which means he would have been a brother of Aniruddha).

Ānanda, having always been in the Buddha’s presence, is said to have memorized all the teachings he heard and is celebrated for having recited all the Buddha’s teachings by memory at the first council of the Buddhist saṅgha, thus preserving the teachings after the Buddha’s parinirvāṇa. The phrase “Thus did I hear at one time,” found at the beginning of the sūtras, usually stands for his recitation of the teachings. He became a patriarch after the passing of Mahākāśyapa.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 5.­9-14
g.­7

asura

Wylie:
  • lha ma yin
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ་མ་ཡིན།
Sanskrit:
  • asura

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A type of nonhuman being whose precise status is subject to different views, but is included as one of the six classes of beings in the sixfold classification of realms of rebirth. In the Buddhist context, asuras are powerful beings said to be dominated by envy, ambition, and hostility. They are also known in the pre-Buddhist and pre-Vedic mythologies of India and Iran, and feature prominently in Vedic and post-Vedic Brahmanical mythology, as well as in the Buddhist tradition. In these traditions, asuras are often described as being engaged in interminable conflict with the devas (gods).

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • p.­3
  • 5.­7
  • 5.­15
g.­10

concentration

Wylie:
  • bsam gtan
Tibetan:
  • བསམ་གཏན།
Sanskrit:
  • dhyāna

One of the six perfections.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­26
  • 2.­5
  • 4.­18
  • 5.­5
  • g.­52
g.­13

diligence

Wylie:
  • brtson ’grus
Tibetan:
  • བརྩོན་འགྲུས།
Sanskrit:
  • vīrya

One of the six perfections.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­23
  • 2.­5
  • 4.­17
  • g.­52
g.­14

discipline

Wylie:
  • tshul khrims
Tibetan:
  • ཚུལ་ཁྲིམས།
Sanskrit:
  • śīla

One of the six perfections.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­30
  • 2.­5
  • 2.­7
  • 4.­15
  • 5.­5
  • g.­52
g.­15

emptiness

Wylie:
  • stong pa nyid
Tibetan:
  • སྟོང་པ་ཉིད།
Sanskrit:
  • śūnyatā

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Emptiness denotes the ultimate nature of reality, the total absence of inherent existence and self-identity with respect to all phenomena. According to this view, all things and events are devoid of any independent, intrinsic reality that constitutes their essence. Nothing can be said to exist independent of the complex network of factors that gives rise to its origination, nor are phenomena independent of the cognitive processes and mental constructs that make up the conventional framework within which their identity and existence are posited. When all levels of conceptualization dissolve and when all forms of dichotomizing tendencies are quelled through deliberate meditative deconstruction of conceptual elaborations, the ultimate nature of reality will finally become manifest. It is the first of the three gateways to liberation.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • i.­6
  • 2.­24
  • 2.­64
  • 5.­7
  • g.­1
  • g.­2
g.­20

Four Great Kings

Wylie:
  • rgyal po chen po bzhi
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་པོ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • caturmahārāja

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Four gods who live on the lower slopes (fourth level) of Mount Meru in the eponymous Heaven of the Four Great Kings (Cāturmahā­rājika, rgyal chen bzhi’i ris) and guard the four cardinal directions. Each is the leader of a nonhuman class of beings living in his realm. They are Dhṛtarāṣṭra, ruling the gandharvas in the east; Virūḍhaka, ruling over the kumbhāṇḍas in the south; Virūpākṣa, ruling the nāgas in the west; and Vaiśravaṇa (also known as Kubera) ruling the yakṣas in the north. Also referred to as Guardians of the World or World Protectors (lokapāla, ’jig rten skyong ba).

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­26
  • g.­27
g.­23

gandharva

Wylie:
  • dri za
Tibetan:
  • དྲི་ཟ།
Sanskrit:
  • gandharva

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of generally benevolent nonhuman beings who inhabit the skies, sometimes said to inhabit fantastic cities in the clouds, and more specifically to dwell on the eastern slopes of Mount Meru, where they are ruled by the Great King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. They are most renowned as celestial musicians who serve the gods. In the Abhidharma, the term is also used to refer to the mental body assumed by sentient beings during the intermediate state between death and rebirth. Gandharvas are said to live on fragrances (gandha) in the desire realm, hence the Tibetan translation dri za, meaning “scent eater.”

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • p.­3
  • 5.­7
  • 5.­15
  • g.­20
g.­24

garuḍa

Wylie:
  • nam mkha’ lding
Tibetan:
  • ནམ་མཁའ་ལྡིང་།
Sanskrit:
  • garuḍa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In Indian mythology, the garuḍa is an eagle-like bird that is regarded as the king of all birds, normally depicted with a sharp, owl-like beak, often holding a snake, and with large and powerful wings. They are traditionally enemies of the nāgas. In the Vedas, they are said to have brought nectar from the heavens to earth. Garuḍa can also be used as a proper name for a king of such creatures.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • p.­3
  • 5.­7
g.­25

generosity

Wylie:
  • sbyin pa
Tibetan:
  • སྦྱིན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • dāna

One of the six perfections.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­5
  • 4.­14
  • g.­52
g.­27

Great King

Wylie:
  • rgyal po chen po
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་པོ་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahārāja

See “Four Great Kings.”

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • g.­23
  • g.­69
g.­28

Great Skillful Trust

Wylie:
  • dad pa thabs chen
Tibetan:
  • དད་པ་ཐབས་ཆེན།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue.

Located in 48 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1
  • i.­3
  • p.­3
  • p.­5
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­4
  • 1.­6
  • 1.­11
  • 1.­14
  • 1.­16
  • 1.­18
  • 1.­20
  • 1.­22
  • 1.­25
  • 1.­32
  • 1.­34
  • 1.­39
  • 1.­41
  • 1.­43
  • 1.­45
  • 1.­47
  • 1.­49
  • 1.­52
  • 1.­54
  • 1.­56
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­3
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­8
  • 2.­39
  • 2.­41
  • 2.­43
  • 2.­45
  • 2.­47
  • 2.­49
  • 2.­51
  • 2.­54
  • 2.­56
  • 2.­58
  • 2.­61
  • 3.­1
  • 4.­1
  • 5.­1
  • 5.­3-5
  • 5.­7
g.­38

insight

Wylie:
  • lhag mthong
Tibetan:
  • ལྷག་མཐོང་།
Sanskrit:
  • vipaśyanā

One of the two primary forms of meditation in Buddhism, the other being tranquility.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • 2.­48-50
  • 2.­52-53
  • 3.­11
  • 5.­5
  • 5.­7
  • g.­63
g.­41

kinnara

Wylie:
  • mi’am ci
Tibetan:
  • མིའམ་ཅི།
Sanskrit:
  • kinnara

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings that resemble humans to the degree that their very name‍—which means “is that human?”‍—suggests some confusion as to their divine status. Kinnaras are mythological beings found in both Buddhist and Brahmanical literature, where they are portrayed as creatures half human, half animal. They are often depicted as highly skilled celestial musicians.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • p.­3
  • 5.­7
g.­42

knowledge

Wylie:
  • shes rab
Tibetan:
  • ཤེས་རབ།
Sanskrit:
  • prajñā

One of the six perfections.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­30
  • 1.­46
  • 2.­5
  • 2.­52
  • 4.­19
  • g.­52
g.­47

mahoraga

Wylie:
  • lto ’phye chen po
Tibetan:
  • ལྟོ་འཕྱེ་ཆེན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • mahoraga

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Literally “great serpents,” mahoragas are supernatural beings depicted as large, subterranean beings with human torsos and heads and the lower bodies of serpents. Their movements are said to cause earthquakes, and they make up a class of subterranean geomantic spirits whose movement through the seasons and months of the year is deemed significant for construction projects.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • p.­3
  • 5.­7
g.­49

nāga

Wylie:
  • klu
Tibetan:
  • ཀླུ།
Sanskrit:
  • nāga

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who live in subterranean aquatic environments, where they guard wealth and sometimes also teachings. Nāgas are associated with serpents and have a snakelike appearance. In Buddhist art and in written accounts, they are regularly portrayed as half human and half snake, and they are also said to have the ability to change into human form. Some nāgas are Dharma protectors, but they can also bring retribution if they are disturbed. They may likewise fight one another, wage war, and destroy the lands of others by causing lightning, hail, and flooding.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • p.­3
  • 5.­7
  • g.­20
  • g.­24
g.­50

patience

Wylie:
  • bzod pa
Tibetan:
  • བཟོད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • kṣānti

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A term meaning acceptance, forbearance, or patience. As the third of the six perfections, patience is classified into three kinds: the capacity to tolerate abuse from sentient beings, to tolerate the hardships of the path to buddhahood, and to tolerate the profound nature of reality. As a term referring to a bodhisattva’s realization, dharmakṣānti (chos la bzod pa) can refer to the ways one becomes “receptive” to the nature of Dharma, and it can be an abbreviation of anutpattikadharmakṣānti, “forbearance for the unborn nature, or nonproduction, of dharmas.”

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­4-5
  • 4.­16
  • g.­52
g.­52

perfection

Wylie:
  • pha rol tu phyin pa
Tibetan:
  • ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • pāramitā

The trainings of the bodhisattvas, typically understood as the six trainings in generosity, discipline, patience, diligence, concentration, and knowledge.

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • p.­2
  • 3.­12
  • 4.­14-19
  • g.­10
  • g.­13
  • g.­14
  • g.­25
  • g.­42
  • g.­50
g.­53

Rājagṛha

Wylie:
  • rgyal po’i khab
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་པོའི་ཁབ།
Sanskrit:
  • rājagṛha

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The ancient capital of Magadha prior to its relocation to Pāṭaliputra during the Mauryan dynasty, Rājagṛha is one of the most important locations in Buddhist history. The literature tells us that the Buddha and his saṅgha spent a considerable amount of time in residence in and around Rājagṛha‍—in nearby places, such as the Vulture Peak Mountain (Gṛdhrakūṭaparvata), a major site of the Mahāyāna sūtras, and the Bamboo Grove (Veṇuvana)‍—enjoying the patronage of King Bimbisāra and then of his son King Ajātaśatru. Rājagṛha is also remembered as the location where the first Buddhist monastic council was held after the Buddha Śākyamuni passed into parinirvāṇa. Now known as Rajgir and located in the modern Indian state of Bihar.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • p.­2
  • 4.­48-50
  • g.­68
g.­57

Searching for the Vessel of Trust

Wylie:
  • dad pa’i snod yongs su tshol
Tibetan:
  • དད་པའི་སྣོད་ཡོངས་སུ་ཚོལ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • p.­3
  • 5.­4
  • 5.­6
g.­58

seven precious substances

Wylie:
  • rin po che sna bdun
Tibetan:
  • རིན་པོ་ཆེ་སྣ་བདུན།
Sanskrit:
  • saptaratna

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The set of seven precious materials or substances includes a range of precious metals and gems, but their exact list varies. The set often consists of gold, silver, beryl, crystal, red pearls, emeralds, and white coral, but may also contain lapis lazuli, ruby, sapphire, chrysoberyl, diamonds, etc. The term is frequently used in the sūtras to exemplify preciousness, wealth, and beauty, and can describe treasures, offering materials, or the features of architectural structures such as stūpas, palaces, thrones, etc. The set is also used to describe the beauty and prosperity of buddha realms and the realms of the gods.

In other contexts, the term saptaratna can also refer to the seven precious possessions of a cakravartin or to a set of seven precious moral qualities.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 5.­7
g.­63

tranquility

Wylie:
  • zhi gnas
Tibetan:
  • ཞི་གནས།
Sanskrit:
  • śamatha

One of the two primary forms of meditation in Buddhism, the other being insight.

Located in 9 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­48-50
  • 2.­52-53
  • 3.­11
  • 5.­5
  • 5.­7
  • g.­38
g.­68

Vulture Peak Mountain

Wylie:
  • bya rgod kyi phung po’i ri
Tibetan:
  • བྱ་རྒོད་ཀྱི་ཕུང་པོའི་རི།
Sanskrit:
  • gṛdhrakūṭaparvata

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Gṛdhra­kūṭa, literally Vulture Peak, was a hill located in the kingdom of Magadha, in the vicinity of the ancient city of Rājagṛha (modern-day Rajgir, in the state of Bihar, India), where the Buddha bestowed many sūtras, especially the Great Vehicle teachings, such as the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras. It continues to be a sacred pilgrimage site for Buddhists to this day.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • i.­1
  • p.­2
g.­69

yakṣa

Wylie:
  • gnod sbyin
Tibetan:
  • གནོད་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • yakṣa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who inhabit forests, mountainous areas, and other natural spaces, or serve as guardians of villages and towns, and may be propitiated for health, wealth, protection, and other boons, or controlled through magic. According to tradition, their homeland is in the north, where they live under the rule of the Great King Vaiśravaṇa.

Several members of this class have been deified as gods of wealth (these include the just-mentioned Vaiśravaṇa) or as bodhisattva generals of yakṣa armies, and have entered the Buddhist pantheon in a variety of forms, including, in tantric Buddhism, those of wrathful deities.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • p.­3
  • 5.­7
  • g.­20
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    The cultivation of generosity, or dāna—giving voluntarily with a view that something wholesome will come of it—is considered to be a fundamental Buddhist practice by all schools. The nature and quantity of the gift itself is often considered less important.

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    84000. Cultivating Trust in the Great Vehicle (Mahā­yāna­prasāda­prabhāvana, theg pa chen po la dad pa rab tu sgom pa, Toh 144). Translated by Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2023. https://84000.co/translation/toh144/UT22084-057-003-chapter-5.Copy
    84000. Cultivating Trust in the Great Vehicle (Mahā­yāna­prasāda­prabhāvana, theg pa chen po la dad pa rab tu sgom pa, Toh 144). Translated by Dharmachakra Translation Committee, online publication, 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2023, 84000.co/translation/toh144/UT22084-057-003-chapter-5.Copy
    84000. (2023) Cultivating Trust in the Great Vehicle (Mahā­yāna­prasāda­prabhāvana, theg pa chen po la dad pa rab tu sgom pa, Toh 144). (Dharmachakra Translation Committee, Trans.). Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. https://84000.co/translation/toh144/UT22084-057-003-chapter-5.Copy

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