gtsug lag generally refers to a “sacred science or text, (relevant to the ṛṣi) […] or further, sciences or texts of the brahmans” from which the sense of treatise (śāstra) is derived. In Buddhism, gtsug lag is defined broadly as gsung rab (“scriptures”), gzhung lugs (“treatises”), and dam chos (“the sacred Dharma”) (see R. A. Stein’s Tibetica Antiqua III in McKeown 2010, pp. 126–29). Here it refers particularly to the teachings (scriptures, treatises, doctrine?) of the materialists.