The northern continent of the human world according to traditional Indian cosmology, characterized as “unpleasant sound.”

The northern continent of the four in ancient Indian cosmology.

The name of the northern continent of Jambudvīpa where people live in perfect harmony. See Bhattacharya 2000.

The northern continent of the human world according to traditional Indian cosmology, meaning “Unpleasant Sound.”

The northern continent of the human realm according to Buddhist cosmology.

The northern continent of the human world according to traditional Indian cosmology, literally meaning “northern unpleasant sound.”

The northern continent according to Buddhist cosmology. See also UT22084-072-007-70.

A mythical country in the north of India.

In Buddhist cosmology, it refers to (1) the continent to the north of Mount Sumeru, and (2) a land to the north of Jambudvīpa.

The northern continent in Buddhist cosmology.

(1) The continent to the north of Mount Sumeru. (2) A land to the north of Jambudvīpa.

One of the sixteen great kingdoms of ancient India.

A land in the east of Jambudvīpa.

In ancient Buddhist cosmology, the northern of the four continents in the cardinal directions, that of “Unpleasant Sound.”

The continent to the north of Mount Meru according to Buddhist cosmology. In the Abhidharmakośa, it is described as square in shape and its human inhabitants enjoy a fixed lifespan, namely a thousand years, and do not hold personal property or marry.