Name of one of the great hells (Skt. mahānaraka). The Tibetan translation reflects an interpretation of the source term containing the word -rava (“cry” and so forth). The Pali sources attest to two versions of the word: roruva and rorava. The Purāṇas explain Sanskrit raurava as a derivation of the word ruru. See also UT22084-034-025-133 in the translation. One of the meanings of the Sanskrit word raurava is “dreadful” or “terrible.” Elsewhere translated as “Howling Hell.”

One of the eight hot hells.

One of the eight hot hells, it is named for the cries of its inhabitants, who are engulfed in a tremendous blaze.

One of the eight hot hells.

One of the eight hot hells.

The name of a hell realm. One of the eight hot hells.

Name of a hell.

Fourth of the eight hot hells.

One of the eight hot hells.

The fourth of the eight hot hells. In later translations it is ngu ’bod, which also means “wailing” as a compound of the words for “weep” and “shout.”

One of the eight “hot” hells.

Fourth of the eight hot hells of Buddhist cosmology. Named for the cries of its inhabitants, who are engulfed in a tremendous blaze.

One of the eight hot hells.

One of the eight hot hells.

Fourth of the eight hot hells of Buddhist cosmology. Named for the cries of its inhabitants who are engulfed in a tremendous blaze.

Name of one of the great hells; see also UT22084-072-007-175.