Saussurea lappa. This is a 3–4-foot-tall shrub. Alternatively identified as Saussurea costus and Costus speciosus. YJ’s translation refers to another plant, namely Aristolochia recurvilabra.

Saussurea lappa. This is a 3–4-foot-tall shrub. Alternatively identified as Saussurea costus and Costus speciosus.

(Bagchi edition: turuṣka)

Saussurea lappa. This is a 3–4-foot-tall shrub. Alternatively identified as Saussurea costus and Costus speciosus.

Negi identifies the Tibetan ru rta as a translation of the Sanskrit kuṣṭhaṃ, Saussurea costus (McHugh, 2008, p 233).

Saussurea costus.