The Sūtra on Timings for the Gaṇḍī
Toh 299
Degé Kangyur, vol. 71 (mdo sde, sha), folios 303.b–304.b
- Dīpaṃkara Śrījñāna
- Gewai Lodrö
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
This publication was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.
The text was translated, edited, and introduced by the 84000 translation team. Lowell Cook produced the translation and wrote the introduction. George FitzHerbert edited the translation and the introduction, and Dawn Collins copyedited the text. Martina Cotter was in charge of the digital publication process.
Introduction
The Sūtra on the Timings for the Gaṇḍī is a short instruction given by the Buddha concerning the specific times at which the gaṇḍī is to be struck, depending on the month. The gaṇḍī is a long wooden beam1 that is ritually struck, in a variety of methods, on certain occasions in order to call monks to assemblies or meals, to alert them to gatherings, or to herald the beginning of a rite.2
Whereas the sūtra immediately preceding this in the Degé Kangyur, The Gaṇḍī Sūtra3 describes the construction, consecration, benefits, and symbolism of the gaṇḍī—the sound of which is said to quell conflict and symbolize the Perfection of Wisdom—the present sūtra is concerned exclusively with the times at which the gaṇḍī should be struck during the various seasons and months of the year. Two times are given per month, and the times indicated are before noon. The timings given in this sūtra may relate to the bi-monthly gatherings for the poṣadha or Restoration Rite held on the new moon and full moon of every month, at which monastics reaffirm their commitments.4 However this remains a conjecture since the gaṇḍī may be used on a variety of ritual occasions, and The Sūtra on the Timings for the Gaṇḍī does not specify what event the timings prescribed in the text relate to.
In ancient and medieval India, two principal methods for telling time were in use, namely the shadow clock (Skt. chāyāpramāṇa, Tib. grib tshod) and the water clock (Skt. nāḍikā, Tib. chu tshod). The timings prescribed in this sūtra relate to the former. We know that this method of determining time was widely used in the Buddhist monasteries of India during the seventh century ᴄᴇ, since it is described in some detail by the Tang-era Chinese monk Yijing (義浄 635–713 ᴄᴇ), who spent time at Nālandā monastery and gave an account of his experiences in An Account of Buddhism Sent from the South Seas (Taishō 2125, Nanhai ji gui nei fa chuan 南海寄歸內法傳).5
As described by Yijing, telling time based on shadow length was premised on the use of a long L-shaped stick or cane. The shorter, vertical length of the stick that casts the shadow was known as the “man” (Skt. puruṣa, Tib. skyes bu). This vertical portion corresponds to the gnomon of a sundial. The shadow cast by this “man” was measured along the longer horizontal portion of the stick. When the shadow was equal in length to its height, that measurement was also called one “man.” Not unlike how a sundial works, the length of the shadow cast by the gnomon was used to indicate the seasonal hour, a unit of time that varied between seasons.6
In this eleventh-century Tibetan translation of The Sūtra on the Timings for the Gaṇḍī, the units of measurement for the shadow are given in “feet” (Skt. pada/pāda, Tib. rkang pa) and “fingerbreadths” (Skt. aṅgula, Tib. sor). Typically in ancient and medieval India, twelve or fourteen fingerbreadths were equal to one foot.7 In The Sūtra on the Timings for the Gaṇḍī it is uncertain how many “feet” correspond to one “man.” Since the Sanskrit term pāda can also mean “a quarter,” it is possible that here four feet correspond to one man. All of these measurements would be scaled down in ratio according to the size of the gnomon or “man” in use. Yijing states that the gnomons he witnessed in use in India were four fingerbreadths in height.
In The Sūtra on the Timings for the Gaṇḍī, the Buddha gives a schedule of twenty-four bi-monthly readings which vary over the course of twelve months and four seasons8 to cover the entire year. In each case, he gives two shadow length readings which denote the times when the gaṇḍī is to be struck and when it is not. With a few exceptions, these readings are two feet apart. Since the length of the shadow shortens from the first reading to the second, we can infer that these times are in the morning, when the shadows cast by the sun progressively decrease. Hence, for each time of year, the Buddha provides a range from the earliest time at which the gaṇḍī may be struck until the time it may no longer be struck.
While the use of the gaṇḍī was widespread in India and continues to be used by monastic communities today, this sūtra does not appear to have survived in any Indic language.
The sūtra’s colophon states that it was translated into Tibetan by the Tibetan monk Gewai Lodrö (11th ᴄᴇ) and the Indian preceptor Dīpaṃkara Śrījñāna, more widely known as Atiśa Dīpaṃkara (982–1054), the great revitalizer of Buddhism in Tibet after the period of fragmentation. Atiśa and Gewai Lodrö worked closely together to translate a number of works. There is no mention of the sūtra in the catalogs of scriptures translated during the Imperial Period (629–841 ᴄᴇ), which suggests that Atiśa and Gewai Lodrö’s translation was the first time it was translated into Tibetan. Based on the dates recorded in Atiśa’s biographies, we can say with some certainty that this sūtra was likely translated sometime between 1040, when Atiśa first arrived in Tibet, and 1054, the year of his passing.
The present translation is based on the version found in the Degé Kangyur, in consultation with the variant readings recorded in the Comparative Edition (dpe bsdur ma) and the Stok Palace Manuscript Kangyur.
Text Body
The Translation
Homage to the blessed Youthful Mañjuśrī.
Thus did I hear at one time. The Blessed One was staying in the Bamboo Grove, in the Kalandakanivāpa near Rājagṛha. The Blessed One called forth the monks and delivered the following teaching.
“Monks, I will explain the times of the year to you. Listen well.
“Monks, in the first half of the first winter month, seven feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than four and a half feet is not. In the second half of that month, eight feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than six feet is not. In the first half of the middle winter month, nine feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than seven feet is not. In the second half of that month, ten feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than eight feet is not. In the first half of the last winter month, eleven feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than nine feet is not. [F.304.a] In the second half of that month, twelve feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than ten feet is not.
“In the first half of the first month of spring, eleven feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than nine feet is not. In the second half of that month, ten feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than eight feet is not. In the first half of the middle month of spring, nine feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than seven feet is not. In the second half of that month, eight feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than six feet is not. During the first half of the last month of spring, seven feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than five feet is not. In the second half of that month, six feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than four feet is not.
“In the first half of the first month of summer, six feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than four feet is not. In the second half of that month, five feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than three feet is not. In the first half of the middle month of summer, four feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than three feet is not. In the second half of that month, four feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than two feet is not. In the first half of the last summer month, three feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than two feet is not.
“In the first half of the first month of fall, three feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than two and a half feet is not. In the second half of that month, two feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than half a foot is not.9 In the first half of the middle month of fall, four feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than two feet is not. In the second half of that month, four feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; [F.304.b] a fingerbreadth less than two feet is not. In the first half of the last month of fall, five feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than three feet is not. In the second half of that month, six feet is the time for the gaṇḍī; a fingerbreadth less than four feet is not.”
After the Blessed One spoke these words, the monks rejoiced and praised what the Blessed One had taught.
This completes “The Sūtra on the Timings for the Gaṇḍī.”
Colophon
Translated by the Indian preceptor Dīpaṃkara Śrījñāna and the translator monk Gewai Lodrö.
Appendix
Time of Year: First month of winter (1st half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 7
Not time for gaṇḍī: 4.5
Time of Year: First month of winter (2nd half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 8
Not time for gaṇḍī: 6
Time of Year: Second month of winter (1st half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 9
Not time for gaṇḍī: 7
Time of Year: Second month of winter (2nd half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 10
Not time for gaṇḍī: 8
Time of Year: Third month of winter (1st half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 11
Not time for gaṇḍī: 9
Time of Year: Third month of winter (2nd half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 12
Not time for gaṇḍī: 10
Time of Year: First month of spring (1st half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 11
Not time for gaṇḍī: 9
Time of Year: First month of spring (2nd half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 10
Not time for gaṇḍī: 8
Time of Year: Second month of spring (1st half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 9
Not time for gaṇḍī: 7
Time of Year: Second month of spring (2nd half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 8
Not time for gaṇḍī: 6
Time of Year: Third month of spring (1st half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 7
Not time for gaṇḍī: 5
Time of Year: Third month of spring (2nd half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 6
Not time for gaṇḍī: 4
Time of Year: First month of summer (1st half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 6
Not time for gaṇḍī: 4
Time of Year: First month of summer (2nd half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 5
Not time for gaṇḍī: 3
Time of Year: Second month of summer (1st half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 4
Not time for gaṇḍī: 3
Time of Year: Second month of summer (2nd half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 4
Not time for gaṇḍī: 2
Time of Year: Third month of summer (1st half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 3
Not time for gaṇḍī: 2
Time of Year: Third month of summer (2nd half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 3
Not time for gaṇḍī: 2
Time of Year: First month of fall (1st half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 3
Not time for gaṇḍī: 2.5
Time of Year: First month of fall (2nd half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 2 [3.5?]
Not time for gaṇḍī: .5 [2.5?]
Time of Year: Second month of fall (1st half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 4
Not time for gaṇḍī: 2
Time of Year: Second month of fall (2nd half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 4
Not time for gaṇḍī: 2
Time of Year: Third month of fall (1st half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 5
Not time for gaṇḍī: 3
Time of Year: Third month of fall (2nd half)
Time for gaṇḍī: 6
Not time for gaṇḍī: 4
Notes
Bibliography
Tibetan
gaN DI’i dus kyi mdo (Gaṇḍīsamayasūtra). Toh 299, Degé Kangyur vol. 71 (mdo sde, sha) folios 303.b–304.a.
gaN DI’i dus kyi mdo. bka’ gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–9, vol. 71, pp. 824–26.
GaN DI’i mdo. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–9, vol. 71, pp. 816–23.
gaN+DI’i dus kyi mdo. Stok Palace Kangyur vol. 86 (mdo sde, ci), folios 254.b–259.a.
Translations and Other Sources
84000. The Gaṇḍī Sūtra (Gaṇḍīsūtra, gaN DI'i mdo, Toh 298). Translated by Annie Bien and team. Online publication, 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2020.
Hayashi, Takao. “The Units of Time in Ancient and Medieval India.” History of Science in South Asia 5.1 (2017): 1–116.
Helffer, Mireille. “Le Gandi: Un Simandre Tibétain d’Origine Indienne.” Yearbook for Traditional Music 15 (1983): 112–125.
Ôhashi, Yukio. “Development of Astronomical Observation in Vedic and Post-Vedic India.” Indian Journal of History of Science 28.3 (1993): 185–251.
______“Astronomical Instruments in Classical Siddhāntas.” Indian Journal of History of Science 29.2 (1994): 155–313.
Olivelle, Patrick (trans.). King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kauṭilya’s Arthaśāstra. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Sobkovyak, Ekaterina. “Religious History of the Gaṇḍī Beam: Testimonies of Texts, Images and Ritual Practices.” Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 69, no. 3 (2015): 685–722.
Takakasu, J. (trans.). A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practiced in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671–695), by I-Tsing. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1896.
Vandor, Ivan. “The Gandi: A Musical Instrument of Buddhist India Recently Identified in a Tibetan Monastery.” The World of Music Vol. XVII, No. 1 (1975): 24–27.
Glossary
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Attested in other text
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Attested in dictionary
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Approximate attestation
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Bamboo Grove
- ’od ma’i tshal
- འོད་མའི་ཚལ།
- veṇuvana
Blessed One
- bcom ldan ’das
- བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས།
- bhagavān
Dīpaṃkara Śrījñāna
- dI paM ka ra shrI dz+nyA na
- དཱི་པཾ་ཀ་ར་ཤྲཱི་ཛྙཱ་ན།
- dīpaṃkaraśrījñāna
Gewai Lodrö
- dge ba’i blo gros
- དགེ་བའི་བློ་གྲོས།
- —
Kalandakanivāpa
- bya ka lan da ka’i gnas
- བྱ་ཀ་ལན་ད་ཀའི་གནས།
- kalandakanivāpa
Rājagṛha
- rgyal po’i khab
- རྒྱལ་པོའི་ཁབ།
- rājagṛha
youthful Mañjuśrī
- ’jam dpal gzhon nur gyur pa
- འཇམ་དཔལ་གཞོན་ནུར་གྱུར་པ།
- mañjuśrīkumārabhūta