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  • Toh 147

This rendering does not include the entire published text

The full text is available to download as pdf at:
/translation/toh147.pdf

དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་རྗེ་ཆེན་པོ་ངེས་པར་བསྟན་པ།

The Teaching on the Great Compassion of the Tathāgata

Tathāgata­mahā­karuṇā­nirdeśa
འཕགས་པ་དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་རྗེ་ཆེན་པོ་ངེས་པར་བསྟན་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།
’phags pa de bzhin gshegs pa’i snying rje chen po nges par bstan pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo
The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra “The Teaching on the Great Compassion of the Tathāgata”
Ārya­tathāgata­mahākaruṇā­nirdeśanāma­mahāyāna­sūtra

Toh 147

Degé Kangyur, vol. 57 (mdo sde, pa), folios 142.a–242.b

ᴛʀᴀɴsʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴛɪʙᴇᴛᴀɴ ʙʏ
  • Śīlendrabodhi
  • Yeshé Dé

Imprint

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Translated by Anne Burchardi
under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha

First published 2020

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co.

Table of Contents

ti. Title
im. Imprint
co. Contents
s. Summary
ac. Acknowledgements
i. Introduction
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· The Text
· Outline of the Sūtra
· The Sūtra’s Associations with Buddha Nature Literature
tr. The Translation
+ 2 chapters- 2 chapters
1. The Great Assembly Chapter “Array of Ornaments”
2. Chapter 2
c. Colophon
n. Notes
b. Bibliography
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· Primary Sources
· Secondary Canonical Sources
· Other Secondary Sources
g. Glossary

s.

Summary

s.­1

The Teaching on the Great Compassion of the Tathāgata opens with the Buddha presiding over a large congregation of disciples at Vulture Peak. Entering a special state of meditative absorption, he magically displays a pavilion in the sky, attracting a vast audience of divine and human Dharma followers. At the request of the bodhisattva Dhāraṇīśvara­rāja, the Buddha gives a discourse on the qualities of bodhisattvas, which are specified as bodhisattva ornaments, illuminations, compassion, and activities. He also teaches about the compassionate awakening of tathāgatas and the scope of a tathāgata’s activities. At the request of a bodhisattva named Siṃhaketu, Dhāraṇīśvara­rāja then gives a discourse on eight dhāraṇīs, following which the Buddha explains the sources and functions of a dhāraṇī known as the jewel lamp. As the text concludes, various deities and Dharma protectors praise the sūtra’s qualities and vow to preserve and protect it in the future, and the Buddha entrusts the sūtra and its propagation to Dhāraṇīśvara­rāja. The sūtra is a particularly rich source of detail on the qualities of bodhisattvas and buddhas.


ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

This sūtra was translated by Anne Burchardi, with Dr. Ulrich Pagel acting as consultant. Tulku Dakpa Rinpoche, Jens Braarvig, and Tom Tillemans provided help and advice, and Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche provided inspiration. Anne Burchardi introduced the text, the translation and introduction were edited by the 84000 editorial team.


We gratefully acknowledge the generous sponsorship of May and George Gu, made in memory of Frank ST Gu. Their support has helped make the work on this translation possible.


i.

Introduction

The Text

i.­1

The Teaching on the Great Compassion of the Tathāgata1 is an important early Great Vehicle sūtra, setting out some key features of the bodhisattva path in a doctrinally dense text that has been explored in later commentaries as an important source of clarification on the qualities that bodhisattvas develop as they progress to awakening, on the dhāraṇīs, and indirectly on the potential for buddhahood (buddhagotra) underlying their progress. The text survives in an incomplete Sanskrit manuscript, two Chinese translations, and the Tibetan translation.

Outline of the Sūtra

The Sūtra’s Associations with Buddha Nature Literature


Text Body

The Translation
The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra
The Teaching on the Great Compassion of the Tathāgata

1.

The Great Assembly Chapter “Array of Ornaments”

[B1] [F.142.a]


1.­1

Homage to all buddhas and bodhisattvas.


1.­2

Thus did I hear at one time. The Blessed One was dwelling on Vulture Peak, near Rājagṛha, a place blessed by tathāgatas, a great stūpa where previous victors dwelled. It is a Dharma seat praised by bodhisattvas and a place worshiped by gods, nāgas, yakṣas, gandharvas, and asuras that inspires toward roots of virtue. It is a site where tathāgatas appear and where gateways to the Dharma are promulgated‍—a domain of tathāgatas where bodhisattvas appear and infinite qualities spring forth.


2.

Chapter 2

2.­1

After the Blessed One had surveyed the great assembly of bodhisattvas, he knew and rejoiced that the bodhisattvas who had assembled were holders of the treasure of the Tathāgata’s Dharma striving for righteousness.

2.­2

In order for the Dharma discourse The Gateway to Unobstructed Deliverance through the Bodhisattva Way of Life to be explained, [F.157.b] a light known as fearless eloquence, the mark of a great being, emerged from the crown of his head.


c.

Colophon

c.­1

This text was translated and edited by the Indian preceptor Śīlendrabodhi and the principal editor-translator, Bandé Yeshé Dé. It was reviewed and finalized in accordance with the new language reforms.


n.

Notes

n.­1
This text is known by two different Sanskrit titles: Tathāgata­mahā­karuṇā­nirdeśa (The Teaching on the Great Compassion of the Tathāgata) and Dhāraṇīśvara­rāja­sūtra (The Dhāraṇīśvararāja Sūtra).
n.­2
See Ye 2021.
n.­3
Taishō 398 is Da ai jing (大哀經), and the overall title of Taishō 397 is Dafangdeng da ji jing (大方等大集經). The version of the sūtra in the latter appears to be the version referenced in the Ratnagotra­vibhāgavyākhyā. A Japanese translation of Taishō 397 was published in 1934.
n.­4
Denkarma, folio 297.a.6. See also Herrmann-Pfandt (2008), pp. 56–57, no. 99.
n.­5
Phangthangma, p. 8.
n.­6
For information on the sections and the discourses of the sūtra see Pagel (2007b), pp. 92–96.
n.­7
In addition to the best known references mentioned below, the sūtra is cited in the Madhyamakāvatāra (Toh 3861, see La Vallée Poussin 1907–12, p. 426) and in the Sūtrasamuccaya (see Pāsādika 1989, 30.6–32.7, 129.1–130.14).
n.­8
The Ratnagotra­vibhāga (Toh 4024), also known from the other part of its title as the Mahā­yānottara­tantra­śāstra, theg pa chen po rgyud bla ma, and the Ratnagotra­vibhāgavyākhyā (Toh 4025) are to be found as Tibetan translations in the Tengyur. Tibetan translations of this text and its commentary were widely studied in Tibet, and the Ratnagotra­vibhāga still figures prominently in the curriculum of many Tibetan Buddhist monastic universities in exile, where it continues to be regarded as locus classicus for the study of buddha nature.

b.

Bibliography

Primary Sources

’phags pa de bzhin gshegs pa’i snying rje chen po nges par bstan pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Ārya­tathāgata­mahākaruṇā­nirdeśanāma­mahāyāna­sūtra). Degé Kangyur vol. 57 (mdo sde, pa), folios 142.a–242.b.

’phags pa de bzhin gshegs pa’i snying rje chen po nges par bstan pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–2009, vol. 57, pp. 377–611.

[Bodhisattva­piṭaka] ’phags pa byang chub sems dpa’i sde snod ces bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Ārya­bodhisattva­piṭaka­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra). Toh 56, Degé Kangyur vol. 40 (dkon brtsegs, kha), folios 255.b–294.a; vol. 41 (dkon brtsegs, ga), folios 1.b–205.b. English translation in Norwegian Institute of Palaeography and Historical Philology 2023.

[Ratnagotra­vibhāga] theg pa chen po rgyud bla ma’i bstan bcos (Mahāyānottara­tantra­śāstra). Toh 4024, Degé Tengyur vol. 123 (sems tsam, phi), folios 54.b–73.a.

[Ratnagotra­vibhāgavyākhyā] theg pa chen po rgyud bla ma’i bstan bcos rnam par bshad pa (Mahāyānottara­tantra­śāstra). Toh 4025, Degé Tengyur vol. 123 (sems tsam, phi), folios 74.b–129.a.

rigs sngags kyi rgyal mo rma bya chen mo las gsungs pa’i smon lam dang bden tshig. Toh 814, Degé Kangyur vol. 96 (rgyud ’bum, wa), folios 254.a–254.b.

Secondary Canonical Sources

[Akṣayamati­nirdeśa] ’phags pa blo gros mi zad pas bstan pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Āryākṣayamati­nirdeśanāma­mahāyāna­sūtra). Toh 175, Degé Kangyur vol. 60 (mdo sde, ma), folios 79.a–174.b. English translation in Braarvig, Jens, and David Welsh (2020). [Full citation listed in secondary sources]

Candrakīrti. dbu ma la ’jug pa (Madhyamakāvatāra). Toh 3861, Degé Tengyur vol. 102 (dbu ma, ’a), folios 201.b–219.a. Translation in La Vallée Poussin (1907–12).

Dharmottara. rigs pa’i thigs pa’i rgya cher ’grel pa (Nyāyabinduṭīka). Toh 4231, Degé Tengyur vol. 189 (mdo ’grel, we), folios 36.b–92.a.

[Denkarma] pho brang stod thang ldan dkar gyi chos kyi ’gyur ro cog gi dkar chag. Toh 4364, Degé Tengyur vol. 206 (sna tshogs, jo), folios 294.b–310.a.

[Jñānā­lokālaṃkāra] ’phags pa sangs rgyas thams cad kyi yul la ’jug pa’i ye shes snang ba’i rgyan zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Ārya­sarva­buddha­viṣayāvatāra­jñānā­lokālaṃkāranāma­mahāyāna­sūtra). Toh 100, Degé Kangyur vol. 47 (mdo sde, ga), folios 276.a–305.a. English translation in Dharmachakra Translation Committee (2015). [Full citation listed in secondary sources]

Mahāvyutpatti (bye brag tu rtogs par byed pa chen po). Toh 4346, Degé Tengyur vol. 204 (sna tshogs, co), folios 1.b–131.a.

Nāgārjuna. mdo kun las btus pa (Sūtrasamuccaya). Toh 3934, Degé Tengyur vol. 110 (dbu ma, ki), folios 148.b–215.a.

[Ratnamegha] ’phags pa dkon mchog sprin ces bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Āryaratnameghanāmamahāyānasūtra). Toh 231, Degé Kangyur vol. 64 (mdo sde, wa), folios 1.b–112.b. English translation in Dharmachakra Translation Committee (2019). [Full citation listed in secondary sources]

[Ṡaḍaṅgayogapañjikā]. Avadhūtipa. dpal dus kyi ’khor lo’i man ngag sbyor ba yan lag drug gi rgyud kyi dka’ ’grel zhes bya ba (Śrī­kālacakropadeśa­yoga­ṣaḍaṅga­tantra­pañjikānāma). Toh 1373, Degé Tengyur vol. 13 (rgyud, pa), folios 252.a–279.b.

[Saṃdhinirmocana­sūtra] ’phags pa dgongs pa nges par ’grel pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Ārya­saṃdhinirmocana­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra). Toh 106, Degé Kangyur vol. 49 (mdo sde, tsha), folios 1.b–55.b. English translation in Buddhavacana Translation Group (2020). [Full citation listed in secondary sources]

[Tathāgata­guṇa­jñānā­cintyaviṣayāvatāra­nirdeśa] ’phags pa de bzhin gshegs pa’i yon tan dang ye shes bsam gyis mi khyab pa’i yul la ’jug pa bstan pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Ārya­tathāgata­guṇa­jñānā­cintyaviṣayāvatāra­nirdeśa­nāma­mahāyāna­sūtra). Toh 185, Degé Kangyur vol. 61 (mdo sde, tsa), folios 106.a–143.b. English translation in Liljenberg, Karen (2020). [Full citation listed in secondary sources]

Other Secondary Sources

Braarvig, Jens (1993). Akṣayamati­nirdeśasūtra. 2 vols. Oslo: Solom Verlag, 1993.

Braarvig, Jens (1985). “Dhāraṇī and Pratibhāna: Memory and Eloquence of the Bodhisattvas.” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 8, no. 1 (1985): 17–30.

Braarvig, Jens, and David Welsh, trans. The Teaching of Akṣayamati (Akṣayamati­nirdeśa, Toh 175). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2020.

Brunnhölzl, Karl. When the Clouds Part: The “Uttaratantra” and Its Meditative Tradition as a Bridge between Sūtra and Tantra. Boston: Snow Lion, 2014.

Buddhavacana Translation Group, trans. Unraveling the Intent (Saṃdhinirmocana­sūtra, Toh 106). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.

Burchardi, Anne. “A Provisional list of Tibetan Commentaries on the Ratnagotra­vibhāga.” Tibet Journal 31, no. 4 (Winter 2006): 3–46.

Dharmachakra Translation Committee (2013), trans. The Play in Full (Lalita­vistara, Toh 95). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2013.

Dharmachakra Translation Committee (2015), trans. The Ornament of the Light of Awareness that Enters the Domain of All Buddhas (Jñānā­lokālaṃkāra, Toh 100). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2015.

Dharmachakra Translation Committee (2019) trans. The Jewel Cloud (Ratnamegha, Toh 231). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2019.

Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. Die lHan kar ma: ein früher Katalog der ins Tibetische übersetzten buddhistischen Texte. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2008.

Higgins, David, and Martina Draszczyk. Mahāmudrā and the Middle Way: Post-classical Kagyü Discourses on Mind, Emptiness and Buddha-Nature. Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde vol. 90.1–2. Vienna: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien der Universität Wien, 2016.

Hookham, S. K. The Buddha Within: Tathāgatagarbha Dharma According to the Shentong Interpretation of the Ratnagotra­vibhāga. Albany: SUNY Press, 1991. 

Johnston, Edward H., ed. The Ratnagotra­vibhāga Mahāyānanottaratantraśāstra. Patna: Bihar Research Society, 1950.

La Vallée Poussin, Louis de, ed. Madhyamakāvatāra par Candrakīrti: Traduction Tibétaine. Bibliotheca Buddhica 9. Osnabruück: Biblio Verlag, 1907–12.

Liljenberg, Karen, trans. Introduction to the Inconceivable Qualities and Wisdom of the Tathāgatas (Tathāgata­guṇa­jñānā­cintyaviṣayāvatāra­nirdeśa, Toh 185). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2020.

Marpa Chökyi Lodrö (mar pa chos kyi blo gros). rgyud bla ma’i tshig don rnam par ’grel ba. In dpal mnga’ bdag sgra sgyur mar pa’ lo tsA ba chos kyi blo gros kyi gsung ’bum, vol. 1, 414–522. Dehradun: Drikung Kagyu Institute, 2009.

Mathes, Klaus-Dieter, ed. ’Gos Lo tsā ba gZhon nu dpal’s Commentary on the Ratnagotra­vibhāgavyākhyā (Theg pa chen po rgyud bla ma´i bstan bcos kyi ´grel bshad de kho na nyid rab tu gsal ba’i me long). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2003.

Mathes, Klaus-Dieter, ed. A Direct Path to the Buddha Within: Gö Lotsāwa’s Mahāmudra Interpretation of the Ratnagotra­vibhāga. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications, 2008.

Nakamura, Hajime. “On the Jnāna-āloka-alaṃkāra-sūtra.” Journal of Nichiren and Buddhist Studies 100 (1953): 185–204.

Norwegian Institute of Palaeography and Historical Philology, trans. The Collected Teachings on the Bodhisatva (Toh 56). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2023.

Obermiller, Eugène. “The Sublime Science of the Great Vehicle to Salvation: Being a Manual of Buddhist Monism.” Acta Orientalia 9 (1931): 81–306.

Padmakara Translation Group, trans. The Perfection of Wisdom in Twenty-Five Thousand Lines (Pañca­viṃśati­sāhasrikā­prajñā­pāramitā, Toh 9). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2023.

Pagel, Ulrich (1994). “The Bodhisattva­piṭaka and Akṣayamati­nirdeśa: Continuity and Change in Buddhist Sūtras.” In The Buddhist Forum III: Papers in honour and appreciation of Professor David Seyfort Ruegg’s contribution to Indological, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, edited by Ulrich Pagel and Tadeusz Skorupski, 333–73. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1994.

Pagel, Ulrich (1995). The Bodhisattva­piṭaka: Its Dharmas, Practices and Their Position in Mahāyāna Literature. Tring: The Institute of Buddhist Studies, 1995.

Pagel, Ulrich (2007a). “The Dhāraṇīs of Mahāvyutpatti #748: Origin and Formation.” Buddhist Studies Review 24, no. 2 (2007): 151–91.

Pagel, Ulrich (2007b). Mapping the Path: Vajrapadas in Mahāyāna Literature. Studia Philologica Buddhica 21. Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 2007.

Pagel, Ulrich, and Braarvig, Jens. “Fragments of the Bodhisattva­piṭaka.” In Buddhist manuscripts, Volume III, edited by Jens Braarvig, 11–89. Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection. Oslo: Hermes Publishing, 2006.

Pāsādika, Bhikkhu, ed. Nāgārjuna’s Sūtrasamuccaya: A Critical Edition of the Mdo kun las btus pa. Fontes Tibetici Havnienses 2. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 1989.

Phangthangma (dkar chag ’phang thang ma). Beijing: mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 2003.

Powers, John. Wisdom of the Buddha: The Saṁdhinimocana Mahāyāna Sūtra. Berkeley: Dharma Publishing, 1995.

Ruegg, David Seyfort. Buddha-nature, Mind and the Problem of Gradualism in a Comparative Perspective: On the Transmission and Reception of Buddhism in India and Tibet. Jordan Lectures in Comparative Religion 13. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1989.

Stearns, Cyrus. The Buddha from Dolpo: A Study of the Life and Thought of the Tibetan Master Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen. Albany: SUNY Press, 1999.

Study Group on Buddhist Literature. Jñānā­lokālaṃkāra: Transliterated Sanskrit Text Collated with Tibetan and Chinese Translations. Tokyo: Taisho University Press, 2004.

Takasaki, Jikido (1974). Nyoraizō shiso nō keisei: Indo Daijō Bukkyō shisō kenkyū. [English title: Formation of the Tathāgatagarbha Theory: A Study of the Historical Background of the Tathāgatagarbha Theory of Mahāyāna Buddhism Based upon the Scriptures Preceding the Ratnagotra­vibhāga]. Tokyo: Shunjūsha, 1974.

Takasaki, Jikido (1966). A Study of the Ratnagotra­vibhāga (Uttaratantra): Being a Treatise on the Tathāgatagarbha Theory of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Serie Orientale Roma 33. Roma: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, 1966.

Ui, Hakuju. Hōshōron Kenkyū. Daijī Bukkyō Kenkyū 6. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1959.

Ye Shaoyong. “A Preliminary Report on a Sanskrit Manuscript of the Tathāgata­mahā­karuṇā­nirdeśa or Dhāraṇīśvararāja.” Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 69:3 (2021): 76-81.


g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for names and terms of the corresponding source language

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in a manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other manuscripts with a parallel or similar context.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in dictionaries matching Tibetan to the corresponding language.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where the relationship between the Tibetan and source language is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

Ābhāsvara

Wylie:
  • ’od gsal
Tibetan:
  • འོད་གསལ།
Sanskrit:
  • ābhāsvara

Sixth god realm of form, meaning “luminosity,” it is the highest of the three heavens that make up the second dhyāna heaven in the form realm.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­90
g.­2

abodes of Brahmā

Wylie:
  • tshangs pa’i gnas pa
Tibetan:
  • ཚངས་པའི་གནས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • brahmavihāra

The four abodes of Brahmā are loving kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity, also known as the four “immeasurables.” The term is also rendered in this translation as “Brahmā abodes.”

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­594
  • 2.­628
  • 2.­724
  • g.­36
  • g.­50
  • g.­94
  • g.­145
  • g.­174
g.­3

absorption

Wylie:
  • ting nge ’dzin
Tibetan:
  • ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན།
Sanskrit:
  • samādhi

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In a general sense, samādhi can describe a number of different meditative states. In the Mahāyāna literature, in particular in the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, we find extensive lists of different samādhis, numbering over one hundred.

In a more restricted sense, and when understood as a mental state, samādhi is defined as the one-pointedness of the mind (cittaikāgratā), the ability to remain on the same object over long periods of time. The Drajor Bamponyipa (sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa) commentary on the Mahāvyutpatti explains the term samādhi as referring to the instrument through which mind and mental states “get collected,” i.e., it is by the force of samādhi that the continuum of mind and mental states becomes collected on a single point of reference without getting distracted.

Located in 86 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­6
  • 1.­9
  • 1.­13
  • 1.­31-32
  • 1.­40
  • 1.­82
  • 1.­89
  • 1.­91-93
  • 1.­109-112
  • 1.­117-118
  • 2.­22
  • 2.­27
  • 2.­33-42
  • 2.­47
  • 2.­64
  • 2.­67
  • 2.­78
  • 2.­81
  • 2.­224
  • 2.­250-252
  • 2.­305
  • 2.­333
  • 2.­336-337
  • 2.­345-346
  • 2.­409
  • 2.­417-418
  • 2.­435
  • 2.­439-440
  • 2.­464-468
  • 2.­485
  • 2.­487
  • 2.­517
  • 2.­614
  • 2.­641
  • 2.­656
  • 2.­683
  • 2.­710
  • n.­32
  • g.­5
  • g.­21
  • g.­22
  • g.­43
  • g.­51
  • g.­53
  • g.­79
  • g.­82
  • g.­84
  • g.­98
  • g.­107
  • g.­109
  • g.­121
  • g.­146
  • g.­166
  • g.­173
  • g.­207
  • g.­299
  • g.­328
  • g.­329
  • g.­330
g.­24

asura

Wylie:
  • lha ma yin
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ་མ་ཡིན།
Sanskrit:
  • asura

Powerful beings who live around Mount Meru and are usually classified as belonging to the higher realms. They are characterized as jealous and ambitious, forever in conflict with the gods.

Located in 10 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 1.­14
  • 1.­37
  • 1.­121
  • 2.­60
  • 2.­102
  • 2.­508
  • 2.­722
  • 2.­752
  • g.­108
g.­27

Bandé Yeshé Dé

Wylie:
  • ban de ye shes sde
Tibetan:
  • བན་དེ་ཡེ་ཤེས་སྡེ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Yeshé Dé (late eighth to early ninth century) was the most prolific translator of sūtras into Tibetan. Altogether he is credited with the translation of more than one hundred sixty sūtra translations and more than one hundred additional translations, mostly on tantric topics. In spite of Yeshé Dé’s great importance for the propagation of Buddhism in Tibet during the imperial era, only a few biographical details about this figure are known. Later sources describe him as a student of the Indian teacher Padmasambhava, and he is also credited with teaching both sūtra and tantra widely to students of his own. He was also known as Nanam Yeshé Dé, from the Nanam (sna nam) clan.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • c.­1
g.­31

blessed one

Wylie:
  • bcom ldan ’das
Tibetan:
  • བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས།
Sanskrit:
  • bhagavān

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In Buddhist literature, this is an epithet applied to buddhas, most often to Śākyamuni. The Sanskrit term generally means “possessing fortune,” but in specifically Buddhist contexts it implies that a buddha is in possession of six auspicious qualities (bhaga) associated with complete awakening. The Tibetan term‍—where bcom is said to refer to “subduing” the four māras, ldan to “possessing” the great qualities of buddhahood, and ’das to “going beyond” saṃsāra and nirvāṇa‍—possibly reflects the commentarial tradition where the Sanskrit bhagavat is interpreted, in addition, as “one who destroys the four māras.” This is achieved either by reading bhagavat as bhagnavat (“one who broke”), or by tracing the word bhaga to the root √bhañj (“to break”).

Located in 168 passages in the translation:

  • i.­6
  • i.­8-9
  • i.­13
  • 1.­2-3
  • 1.­5
  • 1.­7-9
  • 1.­13
  • 1.­15
  • 1.­17-18
  • 1.­20-21
  • 1.­23-27
  • 1.­29-30
  • 1.­38-40
  • 1.­47-53
  • 1.­55-56
  • 1.­59-60
  • 1.­63-64
  • 1.­67-68
  • 1.­71-72
  • 1.­75-76
  • 1.­79-80
  • 1.­83-84
  • 1.­87-93
  • 1.­102-103
  • 1.­108-109
  • 1.­112-113
  • 1.­115-116
  • 1.­119-120
  • 1.­122-123
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­3
  • 2.­5-6
  • 2.­14-21
  • 2.­63
  • 2.­109-110
  • 2.­118
  • 2.­146
  • 2.­200-203
  • 2.­230
  • 2.­236
  • 2.­242-246
  • 2.­248-257
  • 2.­320
  • 2.­426
  • 2.­477
  • 2.­503
  • 2.­506
  • 2.­509
  • 2.­514-515
  • 2.­517-518
  • 2.­522
  • 2.­524-525
  • 2.­527
  • 2.­532
  • 2.­560
  • 2.­607-608
  • 2.­610-612
  • 2.­615-618
  • 2.­651
  • 2.­653-656
  • 2.­664-669
  • 2.­671
  • 2.­674
  • 2.­705
  • 2.­711-712
  • 2.­716-718
  • 2.­726
  • 2.­728-729
  • 2.­731
  • 2.­733
  • 2.­735
  • 2.­737
  • 2.­739
  • 2.­741
  • 2.­743
  • 2.­745-752
g.­47

capable one

Wylie:
  • thub pa
Tibetan:
  • ཐུབ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • muni

An ancient title, derived from the verb man (“to contemplate”), given to those who have attained the realization of a truth through their own contemplation and not by divine revelation. Also rendered here as “sage.”

Used here as an epithet of the buddhas and of the Buddha Śākyamuni in particular.

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­16
  • 1.­44
  • 2.­397
  • 2.­425
  • 2.­704
  • g.­254
g.­48

Catur­mahā­rāja

Wylie:
  • rgyal po chen po bzhi
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་པོ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི།
Sanskrit:
  • catur­mahā­rāja

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Four gods who live on the lower slopes (fourth level) of Mount Meru in the eponymous Heaven of the Four Great Kings (Cāturmahā­rājika, rgyal chen bzhi’i ris) and guard the four cardinal directions. Each is the leader of a nonhuman class of beings living in his realm. They are Dhṛtarāṣṭra, ruling the gandharvas in the east; Virūḍhaka, ruling over the kumbhāṇḍas in the south; Virūpākṣa, ruling the nāgas in the west; and Vaiśravaṇa (also known as Kubera) ruling the yakṣas in the north. Also referred to as Guardians of the World or World Protectors (lokapāla, ’jig rten skyong ba).

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­15
  • 2.­726
  • g.­49
  • g.­333
g.­50

compassion

Wylie:
  • snying rje
Tibetan:
  • སྙིང་རྗེ།
Sanskrit:
  • karuṇā

One of the abodes of Brahmā, the other being: loving kindness or love, equanimity, and joy.

Located in 77 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­8-9
  • i.­18
  • 1.­5
  • 1.­25
  • 1.­28
  • 1.­31-32
  • 1.­53
  • 1.­69
  • 1.­100
  • 1.­117
  • 1.­120
  • 2.­17-18
  • 2.­41
  • 2.­58
  • 2.­125
  • 2.­146
  • 2.­163
  • 2.­200-212
  • 2.­215
  • 2.­218
  • 2.­221
  • 2.­223-224
  • 2.­226
  • 2.­229
  • 2.­235
  • 2.­237
  • 2.­239
  • 2.­241-245
  • 2.­250
  • 2.­255-256
  • 2.­316
  • 2.­378-379
  • 2.­382
  • 2.­384-385
  • 2.­391
  • 2.­397
  • 2.­403
  • 2.­425
  • 2.­449
  • 2.­453
  • 2.­455
  • 2.­481
  • 2.­599
  • 2.­660
  • 2.­692
  • 2.­719
  • 2.­753
  • n.­38
  • g.­2
  • g.­44
  • g.­94
  • g.­145
  • g.­174
g.­61

crown protuberance

Wylie:
  • spyi gtsug
Tibetan:
  • སྤྱི་གཙུག
Sanskrit:
  • uṣṇīṣa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the thirty-two signs, or major marks, of a great being. In its simplest form it is a pointed shape of the head like a turban (the Sanskrit term, uṣṇīṣa, in fact means “turban”), or more elaborately a dome-shaped extension. The extension is described as having various extraordinary attributes such as emitting and absorbing rays of light or reaching an immense height.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­62
  • 1.­91
  • 2.­2-3
  • 2.­5
  • 2.­8
  • 2.­263
  • 2.­477-478
  • 2.­509
  • 2.­570
g.­68

desire realm

Wylie:
  • ’dod pa’i khams
Tibetan:
  • འདོད་པའི་ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • kāmadhātu

One of the three realms of saṃsāra, characterized by the prevalence of sense desire.

Located in 17 passages in the translation:

  • i.­6
  • 1.­9
  • 2.­286
  • 2.­293
  • 2.­466
  • g.­37
  • g.­48
  • g.­49
  • g.­110
  • g.­134
  • g.­201
  • g.­212
  • g.­314
  • g.­315
  • g.­321
  • g.­325
  • g.­352
g.­71

dhāraṇī

Wylie:
  • gzungs
Tibetan:
  • གཟུངས།
Sanskrit:
  • dhāraṇī

An incantation, spell, or mnemonic formula that distills essential points of the Dharma and is used by practitioners to attain mundane and supramundane goals. It also has the sense of “retention,” referring to the special capacity of practitioners to memorize and recall detailed teachings. Also translated here as “retention.”

Located in 118 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1
  • i.­5
  • i.­12-15
  • i.­20
  • 1.­103
  • 2.­526-532
  • 2.­540-541
  • 2.­544-546
  • 2.­554-555
  • 2.­558-560
  • 2.­562-563
  • 2.­565-566
  • 2.­568-570
  • 2.­573-578
  • 2.­580-607
  • 2.­616-633
  • 2.­636-649
  • 2.­651-654
  • 2.­671
  • n.­54
  • g.­32
  • g.­92
  • g.­93
  • g.­130
  • g.­148
  • g.­154
  • g.­169
  • g.­172
  • g.­207
  • g.­239
  • g.­247
  • g.­283
  • g.­285
g.­72

Dhāraṇīśvara­rāja

Wylie:
  • gzungs kyi dbang phyug gi rgyal po
Tibetan:
  • གཟུངས་ཀྱི་དབང་ཕྱུག་གི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • dhāraṇīśvara­rāja

The name of a Bodhisattva. The principal interlocutor of The Teaching on the Great Compassion of the Tathāgata, where he also gives a discourse of his own.

Located in 33 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­5
  • i.­7-9
  • i.­12-14
  • i.­16
  • 2.­3-6
  • 2.­17
  • 2.­21
  • 2.­109
  • 2.­146
  • 2.­200
  • 2.­257
  • 2.­526-527
  • 2.­529-530
  • 2.­575
  • 2.­607
  • 2.­651
  • 2.­705
  • 2.­746
  • 2.­749
  • 2.­751-752
  • g.­130
  • g.­268
g.­73

Dharma and Vinaya

Wylie:
  • chos ’dul ba
Tibetan:
  • ཆོས་འདུལ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • dharmavinaya

An early term used to denote the Buddha’s teaching. “Dharma” refers to the sūtras and “Vinaya” to the rules of discipline.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­242
  • 2.­505
  • g.­225
  • g.­248
g.­74

Dharma discourse

Wylie:
  • chos kyi rnam grangs
Tibetan:
  • ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྣམ་གྲངས།
Sanskrit:
  • dharmaparyāya

Located in 22 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­8
  • 1.­103
  • 1.­107
  • 1.­115
  • 1.­119
  • 2.­2
  • 2.­508
  • 2.­515
  • 2.­517
  • 2.­524
  • 2.­542
  • 2.­554
  • 2.­665
  • 2.­716-717
  • 2.­745-751
g.­77

diligent

Wylie:
  • brtson ’grus
  • brtson pa
Tibetan:
  • བརྩོན་འགྲུས།
  • བརྩོན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • vīrya

Also translated here as “vigor.”

Located in 6 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­42
  • 2.­175
  • 2.­386
  • 2.­705
  • 2.­712
  • g.­339
g.­94

equanimity

Wylie:
  • btang snyoms
Tibetan:
  • བཏང་སྙོམས།
Sanskrit:
  • upekṣā

One of the factors of awakening and one of the abodes of Brahmā, the other being: loving kindness or love, joy, and compassion.

Located in 21 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­39
  • 2.­41
  • 2.­272
  • 2.­305
  • 2.­308
  • 2.­312
  • 2.­417
  • 2.­448-452
  • 2.­481
  • 2.­589
  • 2.­620
  • g.­2
  • g.­50
  • g.­98
  • g.­145
  • g.­174
  • g.­330
g.­98

factors of awakening

Wylie:
  • byang chub yan lag
  • byang chub kyi yan lag
Tibetan:
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཡན་ལག
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཡན་ལག
Sanskrit:
  • bodhyaṅga

The seven factors of awakening are listed in The Teaching on the Great Compassion of the Tathāgata as correct mindfulness, correct investigation of phenomena, correct vigor, correct joy, correct serenity, correct meditative absorption, and correct equanimity.

Located in 18 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­5
  • 1.­117
  • 2.­39
  • 2.­49
  • 2.­78
  • 2.­306
  • 2.­417-418
  • 2.­561
  • 2.­601
  • 2.­630
  • 2.­657
  • 2.­684
  • g.­94
  • g.­100
  • g.­151
  • g.­157
  • g.­263
g.­101

fearless eloquence

Wylie:
  • mi ’jigs pas spobs pa
Tibetan:
  • མི་འཇིགས་པས་སྤོབས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The name of a light.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 2.­2
g.­110

form realm

Wylie:
  • gzugs kyi khams
Tibetan:
  • གཟུགས་ཀྱི་ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • rūpadhātu

One of the three realms of saṃsāra, characterized by subtle materiality and the lack of coarse desire as in the desire realm.

Located in 31 passages in the translation:

  • i.­6
  • 1.­9
  • 2.­286
  • 2.­293
  • 2.­466
  • g.­1
  • g.­9
  • g.­11
  • g.­18
  • g.­19
  • g.­23
  • g.­25
  • g.­26
  • g.­37
  • g.­38
  • g.­39
  • g.­40
  • g.­41
  • g.­83
  • g.­113
  • g.­134
  • g.­177
  • g.­180
  • g.­215
  • g.­216
  • g.­236
  • g.­237
  • g.­290
  • g.­294
  • g.­314
  • g.­315
g.­112

formless realm

Wylie:
  • gzugs med pa’i khams
Tibetan:
  • གཟུགས་མེད་པའི་ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • ārūpyadhātu
  • arūpadhātu

One of the three realms of saṃsāra, characterized by having only subtle mental form.

Located in 13 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­293
  • 2.­298
  • 2.­466
  • 2.­468
  • n.­29
  • g.­83
  • g.­134
  • g.­219
  • g.­280
  • g.­311
  • g.­314
  • g.­315
  • g.­350
g.­114

four continents

Wylie:
  • gling bzhi pa
Tibetan:
  • གླིང་བཞི་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • caturdvipaka

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

According to traditional Buddhist cosmology, our universe consists of a central mountain, known as Mount Meru or Sumeru, surrounded by four island continents (dvīpa), one in each of the four cardinal directions. The Abhidharmakośa explains that each of these island continents has a specific shape and is flanked by two smaller subcontinents of similar shape. To the south of Mount Meru is Jambudvīpa, corresponding either to the Indian subcontinent itself or to the known world. It is triangular in shape, and at its center is the place where the buddhas attain awakening. The humans who inhabit Jambudvīpa have a lifespan of one hundred years. To the east is Videha, a semicircular continent inhabited by humans who have a lifespan of two hundred fifty years and are twice as tall as the humans who inhabit Jambudvīpa. To the north is Uttarakuru, a square continent whose inhabitants have a lifespan of a thousand years. To the west is Godānīya, circular in shape, where the lifespan is five hundred years.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­567
  • 2.­579
  • g.­153
  • g.­198
g.­126

gandharva

Wylie:
  • dri za
Tibetan:
  • དྲི་ཟ།
Sanskrit:
  • gandharva

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of generally benevolent nonhuman beings who inhabit the skies, sometimes said to inhabit fantastic cities in the clouds, and more specifically to dwell on the eastern slopes of Mount Meru, where they are ruled by the Great King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. They are most renowned as celestial musicians who serve the gods. In the Abhidharma, the term is also used to refer to the mental body assumed by sentient beings during the intermediate state between death and rebirth. Gandharvas are said to live on fragrances (gandha) in the desire realm, hence the Tibetan translation dri za, meaning “scent eater.”

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 1.­14
  • 2.­60
  • 2.­102
  • 2.­508
  • 2.­752
  • g.­48
g.­134

god

Wylie:
  • lha
Tibetan:
  • ལྷ།
Sanskrit:
  • deva

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In the most general sense the devas‍—the term is cognate with the English divine‍—are a class of celestial beings who frequently appear in Buddhist texts, often at the head of the assemblies of nonhuman beings who attend and celebrate the teachings of the Buddha Śākyamuni and other buddhas and bodhisattvas. In Buddhist cosmology the devas occupy the highest of the five or six “destinies” (gati) of saṃsāra among which beings take rebirth. The devas reside in the devalokas, “heavens” that traditionally number between twenty-six and twenty-eight and are divided between the desire realm (kāmadhātu), form realm (rūpadhātu), and formless realm (ārūpyadhātu). A being attains rebirth among the devas either through meritorious deeds (in the desire realm) or the attainment of subtle meditative states (in the form and formless realms). While rebirth among the devas is considered favorable, it is ultimately a transitory state from which beings will fall when the conditions that lead to rebirth there are exhausted. Thus, rebirth in the god realms is regarded as a diversion from the spiritual path.

Located in 102 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 1.­9
  • 1.­13-15
  • 1.­17-18
  • 1.­20-21
  • 1.­23-24
  • 1.­26-27
  • 1.­29-30
  • 1.­37-39
  • 1.­90
  • 1.­94
  • 1.­121
  • 1.­124
  • 2.­38
  • 2.­66
  • 2.­121
  • 2.­129-130
  • 2.­230
  • 2.­238-239
  • 2.­246
  • 2.­249
  • 2.­252-254
  • 2.­258
  • 2.­279
  • 2.­364
  • 2.­367
  • 2.­372
  • 2.­375
  • 2.­388
  • 2.­398
  • 2.­409
  • 2.­416-417
  • 2.­498
  • 2.­508
  • 2.­609
  • 2.­612
  • 2.­661
  • 2.­670
  • 2.­672
  • 2.­696
  • 2.­722-723
  • 2.­728
  • 2.­733
  • 2.­740
  • 2.­752
  • g.­1
  • g.­9
  • g.­11
  • g.­18
  • g.­19
  • g.­23
  • g.­24
  • g.­25
  • g.­26
  • g.­38
  • g.­39
  • g.­40
  • g.­41
  • g.­48
  • g.­49
  • g.­69
  • g.­108
  • g.­147
  • g.­177
  • g.­201
  • g.­212
  • g.­215
  • g.­216
  • g.­230
  • g.­231
  • g.­236
  • g.­253
  • g.­270
  • g.­290
  • g.­293
  • g.­294
  • g.­296
  • g.­298
  • g.­301
  • g.­311
  • g.­318
  • g.­319
  • g.­321
  • g.­325
  • g.­337
  • g.­351
  • g.­352
g.­135

Good Eon

Wylie:
  • bskal pa bzang po
Tibetan:
  • བསྐལ་པ་བཟང་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • bhadrakalpa

The name of our present eon.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­517-518
  • g.­159
  • g.­160
  • g.­163
  • g.­182
  • g.­254
g.­145

immeasurables

Wylie:
  • tshad med
Tibetan:
  • ཚད་མེད།
Sanskrit:
  • apramāṇa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The four meditations on love (maitrī), compassion (karuṇā), joy (muditā), and equanimity (upekṣā), as well as the states of mind and qualities of being that result from their cultivation. They are also called the four abodes of Brahmā (caturbrahmavihāra).

In the Abhidharmakośa, Vasubandhu explains that they are called apramāṇa‍—meaning “infinite” or “limitless”‍—because they take limitless sentient beings as their object, and they generate limitless merit and results. Love is described as the wish that beings be happy, and it acts as an antidote to malice (vyāpāda). Compassion is described as the wish for beings to be free of suffering, and acts as an antidote to harmfulness (vihiṃsā). Joy refers to rejoicing in the happiness beings already have, and it acts as an antidote to dislike or aversion (arati) toward others’ success. Equanimity is considering all beings impartially, without distinctions, and it is the antidote to attachment to both pleasure and malice (kāmarāgavyāpāda).

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­731
  • g.­2
g.­151

investigation of phenomena

Wylie:
  • chos rnam par ’byed pa
  • chos rab tu ’byed pa
Tibetan:
  • ཆོས་རྣམ་པར་འབྱེད་པ།
  • ཆོས་རབ་ཏུ་འབྱེད་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • dharma­pravicaya

One of the factors of awakening.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­39
  • 2.­417
  • g.­98
g.­154

jewel lamp

Wylie:
  • rin chen sgron ma
Tibetan:
  • རིན་ཆེན་སྒྲོན་མ།
Sanskrit:
  • ratnadīpa

The name of a dhāraṇī.

Located in 19 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­13
  • 2.­617-625
  • 2.­627-633
  • 2.­653
g.­157

joy

Wylie:
  • dga’ ba
Tibetan:
  • དགའ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • prīti

One of the factors of awakening.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­39
  • 2.­417
  • g.­2
  • g.­98
  • g.­145
g.­159

Kanakamuni

Wylie:
  • gser thub
Tibetan:
  • གསེར་ཐུབ།
Sanskrit:
  • kanakamuni

Name of a former buddha usually counted as the second of the first four buddhas of the present Good Eon, the other three being Krakucchanda, Kāśyapa, and Śākyamuni.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­236
  • g.­160
  • g.­163
  • g.­254
g.­160

Kāśyapa

Wylie:
  • ’od srung
Tibetan:
  • འོད་སྲུང་།
Sanskrit:
  • kāśyapa

Name of a former buddha usually counted as the third of the first four buddhas of the present Good Eon, the other three being Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni, and Śākyamuni.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­236
  • g.­159
  • g.­163
  • g.­254
g.­163

Krakucchanda

Wylie:
  • ’khor ba ’jig
Tibetan:
  • འཁོར་བ་འཇིག
Sanskrit:
  • krakucchanda

Name of a former buddha usually counted as the first of the first four buddhas of the present Good Eon, the other three being Kanakamuni, Kāśyapa, and Śākyamuni.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­236
  • g.­159
  • g.­160
  • g.­254
g.­174

loving kindness

Wylie:
  • byams pa
Tibetan:
  • བྱམས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • maitrī

Also rendered as love. One of the abodes of Brahmā, the other being: joy, equanimity, and compassion.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­6
  • 1.­31
  • g.­2
  • g.­50
  • g.­94
  • g.­145
  • g.­182
g.­190

mindfulness

Wylie:
  • dran pa
Tibetan:
  • དྲན་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • smṛti

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

This is the faculty that enables the mind to maintain its attention on a referent object, counteracting the arising of forgetfulness, which is a great obstacle to meditative stability. The root smṛ may mean “to recollect” but also simply “to think of.” Broadly speaking, smṛti, commonly translated as “mindfulness,” means to bring something to mind, not necessarily something experienced in a distant past but also something that is experienced in the present, such as the position of one’s body or the breath.

Together with alertness (samprajāna, shes bzhin), it is one of the two indispensable factors for the development of calm abiding (śamatha, zhi gnas).

Located in 41 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­6
  • 1.­107
  • 1.­111
  • 1.­116
  • 2.­9
  • 2.­39-41
  • 2.­49
  • 2.­109-110
  • 2.­118-121
  • 2.­143
  • 2.­176
  • 2.­305
  • 2.­312
  • 2.­344
  • 2.­409
  • 2.­417
  • 2.­461-462
  • 2.­543
  • 2.­561
  • 2.­601
  • 2.­622
  • 2.­652
  • 2.­656
  • 2.­671
  • 2.­676
  • 2.­680
  • 2.­682
  • g.­44
  • g.­82
  • g.­84
  • g.­98
  • g.­107
  • g.­109
  • g.­330
g.­198

Mount Meru

Wylie:
  • ri bo lhun po
Tibetan:
  • རི་བོ་ལྷུན་པོ།
Sanskrit:
  • meru

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

According to ancient Buddhist cosmology, this is the great mountain forming the axis of the universe. At its summit is Sudarśana, home of Śakra and his thirty-two gods, and on its flanks live the asuras. The mount has four sides facing the cardinal directions, each of which is made of a different precious stone. Surrounding it are several mountain ranges and the great ocean where the four principal island continents lie: in the south, Jambudvīpa (our world); in the west, Godānīya; in the north, Uttarakuru; and in the east, Pūrvavideha. Above it are the abodes of the desire realm gods. It is variously referred to as Meru, Mount Meru, Sumeru, and Mount Sumeru.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­6
  • 1.­16
  • 1.­45
  • 1.­62
  • 1.­70
  • 2.­531
  • 2.­585
  • g.­24
  • g.­114
  • g.­153
  • g.­350
g.­199

nāga

Wylie:
  • klu
Tibetan:
  • ཀླུ།
Sanskrit:
  • nāga

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who live in subterranean aquatic environments, where they guard wealth and sometimes also teachings. Nāgas are associated with serpents and have a snakelike appearance. In Buddhist art and in written accounts, they are regularly portrayed as half human and half snake, and they are also said to have the ability to change into human form. Some nāgas are Dharma protectors, but they can also bring retribution if they are disturbed. They may likewise fight one another, wage war, and destroy the lands of others by causing lightning, hail, and flooding.

Located in 12 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 1.­13-14
  • 1.­37
  • 2.­60
  • 2.­102
  • 2.­508
  • 2.­592
  • 2.­722
  • g.­48
  • g.­128
  • g.­311
g.­217

pavilion

Wylie:
  • ’khor gyi khyam
Tibetan:
  • འཁོར་གྱི་ཁྱམ།
Sanskrit:
  • maṇḍalamāḍa

Located in 43 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­6
  • 1.­9-12
  • 1.­14
  • 1.­30
  • 1.­39-40
  • 1.­48
  • 1.­51-52
  • 1.­55-56
  • 1.­59-60
  • 1.­63-64
  • 1.­67-68
  • 1.­71-72
  • 1.­75-76
  • 1.­79-80
  • 1.­83-84
  • 1.­87-90
  • 1.­92
  • 1.­112
  • 1.­122
  • 2.­508
  • 2.­514-515
  • 2.­517
  • 2.­664
  • 2.­747
  • g.­155
g.­241

Rājagṛha

Wylie:
  • rgyal po’i khab
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་པོའི་ཁབ།
Sanskrit:
  • rājagṛha

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The ancient capital of Magadha prior to its relocation to Pāṭaliputra during the Mauryan dynasty, Rājagṛha is one of the most important locations in Buddhist history. The literature tells us that the Buddha and his saṅgha spent a considerable amount of time in residence in and around Rājagṛha‍—in nearby places, such as the Vulture Peak Mountain (Gṛdhrakūṭaparvata), a major site of the Mahāyāna sūtras, and the Bamboo Grove (Veṇuvana)‍—enjoying the patronage of King Bimbisāra and then of his son King Ajātaśatru. Rājagṛha is also remembered as the location where the first Buddhist monastic council was held after the Buddha Śākyamuni passed into parinirvāṇa. Now known as Rajgir and located in the modern Indian state of Bihar.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • i.­6
  • 1.­2
  • g.­344
g.­247

retention

Wylie:
  • gzungs
Tibetan:
  • གཟུངས།
Sanskrit:
  • dhāraṇī

Also translated as “dhāraṇī.”

Located in 22 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­6
  • 1.­82
  • 1.­116
  • 2.­9
  • 2.­22
  • 2.­48
  • 2.­53-62
  • 2.­64
  • 2.­88
  • 2.­99
  • 2.­106
  • 2.­108
  • g.­71
g.­248

righteousness

Wylie:
  • chos
Tibetan:
  • ཆོས།
Sanskrit:
  • dharma

Also translated as “phenomena” and “Dharma” (see entry for “Dharma and Vinaya”).

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­110
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­13
  • g.­225
g.­254

Śākyamuni

Wylie:
  • shAkya thub pa
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • śākyamuni

An epithet for the historical Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama: he was a muni (“capable one”) from the Śākya clan. Usually counted as the fourth of the first four buddhas of the present Good Eon, the other three being Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni, and Kāśyapa.

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­43
  • 2.­748
  • g.­35
  • g.­47
  • g.­159
  • g.­160
  • g.­161
  • g.­163
  • g.­184
  • g.­304
  • g.­318
g.­263

serenity

Wylie:
  • shin tu sbyangs pa
Tibetan:
  • ཤིན་ཏུ་སྦྱངས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

One of the factors of awakening.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­41
  • 2.­50
  • 2.­91
  • g.­98
g.­267

Śīlendrabodhi

Wylie:
  • shI len dra bo dhi
Tibetan:
  • ཤཱི་ལེན་དྲ་བོ་དྷི།
Sanskrit:
  • śīlendrabodhi

An Indian paṇḍita resident in Tibet during the late 8th and early 9th centuries.

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • i.­3
  • c.­1
g.­268

Siṃhaketu

Wylie:
  • seng ge’i tog
Tibetan:
  • སེང་གེའི་ཏོག
Sanskrit:
  • siṃhaketu

Lit. “Lion Crest.” The bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly who requests a discourse from Dhāraṇīśvara­rāja.

Located in 5 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­5
  • i.­12
  • 2.­526
  • 2.­529
g.­288

stūpa

Wylie:
  • mchod rten
Tibetan:
  • མཆོད་རྟེན།
Sanskrit:
  • stūpa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Tibetan translates both stūpa and caitya with the same word, mchod rten, meaning “basis” or “recipient” of “offerings” or “veneration.” Pali: cetiya.

A caitya, although often synonymous with stūpa, can also refer to any site, sanctuary or shrine that is made for veneration, and may or may not contain relics.

A stūpa, literally “heap” or “mound,” is a mounded or circular structure usually containing relics of the Buddha or the masters of the past. It is considered to be a sacred object representing the awakened mind of a buddha, but the symbolism of the stūpa is complex, and its design varies throughout the Buddhist world. Stūpas continue to be erected today as objects of veneration and merit making.

Located in 1 passage in the translation:

  • 1.­2
g.­292

suchness

Wylie:
  • de bzhin nyid
Tibetan:
  • དེ་བཞིན་ཉིད།
Sanskrit:
  • tathatā

Also translated here as “thusness.”

Located in 11 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­95
  • 2.­207
  • 2.­211
  • 2.­222
  • 2.­226-227
  • 2.­449
  • 2.­464
  • 2.­552
  • 2.­561
  • g.­304
g.­304

tathāgata

Wylie:
  • de bzhin gshegs pa
Tibetan:
  • དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ།
Sanskrit:
  • tathāgata

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A frequently used synonym for buddha. According to different explanations, it can be read as tathā-gata, literally meaning “one who has thus gone,” or as tathā-āgata, “one who has thus come.” Gata, though literally meaning “gone,” is a past passive participle used to describe a state or condition of existence. Tatha­(tā), often rendered as “suchness” or “thusness,” is the quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. Therefore, this epithet is interpreted in different ways, but in general it implies one who has departed in the wake of the buddhas of the past, or one who has manifested the supreme awakening dependent on the reality that does not abide in the two extremes of existence and quiescence. It is also often used as a specific epithet of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Located in 255 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­9-10
  • i.­13-14
  • i.­18
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­4
  • 1.­8-9
  • 1.­42
  • 1.­48
  • 1.­52
  • 1.­56
  • 1.­60
  • 1.­64
  • 1.­68
  • 1.­72
  • 1.­76
  • 1.­80-81
  • 1.­84
  • 1.­93
  • 1.­107-108
  • 1.­110-111
  • 1.­113
  • 1.­115
  • 1.­117
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­5-6
  • 2.­17
  • 2.­19-20
  • 2.­32
  • 2.­200-213
  • 2.­215-216
  • 2.­218-219
  • 2.­221
  • 2.­223-226
  • 2.­229-230
  • 2.­233
  • 2.­236-237
  • 2.­239
  • 2.­241-242
  • 2.­246-250
  • 2.­252-254
  • 2.­256-258
  • 2.­263-264
  • 2.­275-278
  • 2.­286-287
  • 2.­291
  • 2.­294
  • 2.­303-309
  • 2.­318-325
  • 2.­327
  • 2.­333-337
  • 2.­347
  • 2.­349-353
  • 2.­362
  • 2.­364-369
  • 2.­374
  • 2.­376-379
  • 2.­388-393
  • 2.­398-400
  • 2.­402-403
  • 2.­409-410
  • 2.­416
  • 2.­420
  • 2.­426-428
  • 2.­431-432
  • 2.­435-436
  • 2.­439-440
  • 2.­443-445
  • 2.­448-450
  • 2.­453-454
  • 2.­457-458
  • 2.­461
  • 2.­464-466
  • 2.­469-470
  • 2.­473-474
  • 2.­477
  • 2.­480-482
  • 2.­485
  • 2.­488-489
  • 2.­492-493
  • 2.­496
  • 2.­499
  • 2.­502-503
  • 2.­505-509
  • 2.­515
  • 2.­517-518
  • 2.­522
  • 2.­542
  • 2.­560
  • 2.­570-571
  • 2.­573
  • 2.­607-608
  • 2.­610-612
  • 2.­616-618
  • 2.­651-652
  • 2.­665
  • 2.­667
  • 2.­669
  • 2.­711-713
  • 2.­717
  • 2.­726
  • 2.­736
  • 2.­745
  • 2.­749
  • 2.­753
  • n.­14
  • n.­46
  • n.­58
  • g.­6
  • g.­14
  • g.­15
  • g.­42
  • g.­54
  • g.­59
  • g.­79
  • g.­90
  • g.­123
  • g.­125
  • g.­129
  • g.­130
  • g.­131
  • g.­132
  • g.­133
  • g.­139
  • g.­141
  • g.­142
  • g.­144
  • g.­182
  • g.­238
  • g.­255
  • g.­271
  • g.­272
  • g.­273
  • g.­275
  • g.­283
  • g.­285
  • g.­305
  • g.­307
  • g.­330
  • g.­341
  • g.­342
g.­308

The Gateway to Unobstructed Deliverance through the Bodhisattva Way of Life

Wylie:
  • byang chub sems dpa’i spyod pa la ’jug pas nges par ’byung ba sgrib pa med pa’i sgo
Tibetan:
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའི་སྤྱོད་པ་ལ་འཇུག་པས་ངེས་པར་འབྱུང་བ་སྒྲིབ་པ་མེད་པའི་སྒོ།
Sanskrit:
  • —

The name of a discourse.

Located in 7 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­8
  • 1.­103
  • 1.­115
  • 1.­119
  • 2.­2
  • 2.­19
  • 2.­517
g.­314

three realms

Wylie:
  • khams gsum
Tibetan:
  • ཁམས་གསུམ།
Sanskrit:
  • tridhātu

The desire realm, form realm, and formless realm. Also referred to as the “three worlds” (’jig rten gsum).

Located in 14 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­160
  • 2.­189
  • 2.­208
  • 2.­289
  • 2.­390
  • 2.­585
  • 2.­709
  • g.­11
  • g.­68
  • g.­110
  • g.­112
  • g.­177
  • g.­311
  • g.­315
g.­315

three worlds

Wylie:
  • ’jig rten gsum
Tibetan:
  • འཇིག་རྟེན་གསུམ།
Sanskrit:
  • trailokya

The desire realm, form realm, and formless realm. Also referred to as the “three realms” (khams gsum).

Located in 2 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­36
  • g.­314
g.­317

thusness

Wylie:
  • de bzhin nyid
Tibetan:
  • དེ་བཞིན་ཉིད།
Sanskrit:
  • tathatā

The ultimate nature of things, or the way things are in reality, as opposed to the way they appear to unawakened beings.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­52
  • g.­292
  • g.­304
g.­333

Vaiśravaṇa

Wylie:
  • rnam thos bu
Tibetan:
  • རྣམ་ཐོས་བུ།
Sanskrit:
  • vaiśravaṇa

The Catur­mahā­rāja of the northern direction who rules over the yakṣas.

Located in 3 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­591
  • g.­48
  • g.­351
g.­338

victor

Wylie:
  • rgyal ba
Tibetan:
  • རྒྱལ་བ།
Sanskrit:
  • jina

Epithet of a buddha.

Located in 57 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 1.­16
  • 1.­25
  • 1.­28
  • 1.­45-46
  • 1.­58
  • 1.­62
  • 1.­65
  • 1.­81
  • 1.­86
  • 2.­120
  • 2.­123
  • 2.­138
  • 2.­233
  • 2.­236
  • 2.­282
  • 2.­285
  • 2.­290
  • 2.­297
  • 2.­299
  • 2.­301
  • 2.­310
  • 2.­316
  • 2.­338
  • 2.­344-345
  • 2.­356
  • 2.­359
  • 2.­370
  • 2.­372-373
  • 2.­375
  • 2.­384
  • 2.­386
  • 2.­404
  • 2.­408
  • 2.­411
  • 2.­421-422
  • 2.­430
  • 2.­434
  • 2.­441-442
  • 2.­452
  • 2.­455-456
  • 2.­462
  • 2.­468
  • 2.­494
  • 2.­500-501
  • 2.­583
  • 2.­596
  • 2.­605
  • 2.­634
  • 2.­715
g.­339

vigor

Wylie:
  • brtson ’grus
Tibetan:
  • བརྩོན་འགྲུས།
Sanskrit:
  • vīrya

Also translated here as “diligent.”

Located in 23 passages in the translation:

  • 2.­29
  • 2.­39
  • 2.­48
  • 2.­69
  • 2.­71
  • 2.­86
  • 2.­305-306
  • 2.­312
  • 2.­314
  • 2.­417
  • 2.­457-460
  • 2.­481
  • 2.­541
  • g.­28
  • g.­77
  • g.­98
  • g.­107
  • g.­109
  • g.­330
g.­344

Vulture Peak

Wylie:
  • bya rgod kyi phung po’i ri
Tibetan:
  • བྱ་རྒོད་ཀྱི་ཕུང་པོའི་རི།
Sanskrit:
  • gṛdhrakūṭa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The Gṛdhra­kūṭa, literally Vulture Peak, was a hill located in the kingdom of Magadha, in the vicinity of the ancient city of Rājagṛha (modern-day Rajgir, in the state of Bihar, India), where the Buddha bestowed many sūtras, especially the Great Vehicle teachings, such as the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras. It continues to be a sacred pilgrimage site for Buddhists to this day.

Located in 4 passages in the translation:

  • s.­1
  • i.­6
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­14
g.­350

world system

Wylie:
  • ’jig rten gyi khams
Tibetan:
  • འཇིག་རྟེན་གྱི་ཁམས།
Sanskrit:
  • lokadhātu

Refers to any world or group of worlds illumined by one sun and moon, its own Mount Meru, continents, desire, form, and formless realms, etc. Also rendered here as world realm.

Located in 38 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­11-13
  • 1.­39-41
  • 1.­47-48
  • 1.­52
  • 1.­56
  • 1.­60
  • 1.­64
  • 1.­68
  • 1.­72
  • 1.­76
  • 1.­80
  • 1.­84
  • 1.­88
  • 2.­199
  • 2.­246
  • 2.­367
  • 2.­515
  • 2.­519
  • 2.­559
  • 2.­565
  • 2.­615
  • 2.­746-747
  • g.­14
  • g.­91
  • g.­114
  • g.­122
  • g.­132
  • g.­198
  • g.­255
  • g.­298
  • g.­300
  • g.­322
g.­351

yakṣa

Wylie:
  • gnod sbyin
Tibetan:
  • གནོད་སྦྱིན།
Sanskrit:
  • yakṣa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of nonhuman beings who inhabit forests, mountainous areas, and other natural spaces, or serve as guardians of villages and towns, and may be propitiated for health, wealth, protection, and other boons, or controlled through magic. According to tradition, their homeland is in the north, where they live under the rule of the Great King Vaiśravaṇa.

Several members of this class have been deified as gods of wealth (these include the just-mentioned Vaiśravaṇa) or as bodhisattva generals of yakṣa armies, and have entered the Buddhist pantheon in a variety of forms, including, in tantric Buddhism, those of wrathful deities.

Located in 8 passages in the translation:

  • 1.­2
  • 1.­14
  • 2.­60
  • 2.­102
  • 2.­508
  • g.­48
  • g.­137
  • g.­333
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    84000. The Teaching on the Great Compassion of the Tathāgata (Tathāgata­mahā­karuṇā­nirdeśa, de bzhin gshegs pa’i snying rje chen po nges par bstan pa/, Toh 147). Translated by Anne Burchardi and team. Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2025. https://84000.co/translation/toh147.Copy
    84000. The Teaching on the Great Compassion of the Tathāgata (Tathāgata­mahā­karuṇā­nirdeśa, de bzhin gshegs pa’i snying rje chen po nges par bstan pa/, Toh 147). Translated by Anne Burchardi and team, online publication, 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2025, 84000.co/translation/toh147.Copy
    84000. (2025) The Teaching on the Great Compassion of the Tathāgata (Tathāgata­mahā­karuṇā­nirdeśa, de bzhin gshegs pa’i snying rje chen po nges par bstan pa/, Toh 147). (Anne Burchardi and team, Trans.). Online publication. 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. https://84000.co/translation/toh147.Copy

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