This commonly refers to being liberated from the obscurations of afflictive emotions and the obscurations of meditative attainment. The Skt. term can also be interpreted to mean “liberated through the two factors,” in which the two factors are meditative stability (dhyāna) and insight (prajñā). In this latter case, the term reflects a tension within the Indian Buddhist community regarding the value of scholarly knowledge and meditative experience alone or in combination.

Being liberated by means of wisdom, (prajñā, shes rab) and the meditative concentration (dhyāna, bsam gtan).