In the Prajñā­pāramitā literature, this term refers to the full extent of knowledge realized by śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas, comprising particularly their understanding of the absence of an individual self in the aggregates, elements, etc. (see introduction UT22084-026-001-148). It is the third of the eight main topics or “clear realizations” of The Ornament of Clear Realization.